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Rosenbaum D, Saftig P. New insights into the function and pathophysiology of the ectodomain sheddase A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). FEBS J 2024; 291:2733-2766. [PMID: 37218105 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10' (ADAM10) has gained considerable attention due to its discovery as an 'α-secretase' involved in the nonamyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein, thereby possibly preventing the excessive generation of the amyloid beta peptide, which is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. ADAM10 was found to exert many additional functions, cleaving about 100 different membrane proteins. ADAM10 is involved in many pathophysiological conditions, ranging from cancer and autoimmune disorders to neurodegeneration and inflammation. ADAM10 cleaves its substrates close to the plasma membrane, a process referred to as ectodomain shedding. This is a central step in the modulation of the functions of cell adhesion proteins and cell surface receptors. ADAM10 activity is controlled by transcriptional and post-translational events. The interaction of ADAM10 with tetraspanins and the way they functionally and structurally depend on each other is another topic of interest. In this review, we will summarize findings on how ADAM10 is regulated and what is known about the biology of the protease. We will focus on novel aspects of the molecular biology and pathophysiology of ADAM10 that were previously poorly covered, such as the role of ADAM10 on extracellular vesicles, its contribution to virus entry, and its involvement in cardiac disease, cancer, inflammation, and immune regulation. ADAM10 has emerged as a regulator controlling cell surface proteins during development and in adult life. Its involvement in disease states suggests that ADAM10 may be exploited as a therapeutic target to treat conditions associated with a dysfunctional proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenbaum
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
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2
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Liao S, Lin Y, Liu L, Yang S, Lin Y, He J, Shao Y. ADAM10-a "multitasker" in sepsis: focus on its posttranslational target. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:395-423. [PMID: 36565333 PMCID: PMC9789377 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis has a complex pathogenesis in which the uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response triggered by infection leads to vascular barrier disruption, microcirculation dysfunction and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Numerous recent studies reveal that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) acts as a "molecular scissor" playing a pivotal role in the inflammatory response during sepsis by regulating proteolysis by cleaving various membrane protein substrates, including proinflammatory cytokines, cadherins and Notch, which are involved in intercellular communication. ADAM10 can also act as the cellular receptor for Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin, leading to lethal sepsis. However, its substrate-specific modulation and precise targets in sepsis have not yet to be elucidated. METHODS We performed a computer-based online search using PubMed and Google Scholar for published articles concerning ADAM10 and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we focus on the functions of ADAM10 in sepsis-related complex endothelium-immune cell interactions and microcirculation dysfunction through the diversity of its substrates and its enzymatic activity. In addition, we highlight the posttranslational mechanisms of ADAM10 at specific subcellular sites, or in multimolecular complexes, which will provide the insight to intervene in the pathophysiological process of sepsis caused by ADAM10 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin Liao
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - Yao Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - Shuai Yang
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - YingYing Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Junbing He
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Yiming Shao
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong China
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3
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Takada-Takatori Y. [Donepezil Reduces Amyloid Precursor Protein Endocytosis by Resulting from Increase in the Expression of Sorting Nexin Protein 33]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:851-856. [PMID: 34078793 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil, the most widely used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and is thought to improve cognition by stimulating cholinergic neurotransmission. However, no correlation has yet been established between the inhibitory role of AChE inhibitors and their therapeutic effects when used in AD patients. The cleavage pathway of amyloid precursor protein (APP) includes amyloidgenic (β, γ-cleavage) and non-amyloidgenic (α-cleavage) pathways. The intracellular transportation of APP is important in determining these cleavage pathways. It has been suggested that sorting nexin (SNX) family proteins regulates the intracellular transport of APP, thereby enhancing α-cleavage. In this study, we examined the effects of donepezil on SNX33 expression changes and APP processing in primary cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons. While donepezil treatment increased the levels of SNX33 expression and soluble APPα (sAPPα) in culture media, no changes were observed regarding full-length APP expression in the cell lysate. Donepezil also reduced the release of amyloid β (Aβ) into culture media in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This reduction was not affected by acetylcholine receptor antagonists. The membrane surface expression of APP was elevated by donepezil. Furthermore, SNX knockdown by antisense morpholino oligos prevented the effects of donepezil. These results indicated that donepezil increased APP expression at the surface of the plasma membrane by decreasing APP endocytosis through upregulation of SNX33, suggesting donepezil might stimulate the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This new mechanism of action for the currently used anti-AD drug may provide a valuable basis for future drug discovery.
