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Kobayashi K, Kable JW. Neural mechanisms of information seeking. Neuron 2024; 112:1741-1756. [PMID: 38703774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
We ubiquitously seek information to make better decisions. Particularly in the modern age, when more information is available at our fingertips than ever, the information we choose to collect determines the quality of our decisions. Decision neuroscience has long adopted empirical approaches where the information available to decision-makers is fully controlled by the researchers, leaving neural mechanisms of information seeking less understood. Although information seeking has long been studied in the context of the exploration-exploitation trade-off, recent studies have widened the scope to investigate more overt information seeking in a way distinct from other decision processes. Insights gained from these studies, accumulated over the last few years, raise the possibility that information seeking is driven by the reward system signaling the subjective value of information. In this piece, we review findings from the recent studies, highlighting the conceptual and empirical relationships between distinct literatures, and discuss future research directions necessary to establish a more comprehensive understanding of how individuals seek information as a part of value-based decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kobayashi
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Joseph W Kable
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Miyata J, Sasamoto A, Ezaki T, Isobe M, Kochiyama T, Masuda N, Mori Y, Sakai Y, Sawamoto N, Tei S, Ubukata S, Aso T, Murai T, Takahashi H. Associations of conservatism and jumping to conclusions biases with aberrant salience and default mode network. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:322-331. [PMID: 38414202 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
AIM While conservatism bias refers to the human need for more evidence for decision-making than rational thinking expects, the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias refers to the need for less evidence among individuals with schizophrenia/delusion compared to healthy people. Although the hippocampus-midbrain-striatal aberrant salience system and the salience, default mode (DMN), and frontoparietal networks ("triple networks") are implicated in delusion/schizophrenia pathophysiology, the associations between conservatism/JTC and these systems/networks are unclear. METHODS Thirty-seven patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls performed the beads task, with large and small numbers of bead draws to decision (DTD) indicating conservatism and JTC, respectively. We performed independent component analysis (ICA) of resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. For systems/networks above, we investigated interactions between diagnosis and DTD, and main effects of DTD. We similarly applied ICA to structural and diffusion MRI to explore the associations between DTD and gray/white matter. RESULTS We identified a significant main effect of DTD with functional connectivity between the striatum and DMN, which was negatively correlated with delusion severity in patients, indicating that the greater the anti-correlation between these networks, the stronger the JTC and delusion. We further observed the main effects of DTD on a gray matter network resembling the DMN, and a white matter network connecting the functional and gray matter networks (all P < 0.05, family-wise error [FWE] correction). Function and gray/white matter showed no significant interactions. CONCLUSION Our results support the novel association of conservatism and JTC biases with aberrant salience and default brain mode.
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Grants
- Kyoto University
- JP18dm0307008 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP21uk1024002 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JPMJMS2021 Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Novartis Pharma Research Grant
- SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation
- JP17H04248 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology KAKENHI
- JP18H05130 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology KAKENHI
- JP19H03583 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology KAKENHI
- JP20H05064 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology KAKENHI
- JP20K21567 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology KAKENHI
- JP21K07544 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology KAKENHI
- JP26461767 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology KAKENHI
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sasamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ezaki
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Masuda
- Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakai
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Sawamoto
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shisei Tei
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- School of Human and Social Sciences, Tokyo International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Ubukata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aso
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hayley AC, Shiferaw B, Rositano J, Downey LA. Acute neurocognitive and subjective effects of oral methamphetamine with low doses of alcohol: A randomised controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:928-936. [PMID: 37313987 PMCID: PMC10481625 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231179805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine is often recreationally co-consumed with alcohol due to desirable off-target effects; however, the acute neurocognitive and subjective consequences of combined use are unclear. METHODS In a randomised, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, cross-over study design, the effects of acute oral methamphetamine (0.42 mg/kg) were assessed with and without low doses of alcohol (target 0.04% blood-alcohol concentration, BAC) on subjective intoxication, alertness, physiological outcomes and neurocognition during the ascending and descending phases of the BAC curve. Sixteen healthy adults (mean age = 30.4 years, SD ± 4.4, 67% male) completed four experimental sessions over 4 weeks involving a one-week washout period. RESULTS Cardiovascular measures [heart rate (beats/minute), blood pressure (mmHg)] were predictably elevated following methamphetamine, but unaffected by combined alcohol use. Methamphetamine and alcohol produce divergent effects on subjective alertness and sedation across time, yet their combination produced predominantly sustained stimulative effects independent of the biphasic alcohol curve. At a peak BAC of 0.029%, alcohol alone impaired performance across most functional neurocognitive domains relative to placebo and methamphetamine only, and the addition of methamphetamine attenuated these effects. Methamphetamine alone produced isolated improvement in psychomotor speed consistent with peak drug effects. CONCLUSION Methamphetamine combined with alcohol does not substantially alter the physiological or metabolic profile compared to either drug alone. Strong stimulative effects of methamphetamine appear to mask the biphasic sedative and performance effects of low doses of alcohol, which may underlie motivations for co-consumption in recreational settings and increase propensity for harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie C Hayley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS), Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- International Council for Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS)
