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Cruz-Mireles N, Osés-Ruiz M, Derbyshire P, Jégousse C, Ryder LS, Bautista MJA, Eseola A, Sklenar J, Tang B, Yan X, Ma W, Findlay KC, Were V, MacLean D, Talbot NJ, Menke FLH. The phosphorylation landscape of infection-related development by the rice blast fungus. Cell 2024; 187:2557-2573.e18. [PMID: 38729111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Many of the world's most devastating crop diseases are caused by fungal pathogens that elaborate specialized infection structures to invade plant tissue. Here, we present a quantitative mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis of infection-related development by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which threatens global food security. We mapped 8,005 phosphosites on 2,062 fungal proteins following germination on a hydrophobic surface, revealing major re-wiring of phosphorylation-based signaling cascades during appressorium development. Comparing phosphosite conservation across 41 fungal species reveals phosphorylation signatures specifically associated with biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal infection. We then used parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) to identify phosphoproteins regulated by the fungal Pmk1 MAPK that controls plant infection by M. oryzae. We define 32 substrates of Pmk1 and show that Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of regulator Vts1 is required for rice blast disease. Defining the phosphorylation landscape of infection therefore identifies potential therapeutic interventions for the control of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Clara Jégousse
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark Jave A Bautista
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kim C Findlay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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2
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Zhao J, Chen Y, Ding Z, Zhou Y, Bi R, Qin Z, Yang L, Sun P, Sun Q, Chen G, Sun D, Jiang X, Zheng L, Chen XL, Wan H, Wang G, Li Q, Teng H, Li G. Identification of propranolol and derivatives that are chemical inhibitors of phosphatidate phosphatase as potential broad-spectrum fungicides. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100679. [PMID: 37653727 PMCID: PMC10811373 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause enormous economic losses in agriculture and threaten global food security, and application of agrochemicals is an important method of crop disease control. Exploration of disease-resistance mechanisms and synthesis of highly bioactive agrochemicals are thus important research objectives. Here, we show that propranolol, a phosphatidate phosphatase (Pah) inhibitor, effectively suppresses fungal growth, sporulation, sexual reproduction, and infection of diverse plants. The MoPah1 enzyme activity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is inhibited by propranolol. Alterations in lipid metabolism are associated with inhibited hyphal growth and appressorium formation caused by propranolol in M. oryzae. Propranolol inhibits a broad spectrum of 12 plant pathogens, effectively inhibiting infection of barley, wheat, maize, tomato, and pear. To improve antifungal capacity, we synthesized a series of propranolol derivatives, one of which shows a 16-fold increase in antifungal ability and binds directly to MoPah1. Propranolol and its derivatives can also reduce the severity of rice blast and Fusarium head blight of wheat in the field. Taken together, our results demonstrate that propranolol suppresses fungal development and infection through mechanisms involved in lipid metabolism. Propranolol and its derivatives may therefore be promising candidates for fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhifen Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiqing Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziting Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiping Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daiyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianya Jiang
- Yangjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hu Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Wen H, Meng S, Xie S, Shi H, Qiu J, Jiang N, Kou Y. Sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase gene UvSnf1 is required for virulence in Ustilaginoidea virens. Virulence 2023; 14:2235460. [PMID: 37450576 PMCID: PMC10351473 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2235460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is becoming one of the most devastating diseases in rice production areas in the world. Revealing U. virens potential pathogenic mechanisms provides ideas for formulating more effective prevention and control strategies. Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (Snf1) protein kinase plays a critical role in activating transcription and suppressing gene expression, as well as in cellular response to various stresses, such as nutrient limitation. In our study, we identified the Snf1 homolog UvSnf1 and analyzed its biological functions in U. virens. The expression level of UvSnf1 was dramatically up-regulated during invasion, indicating that UvSnf1 may participate in infection. Phenotypic analyses of UvSnf1 deletion mutants revealed that UvSnf1 is necessary for hyphae growth, spore production, and virulence in U. virens. Moreover, UvSnf1 promotes U. virens to use unfavorable carbon sources when the sucrose is insufficient. In addition, deletion of UvSnf1 down-regulates the expression of the cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) genes under sucrose limitation conditions in U. virens. Further analyses showed that CWDEs (UvCut1 and UvXyp1) are not only involved in growth, spore production, and virulence but are also required for the utilization of carbon sources. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that UvSnf1 plays vital roles in virulence and carbon source utilization in U. virens, and one of the possible mechanisms is playing a role in regulating the expression of CWDE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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Tang L, Zhai H, Zhang S, Lv Y, Li Y, Wei S, Ma P, Wei S, Hu Y, Cai J. Functional Characterization of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Fusarium graminearum. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2875. [PMID: 38138019 PMCID: PMC10745421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a common oxidoreductase in organisms, is an aldehyde scavenger involved in various metabolic processes. However, its function in different pathogenic fungi remains unknown. Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight in cereals, which reduces grain yield and quality and is an important global food security problem. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of F. graminearum, seven genes encoding ALDH were knocked out and then studied for their function. Single deletions of seven ALDH genes caused a decrease in spore production and weakened the pathogenicity. Furthermore, these deletions altered susceptibility to various abiotic stresses. FGSG_04194 is associated with a number of functions, including mycelial growth and development, stress sensitivity, pathogenicity, toxin production, and energy metabolism. FGSG_00139 and FGSG_11482 are involved in sporulation, pathogenicity, and SDH activity, while the other five genes are multifunctional. Notably, we found that FGSG_04194 has an inhibitory impact on ALDH activity, whereas FGSG_00979 has a positive impact. RNA sequencing and subcellular location analysis revealed that FGSG_04194 is responsible for biological process regulation, including glucose and lipid metabolism. Our results suggest that ALDH contributes to growth, stress responses, pathogenicity, deoxynivalenol synthesis, and mitochondrial energy metabolism in F. graminearum. Finally, ALDH presents a potential target and theoretical basis for fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.T.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (P.M.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (J.C.)
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5
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Huang Z, Cao H, Wang H, Huang P, Wang J, Cai Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Wang J, Liu X, Lin F, Lu J. The triglyceride catabolism regulated by a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, Smek1, is required for development and plant infection in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1256-1272. [PMID: 37357820 PMCID: PMC10502837 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a pathogenic fungus that seriously harms rice production. Phosphatases and carbon metabolism play crucial roles in the growth and development of eukaryotes. However, it remains unclear how serine/threonine phosphatases regulate the catabolism of triglycerides, a major form of stored lipids. In this study, we identified a serine/threonine protein phosphatase regulatory subunit, Smek1, which is required for the growth, conidiation, and virulence of M. oryzae. Deletion of SMEK1 led to defects in the utilization of lipids, arabinose, glycerol, and ethanol. In glucose medium, the expression of genes involved in lipolysis, long-chain fatty acid degradation, β-oxidation, and the glyoxylate cycle increased in the Δsmek1 mutant, which is consistent with ΔcreA in which a carbon catabolite repressor CREA was deleted. In lipid medium, the expression of genes involved in long-chain fatty acid degradation, β-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, and utilization of arabinose, ethanol, or glycerol decreased in the Δsmek1 mutant, which is consistent with Δcrf1 in which a transcription activator CRF1 required for carbon metabolism was deleted. Lipase activity, however, increased in the Δsmek1 mutant in both glucose and lipid media. Moreover, Smek1 directly interacted with CreA and Crf1, and dephosphorylated CreA and Crf1 in vivo. The phosphatase Smek1 is therefore a dual-function regulator of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and controls fungal development and virulence by coordinating the functions of CreA and Crf1 in carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and derepression (CCDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Ying‐Ying Cai
- Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Hong Liu
- Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fu‐Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
- Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Genome-Wide Analysis of AGC Kinases Reveals that MoFpk1 Is Required for Development, Lipid Metabolism, and Autophagy in Hyperosmotic Stress of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. mBio 2022; 13:e0227922. [PMID: 36259725 PMCID: PMC9765699 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02279-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During eukaryotic evolution, the TOR-AGC kinase signaling module is involved in the coordinated regulation of cell growth and survival. However, the AGC kinases in plant-pathogenic fungi remain poorly understood. In this study, we have identified 20 members of the AGC family of protein kinases. Evolutionary and biological studies have revealed that AGC kinases are highly conserved and involved in the growth (8 genes), conidiation (13 genes), conidial germination (9 genes), appressorium formation (9 genes), and pathogenicity (5 genes) of Magnaporthe oryzae, in which a subfamily protein of the AGC kinases, MoFpk1, the activator of flippase, specifically exhibited diverse roles. Two kinase sites were screened and found to be critical for MoFpk1: 230K and 326D. Moreover, MoFpk1 is involved in cell wall integrity through the negative regulation of MoMps1 phosphorylation. The deletion of MoFpk1 resulted in defective phosphatidylacetamide (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) turnover and a series of lipid metabolism disorders. Under hyperosmotic