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Tosetti F, Alessio M, Poggi A, Zocchi MR. ADAM10 Site-Dependent Biology: Keeping Control of a Pervasive Protease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094969. [PMID: 34067041 PMCID: PMC8124674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes, once considered static molecular machines acting in defined spatial patterns and sites of action, move to different intra- and extracellular locations, changing their function. This topological regulation revealed a close cross-talk between proteases and signaling events involving post-translational modifications, membrane tyrosine kinase receptors and G-protein coupled receptors, motor proteins shuttling cargos in intracellular vesicles, and small-molecule messengers. Here, we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of regulation and function of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) endopeptidases at specific subcellular sites, or in multimolecular complexes, with a special focus on ADAM10, and tumor necrosis factor-α convertase (TACE/ADAM17), since these two enzymes belong to the same family, share selected substrates and bioactivity. We will discuss some examples of ADAM10 activity modulated by changing partners and subcellular compartmentalization, with the underlying hypothesis that restraining protease activity by spatial segregation is a complex and powerful regulatory tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tosetti
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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Stix R, Lee CJ, Faraldo-Gómez JD, Banerjee A. Structure and Mechanism of DHHC Protein Acyltransferases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4983-4998. [PMID: 32522557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation, whereby a fatty acid chain is covalently linked to a cysteine residue by a thioester linkage, is the most prevalent kind of lipid modification of proteins. Thousands of proteins are targets of this post-translational modification, which is catalyzed by a family of eukaryotic integral membrane enzymes known as DHHC protein acyltransferases (DHHC-PATs). Our knowledge of the repertoire of S-acylated proteins has been rapidly expanding owing to development of the chemoproteomic techniques. There has also been an increasing number of reports in the literature documenting the importance of S-acylation in human physiology and disease. Recently, the first atomic structures of two different DHHC-PATs were determined using X-ray crystallography. This review will focus on the insights gained into the molecular mechanism of DHHC-PATs from these structures and highlight representative data from the biochemical literature that they help explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Stix
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chul-Jin Lee
- Unit on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José D Faraldo-Gómez
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Unit on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Gadalla MR, Veit M. Toward the identification of ZDHHC enzymes required for palmitoylation of viral protein as potential drug targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:159-177. [PMID: 31809605 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1696306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: S-acylation is the attachment of fatty acids not only to cysteines of cellular, but also of viral proteins. The modification is often crucial for the protein´s function and hence for virus replication. Transfer of fatty acids is mediated by one or several of the 23 members of the ZDHHC family of proteins. Since their genes are linked to various human diseases, they represent drug targets.Areas covered: The authors explore whether targeting acylation of viral proteins might be a strategy to combat viral diseases. Many human pathogens contain S-acylated proteins; the ZDHHCs involved in their acylation are currently identified. Based on the 3D structure of two ZDHHCs, the regulation and the biochemistry of the palmitolyation reaction and the lipid and protein substrate specificities are discussed. The authors then speculate how ZDHHCs might recognize S-acylated membrane proteins of Influenza virus.Expert opinion: Although many viral diseases can now be treated, the available drugs bind to viral proteins that rapidly mutate and become resistant. To develop inhibitors for the genetically more stable cellular ZDHHCs, their binding sites for viral substrates need to be identified. If only a few cellular proteins are recognized by the same binding site, development of specific inhibitors may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Ivars M, España A, Alzuguren P, Pelacho B, Lasarte JJ, López-Zabalza MJ. The involvement of ADAM10 in acantholysis in mucocutaneous pemphigus vulgaris depends on the autoantibody profile of each patient. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:1194-1204. [PMID: 31370093 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) may be triggered by desmoglein (Dsg) and non-Dsg autoantibodies. The autoantibody profile of each patient results in distinct intracellular signalling patterns. OBJECTIVES Based on our previous findings, we aimed to elucidate whether PV acantholysis in a mouse model may be mediated by activation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). METHODS We used three PV-IgG fractions from different patients containing high or low levels of anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 antibodies, and the presence or not of anti-desmocollin (Dsc) antibodies, using a passive transfer mouse model of PV. RESULTS Although all of the PV-IgG fractions produced suprabasal acantholysis, only those containing anti-Dsg1/3, but not anti-Dsc2/3 