| | - Brook Shiferaw
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
- Seeing Machines, Fyshwick, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Luke A Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS), Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hayashi R, Kuroda K, Inadomi H. Jumping to conclusions correlates with negative symptoms, poor response inhibition, and impaired functioning in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 71:103068. [PMID: 35311670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias is the tendency to make immediate decisions based on little information. There are few studies that have investigated the relationship between JTC and frontal lobe function. We examined the association between JTC and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale in individuals with schizophrenia. METHODS In total, 50 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 50 healthy control individuals were administered the beads task. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia were assessed using the FAB, BPRS, and GAF. RESULTS There was a significant negative correlation between JTC and the negative symptoms of the BPRS (rs=-.368, p = .008). There was a significant positive correlation between JTC and the Go/No-Go task of the FAB (rs=.319, p = .026), and the GAF (rs=.433, p = .002). CONCLUSION JTC in individuals with schizophrenia may be categorized according to several causes, including negative symptoms and poor response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hayashi
- Hannan Hospital, 277 Handaminamino-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan; Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, 3-7-30, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuroda
- Hannan Hospital, 277 Handaminamino-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inadomi
- Department of Advanced Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Xenaki LA, Stefanatou P, Ralli E, Hatzimanolis A, Dimitrakopoulos S, Soldatos RF, Vlachos II, Selakovic M, Foteli S, Kosteletos I, Nianiakas N, Ntigridaki A, Triantafyllou TF, Voulgaraki M, Mantonakis L, Tsapas A, Bozikas VP, Kollias K, Stefanis NC. The relationship between early symptom severity, improvement and remission in first episode psychosis with jumping to conclusions. Schizophr Res 2022; 240:24-30. [PMID: 34915248 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that Jumping To Conclusions (JTC) reasoning bias might contribute to the distortion of external reality. However, the association between psychotic manifestations and JTC is obscure, especially if general intelligence is considered as a mediator. The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between severity, early clinical improvement and remission of symptoms in First Episode Psychosis (FEP) with JTC as an explanatory factor. One hundred seventy-one FEP individuals were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and one month after treatment initiation. Clinical improvement was ascribed as symptom change one-month post-baseline measurements. Symptomatic remission was assessed with the Andreasen severity criteria and JTC with the Beads Task, operationalized through Draws To Decision (DTD) (the lower the number of DTD, the higher the JTC bias). Regarding symptoms severity, total psychotic, total positive psychotic, and hallucinations-item PANSS scores showed a negative association with JTC after controlling for IQ. Regarding early clinical improvement, the association with JTC was non-significant. No significant association was detected between one month remission status of FEP and JTC. Our findings indicate that severity of positive symptoms is not associated with hastiness in decision-making, but rather with a heightened conservatism in terms of increased data gathering. Further research is required to replicate the results and clarify the cognitive processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Alkisti Xenaki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Pentagiotissa Stefanatou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Ralli
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dimitrakopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Psychiatric Clinic, 414 Military Hospital of Athens, Palea Penteli, Greece
| | - Rigas Filippos Soldatos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias I Vlachos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mirjana Selakovic
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefania Foteli
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kosteletos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Nianiakas
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Ntigridaki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marina Voulgaraki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Mantonakis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Tsapas
- 2nd Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios P Bozikas
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kollias
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Narayan AJ, Aitken B, Downey LA, Hayley AC. The effects of amphetamines alone and in combination with alcohol on functional neurocognition: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:865-881. [PMID: 34626687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their desirable synergistic and/or additive pharmacological effects, amphetamines and alcohol are frequently co-consumed; yet, their combined functional neurocognitive effects remain poorly defined. The PubMed, Scopus, SafetyLit, CINAHL Complete and Medline databases were examined from inception to December 2020. Study selection, data extraction and Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2) assessments were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, and the review was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42020189168). A total of 39 full-text articles were included which examined the effects of six amphetamine analogues alone (n = 33) and in combination with alcohol (n = 6) on measures of attention, working memory and reaction time. Amphetamine alone produced limited inverted-U shaped improvement in select behavioural domains, particularly among poor baseline performers. Combined amphetamine and alcohol impaired psychomotor speed and motor control comparable to alcohol alone, and co-consumption with high doses of alcohol (0.08 %BAC) protracted behavioural deficits. Co-consumption of amphetamine with high doses of alcohol impairs response discrimination and psychomotor speed, and their combination is not sufficient to overcome alcohol-induced motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Narayan
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Blair Aitken
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Luke A Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amie C Hayley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.
