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Bussey-Sutton CR, Ward A, Fox JA, Turner AMW, Peterson JJ, Emery A, Longoria AR, Gomez-Martinez I, Jones C, Hepperla A, Margolis DM, Strahl BD, Browne EP. The histone methyltransferase SETD2 regulates HIV expression and latency. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012281. [PMID: 38848441 PMCID: PMC11189200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that drive HIV expression and latency is a key goal for achieving an HIV cure. Here we investigate the role of the SETD2 histone methyltransferase, which deposits H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in HIV infection. We show that prevention of H3K36me3 by a potent and selective inhibitor of SETD2 (EPZ-719) leads to reduced post-integration viral gene expression and accelerated emergence of latently infected cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SETD2 in primary CD4 T cells confirmed the role of SETD2 in HIV expression. Transcriptomic profiling of EPZ-719-exposed HIV-infected cells identified numerous pathways impacted by EPZ-719. Notably, depletion of H3K36me3 prior to infection did not prevent HIV integration but resulted in a shift of integration sites from highly transcribed genes to quiescent chromatin regions and to polycomb repressed regions. We also observed that SETD2 inhibition did not apparently affect HIV RNA levels, indicating a post-transcriptional mechanism affecting HIV expression. Viral RNA splicing was modestly reduced in the presence of EPZ-719. Intriguingly, EPZ-719 exposure enhanced responsiveness of latent HIV to the HDAC inhibitor vorinostat, suggesting that H3K36me3 can contribute to a repressive chromatin state at the HIV locus. These results identify SETD2 and H3K36me3 as novel regulators of HIV integration, expression and latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R. Bussey-Sutton
- Department of Biochemistry, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Airlie Ward
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Fox
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anne-Marie W. Turner
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jackson J. Peterson
- UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ann Emery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Arturo R. Longoria
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ismael Gomez-Martinez
- Department of Genetics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Corbin Jones
- Department of Genetics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Austin Hepperla
- Department of Genetics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edward P. Browne
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Mbonye U, Karn J. The cell biology of HIV-1 latency and rebound. Retrovirology 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38580979 PMCID: PMC10996279 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptionally latent forms of replication-competent proviruses, present primarily in a small subset of memory CD4+ T cells, pose the primary barrier to a cure for HIV-1 infection because they are the source of the viral rebound that almost inevitably follows the interruption of antiretroviral therapy. Over the last 30 years, many of the factors essential for initiating HIV-1 transcription have been identified in studies performed using transformed cell lines, such as the Jurkat T-cell model. However, as highlighted in this review, several poorly understood mechanisms still need to be elucidated, including the molecular basis for promoter-proximal pausing of the transcribing complex and the detailed mechanism of the delivery of P-TEFb from 7SK snRNP. Furthermore, the central paradox of HIV-1 transcription remains unsolved: how are the initial rounds of transcription achieved in the absence of Tat? A critical limitation of the transformed cell models is that they do not recapitulate the transitions between active effector cells and quiescent memory T cells. Therefore, investigation of the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency reversal and LRA efficacy in a proper physiological context requires the utilization of primary cell models. Recent mechanistic studies of HIV-1 transcription using latently infected cells recovered from donors and ex vivo cellular models of viral latency have demonstrated that the primary blocks to HIV-1 transcription in memory CD4+ T cells are restrictive epigenetic features at the proviral promoter, the cytoplasmic sequestration of key transcription initiation factors such as NFAT and NF-κB, and the vanishingly low expression of the cellular transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. One of the foremost schemes to eliminate the residual reservoir is to deliberately reactivate latent HIV-1 proviruses to enable clearance of persisting latently infected cells-the "Shock and Kill" strategy. For "Shock and Kill" to become efficient, effective, non-toxic latency-reversing agents (LRAs) must be discovered. Since multiple restrictions limit viral reactivation in primary cells, understanding the T-cell signaling mechanisms that are essential for stimulating P-TEFb biogenesis, initiation factor activation, and reversing the proviral epigenetic restrictions have become a prerequisite for the development of more effective LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Khatun S, Amin SA, Choudhury D, Chowdhury B, Jha T, Gayen S. Advances in structure-activity relationships of HDAC inhibitors as HIV latency-reversing agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:353-368. [PMID: 38258439 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2305730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-infected cells may rebound due to the existence of the silent HIV-infected memory CD4+ T cells (HIV latency). This HIV latency makes the disease almost incurable. In latency, the integrated proviral DNA of HIV is transcriptionally silenced partly due to the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Hence, inhibition of HDAC is considered a prime target for HIV latency reversal. AREAS COVERED A brief biology and function of HDACs have been discussed to identify key points to design HDAC inhibitors (HDACis). This article summarizes recent achievements in the development of HDACis to achieve HIV latency reversal. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) of some series of compounds were also explored. EXPERT OPINION Depletion of the HIV reservoir is the only way to end this deadly epidemic. HDACis are latency-reversing agents (LRA) that can be used to 'shock' the latently infected CD4+ T cells to induce them to produce viral proteins. It is interesting to note that HDAC3, which is extensively expressed in resting T cells, is specifically preferred by benzamide-containing HDACis for inhibition. Thus, the benzamide class of compounds should be explored. Nevertheless, more data on selective HDAC inhibition is needed for further development of HDACis in HIV latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samima Khatun
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Boby Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Shovanlal Gayen
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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4
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Peterson JJ, Lewis CA, Burgos SD, Manickam A, Xu Y, Rowley AA, Clutton G, Richardson B, Zou F, Simon JM, Margolis DM, Goonetilleke N, Browne EP. A histone deacetylase network regulates epigenetic reprogramming and viral silencing in HIV-infected cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1617-1633.e9. [PMID: 38134881 PMCID: PMC10754471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A long-lived latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells persists with antiretroviral therapy and prevents cure. We report that the emergence of latently infected primary CD4 T cells requires the activity of histone deacetylase enzymes HDAC1/2 and HDAC3. Data from targeted HDAC molecules, an HDAC3-directed PROTAC, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout experiments converge on a model where either HDAC1/2 or HDAC3 targeting can prevent latency, whereas all three enzymes must be targeted to achieve latency reversal. Furthermore, HDACi treatment targets features of memory T cells that are linked to proviral latency and persistence. Latency prevention is associated with increased H3K9ac at the proviral LTR promoter region and decreased H3K9me3, suggesting that this epigenetic switch is a key proviral silencing mechanism that depends on HDAC activity. These findings support further mechanistic work on latency initiation and eventual clinical studies of HDAC inhibitors to interfere with latency initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Catherine A Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Samuel D Burgos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Ashokkumar Manickam
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Allison A Rowley
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Edward P Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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5
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Van Gulck E, Pardons M, Nijs E, Verheyen N, Dockx K, Van Den Eynde C, Battivelli E, Vega J, Florence E, Autran B, Archin NM, Margolis DM, Katlama C, Hamimi C, Van Den Wyngaert I, Eyassu F, Vandekerckhove L, Boden D. A truncated HIV Tat demonstrates potent and specific latency reversal activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0041723. [PMID: 37874295 PMCID: PMC10649039 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00417-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to HIV-1 cure is caused by the pool of latently infected CD4 T-cells that persist under combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This latent reservoir is capable of producing replication-competent infectious viruses once prolonged suppressive cART is withdrawn. Inducing the reactivation of HIV-1 gene expression in T-cells harboring a latent provirus in people living with HIV-1 under cART may result in depletion of this latent reservoir due to cytopathic effects or immune clearance. Studies have investigated molecules that reactivate HIV-1 gene expression, but to date, no latency reversal agent has been identified to eliminate latently infected cells harboring replication-competent HIV in cART-treated individuals. Stochastic fluctuations in HIV-1 tat gene expression have been described and hypothesized to allow the progression into proviral latency. We hypothesized that exposing latently infected CD4+ T-cells to Tat would result in effective latency reversal. Our results indicate the capacity of a truncated Tat protein and mRNA to reactivate HIV-1 in latently infected T-cells ex vivo to a similar degree as the protein kinase C agonist: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, without T-cell activation or any significant transcriptome perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Gulck
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marion Pardons
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Nijs
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Koen Dockx
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christel Van Den Eynde
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emilie Battivelli
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Brisbane, California, USA
| | - Jerel Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Faculty of Medicine Sorbonne-University, CIMI-Paris, UPMC/Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine and UNC, HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine and UNC, HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine Katlama
- Department Infectious Diseases, Hospital Pitié Salpetière, Sorbonne-University and IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Chiraz Hamimi
- Faculty of Medicine Sorbonne-University, CIMI-Paris, UPMC/Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Ilse Van Den Wyngaert
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Filmon Eyassu
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Boden