antibodies, induced ADAM10 activation in a Src-dependent way, and an increase in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands EGF and betacellulin (BTC). In contrast, the presence of anti-Dsc2/3 antibodies, in addition to anti-Dsg1/3, triggered earlier and ADAM10-independent epidermal detachment, with no increase in EGF and BTC, which was associated with an earlier and more intense acantholysis. CONCLUSIONS All PV-IgG fractions produced suprabasal acantholysis, but our results reveal that depending on the levels of anti-Dsg antibodies or the presence of non-Dsg antibodies, such as anti-Dsc, more severe cell-cell epidermal detachment will occur at different times, and in an ADAM10-dependent manner or not. Acantholysis in these different groups of patients with PV may be a consequence of the activation of specific intracellular mechanisms downstream of Autoantibodies binding to Dsg or non-Dsg proteins, and therefore more specific therapeutic approaches in PV should be used. What's already known about this topic? Suprabasal acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) may be triggered by both desmoglein (Dsg) and non-Dsg autoantibodies. The autoantibody profile of each patient is associated with a distinct intracellular signalling pattern. What does this study add? In patients with PV with anti-Dsg3 and anti-Dsg1, but not anti-desmocollin (Dsc)3 antibodies, ADAM10 activation is induced in an Src-dependent way, together with an increase in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands EGF and betacellulin. The presence of anti-Dsc3 antibodies triggers an earlier and ADAM10-independent acantholysis, without increasing EGFR ligands, and is associated with more severe epidermal detachment. Lower levels of anti-Dsc3 antibodies are associated with less severe acantholysis. What is the translational message? In some patients with PV, the severity and the timing for cell-cell detachment seem to depend on the level of anti-Dsg1/3 antibodies, although other as yet uncharacterized antibodies may also participate. These patients with PV would exhibit inhibition of acantholysis by Src, ADAM10, EGF and EGFR inhibitors. In other patients, the presence of non-Dsg antibodies, such as anti-Dsc2/3, would produce an earlier and more severe ADAM10-independent suprabasal acantholysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ivars
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinic of Navarra, School of Medicine, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - A España
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinic of Navarra, School of Medicine, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - P Alzuguren
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinic of Navarra, School of Medicine, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - B Pelacho
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - J J Lasarte
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Center for Applied Medical Research, Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M J López-Zabalza
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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8
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Camodeca C, Cuffaro D, Nuti E, Rossello A. ADAM Metalloproteinases as Potential Drug Targets. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2661-2689. [PMID: 29589526 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180326164104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ADAMs, together with ADAMTSs and snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs), are members of the Adamalysin family. Differences in structural organization, functions and localization are known and their domains, catalytic or non-catalytic, show key roles in the substrate recognition and protease activity. Some ADAMs, as membrane-bound enzymes, show sheddase activity. Sheddases are key to modulation of functional proteins such as the tumor necrosis factor, growth factors, cytokines and their receptors, adhesion proteins, signaling molecules and stress molecules involved in immunity. These activities take part in the regulation of several physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, tumor growth, metastatic progression and infectious diseases. On these bases, some ADAMs are currently investigated as drug targets to develop new alternative therapies in many fields of medicine. This review will be focused on these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Camodeca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Huang J, Pan Y, Hu G, Sun W, Jiang L, Wang P, Ding X. SRC fine-tunes ADAM10 shedding activity to promote pituitary adenoma cell progression. FEBS J 2019; 287:190-204. [PMID: 31365784 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) is a metalloproteinase known to modulate the progression of several types of tumor. However, the role played by ADAM10 in pituitary adenomas is currently unknown, and what factors orchestrate the activation of ADAM10 in this kind of tumor is also unclear. Here, we found that SRC kinase is an ADAM10-interacting partner and that SRC kinase activity is required for this interaction. As a new positive regulator promoting the shedding activity of ADAM10, SRC could compete with calmodulin 1 (CALM1) for ADAM10 binding in a mutually exclusive manner. Strikingly, the interaction between ADAM10 and CALM1 is regulated by SRC activity. Furthermore, we proved that the cytoplasmic region of ADAM10 is required for the shedding activity of ADAM10 upon SRC activation. As a proof-of-concept, we discovered that the combination of ADAM10 and SRC inhibitors can inhibit cell proliferation and migration to a great extent. Thus, our findings shed light on a novel therapeutic strategy to block the tumorigenesis and migration of pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.971 