stress, since the ΔMofpk1 mutant is unable to maintain membrane asymmetry, MoYpk1 phosphorylation and MoTor activity were downregulated, thus enhancing autophagy. Our results provide insights into the evolutionary and biological relationships of AGC kinases and new insight into plasma membrane (PM) homeostasis, i.e., responses to membrane stress and autophagy through lipid asymmetry maintenance. IMPORTANCE Our identification and analysis of evolutionary and biological relationships provide us with an unprecedented high-resolution view of the flexible and conserved roles of the AGC family in the topmost fungal pathogens that infect rice, wheat, barley, and millet. Guided by these insights, an AGC member, MoFpk1, was found to be indispensable for M. oryzae development. Our study defined a novel mechanism of plasma membrane homeostasis, i.e., adaptation to stress through the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids. Furthermore, defects in the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the membrane enhanced autophagy under hyperosmotic stress. This study provides a new mechanism for the internal linkage between lipid metabolism and autophagy, which may help new fungicide target development for controlling this devastating disease.
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Wang W, Zhao Y, Bai N, Zhang KQ, Yang J. AMPK Is Involved in Regulating the Utilization of Carbon Sources, Conidiation, Pathogenicity, and Stress Response of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0222522. [PMID: 35916406 PMCID: PMC9431048 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02225-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a heterotrimeric complex, can sense energy and nutritional status in eukaryotic cells, thereby participating in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. In this study, we characterized the function of the catalytic α-subunit (SNF1) and the two regulatory β- and γ-subunits (GAL83 and SNF4) of AMPK in a representative nematode-trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, by gene knockout, phenotypic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The ability of the AMPK complex mutants (including ΔAosnf1, ΔAogal83, and ΔAosnf4) to utilize a nonfermentable carbon source (glycerol) was reduced, and the spore yields and trap formation were remarkably decreased. Moreover, AMPK plays an important role in regulating stress response and nematode predation efficiency. Transcriptomic profiling between the wild-type strain and ΔAosnf1 showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for peroxisome, endocytosis, fatty acid degradation, and multilipid metabolism (sphingolipid, ether lipid, glycerolipid, and glycerophospholipid). Meanwhile, a reduced lipid droplet accumulation in ΔAosnf1, ΔAogal83, and ΔAosnf4 mutants was observed, and more vacuoles appeared in the mycelia of the ΔAosnf1 mutant. These results highlight the important regulatory role of AMPK in the utilization of carbon sources and lipid metabolism, as well as providing novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the mycelia development, conidiation, and trap formation of nematode-trapping (NT) fungi. IMPORTANCE NT fungi are widely distributed in various ecosystems and are important factors in the control of nematode populations in nature; their trophic mycelia can form unique infectious devices (traps) for capturing nematodes. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative NT fungi which can develop complex three-dimensional networks (adhesive networks) for nematode predation. Here, we demonstrated that AMPK plays an important role in the glycerol utilization, conidiation, trap formation, and nematode predation of A. oligospora, which was further confirmed by transcriptomic analysis of the wild-type and mutant strains. In particular, our analysis indicated that AMPK is required for lipid metabolism, which is primarily associated with energy regulation and is essential for trap formation. Therefore, this study extends the functional study of AMPK in NT fungi and helps to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the regulation of trap development, as well as laying the foundation for the development of efficient nematode biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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8
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De Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Pathway Is Required for Development and Pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090915. [PMID: 36135640 PMCID: PMC9502316 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleotides are indispensable compounds for many organisms and participate in basic vital activities such as heredity, development, and growth. Blocking of purine nucleotide biosynthesis may inhibit proliferation and development and is commonly used in cancer therapy. However, the function of the purine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway in the pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is not clear. In this study, we focused on the de novo purine biosynthesis (DNPB) pathway and characterized MoAde8, a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, catalyzing the third step of the DNPB pathway in M. oryzae. MoAde8 was knocked out, and the mutant (∆Moade8) exhibited purine auxotroph, defects in aerial hyphal growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity, and was more sensitive to hyperosmotic stress and oxidative stress. Moreover, ∆Moade8 caused decreased activity of MoTor kinase due to blocked purine nucleotide synthesis. The autophagy level was also impaired in ∆Moade8. Additionally, MoAde5, 7, 6, and 12, which are involved in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis, were also analyzed, and the mutants showed defects similar to the defects of ∆Moade8. In summary, de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis is essential for conidiation, development, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.