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Brisbane, California, USA
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6
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Abdallah DI, de Araujo ED, Patel NH, Hasan LS, Moriggl R, Krämer OH, Gunning PT. Medicinal chemistry advances in targeting class I histone deacetylases. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:757-779. [PMID: 37711592 PMCID: PMC10497394 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of zinc (Zn)-dependent metalloenzymes that are responsible for epigenetic modifications. HDACs are largely associated with histone proteins that regulate gene expression at the DNA level. This tight regulation is controlled by acetylation [via histone acetyl transferases (HATs)] and deacetylation (via HDACs) of histone and non-histone proteins that alter the coiling state of DNA, thus impacting gene expression as a downstream effect. For the last two decades, HDACs have been studied extensively and indicated in a range of diseases where HDAC dysregulation has been strongly correlated with disease emergence and progression-most prominently, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, HIV, and inflammatory diseases. The involvement of HDACs as regulators in these biochemical pathways established them as an attractive therapeutic target. This review summarizes the drug development efforts exerted to create HDAC inhibitors (HDACis), specifically class I HDACs, with a focus on the medicinal chemistry, structural design, and pharmacology aspects of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaaeldin I. Abdallah
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E8, Canada
| | - Elvin D. de Araujo
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Naman H. Patel
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lina S. Hasan
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E8, Canada
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7
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Sun P, Wang J, Khan KS, Yang W, Ng BWL, Ilment N, Zessin M, Bülbül EF, Robaa D, Erdmann F, Schmidt M, Romier C, Schutkowski M, Cheng ASL, Sippl W. Development of Alkylated Hydrazides as Highly Potent and Selective Class I Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with T cell Modulatory Properties. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16313-16337. [PMID: 36449385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic regulators and additionally control the activity of non-histone substrates. We recently demonstrated that inhibition of HDAC8 overexpressed in various of cancers reduces hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenicity in a T cell-dependent manner. Here, we present alkylated hydrazide-based class I HDAC inhibitors in which the n-hexyl side chain attached to the hydrazide moiety shows HDAC8 selectivity in vitro. Analysis of the mode of inhibition of the most promising compound 7d against HDAC8 revealed a substrate-competitive binding mode. 7d marked induced acetylation of the HDAC8 substrates H3K27 and SMC3 but not tubulin in CD4+ T lymphocytes, and significantly upregulated gene expressions for memory and effector functions. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of 7d (10 mg/kg) in C57BL/6 mice increased interleukin-2 expression in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cell proportion with no apparent toxicity. This study expands a novel chemotype of HDAC8 inhibitors with T cell modulatory properties for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Khadija S Khan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiqin Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Billy Wai-Lung Ng
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nikita Ilment
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Matthes Zessin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Emre F Bülbül
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Frank Erdmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Christophe Romier
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Alfred Sze-Lok Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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8
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Medicinal Chemistry of Anti-HIV-1 Latency Chemotherapeutics: Biotargets, Binding Modes and Structure-Activity Relationship Investigation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010003. [PMID: 36615199 PMCID: PMC9822059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The existence of latent viral reservoirs (LVRs), also called latent cells, has long been an acknowledged stubborn hurdle for effective treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. This stable and heterogeneous reservoir, which mainly exists in resting memory CD4+ T cells, is not only resistant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) but cannot be detected by the immune system, leading to rapid drug resistance and viral rebound once antiviral treatment is interrupted. Accordingly, various functional cure strategies have been proposed to combat this barrier, among which one of the widely accepted and utilized protocols is the so-called 'shock-and-kill' regimen. The protocol begins with latency-reversing agents (LRAs), either alone or in combination, to reactivate the latent HIV-1 proviruses, then eliminates them by viral cytopathic mechanisms (e.g., currently available antiviral drugs) or by the immune killing function of the immune system (e.g., NK and CD8+ T cells). In this review, we focuse on the currently explored small molecular LRAs, with emphasis on their mechanism-directed drug targets, binding modes and structure-relationship activity (SAR) profiles, aiming to provide safer and more effective remedies for treating HIV-1 infection.
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9
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Boateng AT, Abaidoo-Myles A, Bonney EY, Kyei GB. Isoform selective versus non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors in HIV latency reversal. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:615-621. [PMID: 35778852 PMCID: PMC9419941 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV remains incurable due to the persistence of a latent viral reservoir found in HIV infected cells, primarily resting memory CD4+ T cells. Depletion of this reservoir may be the only way to end this deadly epidemic. In latency, the integrated proviral DNA of HIV is transcriptionally silenced partly due to the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs). One strategy proposed to overcome this challenge, is the use of HDAC inhibitors as latency reversal agents to induce viral expression (shock) under the cover of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It is hoped that this will lead to elimination of the reservoir by immunologic and viral cytopathic (kill). However, there are 18 isoforms of HDACs leading to varying selectivity for HDAC inhibitors. Here we review HDAC inhibitors with emphasis on their selectivity for HIV latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Araba Abaidoo-Myles
- University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, 108322, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana;
| | - Evelyn Yayra Bonney
- University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, 108322, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana;
| | - George B Kyei
- University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, 108322, Virology, Off Akilakpa Sawyerr Road, Accra, Ghana;
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10
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Abstract
Combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication but is not curative because cART interruption almost invariably leads to a rapid rebound of viremia due to the persistence of stable HIV-1-infected cellular reservoirs. These reservoirs are mainly composed of CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent latent proviruses. A broadly explored approach to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir size, the shock and kill strategy, consists of reactivating HIV-1 gene expression from the latently infected cellular reservoirs (the shock), followed by killing of the virus-producing infected cells (the kill). Based on improved understanding of the multiple molecular mechanisms controlling HIV-1 latency, distinct classes of latency reversing agents (LRAs) have been studied for their efficiency to reactivate viral gene expression in in vitro and ex vivo cell models. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of these different mechanistic classes of LRAs and discuss optimizations of the shock strategy by combining several LRAs simultaneously or sequentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rodari
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Carine M Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
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Adhikari N, Jha T, Ghosh B. Dissecting Histone Deacetylase 3 in Multiple Disease Conditions: Selective Inhibition as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8827-8869. [PMID: 34161101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins has been implicated in several disease states. Modulation of such epigenetic modifications has therefore made histone deacetylases (HDACs) important drug targets. HDAC3, among various class I HDACs, has been signified as a potentially validated target in multiple diseases, namely, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, parasitic infections, and HIV. However, only a handful of HDAC3-selective inhibitors have been reported in spite of continuous efforts in design and development of HDAC3-selective inhibitors. In this Perspective, the roles of HDAC3 in various diseases as well as numerous potent and HDAC3-selective inhibitors have been discussed in detail. It will surely open up a new vista in the discovery of newer, more effective, and more selective HDAC3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
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12
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Feng Z, Yang Z, Gao X, Xue Y, Wang X. Resveratrol Promotes HIV-1 Tat Accumulation via AKT/FOXO1 Signaling Axis and Potentiates Vorinostat to Antagonize HIV-1 Latency. Curr HIV Res 2021; 19:238-247. [PMID: 33461468 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x19666210118151249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The latent reservoir of HIV-1 is a major barrier to achieving the eradication of HIV-1/AIDS. One strategy is termed "shock and kill", which aims to awaken the latent HIV-1 using latency reversing agents (LRAs) to replicate and produce HIV-1 particles. Subsequently, the host cells containing HIV-1 can be recognized and eliminated by the immune response and anti-retroviral therapy. Although many LRAs have been found and tested, their clinical trials were dissatisfactory. OBJECTIVE To aim of the study was to investigate how resveratrol reactivates silent HIV-1 transcription and assess if resveratrol could be a candidate drug for the "shock" phase in "shock and kill" strategy. METHODS We used established HIV-1 transcription cell models (HeLa-based NH1 and NH2 cells) and HIV-1 latent cell models (J-Lat A72 and Jurkat 2D10 cells). We performed resveratrol treatment on these cell lines and studied the mechanism of how resveratrol stimulates HIV-1 gene transcription. We also tested resveratrol's bioactivity on primary cells isolated from HIV-1 latent infected patients. RESULTS Resveratrol promoted HIV-1 Tat protein levels, and resveratrol-induced Tat promotion was found to be dependent on the AKT/FOXO1 signaling axis. Resveratrol could partially dissociate P-TEFb (Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b) from 7SK snRNP (7SK small nuclear Ribonucleoprotein) and promote Tat-SEC (Super Elongation Complex) interaction. Preclinical studies showed that resveratrol potentiated Vorinostat to awaken HIV-1 latency in HIV-1 latent infected cells isolated from patients. CONCLUSION We found a new mechanism of resveratrol stimulating the production of HIV-1. Resveratrol could be a