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guohan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehua Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Donepezil modulates amyloid precursor protein endocytosis and reduction by up-regulation of SNX33 expression in primary cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11922. [PMID: 31417133 PMCID: PMC6695423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Donepezil, a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer’s disease, ameliorates cognitive dysfunction through selective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. However, recent studies have also reported off-target effects of donepezil that likely contribute to its therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the (i) role of donepezil in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and (ii) involvement of sorting nexin protein 33 (SNX33), a member of the sorting nexin protein family, in this processing. Results showed that donepezil induces an increase in SNX33 expression in primary cortical neurons. The secretion of sAPPα in culture media increased, whereas the expression of full-length APP in the cell lysate remained unchanged. Exposure of cortical cultures to donepezil led to a decrease in amyloid β (Aβ) protein levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This decrease was not affected by concomitant treatment with acetylcholine receptor antagonists. SNX33 knockdown by target-specific morpholino oligos inhibited the effects of donepezil. Donepezil treatment increased cell membrane surface expression of APP in SNX33 expression-dependent manner. These results suggested that donepezil decreases the level of Aβ by increasing SNX33 expression and APP cleavage by α-secretase in cortical neurons.
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11
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Carter CJ. Autism genes and the leukocyte transcriptome in autistic toddlers relate to pathogen interactomes, infection and the immune system. A role for excess neurotrophic sAPPα and reduced antimicrobial Aβ. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:36-58. [PMID: 30862493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood infections have been implicated in autism. Many autism susceptibility genes (206 Autworks genes) are localised in the immune system and are related to immune/infection pathways. They are enriched in the host/pathogen interactomes of 18 separate microbes (bacteria/viruses and fungi) and to the genes regulated by bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and Toll-like receptor ligands. This enrichment was also observed for misregulated genes from a microarray study of leukocytes from autistic toddlers. The upregulated genes from this leukocyte study also matched the expression profiles in response to numerous infectious agents from the Broad Institute molecular signatures database. They also matched genes related to sudden infant death syndrome and autism comorbid conditions (autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, epilepsy and cardiomyopathy) as well as to estrogen and thyrotropin responses and to those upregulated by different types of stressors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultraviolet radiation or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a hapten used to develop allergic skin reactions in animal models. The oxidative/integrated stress response is also upregulated in the autism brain and may contribute to myelination problems. There was also a marked similarity between the expression signatures of autism and Alzheimer's disease, and 44 shared autism/Alzheimer's disease genes are almost exclusively expressed in the blood-brain barrier. However, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease, levels of the antimicrobial peptide beta-amyloid are decreased and the levels of the neurotrophic/myelinotrophic soluble APP alpha are increased in autism, together with an increased activity of α-secretase. sAPPα induces an increase in glutamatergic and a decrease in GABA-ergic synapses creating and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance that has also been observed in autism. A literature survey showed that multiple autism genes converge on APP processing and that many are able to increase sAPPalpha at the expense of beta-amyloid production. A genetically programmed tilt of this axis towards an overproduction of neurotrophic/gliotrophic sAPPalpha and underproduction of antimicrobial beta-amyloid may explain the brain overgrowth and myelination dysfunction, as well as the involvement of pathogens in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, 41C Marina, Saint Leonard's on Sea, TN38 0BU, East Sussex, UK.
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12
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The molecular mechanism of DHHC protein acyltransferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:157-167. [PMID: 30559274 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible lipidic posttranslational modification where a fatty acid chain is covalently linked to cysteine residues by a thioester linkage. A family of integral membrane enzymes known as DHHC protein acyltransferases (DHHC-PATs) catalyze this reaction. With the rapid development of the techniques used for identifying lipidated proteins, the repertoire of S-acylated proteins continues to increase. This, in turn, highlights the important roles that S-acylation plays in human physiology and disease. Recently, the first molecular structures of DHHC-PATs were determined using X-ray crystallography. This review will comment on the insights gained on the molecular mechanism of S-acylation from these structures in combination with a wealth of biochemical data generated by researchers in the field.