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Seitz RJ. Beliefs: A challenge in neuropsychological disorders. J Neuropsychol 2021; 16:21-37. [PMID: 33969626 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beliefs have recently been defined as the neural product of perception of objects and events in the external world and of an affirmative internal affective state reflecting personal meaning. It is, however, undetermined in which way diseases of the brain affect these integrative processes. METHODS Here, the formation and updating of abnormal beliefs in cerebral disorders are described. RESULTS It will be shown that well-defined neuropsychological syndromes resulting from brain lesions also interfere with the neural processes that enable the formation, up-dating and communication of beliefs. Similarly, in neuropsychiatric disorders abnormal and delusional beliefs appear to be caused by altered perception and/or misattribution of aversive meaning. CONCLUSION Given the importance of beliefs for ordinary social behaviour, abnormal beliefs are a challenge in neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger J Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.,Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tripoli G, Quattrone D, Ferraro L, Gayer-Anderson C, Rodriguez V, La Cascia C, La Barbera D, Sartorio C, Seminerio F, Tarricone I, Berardi D, Szöke A, Arango C, Tortelli A, Llorca PM, de Haan L, Velthorst E, Bobes J, Bernardo M, Sanjuán J, Santos JL, Arrojo M, Del-Ben CM, Menezes PR, Selten JP, Jones PB, Jongsma HE, Kirkbride JB, Lasalvia A, Tosato S, Richards A, O’Donovan M, Rutten BPF, van Os J, Morgan C, Sham PC, Murray RM, Murray GK, Di Forti M. Jumping to conclusions, general intelligence, and psychosis liability: findings from the multi-centre EU-GEI case-control study. Psychol Med 2021; 51:623-633. [PMID: 32327005 PMCID: PMC8020493 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900357x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'jumping to conclusions' (JTC) bias is associated with both psychosis and general cognition but their relationship is unclear. In this study, we set out to clarify the relationship between the JTC bias, IQ, psychosis and polygenic liability to schizophrenia and IQ. METHODS A total of 817 first episode psychosis patients and 1294 population-based controls completed assessments of general intelligence (IQ), and JTC, and provided blood or saliva samples from which we extracted DNA and computed polygenic risk scores for IQ and schizophrenia. RESULTS The estimated proportion of the total effect of case/control differences on JTC mediated by IQ was 79%. Schizophrenia polygenic risk score was non-significantly associated with a higher number of beads drawn (B = 0.47, 95% CI -0.21 to 1.16, p = 0.17); whereas IQ PRS (B = 0.51, 95% CI 0.25-0.76, p < 0.001) significantly predicted the number of beads drawn, and was thus associated with reduced JTC bias. The JTC was more strongly associated with the higher level of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in controls, including after controlling for IQ (B = -1.7, 95% CI -2.8 to -0.5, p = 0.006), but did not relate to delusions in patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the JTC reasoning bias in psychosis might not be a specific cognitive deficit but rather a manifestation or consequence, of general cognitive impairment. Whereas, in the general population, the JTC bias is related to PLEs, independent of IQ. The work has the potential to inform interventions targeting cognitive biases in early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Tripoli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Victoria Rodriguez
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Caterina La Cascia
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele La Barbera
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Crocettarachele Sartorio
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Seminerio
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Berardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrei Szöke
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 15, 51 Avenue de Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM (CIBERSAM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Tortelli
- Etablissement Public de Santé Maison Blanche, Paris75020, France
| | | | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Velthorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry Area, School of Medicine, Universidad de Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuán
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Psiquiatría Hospital “Virgen de la Luz”, C/Hermandad de Donantes de Sangre, 16002Cuenca, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Genetic Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care, Sandifortdreef 19, 2333 ZZLeiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Hannah E Jongsma
- Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - James B Kirkbride
- Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Section of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex Richards
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Bart PF Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
- Department Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Pak C Sham
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Vicario-Feliciano R, Wigton RL, White TP, Shergill SS, Averbeck BB. Dopamine manipulations drive changes in information sampling in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:670-677. [PMID: 30644326 PMCID: PMC6996051 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118822080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information sampling is the cognitive process of accumulating information before committing to a decision. Patients across numerous disorders show decreased information sampling relative to controls. AIMS Here, we used the Beads and the Best Choice Tasks to study the role of dopamine signaling in information sampling. METHODS Participants were given placebo, amisulpride, or ropinirole in each session, in a double-blind cross-over design. RESULTS We found that ropinirole (agonist) increased the number of beads drawn in the Beads Task specifically when participants faced a loss, and decreased the rank of the chosen option in the Best Choice Task. CONCLUSIONS These effects are likely driven by a combination of effects at presynaptic D2 receptors, which affect dopamine release, and post-synaptic D2 receptors. Increased D2 relative to D1 receptor activation in the striatum leads to increased sampling in the loss condition in the Beads Task. It also leads to choice of a poorer ranked option in the Best Choice Task. Decreased D2 relative to D1 receptor activation leads to decreased sampling in the Beads Task in the loss condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebekah L Wigton