promising candidate drug to eradicate HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Feng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengrong Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Jefferys SR, Burgos SD, Peterson JJ, Selitsky SR, Turner AMW, James LI, Tsai YH, Coffey AR, Margolis DM, Parker J, Browne EP. Epigenomic characterization of latent HIV infection identifies latency regulating transcription factors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009346. [PMID: 33635929 PMCID: PMC7946360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing of HIV in CD4 T cells generates a reservoir of latently infected cells that can reseed infection after interruption of therapy. As such, these cells represent the principal barrier to curing HIV infection, but little is known about their characteristics. To further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of latency, we characterized a primary cell model of HIV latency in which infected cells adopt heterogeneous transcriptional fates. In this model, we observed that latency is a stable, heritable state that is transmitted through cell division. Using Assay of Transposon-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATACseq) we found that latently infected cells exhibit greatly reduced proviral accessibility, indicating the presence of chromatin-based structural barriers to viral gene expression. By quantifying the activity of host cell transcription factors, we observe elevated activity of Forkhead and Kruppel-like factor transcription factors (TFs), and reduced activity of AP-1, RUNX and GATA TFs in latently infected cells. Interestingly, latency reversing agents with different mechanisms of action caused distinct patterns of chromatin reopening across the provirus. We observe that binding sites for the chromatin insulator CTCF are highly enriched in the differentially open chromatin of infected CD4 T cells. Furthermore, depletion of CTCF inhibited HIV latency, identifying this factor as playing a key role in the initiation or enforcement of latency. These data indicate that HIV latency develops preferentially in cells with a distinct pattern of TF activity that promotes a closed proviral structure and inhibits viral gene expression. Furthermore, these findings identify CTCF as a novel regulator of HIV latency. HIV is able to persist during antiviral therapy by entering a state of viral latency, in which viral gene expression is greatly reduced. These latently infected cells can re-seed infection if therapy is interrupted, and thus represent a major obstacle to an HIV cure. Identifying the mechanisms that lead to this state will help to identify strategies to block or eliminate HIV latency, leading to a cure for infection. By observing HIV gene expression in infected CD4 T cells, we isolated cells in which HIV has entered latency and identified characteristics that distinguish them from cells with active viral replication. We found that latently infected cells have elevated activity of specific transcription factors including Forkhead TFs and Kruppel-like factors. We also identify CTCF, a protein responsible for mediating insulation of genome domains from each other, as being required for the establishment of HIV latency. Developing agents to target these factors may lead to new strategies to eliminate the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R. Jefferys
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samuel D. Burgos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jackson J. Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara R. Selitsky
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anne-Marie W. Turner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsey I. James
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alisha R. Coffey
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joel Parker
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edward P. Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Yeh YHJ, Jenike KM, Calvi RM, Chiarella J, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Ho YC. Filgotinib suppresses HIV-1-driven gene transcription by inhibiting HIV-1 splicing and T cell activation. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4969-4984. [PMID: 32573496 DOI: 10.1172/jci137371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1-infected cells continue to produce viral antigens and induce chronic immune exhaustion. We propose to identify HIV-1-suppressing agents that can inhibit HIV-1 reactivation and reduce HIV-1-induced immune activation. Using a newly developed dual-reporter system and a high-throughput drug screen, we identified FDA-approved drugs that can suppress HIV-1 reactivation in both cell line models and CD4+ T cells from virally suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals. We identified 11 cellular pathways required for HIV-1 reactivation as druggable targets. Using differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and exon-intron landscape analysis, we examined the impact of drug treatment on the cellular environment at a genome-wide level. We identified what we believe to be a new function of a JAK inhibitor, filgotinib, that suppresses HIV-1 splicing. First, filgotinib preferentially suppresses spliced HIV-1 RNA transcription. Second, filgotinib suppresses HIV-1-driven aberrant cancer-related gene expression at the integration site. Third, we found that filgotinib suppresses HIV-1 transcription by inhibiting T cell activation and by modulating RNA splicing. Finally, we found that filgotinib treatment reduces the proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells. Overall, the combination of a drug screen and transcriptome analysis provides systematic understanding of cellular targets required for HIV-1 reactivation and drug candidates that may reduce HIV-1-related immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hui Jimmy Yeh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Katharine M Jenike
- Human Genetics PhD Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachela M Calvi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer Chiarella
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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15
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HIV latency reversal agents: A potential path for functional cure? Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113213. [PMID: 33540228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment, the cure for all HIV patients still poses a major challenge, which needs to be surpassed in the coming years. Among the strategies pursuing this aim, the 'kick-and-kill' approach, which involves the reactivation and elimination of a latent HIV reservoir that resides in some CD4+ T cells, appears promising. The first step of this approach requires the use of latency reversal agents (LRAs) that induce the reactivation of the latent virus. Although several classes of LRAs have been reported so far, some limitations of these compounds still need to be overcome before their clinical use. The complete exhaustion of the reservoir of latent virus will contribute to promote the second step of this approach, facilitating the elimination of the reactivated HIV. Therefore, potent, safe, and non-toxic LRAs are necessary to promote efficient elimination of the HIV-1 virus from its reservoir. In this review article, we focus on the promising LRAs that have been described in the literature over the past few years, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of their use in the 'kick and kill' approach, thus opening a new avenue in the development of a potential cure.
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16
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Liu J, Yu Y, Kelly J, Sha D, Alhassan AB, Yu W, Maletic MM, Duffy JL, Klein DJ, Holloway MK, Carroll S, Howell BJ, Barnard RJO, Wolkenberg S, Kozlowski JA. Discovery of Highly Selective and Potent HDAC3 Inhibitors Based on a 2-Substituted Benzamide Zinc Binding Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2476-2483. [PMID: 33335670 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The selectivity of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) is greatly impacted by the zinc binding groups. In an effort to search for novel zinc binding groups, we applied a parallel medicinal chemistry (PMC) strategy to quickly synthesize substituted benzamide libraries. We discovered a series containing 2-substituted benzamides as the zinc binding group which afforded highly selective and potent HDAC3 inhibitors, exemplified by compound 16 with a 2-methylthiobenzamide. Compound 16 inhibited HDAC3 with an IC50 of 30 nM and with unprecedented selectivity of >300-fold over all other HDAC isoforms. Interestingly, a subtle change of the 2-methylthio to a 2-hydroxy benzamide in 20 retains HDAC3 potency but loses all selectivity over HDAC 1 and 2. This significant difference in selectivity was rationalized by X-ray crystal structures of HDACis 16 and 20 bound to HDAC2, revealing different binding modes to the catalytic zinc ion. This series of HDAC3 selective inhibitors served as tool compounds for investigating the minimal set of HDAC isoforms that must be inhibited for the HIV latency activation in a Jurkat 2C4 cell model and potentially as leads for selective HDAC3 inhibitors for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Younong Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph Kelly
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Deyou Sha
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Abdul-Basit Alhassan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Milana M. Maletic
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph L. Duffy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel J. Klein
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steve Carroll
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bonnie J. Howell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Richard J. O. Barnard
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Scott Wolkenberg
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joseph A. Kozlowski
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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17
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Abstract
It is now 30 years since the first report of a potent zinc-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor appeared. Since then, five HDAC inhibitors have received regulatory approval for cancer chemotherapy while many others are in clinical development for oncology as well as other therapeutic indications. This Perspective reviews the biological and medicinal chemistry advances over the past 3 decades with an emphasis on the design of selective inhibitors that discriminate between the 11 human HDAC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence C S Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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18