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14
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Abstract
As a member of the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, ADAM10 has been identified as the constitutive α-secretase in the process of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) cleavage and plays a critical role in reducing the generation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Recent studies have demonstrated its beneficial role in alleviating the pathologic impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of ADAM10 in AD and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not well established. Increasing evidence indicates that ADAM10 not only reduces the generation of Aβ but may also affect the pathology of AD through potential mechanisms including reducing tau pathology, maintaining normal synaptic functions, and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and the homeostasis of neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ADAM10 regulates these functions by interacting with postsynaptic substrates in brain, especially synaptic cell receptors and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, ADAM10 protein in platelets seems to be a promising biomarker for AD diagnosis. This review will summarize the role of ADAM10 in AD and highlight its functions besides its role as the α-secretase in AβPP cleavage. Meanwhile, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of ADAM10 in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sen Sun
- Qingdao Blood Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Reboud E, Basso P, Maillard AP, Huber P, Attrée I. Exolysin Shapes the Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clonal Outliers. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110364. [PMID: 29120408 PMCID: PMC5705979 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins are important weapons of toxicogenic pathogens. Depending on their origin, structure and targets, they show diverse mechanisms of action and effects on eukaryotic cells. Exolysin is a secreted 170 kDa pore-forming toxin employed by clonal outliers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa providing to some strains a hyper-virulent behaviour. This group of strains lacks the major virulence factor used by classical strains, the Type III secretion system. Here, we review the structural features of the toxin, the mechanism of its secretion and the effects of the pore formation on eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Reboud
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Pauline Basso
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Antoine P Maillard
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Philippe Huber
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Ina Attrée
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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Reboud E, Bouillot S, Patot S, Béganton B, Attrée I, Huber P. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExlA and Serratia marcescens ShlA trigger cadherin cleavage by promoting calcium influx and ADAM10 activation. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006579. [PMID: 28832671 PMCID: PMC5584975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins are potent virulence factors secreted by a large array of bacteria. Here, we deciphered the action of ExlA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ShlA from Serratia marcescens on host cell-cell junctions. ExlA and ShlA are two members of a unique family of pore-forming toxins secreted by a two-component secretion system. Bacteria secreting either toxin induced an ExlA- or ShlA-dependent rapid cleavage of E-cadherin and VE-cadherin in epithelial and endothelial cells, respectively. Cadherin proteolysis was executed by ADAM10, a host cell transmembrane metalloprotease. ADAM10 activation is controlled in the host cell by cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. We show that Ca2+ influx, induced by ExlA or ShlA pore formation in the plasma membrane, triggered ADAM10 activation, thereby leading to cadherin cleavage. Our data suggest that ADAM10 is not a cellular receptor for ExlA and ShlA, further confirming that ADAM10 activation occurred via Ca2+ signalling. In conclusion, ExlA- and ShlA-secreting bacteria subvert a regulation mechanism of ADAM10 to activate cadherin shedding, inducing intercellular junction rupture, cell rounding and loss of tissue barrier integrity. Pore-forming toxins are the most widespread toxins delivered by pathogenic bacteria and are required for full virulence. Pore-forming toxins perforate membranes of host cells for intracellular delivery of bacterial factors, for bacterial escape from phagosomes or in order to kill cells. Loss of membrane integrity, especially the plasma membrane, has broad implications on cell and tissue physiology. Here, we show that two members of a unique family of pore-forming toxins, secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, have the capacity to disrupt cell-cell junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells, hence breaching two major tissue barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Reboud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Bouillot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Patot
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Benoît Béganton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Ina Attrée