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Thomas P White
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sukhi S Shergill
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Bruno B Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
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10
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Ermakova AO, Gileadi N, Knolle F, Justicia A, Anderson R, Fletcher PC, Moutoussis M, Murray GK. Cost Evaluation During Decision-Making in Patients at Early Stages of Psychosis. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2019; 3:18-39. [PMID: 30931393 PMCID: PMC6436576 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Jumping to conclusions during probabilistic reasoning is a cognitive bias reliably observed in psychosis and linked to delusion formation. Although the reasons for this cognitive bias are unknown, one suggestion is that psychosis patients may view sampling information as more costly. However, previous computational modeling has provided evidence that patients with chronic schizophrenia jump to conclusions because of noisy decision-making. We developed a novel version of the classical beads task, systematically manipulating the cost of information gathering in four blocks. For 31 individuals with early symptoms of psychosis and 31 healthy volunteers, we examined the numbers of "draws to decision" when information sampling had no, a fixed, or an escalating cost. Computational modeling involved estimating a cost of information sampling parameter and a cognitive noise parameter. Overall, patients sampled less information than controls. However, group differences in numbers of draws became less prominent at higher cost trials, where less information was sampled. The attenuation of group difference was not due to floor effects, as in the most costly block, participants sampled more information than an ideal Bayesian agent. Computational modeling showed that, in the condition with no objective cost to information sampling, patients attributed higher costs to information sampling than controls did, Mann-Whitney U = 289, p = 0.007, with marginal evidence of differences in noise parameter estimates, t(60) = 1.86, p = 0.07. In patients, individual differences in severity of psychotic symptoms were statistically significantly associated with higher cost of information sampling, ρ = 0.6, p = 0.001, but not with more cognitive noise, ρ = 0.27, p = 0.14; in controls, cognitive noise predicted aspects of schizotypy (preoccupation and distress associated with delusion-like ideation on the Peters Delusion Inventory). Using a psychological manipulation and computational modeling, we provide evidence that early-psychosis patients jump to conclusions because of attributing higher costs to sampling information, not because of being primarily noisy decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O. Ermakova
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nimrod Gileadi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franziska Knolle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azucena Justicia
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel Anderson
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul C. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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11
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de Vos C, Leanza L, Mackintosh A, Lüdtke T, Balzan R, Moritz S, Andreou C. Investigation of sex differences in delusion-associated cognitive biases. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:515-520. [PMID: 30616118 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, sex differences have been identified in a number of clinical, cognitive and functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, to date, sex differences in higher-order cognitive biases have not been systematically studied. The present study aimed to examine sex differences in jumping-to-conclusions and evidence integration impairment based on data collected in two previous studies in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls. For this purpose, data from n = 58 patients and n = 60 healthy controls on the Fish Task (as a measure of jumping to conclusions) and bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE; as a measure of evidence integration) task were analyzed. Results indicated a lack of sex differences in jumping-to-conclusions and evidence integration impairment both in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls. Although the present study was adequately powered to detect sex differences of a low medium effect size, larger studies are warranted to exclude differences of a smaller magnitude between men and women regarding delusion-associated cognitive biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé de Vos
- Center for Psychotic Disorders, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Letizia Leanza
- Center for Psychotic Disorders, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amatya Mackintosh
- Center for Psychotic Disorders, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thies Lüdtke
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ryan Balzan
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Christina Andreou