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Sarkar R, Banerjee S, Amin SA, Adhikari N, Jha T. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibitors as anticancer agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Larguet F, Caté C, Barbeau B, Rassart E, Edouard E. Histone deacetylase 1 interacts with HIV-1 Integrase and modulates viral replication. Virol J 2019; 16:138. [PMID: 31744547 PMCID: PMC6862858 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 hijacks the cellular machinery for its own replication through protein-protein interactions between viral and host cell factors. One strategy against HIV-1 infection is thus to target these key protein complexes. As the integration of reverse transcribed viral cDNA into a host cell chromosome is an essential step in the HIV-1 life cycle, catalyzed by the viral integrase and other important host factors, we aimed at identifying new integrase binding partners through a novel approach. Methods A LTR-derived biotinylated DNA fragment complexed with the integrase on magnetic beads was incubated with extracts from integrase-expressing 293 T cells. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation/pull-down experiments were used for the identification of binding partners. Transfections of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression vectors and/or specific siRNA were conducted in HeLa-CD4 and 293 T cells followed by infection with fully infectious NL4–3 and luciferase-expressing pseudotyped viruses or by proviral DNA transfection. Fully infectious and pseudotyped viruses produced from HDAC1-silenced 293 T cells were tested for their infectivity toward HeLa-CD4 cells, T cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells. Late RT species and integrated viral DNA were quantified by qPCR and infectivity was measured by luciferase activity and p24 ELISA assay. Results were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Results Using our integrase-LTR bait approach, we successfully identified new potential integrase-binding partners, including HDAC1. We further confirmed that HDAC1 interacted with the HIV-1 integrase in co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments. HDAC1 knockdown in infected HeLa cells was shown to interfere with an early preintegration step of the HIV-1 replication cycle, which possibly involves reverse transcription. We also observed that, while HDAC1 overexpression inhibited HIV-1 expression after integration, HDAC1 knockdown had no effect on this step. In virus producer cells, HDAC1 knockdown had a limited impact on virus infectivity in either cell lines or primary CD4+ T cells. Conclusions Our results show that HDAC1 interacts with the HIV-1 integrase and affects virus replication before and after integration. Overall, HDAC1 appears to facilitate HIV-1 replication with a major effect on a preintegration step, which likely occurs at the reverse transcription step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Larguet
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Clément Caté
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Elsy Edouard
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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20
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Garcia-Vidal E, Badia R, Pujantell M, Castellví M, Felip E, Clotet B, Riveira-Muñoz E, Ballana E, Esté JA. Dual effect of the broad spectrum kinase inhibitor midostaurin in acute and latent HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:18-27. [PMID: 31077767 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Midostaurin is a multi-kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. We assessed the capacity of midostaurin to affect early and late steps of HIV-1 infection and to reactivate HIV-1 latently infected cells, alone or in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) known to act as latency-reversing agents (LRA). Acute HIV-1 infection was assessed by flow cytometry in three cell types treated with midostaurin in the presence or absence of SAMHD1. Non-infected cells were treated with midostaurin and harvested for Western blot analysis. Macrophage infections were also measured by quantitative RT-PCR. HIV-1 latency reactivation was assessed in several latency models. Midostaurin induced G2/M arrest and inhibited CDK2, preventing the phosphorylation of SAMHD1 associated to inhibition of its dNTPase activity. In the presence of SAMHD1, midostaurin blocked HIV-1 DNA formation and viral replication. However, following Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation, midostaurin increased viral transcripts and virus replication. In three out of four HIV-1 latency models, including primary CD4+ T cells, midostaurin effectively reversed HIV-1 latency and was synergistic in combination with LRA vorinostat and panobinostat. Our study describes a dual effect for midostaurin in HIV-1 infection, antiviral or proviral depending on SAMHD1 activation, and highlights a role for active SAMHD1 in regulating the activity of potential HIV-1 latency reversal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Garcia-Vidal
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roger Badia
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Pujantell
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Castellví
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eudald Felip
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
| | - José A Esté
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
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21
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Cao S, Woodrow KA. Nanotechnology approaches to eradicating HIV reservoirs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 138:48-63. [PMID: 29879528 PMCID: PMC6279622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV-1 infection into a controllable chronic disease, but these therapies are incapable of eradicating the virus to bring about an HIV cure. Multiple strategies have been proposed and investigated to eradicate latent viral reservoirs from various biological sanctuaries. However, due to the complexity of HIV infection and latency maintenance, a single drug is unlikely to eliminate all HIV reservoirs and novel strategies may be needed to achieve better efficacy while limiting systemic toxicity. In this review, we describe HIV latency in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, and present an overview of current strategies for HIV cure with a focus on their challenges for clinical translation. Then we provide a summary of nanotechnology solutions that have been used to address challenges in HIV cure by delivering physicochemically diverse agents for combination therapy or targeting HIV reservoir sites. We also review nanocarrier-based gene delivery and immunotherapy used in cancer treatment but may have potential applications in HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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22
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Heffern EF, Ramani R, Marshall G, Kyei GB. Identification of isoform-selective hydroxamic acid derivatives that potently reactivate HIV from latency. J Virus Erad 2019; 5:84-91. [PMID: 31191911 PMCID: PMC6543484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV replication, increase CD4 count and result in increased lifespan. However, it cannot eradicate the virus due to the presence of latent provirus in cellular reservoirs, such as resting CD4+ T cells. Using combination latency-reversing agents to shock the virus out of latency for elimination through immune clearance or viral cytopathic effect is one of the most promising strategies for HIV eradication. Specifically, recent evidence shows that isoform-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors may be more effective than their non-selective counterparts. Therefore, identification and characterisation of new isoform-selective compounds are of prime importance. Here, we sought to determine the ability of two new isoform-targeted hydroxamic acid derivatives to reactivate HIV from latency. METHODS We used cell lines and infected primary resting CD4+ T cells. These were treated with these compounds with HIV reactivation measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, Western blots and luciferase luminescence. Isoform selectivity and acetylation of the HIV promoter were measured by Western blotting and chromatic immunoprecipitation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The two new hydroxamic acid derivatives, MC2625 and MC1742, potently reactivate HIV from latency. These compounds are isoform-selective histone deacetylate inhibitors that increase the levels of histone acetylation at the HIV promoter. In addition, they synergise effectively with the protein kinase C modulators bryostatin-1 and INDY, an inhibitor of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A. We conclude that the combinations of new hydroxamic acid derivatives and bryostatin-1 or INDY could be a new tool for HIV reactivation in the cure efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elleard Fw Heffern
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rashmi Ramani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Garland Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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23
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Heffern EF, Ramani R, Marshall G, Kyei GB. Identification of isoform-selective hydroxamic acid derivatives that potently reactivate HIV from latency. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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24
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Abner E, Jordan A. HIV "shock and kill" therapy: In need of revision. Antiviral Res 2019; 166:19-34. [PMID: 30914265 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of antiretroviral therapy 23 years ago has rendered HIV infection clinically manageable. However, the disease remains incurable, since it establishes latent proviral reservoirs, which in turn can stochastically begin reproducing viral particles throughout the patient's lifetime. Viral latency itself depends in large part on the silencing environment of the infected host cell, which can be chemically manipulated. "Shock and kill" therapy intends to reverse proviral quiescence by inducing transcription with pharmaceuticals and allowing a combination of antiretroviral therapy, host immune clearance and HIV-cytolysis to remove latently infected cells, leading to a complete cure. Over 160 compounds functioning as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been identified to date, but none of the candidates has yet led to a promising functional cure. Furthermore, fundamental bioinformatic and clinical research from the past decade has highlighted the complexity and highly heterogeneous nature of the proviral reservoirs, shedding doubt on the "shock and kill" concept. Alternative therapies such as the HIV transcription-inhibiting "block and lock" strategy are therefore being considered. In this review we describe the variety of existing classes of LRAs, discuss their current drawbacks and highlight the potential for combinatorial "shocktail" therapies for potent proviral reactivation. We also suggest investigating LRAs with lesser-known mechanisms of action, and examine the feasibility of "block and lock" therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Abner
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Jordan
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Jang YH, Park YS, Nam JS, Yang Y, Lee JE, Lee KH, Kang M, Chialastri A, Noh H, Park J, Lee JS, Lim KI. Nanotopography-based engineering of retroviral DNA integration patterns. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5693-5704. [PMID: 30865198 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the interactions between cells and viruses is critical for treating infected patients, preventing viral infections, and improving virus-based therapeutics. Chemical methods using small molecules and biological methods using proteins and nucleic acids are employed for achieving this control, albeit with limitations. We found, for the first time, that retroviral DNA integration patterns in the human genome, the result of complicated interactions between cells and viruses, can be engineered by adapting cells to the defined nanotopography of silica bead monolayers. Compared with cells on a flat glass surface, cells on beads with the highest curvature harbored retroviral DNAs at genomic sites near transcriptional start sites and CpG islands during infections at more than 50% higher frequencies. Furthermore, cells on the same type of bead layers contained retroviral DNAs in the genomic regions near cis-regulatory elements at frequencies that were 2.6-fold higher than that of cells on flat glass surfaces. Systems-level genetic network analysis showed that for cells on nanobeads with the highest curvature, the genes that would be affected by cis-regulatory elements near the retroviral integration sites perform biological functions related to chromatin structure and antiviral activities. Our unexpected observations suggest that novel engineering approaches based on materials with specific nanotopography can improve control over viral events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ha Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, South Korea.