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Endres K, Deller T. Regulation of Alpha-Secretase ADAM10 In vitro and In vivo: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Protein-Based Mechanisms. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:56. [PMID: 28367112 PMCID: PMC5355436 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) has been identified as the major physiological alpha-secretase in neurons, responsible for cleaving APP in a non-amyloidogenic manner. This cleavage results in the production of a neuroprotective APP-derived fragment, APPs-alpha, and an attenuated production of neurotoxic A-beta peptides. An increase in ADAM10 activity shifts the balance of APP processing toward APPs-alpha and protects the brain from amyloid deposition and disease. Thus, increasing ADAM10 activity has been proposed an attractive target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and it appears to be timely to investigate the physiological mechanisms regulating ADAM10 expression. Therefore, in this article, we will (1) review reports on the physiological regulation of ADAM10 at the transcriptional level, by epigenetic factors, miRNAs and/or protein interactions, (2) describe conditions, which change ADAM10 expression in vitro and in vivo, (3) report how neuronal ADAM10 expression may be regulated in humans, and (4) discuss how this knowledge on the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of ADAM10 may help to preserve or restore brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Vincent B. Regulation of the α-secretase ADAM10 at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:154-169. [PMID: 27060611 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tremendous gain of interest in the biology of ADAM10 emerged during the past 15 years when it has first been shown that this protease was able to target the α-site of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and later confirmed as the main physiological α-secretase activity. However, beside its well-established implication in the so-called non-amyloidogenic processing of βAPP and its probable protective role against Alzheimer's disease (AD), this metalloprotease also cleaves many other substrates, thereby being implicated in various physiological as well as pathological processes such as cancer and inflammation. Thus, in view of possible effective therapeutic interventions, a full comprehension of how ADAM10 is up and down regulated is required. This review discusses our current knowledge concerning the implication of this enzyme in AD as well as its more recently established roles in other brain disorders and provides a detailed up-date on its various transcriptional, translational and post-translational modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vincent
- Mahidol University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, 75016 Paris, France.
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ADAM10 Is Involved in Cell Junction Assembly in Early Porcine Embryo Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152921. [PMID: 27043020 PMCID: PMC4820119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease domain-containing protein 10) is a cell surface protein with a unique structure possessing both potential adhesion and protease domains. However, the role of ADAM10 in preimplantation stage embryos is not clear. In this study, we examined the expression patterns and functional roles of ADAM10 in porcine parthenotes during preimplantation development. The transcription level of ADAM10 dramatically increased from the morula stage onward. Immunostaining revealed that ADAM10 was present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in early cleavage stage embryos, and localized to the apical region of the outer cells in morula and blastocyst embryos. Knockdown (KD) of ADAM10 using double strand RNA did not alter preimplantation embryo development until morula stage, but resulted in significantly reduced development to blastocyst stage. Moreover, the KD blastocyst showed a decrease in gene expression of adherens and tight junction (AJ/TJ), and an increase in trophectoderm TJ permeability by disrupting TJ assembly. Treatment with an ADAM10 specific chemical inhibitor, GI254023X, at the morula stage also inhibited blastocyst development and led to disruption of TJ assembly. An in situ proximity ligation assay demonstrated direct interaction of ADAM10 with coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR), supporting the involvement of ADAM10 in TJ assembly. In conclusion, our findings strongly suggest that ADADM10 is important for blastocyst formation rather than compaction, particularly for TJ assembly and stabilization in preimplantation porcine parthenogenetic development.
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ADAM10 localization in temporomandibular joint disk with internal derangement: an ex vivo immunohistochemical study. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:293-8. [PMID: 26947053 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of ADAM10 in temporomandibular joint disk with internal derangement. Twenty-five paraffin blocks of displaced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disk specimens from earlier investigations were retrieved from the archives of the University of Catania. Of these 16 had been removed from females and 9 from males; 11 with anterior disk displacement with reduction (ADDwR) and 14 with anterior disk displacement without reduction (ADDwoR). The sections were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and cut. Then they were incubated in 0.3% H2O2/methanol and half of sections from each sample were incubated in diluted rabbit polyclonal anti-ADAM10 antibody. Then biotinylated anti-mouse/anti-rabbit IgG was applied to the sections, followed by avidin-biotin-perioxidase complex. The results were analyzed and the results were that ADAM10 was overexpressed in the posterior band of sections from patients with ADDwR compared to the other bands of both ADDwR and ADDwoR sections. Overexpression correlated with severe histopathological degeneration. We believe these results have the potential to provide insights into the pathogenesis of TMJ disk degeneration and to help design new therapeutic approaches targeting the proteolytic events that lead to tissue degeneration. Early therapeutic block of ADAM10 activity could succeed in limiting aggrecan-rich matrix breakdown without affecting normal physiology.