- Center for Psychotic Disorders, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Beta-Blocker Propranolol Modulates Decision Urgency During Sequential Information Gathering. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7170-7178. [PMID: 30006361 PMCID: PMC6083454 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0192-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbitrating between timely choice and extended information gathering is critical for effective decision making. Aberrant information gathering behavior is thought to be a feature of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, but we know little about the underlying neurocognitive control mechanisms. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled drug study involving 60 healthy human subjects (30 female), we examined the effects of noradrenaline and dopamine antagonism on information gathering during performance of an information sampling task. We show that modulating noradrenaline function with 40 mg of the β-blocker propranolol leads to decreased information gathering behavior. Modulating dopamine function via a single dose of 400 mg of amisulpride revealed some effects that were intermediate between those of propranolol and placebo. Using a Bayesian computational model, we show that sampling behavior is best explained by inclusion of a nonlinear urgency signal that promotes commitment to an early decision. Noradrenaline blockade promotes the expression of this decision-related urgency signal during information gathering. We discuss the findings with respect to psychopathological conditions that are linked to aberrant information gathering.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Knowing when to stop gathering information and commit to a choice option is nontrivial. This is an important element in arbitrating between information gain and energy conservation. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled drug study, we investigated the role of catecholamines noradrenaline and dopamine on sequential information gathering. We found that blockade of noradrenaline led to a decrease in information gathering. Dopamine blockade showed an intermediate, but nonsignificant, effect. Using a Bayesian computational model, we show that this noradrenaline effect is driven by increased decision urgency, a signal that reflects an escalating subjective cost of sampling. The observation that noradrenaline modulates decision urgency suggests new avenues for treating patients that show information gathering deficits.
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13
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Andreou C, Steinmann S, Leicht G, Kolbeck K, Moritz S, Mulert C. fMRI correlates of jumping-to-conclusions in patients with delusions: Connectivity patterns and effects of metacognitive training. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:119-127. [PMID: 30094162 PMCID: PMC6077165 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Reasoning biases such as the jumping-to-conclusions bias (JTC) are thought to contribute to delusions. Interventions targeting these biases such as metacognitive training (MCT) may improve delusions. So far, it is not clear whether JTC depends on dopaminergic reward areas that constitute the main action locus of antipsychotic drugs, or on additional cortical areas. The present study aimed to investigate fMRI activation and functional connectivity patterns underlying JTC, and their changes following MCT, in patients with delusions. Methods Participants were 25 healthy individuals and 26 patients with current delusions who were either medication-free or on stable medication without sufficient response. We assessed (1) BOLD activity in the task-positive (TPN), task-negative (TNN), and subcortical reward network (RN); (2) Psychophysiological interactions (PPI) of peak activation areas. Results Presence of JTC (irrespective of group) was associated with lower RN activity during conclusion events, and with increased effective connectivity between TPN and TNN during draw events. Following MCT, changes were observed in TPN activity and in effective connectivity of inferior parietal cortex (part of the TPN) with all three target networks. Conclusion JTC is associated not only with reward system areas that constitute the main target of antipsychotic drugs, but also with cortical areas, particularly of the TPN. Faulty evidence gathering (jumping to conclusions, JTC) is associated with delusions. We assessed data gathering with fMRI in patients with delusions vs healthy controls. JTC was associated with abnormal activity and connectivity patterns. Changes in the task-positive network were observed following metacognitive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andreou
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Saskia Steinmann
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Leicht
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kolbeck
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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14
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The role of effective connectivity between the task-positive and task-negative network for evidence gathering [Evidence gathering and connectivity]. Neuroimage 2018; 173:49-56. [PMID: 29471098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports linking a 'jumping-to-conclusions' bias to delusions have led to growing interest in the neurobiological correlates of probabilistic reasoning. Several brain areas have been implicated in probabilistic reasoning; however, findings are difficult to integrate into a coherent account. The present study aimed to provide additional evidence by investigating, for the first time, effective connectivity among brain areas involved in different stages of evidence gathering. We investigated evidence gathering in 25 healthy individuals using fMRI and a new paradigm (Box Task) designed such as to minimize the effects of cognitive effort and reward processing. Decisions to collect more evidence ('draws') were contrasted to decisions to reach a final choice ('conclusions') with respect to BOLD activity. Psychophysiological interaction analysis was used to investigate effective connectivity. Conclusion events were associated with extensive brain activations in widely distributed brain areas associated with the task-positive network. In contrast, draw events were characterized by higher activation in areas assumed to be part of the task-negative network. Effective connectivity between the two networks decreased during draws and increased during conclusion events. Our findings indicate that probabilistic reasoning may depend on the balance between the task-positive and task-negative network, and that shifts in connectivity between the two may be crucial for evidence gathering. Thus, abnormal connectivity between the two systems may significantly contribute to the jumping-to-conclusions bias.