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26
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Hui KF, Yiu SPT, Tam KP, Chiang AKS. Viral-Targeted Strategies Against EBV-Associated Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Front Oncol 2019; 9:81. [PMID: 30873380 PMCID: PMC6400835 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is strongly associated with a spectrum of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-LPDs) ranging from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, B cell lymphomas (e.g., endemic Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma) to NK or T cell lymphoma (e.g., nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma). The virus expresses a number of latent viral proteins which are able to manipulate cell cycle and cell death processes to promote survival of the tumor cells. Several FDA-approved drugs or novel compounds have been shown to induce killing of some of the EBV-LPDs by inhibiting the function of latent viral proteins or activating the viral lytic cycle from latency. Here, we aim to provide an overview on the mechanisms by which EBV employs to drive the pathogenesis of various EBV-LPDs and to maintain the survival of the tumor cells followed by a discussion on the development of viral-targeted strategies based on the understanding of the patho-mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Pui Tam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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27
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Zhang L, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Song W, Zhang L. Therapeutic potential of selective histone deacetylase 3 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:534-542. [PMID: 30472601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases, such as tumor, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibition of HDACs by developing HDAC inhibitors has achieved significant progress in the treatment of diseases caused by epigenetic abnormalities, and especially in the cancer therapy. Isoform selective HDAC inhibitors are emphasized to be disease specific and have less off-target effects and better safety performances. HDAC3 has been illustrated to play specific role in the development of several diseases, and the discovery of HDAC3 selective inhibitors has exhibited potential in the targeted disease treatment. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about the prospects of selective inhibition of HDAC3 for the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
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28
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Sung JA, Patel S, Clohosey ML, Roesch L, Tripic T, Kuruc JD, Archin N, Hanley PJ, Cruz CR, Goonetilleke N, Eron JJ, Rooney CM, Gay CL, Bollard CM, Margolis DM. HIV-Specific, Ex Vivo Expanded T Cell Therapy: Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy in ART-Suppressed HIV-Infected Individuals. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2496-2506. [PMID: 30249388 PMCID: PMC6171327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has had dramatic successes in the treatment of virus-related malignancies and infections following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We adapted this method to produce ex vivo expanded HIV-specific T cells (HXTCs), with the long-term goal of using HXTCs as part of strategies to clear persistent HIV infection. In this phase 1 proof-of-concept study (NCT02208167), we administered HXTCs to antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed, HIV-infected participants. Participants received two infusions of 2 × 107 cells/m2 HXTCs at a 2-week interval. Leukapheresis was performed at baseline and 12 weeks post-infusion to measure the frequency of resting cell infection by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Overall, participants tolerated HXTCs, with only grade 1 adverse events (AEs) related to HXTCs. Two of six participants exhibited a detectable increase in CD8 T cell-mediated antiviral activity following the two infusions in some, but not all, assays. As expected, however, in the absence of a latency reversing agent, no meaningful decline in the frequency of resting CD4 T cell infection was detected. HXTC therapy in ART-suppressed, HIV-infected individuals appears safe and well tolerated, without any clinical signs of immune activation, likely due to the low residual HIV antigen burden present during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Sung
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Matthew L Clohosey
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren Roesch
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Tamara Tripic
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - JoAnn D Kuruc
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancie Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - C Russell Cruz
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clio M Rooney
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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29
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Zhao WN, Ghosh B, Tyler M, Lalonde J, Joseph NF, Kosaric N, Fass DM, Tsai LH, Mazitschek R, Haggarty SJ. Class I Histone Deacetylase Inhibition by Tianeptinaline Modulates Neuroplasticity and Enhances Memory. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2262-2273. [PMID: 29932631 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Through epigenetic and other regulatory functions, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of enzymes has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system and other disorders. Here we report on the synthesis and functional characterization of new HDAC inhibitors based structurally on tianeptine, a drug used primarily to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) that has a poorly understood mechanism of action. Since the chemical structure of tianeptine resembles certain HDAC inhibitors, we profiled the in vitro HDAC inhibitory activity of tianeptine and demonstrated its ability to inhibit the lysine deacetylase activity of a subset of class I HDACs. Consistent with a model of active site Zn2+ chelation by the carboxylic acid present in tianeptine, newly synthesized analogues containing either a hydroxamic acid or ortho-aminoanilide exhibited increased potency and selectivity among the HDAC family. This in vitro potency translated to improved efficacy in a panel of high-content imaging assays designed to assess HDAC target engagement and functional effects on critical pathways involved in neuroplasticity in both primary mouse neurons and, for the first time, human neurons differentiated from pluripotent stem cells. Most notably, tianeptinaline, a class I HDAC-selective analogue of tianeptine, but not tianeptine itself, increased histone acetylation, and enhanced CREB-mediated transcription and the expression of Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein). Systemic in vivo administration of tianeptinaline to mice confirmed its brain penetration and was found to enhance contextual fear conditioning, a behavioral test of hippocampal-dependent memory. Tianeptinaline and its derivatives provide new pharmacological tools to dissect chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity underlying memory and other epigenetically related processes implicated in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ning Zhao
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Marshall Tyler
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jasmin Lalonde
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Nadine F. Joseph
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nina Kosaric
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daniel M. Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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30
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Colomer-Lluch M, Serra-Moreno R. Barriers for HIV Cure: The Latent Reservoir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:739-759. [PMID: 30056745 PMCID: PMC6152859 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years after the identification of HIV-1 as the causative agent of AIDS, we are still in search of vaccines and treatments to eradicate this devastating infectious disease. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this infection, which has been crucial for the development of the current therapy regimens. However, despite their efficacy at limiting active viral replication, these drugs are unable to purge the latent reservoir: a pool of cells that harbor transcriptionally inactive, but replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses, and that represent the main barrier to eradicate HIV-1 from affected individuals. In this review, we discuss advances in the field that have allowed a better understanding of HIV-1 latency, including the diverse cell types that constitute the latent reservoir, factors influencing latency, tools to study HIV-1 latency, as well as current and prospective therapeutic approaches to target these latently infected cells, so a functional cure for HIV/AIDS can become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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31
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Kuai Q, Lu X, Qiao Z, Wang R, Wang Y, Ye S, He M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wu H, Ren S, Yu Q. Histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide promotes reactivation of latent human immunodeficiency virus by introducing histone acetylation. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1478-1485. [PMID: 29704439 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy can reduce the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load in the plasma to undetectable levels. However, because of the presence of latent HIV reservoirs, it is difficult to completely eradicate HIV in infected patients. Our objective was to assess the potency of chidamide, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor recently approved for cancer treatment by the China Food and Drug Administration, to reactivate latent HIV-1 via histone acetylation. Viral reactivities of chidamide were accessed in 2 latent HIV pseudotype virus cell reporter systems (J-Lat Tat-green fluorescent protein clone A72 and TZM-bl), a latently infected full-length HIV virus cell system (U1/HIV), and resting CD4+ T cells from 9 HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viral load. Chidamide was able to increase HIV expression in each cell line, as evidenced by green fluorescent protein, luciferase activity, and p24, as well as to reactivate latent HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells of HIV-infected patients. Histone acetylation adjacent to the HIV promoter in A72 cells was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Chidamide was able to increase histone H3 and H4 acetylation at the HIV promoter. In brief, chidamide induced the reactivation of latent HIV in pseudotype virus reporter cells, latently infected cells, and primary CD4+ T cells, making this compound an attractive option for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Kuai
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- STD/HIV Research Laboratory, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Qiao
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sanxian Ye
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- STD/HIV Research Laboratory, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Suping Ren
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Yu
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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32
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The Process and Strategy for Developing Selective Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030551. [PMID: 29498635 PMCID: PMC6017514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic drug targets that have gained major scientific attention. Inhibition of these important regulatory enzymes is used to treat cancer, and has the potential to treat a host of other diseases. However, currently marketed HDAC inhibitors lack selectivity for the various HDAC isoenzymes. Several studies have shown that HDAC3, in particular, plays an important role in inflammation and degenerative neurological diseases, but the development of selective HDAC3 inhibitors has been challenging. This review provides an up-to-date overview of selective HDAC3 inhibitors, and aims to support the development of novel HDAC3 inhibitors in the future.