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The alpha secretase ADAM10: A metalloprotease with multiple functions in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 135:1-20. [PMID: 26522965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase' (ADAM) family are membrane-anchored proteases that are able to cleave the extracellular domains of several membrane-bound proteins in a process known as 'ectodomain shedding'. In the central nervous system, ADAM10 has attracted the most attention, since it was described as the amyloid precursor protein α-secretase over ten years ago. Despite the excitement over the potential of ADAM10 as a novel drug target in Alzheimer disease, the physiological functions of ADAM10 in the brain are not yet well understood. This is largely because of the embryonic lethality of ADAM10-deficient mice, which results from the loss of cleavage and signaling of the Notch receptor, another ADAM10 substrate. However, the recent generation of conditional ADAM10-deficient mice and the identification of further ADAM10 substrates in the brain has revealed surprisingly numerous and fundamental functions of ADAM10 in the development of the embryonic brain and also in the homeostasis of adult neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ADAM10 controls these functions by utilizing unique postsynaptic substrates in the central nervous system, in particular synaptic cell adhesion molecules, such as neuroligin-1, N-cadherin, NCAM, Ephrin A2 and A5. Consequently, a dysregulation of ADAM10 activity is linked to psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the substrates and function as well as the regulation and cell biology of ADAM10 in the central nervous system and discusses the value of ADAM10 as a drug target in brain diseases.
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Kleino I, Järviluoma A, Hepojoki J, Huovila AP, Saksela K. Preferred SH3 domain partners of ADAM metalloproteases include shared and ADAM-specific SH3 interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121301. [PMID: 25825872 PMCID: PMC4380453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) constitute a protein family essential for extracellular signaling and regulation of cell adhesion. Catalytic activity of ADAMs and their predicted potential for Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain binding show a strong correlation. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of SH3 binding capacity and preferences of the catalytically active ADAMs 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19. Our results revealed several novel interactions, and also confirmed many previously reported ones. Many of the identified SH3 interaction partners were shared by several ADAMs, whereas some were ADAM-specific. Most of the ADAM-interacting SH3 proteins were adapter proteins or kinases, typically associated with sorting and endocytosis. Novel SH3 interactions revealed in this study include TOCA1 and CIP4 as preferred partners of ADAM8, and RIMBP1 as a partner of ADAM19. Our results suggest that common as well as distinct mechanisms are involved in regulation and execution of ADAM signaling, and provide a useful framework for addressing the pathways that connect ADAMs to normal and aberrant cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iivari Kleino
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Järviluoma
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Huovila
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Ebsen H, Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Subcellular localization and activation of ADAM proteases in the context of FasL shedding in T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:416-28. [PMID: 25745808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The "A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases" (ADAMs) form a subgroup of the metzincin endopeptidases. Proteolytically active members of this protein family act as sheddases and govern key processes in development and inflammation by regulating cell surface expression and release of cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules and their receptors. In T lymphocytes, ADAM10 sheds the death factor Fas Ligand (FasL) and thereby regulates T cell activation, death and effector function. Although FasL shedding by ADAM10 was confirmed in several studies, its regulation is still poorly defined. We recently reported that ADAM10 is highly abundant on T cells whereas its close relative ADAM17 is expressed at low levels and transiently appears at the cell surface upon stimulation. Since FasL is also stored intracellularly and brought to the plasma membrane upon stimulation, we addressed where the death factor gets exposed to ADAM proteases. We report for the first time that both ADAM10 and ADAM17 are associated with FasL-containing secretory lysosomes. Moreover, we demonstrate that TCR/CD3/CD28-stimulation induces a partial positioning of both proteases and FasL to lipid rafts and only the activation-induced raft-positioning results in FasL processing. TCR/CD3/CD28-induced FasL proteolysis is markedly affected by reducing both ADAM10 and ADAM17 protein levels, indicating that in human T cells also ADAM17 is implicated in FasL processing. Since FasL shedding is affected by cholesterol depletion and by inhibition of Src kinases or palmitoylation, we conclude that it requires mobilization and co-positioning of ADAM proteases in lipid raft-like platforms associated with an activation of raft-associated Src-family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Ebsen
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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