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15
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Caravaggio F, Gerretsen P, Mar W, Chung JK, Plitman E, Nakajima S, Kim J, Iwata Y, Patel R, Chakravarty MM, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A, Menon M. Intranasal oxytocin does not modulate jumping to conclusions in schizophrenia: Potential interactions with caudate volume and baseline social functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 81:80-87. [PMID: 28431278 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) tend to sample less information when making a decision, jumping to conclusions (JTC) without sufficient evidence. This "JTC bias" may be a trait marker of the disease and may not improve with antipsychotic treatment. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test whether intranasal oxytocin could reduce JTC in stable, medicated patients with SCZ and healthy controls (HCs). We also explored whether striatal volume, clinical symptoms, and baseline social functioning (SF) was related to JTC performance. METHODS Forty-three male, medicated SCZ patients (Mean Age: 40.81±11.44) and sixteen HCs (Mean Age: 30.38±9.85) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Participants completed the Beads Task on two separate visits (minimum 20days apart). Participants were randomized to receive either intranasal oxytocin (50IU in solution) or intranasal placebo (saline). Twenty of the SCZ patients and all sixteen HCs also provided T1 MRIs (3-T). RESULTS Patients with SCZ took fewer draws to decision (DTD) than HCs (t(57)=2.78, p=0.007). Oxytocin did not significantly change DTD in patients (t(42)=-1.11, p=0.27), nor in HCs (t(15)=-0.62, p=0.55). Exploratory analyses found ventral caudate volumes were negatively correlated with DTD (r(18)=-0.50, p=0.03) in patients. Moreover, oxytocin was more likely to improve JTC in patients with lower baseline SF. However, these exploratory findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS We replicate increased JTC in SCZ. However, acute intranasal oxytocin did not modify JTC. Future studies with larger samples should explore how brain morphology and SF are related to JTC performance in patients with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jun Ku Chung
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo Japan
| | - Julia Kim
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada; Department of Biological & Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Detwiller Pavilion, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A1, Canada
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Broyd A, Balzan RP, Woodward TS, Allen P. Dopamine, cognitive biases and assessment of certainty: A neurocognitive model of delusions. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 54:96-106. [PMID: 28448827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the evidence that delusions can be explained within the framework of a neurocognitive model of how the brain assesses certainty. Here, 'certainty' refers to both low-level interpretations of one's environment and high-level (conscious) appraisals of one's beliefs and experiences. A model is proposed explaining how the brain systems responsible for assigning certainty might dysfunction, contributing to the cause and maintenance of delusional beliefs. It is suggested that delusions arise through a combination of perturbed striatal dopamine and aberrant salience as well as cognitive biases such as the tendency to jump to conclusions (JTC) and hypersalience of evidence-hypothesis matches. The role of emotion, stress, trauma and sociocultural factors in forming and modifying delusions is also considered. Understanding the mechanisms involved in forming and maintaining delusions has important clinical implications, as interventions that improve cognitive flexibility (e.g. cognitive remediation therapy and mindfulness training) could potentially attenuate neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Broyd
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College, London, UK
| | - Ryan P Balzan
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
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17
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Increased decision thresholds enhance information gathering performance in juvenile Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005440. [PMID: 28403139 PMCID: PMC5406001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be described as cautious and hesitant, manifesting an excessive indecisiveness that hinders efficient decision making. However, excess caution in decision making may also lead to better performance in specific situations where the cost of extended deliberation is small. We compared 16 juvenile OCD patients with 16 matched healthy controls whilst they performed a sequential information gathering task under different external cost conditions. We found that patients with OCD outperformed healthy controls, winning significantly more points. The groups also differed in the number of draws required prior to committing to a decision, but not in decision accuracy. A novel Bayesian computational model revealed that subjective sampling costs arose as a non-linear function of sampling, closely resembling an escalating urgency signal. Group difference in performance was best explained by a later emergence of these subjective costs in the OCD group, also evident in an increased decision threshold. Our findings present a novel computational model and suggest that enhanced information gathering in OCD can be accounted for by a higher decision threshold arising out of an altered perception of costs that, in some specific contexts, may be advantageous.