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33
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Ne E, Palstra RJ, Mahmoudi T. Transcription: Insights From the HIV-1 Promoter. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 335:191-243. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Combinations of isoform-targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors and bryostatin analogues display remarkable potency to activate latent HIV without global T-cell activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7456. [PMID: 28785069 PMCID: PMC5547048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS slows disease progression by reducing viral loads and increasing CD4 counts. Yet ART is not curative due to the persistence of CD4+ T-cell proviral reservoirs that chronically resupply active virus. Elimination of these reservoirs through the administration of synergistic combinations of latency reversing agents (LRAs), such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and protein kinase C (PKC) modulators, provides a promising strategy to reduce if not eradicate the viral reservoir. Here, we demonstrate that largazole and its analogues are isoform-targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors and potent LRAs. Significantly, these isoform-targeted HDAC inhibitors synergize with PKC modulators, namely bryostatin-1 analogues (bryologs). Implementation of this unprecedented LRA combination induces HIV-1 reactivation to unparalleled levels and avoids global T-cell activation within resting CD4+ T-cells.
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35
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Quantification of the Latent HIV-1 Reservoir Using Ultra Deep Sequencing and Primer ID in a Viral Outgrowth Assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:221-228. [PMID: 27683060 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we measured the latent HIV-1 reservoir harboring replication-competent HIV-1 in resting CD4 T cells in participants on highly active antiretroviral therapy, quantitating the frequency of latent infection through the use of a Primer ID-based Ultra Deep Sequencing Assay (UDSA), in comparison to the readout of the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). METHODS Viral RNA derived from culture wells of QVOA that scored as HIV-1 p24 capsid antigen positive were tagged with a specific barcode during cDNA synthesis, and the sequences within the V1-V3 region of the HIV-1 env gene were analyzed for diversity using the Primer ID-based paired-end MiSeq platform. We analyzed samples from a total of 19 participants, 2 initially treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in acute infection and 17 treated during chronic infection. Phylogenetic trees were generated with all viral lineages detected from culture wells derived from each participant to determine the number of distinct viral lineages growing out in each well, thus capturing another level of information beyond the well being positive for viral antigen. The infectious units per million (IUPM) cell values estimated using a maximum likelihood approach, based on the number of distinct viral lineages detected (VOA-UDSA), were compared with those obtained from QVOA measured using limiting dilution. RESULTS IUPM estimates determined by VOA-UDSA ranged from 0.14 to 3.66 and strongly correlated with the IUPM estimates determined by QVOA (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS VOA-UDSA may be an alternative readout for that currently used for QVOA.
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36
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Traoré MM, Zwick V, Simões-Pires CA, Nurisso A, Issa M, Cuendet M, Maynadier M, Wein S, Vial H, Jamet H, Wong YS. Hydroxyl Ketone-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors To Gain Insight into Class I HDAC Selectivity versus That of HDAC6. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1550-1562. [PMID: 30023639 PMCID: PMC6044785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the biological and structural features that govern the isoform selectivity for class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) over HDAC6. In addition to that for known inhibitors, like benzamides, psammaplin A, and cyclodepsipeptide-derived thiols, selectivity was also observed for naturally occurring cyclopeptide HDAC inhibitors with an aliphatic flexible linker and ketonelike zinc-binding group (ZBG). The present study reports that this isoform selectivity is mainly due to the linker and ZBG, as replacement of the cyclopeptide cap region by a simple aniline retained class I HDAC isoform selectivity toward HDAC6 in enzymatic assays. The best cyclopeptide-free analogues preserved efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and cancer cell lines. Molecular modeling provided hypotheses to explain this selectivity and suggests different behaviors of the flexible linker on HDAC1 and HDAC6 pockets, which may influence, on the basis of the strength of the ZBG, its coordination with the zinc ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed
D. M. Traoré
- Département
de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, CNRS
UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 470 rue de la chimie, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
- Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5250,
ICMG FR 2607, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 301 rue de la chimie, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Vincent Zwick
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia A. Simões-Pires
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Nurisso
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR 5235, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mark Issa
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marjorie Maynadier
- Département
de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sharon Wein
- Département
de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Henri Vial
- Département
de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Helene Jamet
- Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5250,
ICMG FR 2607, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 301 rue de la chimie, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Yung-Sing Wong
- Département
de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, CNRS
UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 470 rue de la chimie, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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37
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Busby E, Whale AS, Ferns RB, Grant PR, Morley G, Campbell J, Foy CA, Nastouli E, Huggett JF, Garson JA. Instability of 8E5 calibration standard revealed by digital PCR risks inaccurate quantification of HIV DNA in clinical samples by qPCR. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1209. [PMID: 28446770 PMCID: PMC5430807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ABTRACT Establishing a cure for HIV is hindered by the persistence of latently infected cells which constitute the viral reservoir. Real-time qPCR, used for quantification of this reservoir by measuring HIV DNA, requires external calibration; a common choice of calibrator is the 8E5 cell line, which is assumed to be stable and to contain one HIV provirus per cell. In contrast, digital PCR requires no external calibration and potentially provides 'absolute' quantification. We compared the performance of qPCR and dPCR in quantifying HIV DNA in 18 patient samples. HIV DNA was detected in 18 by qPCR and in 15 by dPCR, the difference being due to the smaller sample volume analysed by dPCR. There was good quantitative correlation (R2 = 0.86) between the techniques but on average dPCR values were only 60% of qPCR values. Surprisingly, investigation revealed that this discrepancy was due to loss of HIV DNA from the 8E5 cell calibrant. 8E5 extracts from two other sources were also shown to have significantly less than one HIV DNA copy per cell and progressive loss of HIV from 8E5 cells during culture was demonstrated. We therefore suggest that the copy number of HIV in 8E5 extracts be established by dPCR prior to use as calibrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Busby
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | | | - R Bridget Ferns
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Grant
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and the UCL/UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Gary Morley
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | | | - Carole A Foy
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and the UCL/UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Department of Population Policy and Practice, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jim F Huggett
- Molecular and Cell Biology Team, LGC, Teddington, UK. .,School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jeremy A Garson
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. .,National Transfusion Microbiology Laboratories, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, London, UK.