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Lengyel S, Rascle C, Poussereau N, Bruel C, Sella L, Choquer M, Favaron F. Snf1 Kinase Differentially Regulates Botrytis cinerea Pathogenicity according to the Plant Host. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020444. [PMID: 35208900 PMCID: PMC8877277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Snf1 kinase of the glucose signaling pathway controls the response to nutritional and environmental stresses. In phytopathogenic fungi, Snf1 acts as a global activator of plant cell wall degrading enzymes that are major virulence factors for plant colonization. To characterize its role in the virulence of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, two independent deletion mutants of the Bcsnf1 gene were obtained and analyzed. Virulence of the Δsnf1 mutants was reduced by 59% on a host with acidic pH (apple fruit) and up to 89% on hosts with neutral pH (cucumber cotyledon and French bean leaf). In vitro, Δsnf1 mutants grew slower than the wild type strain at both pH 5 and 7, with a reduction of 20–80% in simple sugars, polysaccharides, and lipidic carbon sources, and these defects were amplified at pH 7. A two-fold reduction in secretion of xylanase activities was observed consequently to the Bcsnf1 gene deletion. Moreover, Δsnf1 mutants were altered in their ability to control ambient pH. Finally, Δsnf1 mutants were impaired in asexual sporulation and did not produce macroconidia. These results confirm the importance of BcSnf1 in pathogenicity, nutrition, and conidiation, and suggest a role in pH regulation for this global regulator in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Lengyel
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.L.); (F.F.)
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.L.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, INSA Lyon, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, F-69263 Lyon, France; (C.R.); (N.P.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.L.); (F.F.)
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10
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Osés-Ruiz M, Cruz-Mireles N, Martin-Urdiroz M, Soanes DM, Eseola AB, Tang B, Derbyshire P, Nielsen M, Cheema J, Were V, Eisermann I, Kershaw MJ, Yan X, Valdovinos-Ponce G, Molinari C, Littlejohn GR, Valent B, Menke FLH, Talbot NJ. Appressorium-mediated plant infection by Magnaporthe oryzae is regulated by a Pmk1-dependent hierarchical transcriptional network. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1383-1397. [PMID: 34707224 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast is a devastating disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae that threatens rice production around the world. The fungus produces a specialized infection cell, called the appressorium, that enables penetration through the plant cell wall in response to surface signals from the rice leaf. The underlying biology of plant infection, including the regulation of appressorium formation, is not completely understood. Here we report the identification of a network of temporally coregulated transcription factors that act downstream of the Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to regulate gene expression during appressorium-mediated plant infection. We show that this tiered regulatory mechanism involves Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of the Hox7 homeobox transcription factor, which regulates genes associated with induction of major physiological changes required for appressorium development-including cell-cycle control, autophagic cell death, turgor generation and melanin biosynthesis-as well as controlling a additional set of virulence-associated transcription factor-encoding genes. Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of Mst12 then regulates gene functions involved in septin-dependent cytoskeletal re-organization, polarized exocytosis and effector gene expression, which are necessary for plant tissue invasion. Identification of this regulatory cascade provides new potential targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Vincent Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Guadalupe Valdovinos-Ponce
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Camilla Molinari
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - George R Littlejohn
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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11