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18
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Rausch F, Eisenacher S, Elkin H, Englisch S, Kayser S, Striepens N, Lautenschlager M, Heinz A, Gudlowski Y, Janssen B, Gaebel W, Michel TM, Schneider F, Lambert M, Naber D, Juckel G, Krueger-Oezguerdal S, Wobrock T, Hasan A, Riedel M, Moritz S, Müller H, Klosterkötter J, Bechdolf A, Zink M, Wagner M. Evaluation of the 'Jumping to conclusions' bias in different subgroups of the at-risk mental state: from cognitive basic symptoms to UHR criteria. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2071-2081. [PMID: 27094404 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with psychosis display the so-called 'Jumping to Conclusions' bias (JTC) - a tendency for hasty decision-making in probabilistic reasoning tasks. So far, only a few studies have evaluated the JTC bias in 'at-risk mental state' (ARMS) patients, specifically in ARMS samples fulfilling 'ultra-high risk' (UHR) criteria, thus not allowing for comparisons between different ARMS subgroups. METHOD In the framework of the PREVENT (secondary prevention of schizophrenia) study, a JTC task was applied to 188 patients either fulfilling UHR criteria or presenting with cognitive basic symptoms (BS). Similar data were available for 30 healthy control participants matched for age, gender, education and premorbid verbal intelligence. ARMS patients were identified by the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument - Adult Version (SPI-A). RESULTS The mean number of draws to decision (DTD) significantly differed between ARM -subgroups: UHR patients made significantly less draws to make a decision than ARMS patients with only cognitive BS. Furthermore, UHR patients tended to fulfil behavioural criteria for JTC more often than BS patients. In a secondary analysis, ARMS patients were much hastier in their decision-making than controls. In patients, DTD was moderately associated with positive and negative symptoms as well as disorganization and excitement. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate an enhanced JTC bias in the UHR group compared to ARMS patients with only cognitive BS. This underscores the importance of reasoning deficits within cognitive theories of the developing psychosis. Interactions with the liability to psychotic transitions and therapeutic interventions should be unravelled in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rausch
- Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - S Eisenacher
- Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - H Elkin
- Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - S Englisch
- Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University of Bonn,Germany
| | - N Striepens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University of Bonn,Germany
| | - M Lautenschlager
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Charité University Medicine Campus Mitte,Berlin,Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Charité University Medicine Campus Mitte,Berlin,Germany
| | - Y Gudlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Charité University Medicine Campus Mitte,Berlin,Germany
| | - B Janssen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf,Germany
| | - W Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf,Germany
| | - T M Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,University Aachen,Germany
| | - F Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,University Aachen,Germany
| | - M Lambert
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Germany
| | - D Naber
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Germany
| | - G Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Preventive Medicine,Ruhr University Bochum,Germany
| | - S Krueger-Oezguerdal
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Preventive Medicine,Ruhr University Bochum,Germany
| | - T Wobrock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Georg-August-University Goettingen,Goettingen,Germany
| | - A Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Ludwig-Maximilians-University,Munich,Germany
| | - M Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Ludwig-Maximilians-University,Munich,Germany
| | - S Moritz
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Germany
| | - H Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University of Cologne,Germany
| | - J Klosterkötter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University of Cologne,Germany
| | - A Bechdolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University of Cologne,Germany
| | - M Zink
- Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University of Bonn,Germany
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19
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Brooks SJ. A debate on working memory and cognitive control: can we learn about the treatment of substance use disorders from the neural correlates of anorexia nervosa? BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:10. [PMID: 26772802 PMCID: PMC4715338 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a debilitating, sometimes fatal eating disorder (ED) whereby restraint of appetite and emotion is concomitant with an inflexible, attention-to-detail perfectionist cognitive style and obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Intriguingly, people with AN are less likely to engage in substance use, whereas those who suffer from an ED with a bingeing component are more vulnerable to substance use disorder (SUD). DISCUSSION This insight into a beneficial consequence of appetite control in those with AN, which is shrouded by the many other unhealthy, excessive and deficit symptoms, may provide some clues as to how the brain could be trained to exert better, sustained control over appetitive and impulsive processes. Structural and functional brain imaging studies implicate the executive control network (ECN) and the salience network (SN) in the neuropathology of AN and SUD. Additionally, excessive employment of working memory (WM), alongside more prominent cognitive deficits may be utilised to cope with the experience of negative emotions and may account for aberrant brain function. WM enables mental rehearsal of cognitive strategies while regulating, restricting or avoiding neural responses associated with the SN. Therefore, high versus low WM capacity may be one of the factors that unites common cognitive and behavioural symptoms in those suffering from AN and SUD respectively. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that by evoking neural plasticity in the ECN and SN with WM training, improvements in neurocognitive function and cognitive control can be achieved. Thus, considering the neurocognitive processes of excessive appetite control and how it links to WM in AN may aid the application of adjunctive treatment for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Brooks