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38
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Chen YC, Chao TY, Leung SY, Chen CJ, Wu CC, Fang WF, Wang YH, Chang HC, Wang TY, Lin YY, Zheng YX, Lin MC, Hsiao CC. Histone H3K14 hypoacetylation and H3K27 hypermethylation along with HDAC1 up-regulation and KDM6B down-regulation are associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis disease. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1943-1955. [PMID: 28469799 PMCID: PMC5411942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the roles of global histone acetylation (Ac)/methylation (me), their modifying enzymes, and gene-specific histone enrichment in active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease. Global histone H3K27me3, H3K27me2, H3K9me3, H3K9Ac, and H3K14Ac expressions, and their modifying enzyme expressions, including KDM1A, KDM6B, EZH2, HDAC1, and HDAC2, were assessed in blood leukocytes from 81 patients with active pulmonary TB disease and 44 matched healthy subjects (HS). TLR2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL12B-specific histone enrichment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation method. We found that Global H3K14Ac was decreased and H3K27me2 was increased in TB patients as compared with that in HS. TB patients with low H3K14Ac had lower one-year survival. Global H3K27me3 was increased in TB patients with high bacterial burden, or systemic symptoms as compared with that in those without the attribute or HS. HDAC1 gene/protein expressions were increased in TB patients as compared with that in HS, whereas KDM6B gene/protein expressions were decreased. Global H3K27me2, HDAC1 and KDM6B protein expressions were all reversed to normal after 6-month anti-TB treatment. TNF-α/IL12B promoter-specific H3K14Ac and TNF-α/IL12B/IFN-γ promoter-specific H3K27me2 enrichment were all decreased in 10 TB patients as compared with that in 10 HS. Among them, IL12B-specific H3K27me2 enrichment was reversed to normal after treatment, while the other 4 remained depressed. In conclusions, H3K14 hypoacetylation and H3K27 hypermethylation play a role in the development of active pulmonary TB disease or its clinical phenotypes, probably through up-regulation of HDAC1 and down-regulation of KDM6B, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Chao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sum-Yee Leung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Feng Fang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsi Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chih Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ya Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Yong Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xin Zheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaiwan
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Zheng K, Jiang Y, He Z, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Cellular defence or viral assist: the dilemma of HDAC6. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:322-337. [PMID: 27959772 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique cytoplasmic deacetylase that regulates various important biological processes by preventing protein aggregation and deacetylating different non-histone substrates including tubulin, heat shock protein 90, cortactin, retinoic acid inducible gene I and β-catenin. Growing evidence has indicated a dual role for HDAC6 in viral infection and pathogenesis: HDAC6 may represent a host defence mechanism against viral infection by modulating microtubule acetylation, triggering antiviral immune response and stimulating protective autophagy, or it may be hijacked by the virus to enhance proinflammatory response. In this review, we will highlight current data illustrating the complexity and importance of HDAC6 in viral pathogenesis. We will summarize the structure and functional specificity of HDAC6, and its deacetylase- and ubiquitin-dependent activity in key cellular events in response to virus infection. We will also discuss how HDAC6 exerts its direct or indirect histone modification ability in viral lytic-latency switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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40
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Abstract
HIV is a devastating worldwide epidemic that has had substantial social and economic impacts throughout the globe. Due to the presence of a small pool of latently infected cells that persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV is not curable. Because of the high cost of ART and the lack of reliable accessibility across the globe, life-long ART is unfortunately not a feasible solution for the epidemic. Therefore, new strategies need to be developed and implemented to address HIV-1 infection. Several approaches toward this end are currently under investigation (Ebina et al. in Sci Rep 3:2510, 2013; Archin et al. in Nature 487:482–5, 2012; Elliott et al. in PLoS Pathog 10:e1004473, 2014; Rasmussen et al. in Lancet HIV 1:e13–e21, 2014; Tebas et al. in N Engl J Med 370:901–10, 2014; Archin et al. in Nat Rev Microbiol 12:750–64, 2014; Barton et al. in PLoS One 9:e102684, 2014; Sogaard et al. in PLoS Pathog 11:e1005142, 2015). Initial studies have proven promising, but have highlighted the need for sensitive and accurate assays to detect changes in very low concentrations of virus to allow confident interpretation of the success of curative approaches. This review will focus on assays that are currently available and the advantages and limitations of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirston M. Barton
- Westmead Millennium Institute/University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Sarah E. Palmer
- Westmead Millennium Institute/University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
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41
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Vemula SV, Maxwell JW, Nefedov A, Wan BL, Steve J, Newhard W, Sanchez RI, Tellers D, Barnard RJ, Blair W, Hazuda D, Webber AL, Howell BJ. Identification of proximal biomarkers of PKC agonism and evaluation of their role in HIV reactivation. Antiviral Res 2016; 139:161-170. [PMID: 27889530 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DESIGN The HIV latent CD4+ T cell reservoir is broadly recognized as a barrier to HIV cure. Induction of HIV expression using protein kinase C (PKC) agonists is one approach under investigation for reactivation of latently infected CD4+ T cells (Beans et al., 2013; Abreu et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2014; Jiang and Dandekar, 2015). We proposed that an increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action of PKC agonists was necessary to inform on biological signaling and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) was applied to identify genes and pathways modulated by PKC agonists. METHODS Human CD4+ T cells were treated ex vivo with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, prostatin or ingenol-3-angelate. At 3 h and 24 h post-treatment, cells were harvested and RNA-Seq was performed on RNA isolated from cell lysates. The genes differentially expressed across the PKC agonists were validated by quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). A subset of genes was evaluated for their role in HIV reactivation using siRNA and CRISPR approaches in the Jurkat latency cell model. RESULTS Treatment of primary human CD4+ T cells with PKC agonists resulted in alterations in gene expression. qPCR of RNA Seq data confirmed upregulation of 24 genes, including CD69, Egr1, Egr2, Egr3, CSF2, DUSP5, and NR4A1. Gene knockdown of Egr1 and Egr3 resulted in reduced expression and decreased HIV reactivation in response to PKC agonist treatment, indicating a potential role for Egr family members in latency reversal. CONCLUSION Overall, our results offer new insights into the mechanism of action of PKC agonists, biomarkers of pathway engagement, and the potential role of EGR family in HIV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill W Maxwell
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Alexey Nefedov
- Discovery Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Bang-Lin Wan
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Justin Steve
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - William Newhard
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Rosa I Sanchez
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - David Tellers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Wade Blair
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Daria Hazuda
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Andrea L Webber
- Discovery Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA.
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Nair M, Sagar V, Pilakka-Kanthikeel S. Gene-expression reversal of lncRNAs and associated mRNAs expression in active vs latent HIV infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34862. [PMID: 27756902 PMCID: PMC5069461 DOI: 10.1038/srep34862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interplay between lncRNAs and mRNAs is rapidly emerging as a key epigenetic mechanism in controlling various cell functions. HIV can actively infect and/or can persist latently for years by manipulating host epigenetics; however, its molecular essence remains undiscovered in entirety. Here for the first time, we delineate the influence of HIV on global lncRNAs expression in monocytic cells lines. Our analysis revealed the expression modulation of nearly 1060 such lncRNAs which are associated with differentially expressed mRNAs in active and latent infection. This suggests a greater role of lncRNAs in regulating transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression during HIV infection. The differentially expressed mRNAs were involved in several different biological pathways where immunological networks were most enriched. Importantly, we discovered that HIV induces expression reversal of more than 150 lncRNAs between its active and latent infection. Also, hundreds of unique lncRNAs were identified in both infection conditions. The pathology specific "gene-expression reversal" and "on-and-off" switching of lncRNAs and associated mRNAs may lead to establish the relationship between active and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
| | - Sudheesh Pilakka-Kanthikeel
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
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Delagrèverie HM, Delaugerre C, Lewin SR, Deeks SG, Li JZ. Ongoing Clinical Trials of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency-Reversing and Immunomodulatory Agents. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw189. [PMID: 27757411 PMCID: PMC5066458 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection, long-lived latently infected cells are the major barrier to virus eradication and functional cure. Several therapeutic strategies to perturb, eliminate, and/or control this reservoir are now being pursued in the clinic. These strategies include latency reversal agents (LRAs) designed to reactivate HIV-1 ribonucleic acid transcription and virus production and a variety of immune-modifying drugs designed to reverse latency, block homeostatic proliferation, and replenish the viral reservoir, eliminate virus-producing cells, and/or control HIV replication after cessation of antiretroviral therapy. This review provides a summary of ongoing clinical trials of HIV LRAs and immunomodulatory molecules, and it highlights challenges in the comparison and interpretation of the expected trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse M Delagrèverie
- INSERM U941, Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- INSERM U941, Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , France
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven G Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine , San Francisco General Hospital, University of California
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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44
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The Multifaceted Contributions of Chromatin to HIV-1 Integration, Transcription, and Latency. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:197-252. [PMID: 28069134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) to establish latent infections constitutes a major barrier to the development of a cure for HIV-1. In latent infection, replication competent HIV-1 provirus is integrated within the host genome but remains silent, masking the infected cells from the activity of the host immune response. Despite the progress in elucidating the molecular players that regulate HIV-1 gene expression, the mechanisms driving the establishment and maintenance of latency are still not fully understood. Transcription from the HIV-1 genome occurs in the context of chromatin and is subjected to the same regulatory mechanisms that drive cellular gene expression. Much like in eukaryotic genes, the nucleosomal landscape of the HIV-1 promoter and its position within genomic chromatin are determinants of its transcriptional activity. Understanding the multilayered chromatin-mediated mechanisms that underpin HIV-1 integration and expression is of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pool of latently infected cells. In this review, we discuss the impact of chromatin structure on viral integration, transcriptional regulation and latency, and the host factors that influence HIV-1 replication by regulating chromatin organization. Finally, we describe therapeutic strategies under development to target the chromatin-HIV-1 interplay.