- UCT Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, Anzio Road, Observatory Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Andreou C, Schneider BC, Braun V, Kolbeck K, Gallinat J, Moritz S. Dopamine effects on evidence gathering and integration. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40. [PMID: 26197302 PMCID: PMC4622641 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in evidence gathering and disconfirmatory evidence integration have been associated with the presence of or propensity for delusions. Previous evidence suggests that these 2 types of reasoning bias might be differentially affected by antipsychotic medication. We aimed to investigate the effects of a dopaminergic agonist (L-dopa) and a dopaminergic antagonist (haloperidol) on evidence gathering and disconfirmatory evidence integration after single-dose administration in healthy individuals. METHODS The study used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-way crossover design. Participants were healthy individuals aged 18-40 years. We administered a new data-gathering task designed to increase sensitivity to change compared with traditional tasks. The Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) task was used as a measure of disconfirmatory evidence integration. RESULTS We included 30 individuals in our study. In the data-gathering task, dopaminergic modulation had no significant effect on the amount of evidence gathered before reaching a decision. In contrast, the ability of participants to integrate disconfirmatory evidence showed a significant linear dopaminergic modulation pattern (highest with haloperidol, intermediate with placebo, lowest with L-dopa), with the difference between haloperidol and L-dopa marginally reaching significance. LIMITATIONS Although the doses used for haloperidol and L-dopa were similar to those used in previous studies, drug plasma level measurements would have added to the validity of findings. CONCLUSION Evidence gathering and disconfirmatory evidence integration might be differentially influenced by dopaminergic agents. Our findings are in support of a dual-disturbance account of delusions and provide a plausible neurobiological basis for the use of interventions targeted at improving reasoning biases as an adjunctive treatment in patients with psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andreou
- Correspondence to: C. Andreou, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
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21
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Andreou C, Bozikas VP, Luedtke T, Moritz S. Associations between visual perception accuracy and confidence in a dopaminergic manipulation study. Front Psychol 2015; 6:414. [PMID: 25932015 PMCID: PMC4399210 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Delusions are defined as fixed erroneous beliefs that are based on misinterpretation of events or perception, and cannot be corrected by argumentation to the opposite. Cognitive theories of delusions regard this symptom as resulting from specific distorted thinking styles that lead to biased integration and interpretation of perceived stimuli (i.e., reasoning biases). In previous studies, we were able to show that one of these reasoning biases, overconfidence in errors, can be modulated by drugs that act on the dopamine system, a major neurotransmitter system implicated in the pathogenesis of delusions and other psychotic symptoms. Another processing domain suggested to involve the dopamine system and to be abnormal in psychotic disorders is sensory perception. The present study aimed to investigate whether (lower-order) sensory perception and (higher-order) overconfidence in errors are similarly affected by dopaminergic modulation in healthy subjects. Thirty-four healthy individuals were assessed upon administration of l-dopa, placebo, or haloperidol within a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. Variables of interest were hits and false alarms in an illusory perception paradigm requiring speeded detection of pictures over a noisy background, and subjective confidence ratings for correct and incorrect responses. There was a significant linear increase of false alarm rates from haloperidol to placebo to l-dopa, whereas hit rates were not affected by dopaminergic manipulation. As hypothesized, confidence in error responses was significantly higher with l-dopa compared to placebo. Moreover, confidence in erroneous responses significantly correlated with false alarm rates. These findings suggest that overconfidence in errors and aberrant sensory processing might be both interdependent and related to dopaminergic transmission abnormalities in patients with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andreou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany ; 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilis P Bozikas
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thies Luedtke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder associated with a variety of symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, social withdrawal, and cognitive dysfunction. Impairments on decision-making tasks are routinely reported: evidence points to a particular deficit in learning from and revising behavior following feedback. In addition, patients tend to make hasty decisions when probabilistic judgments are required. This is known as "jumping to conclusions" (JTC) and has typically been demonstrated by presenting participants with colored beads drawn from one of two "urns" until they claim to be sure which urn the beads are being drawn from (the proportions of colors vary in each urn). Patients tend to make early decisions on this task, and there is evidence to suggest that a hasty decision-making style might be linked to delusion formation and thus be of clinical relevance. Various accounts have been proposed regarding what underlies this behavior. In this review, we briefly introduce the disorder and the decision-making deficits associated with it. We then explore the evidence for each account of JTC in the context of a wider decision-making deficit and then go on to summarize work exploring JTC in healthy controls using pharmacological manipulations and functional imaging. Finally, we assess whether JTC might have a role in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Evans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - Bruno B Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Furl
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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