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45
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Kinetic and structural insights into the binding of histone deacetylase 1 and 2 (HDAC1, 2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4008-4015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Romani B, Kamali Jamil R, Hamidi-Fard M, Rahimi P, Momen SB, Aghasadeghi MR, Allahbakhshi E. HIV-1 Vpr reactivates latent HIV-1 provirus by inducing depletion of class I HDACs on chromatin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31924. [PMID: 27550312 PMCID: PMC4994036 DOI: 10.1038/srep31924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Vpr is an accessory protein that induces proteasomal degradation of multiple proteins. We recently showed that Vpr targets class I HDACs on chromatin for proteasomal degradation. Here we show that Vpr induces degradation of HDAC1 and HDAC3 in HIV-1 latently infected J-Lat cells. Degradation of HDAC1 and HDAC3 was also observed on the HIV-1 LTR and as a result, markers of active transcription were recruited to the viral promoter and induced viral activation. Knockdown of HDAC1 and HDAC3 activated the latent HIV-1 provirus and complementation with HDAC3 inhibited Vpr-induced HIV-1 reactivation. Viral reactivation and degradation of HDAC1 and HDAC3 was conserved among Vpr proteins of HV-1 group M. Serum Vpr isolated from patients or the release of virion-incorporated Vpr from viral lysates also activated HIV-1 in latently infected cell lines and PBMCs from HIV-1 infected patients. Our results indicate that Vpr counteracts HIV-1 latency by inducing proteasomal degradation of HDAC1 and 3 leading to reactivation of the viral promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Romani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz, 61357-15794, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Razieh Kamali Jamil
- Department of Human Viral Vaccines, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, 31976-19751, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hamidi-Fard
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Pooneh Rahimi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Seyed Bahman Momen
- Pilot Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran
| | | | - Elham Allahbakhshi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz, 61357-15794, Iran
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47
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Sleiman SF, Henry J, Al-Haddad R, El Hayek L, Abou Haidar E, Stringer T, Ulja D, Karuppagounder SS, Holson EB, Ratan RR, Ninan I, Chao MV. Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27253067 PMCID: PMC4915811 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise induces beneficial responses in the brain, which is accompanied by an increase in BDNF, a trophic factor associated with cognitive improvement and the alleviation of depression and anxiety. However, the exact mechanisms whereby physical exercise produces an induction in brain Bdnf gene expression are not well understood. While pharmacological doses of HDAC inhibitors exert positive effects on Bdnf gene transcription, the inhibitors represent small molecules that do not occur in vivo. Here, we report that an endogenous molecule released after exercise is capable of inducing key promoters of the Mus musculus Bdnf gene. The metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate, which increases after prolonged exercise, induces the activities of Bdnf promoters, particularly promoter I, which is activity-dependent. We have discovered that the action of β-hydroxybutyrate is specifically upon HDAC2 and HDAC3, which act upon selective Bdnf promoters. Moreover, the effects upon hippocampal Bdnf expression were observed after direct ventricular application of β-hydroxybutyrate. Electrophysiological measurements indicate that β-hydroxybutyrate causes an increase in neurotransmitter release, which is dependent upon the TrkB receptor. These results reveal an endogenous mechanism to explain how physical exercise leads to the induction of BDNF. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15092.001 Exercise is not only good for our physical health but it benefits our mental health and abilities too. Physical exercise can affect how much of certain proteins are made in the brain. In particular, the levels of a protein called brain derived neurotrophic factor (or BDNF for short) increase after exercise. BDNF has already been shown to enhance mental abilities at the same time as acting against anxiety and depression in mice, and might act in similar way in humans. Nevertheless, it is currently not clear how exercise increases the production of BDNF by cells in the brain. Sleiman et al. have now investigated this question by comparing mice that were allowed to use a running wheel for 30 days with control mice that did not exercise. The comparison showed that the exercising mice had higher levels of BDNF in their brains than the control mice, which confirms the results of previous studies. Next, biochemical experiments showed that this change occurred when enzymes known as histone deacetylases stopped inhibiting the production of BDNF. Therefore Sleiman et al. hypothesised that exercise might produce a chemical that itself inhibits the histone deacetylases. Indeed, the exercising mice produced more of a molecule called β-hydroxybutyrate in their livers, which travels through the blood into the brain where it could inhibit histone deacetylases. Further experiments showed that injecting β-hydroxybutyrate directly into the brains of mice led to increase in BDNF. These new findings reveal with molecular detail one way in which exercise can affect the expression of proteins in the brain. This new understanding may provide ideas for new therapies to treat psychiatric diseases, such as depression, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15092.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama F Sleiman
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Jeffrey Henry
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Rami Al-Haddad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Lauretta El Hayek
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Edwina Abou Haidar
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Stringer
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Devyani Ulja
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, United States.,Brain Mind Research Institue, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Edward B Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Atlas Venture, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, United States.,Brain Mind Research Institue, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Ipe Ninan
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Moses V Chao
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
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48
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Gunst JD, Tolstrup M, Rasmussen TA, Søgaard OS. The potential role for romidepsin as a component in early HIV-1 curative efforts. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:447-50. [PMID: 26953620 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1164031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Damsgaard Gunst
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N , Denmark.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N , Denmark
| | | | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N , Denmark.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus N , Denmark
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49
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Wagner FF, Lundh M, Kaya T, McCarren P, Zhang YL, Chattopadhyay S, Gale JP, Galbo T, Fisher SL, Meier BC, Vetere A, Richardson S, Morgan NG, Christensen DP, Gilbert TJ, Hooker JM, Leroy M, Walpita D, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Wagner BK, Holson EB. An Isochemogenic Set of Inhibitors To Define the Therapeutic Potential of Histone Deacetylases in β-Cell Protection. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:363-74. [PMID: 26640968 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity has been implicated as a potential therapeutic strategy for multiple diseases. However, it has been difficult to dissect the role of individual HDACs due to a lack of selective small-molecule inhibitors. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of highly potent and isoform-selective class I HDAC inhibitors, rationally designed by exploiting minimal structural changes to the clinically experienced HDAC inhibitor CI-994. We used this toolkit of isochemogenic or chemically matched inhibitors to probe the role of class I HDACs in β-cell pathobiology and demonstrate for the first time that selective inhibition of an individual HDAC isoform retains beneficial biological activity and mitigates mechanism-based toxicities. The highly selective HDAC3 inhibitor BRD3308 suppressed pancreatic β-cell apoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines, as expected, or now glucolipotoxic stress, and increased functional insulin release. In addition, BRD3308 had no effect on human megakaryocyte differentiation, while inhibitors of HDAC1 and 2 were toxic. Our findings demonstrate that the selective inhibition of HDAC3 represents a potential path forward as a therapy to protect pancreatic β-cells from inflammatory cytokines and nutrient overload in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence F. Wagner
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Morten Lundh
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Taner Kaya
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patrick McCarren
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shrikanta Chattopadhyay
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jennifer P. Gale
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Galbo
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Stewart L. Fisher
- SL Fisher Consulting, LLC, PO Box 3052, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Bennett C. Meier
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Amedeo Vetere
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sarah Richardson
- University of Exeter Medical School, RD&E Hospital, Wonford EX2 5DW, U.K
| | - Noel G. Morgan
- University of Exeter Medical School, RD&E Hospital, Wonford EX2 5DW, U.K
| | - Dan Ploug Christensen
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Tamara J. Gilbert
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Mélanie Leroy
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Deepika Walpita
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Edward B. Holson
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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50
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Timilsina U, Gaur R. Modulation of apoptosis and viral latency - an axis to be well understood for successful cure of human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:813-824. [PMID: 26764023 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of the deadly disease AIDS, which is characterized by the progressive decline of CD4(+)T-cells. HIV-1-encoded proteins such as envelope gp120 (glycoprotein gp120), Tat (trans-activator of transcription), Nef (negative regulatory factor), Vpr (viral protein R), Vpu (viral protein unique) and protease are known to be effective in modulating host cell signalling pathways that lead to an alteration in apoptosis of both HIV-infected and uninfected bystander cells. Depending on the stage of the virus life cycle and host cell type, these viral proteins act as mediators of pro- or anti-apoptotic signals. HIV latency in viral reservoirs is a persistent phenomenon that has remained beyond the control of the human immune system. To cure HIV infections completely, it is crucial to reactivate latent HIV from cellular pools and to drive these apoptosis-resistant cells towards death. Several previous studies have reported the role of HIV-encoded proteins in apoptosis modulation, but the molecular basis for apoptosis evasion of some chronically HIV-infected cells and reactivated latently HIV-infected cells still needs to be elucidated. The current review summarizes our present understanding of apoptosis modulation in HIV-infected cells, uninfected bystander cells and latently infected cells, with a focus on highlighting strategies to activate the apoptotic pathway to kill latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
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