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Zhou X, Li J, Tang N, Xie H, Fan X, Chen H, Tang M, Xie X. Genome-Wide Analysis of Nutrient Signaling Pathways Conserved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1557. [PMID: 34442636 PMCID: PMC8401276 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a mutualistic symbiosis with a majority of terrestrial vascular plants. To achieve an efficient nutrient trade with their hosts, AM fungi sense external and internal nutrients, and integrate different hierarchic regulations to optimize nutrient acquisition and homeostasis during mycorrhization. However, the underlying molecular networks in AM fungi orchestrating the nutrient sensing and signaling remain elusive. Based on homology search, we here found that at least 72 gene components involved in four nutrient sensing and signaling pathways, including cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA), sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1) protein kinase, target of rapamycin kinase (TOR) and phosphate (PHO) signaling cascades, are well conserved in AM fungi. Based on the knowledge known in model yeast and filamentous fungi, we outlined the possible gene networks functioning in AM fungi. These pathways may regulate the expression of downstream genes involved in nutrient transport, lipid metabolism, trehalase activity, stress resistance and autophagy. The RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR results of some core genes further indicate that these pathways may play important roles in spore germination, appressorium formation, arbuscule longevity and sporulation of AM fungi. We hope to inspire further studies on the roles of these candidate genes involved in these nutrient sensing and signaling pathways in AM fungi and AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China;
| | - Nianwu Tang
- UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France;
| | - Hongyun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiaoning Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
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12
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Chang L, Tang X, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen H, Chen W. Improved Lipogenesis in Mortierella alpina by Abolishing the Snf4-Mediated Energy-Saving Mode under Low Glucose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10787-10798. [PMID: 32880458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensing nutrient levels and coordinating metabolism are requisites for all living organisms. In eukaryotes, heterotrimeric adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/sucrose nonfermenting 1 (SNF1) is an energy monitor that primarily functions by regulating cell metabolism with its γ-subunit being responsible for energy sensing. Because of its strong lipogenesis capacity and dependence on nutrient availability, Mortierella alpina is an ideal model to investigate the SNF1 role. Knockdown of the M. alpina SNF1-γ-subunit (MaSnf4) abolished the energy preservation mode. In a low glucose medium (15 g/L), the fatty acid content in the MaSnf4-knockdown strain was similar to that in a high glucose medium (50 g/L), comprising 16 ± 1.17% of the dry cell weight after 96 h of culture (1.59 g/L), together with 1.41 ± 0.13 and 4.15 ± 0.19 fold increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and ATP-citrate lyase enzymatic activities, respectively. Metabolite analysis confirmed that knocking down MaSnf4 enhanced amino acid recycling and repressed the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In this case, more carbon skeleton acetyl-CoA and reductive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate were rerouted into the fatty acid synthesis pathway. These findings provide new insight into the correlation between energy preservation and MaSnf4-regulated lipogenesis, which may enhance further development of cost-effective strategies to enhance lipid productivity in M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, P. R. China
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13
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Fatty Acid Synthase Beta Dehydratase in the Lipid Biosynthesis Pathway Is Required for Conidiogenesis, Pigmentation and Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe oryzae S6. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197224. [PMID: 33007862 PMCID: PMC7582888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid biosynthesis produces glycerol, which is important in fueling turgor pressure necessary for germination and penetration of plant host by fungi. As the relationship between pathogenicity and the lipid biosynthetic pathway is not fully understood, we have elucidated the role of the fatty acid synthase beta subunit dehydratase (FAS1) gene in lipid biosynthesis. The FAS1 gene was silenced through homologous double crossover in Magnaporthe oryzae strain S6 to study the effect on lipid biosynthesis. The vegetative growth of Δfas1 mutants show the highest drop on oleic acid (between 10 and 50%), while the mycelial dry weight of mutants dropped significantly on all media. Conidiation of FAS1 mutants show a ~10- and ~5-fold reduction on oatmeal and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), respectively. Mutants formed mycelium that were mildly pigmented, indicating that the deletion of FAS1 may have affected melanin biosynthesis. Biochemical and gene expression studies concluded that the fatty acid degradation pathway might have been interrupted by FAS1 deletion. FAS1 mutants showed no enzyme activity on glucose or olive oil, suggesting that the mutants may lack functional peroxisomes and be defective in β-oxidation of fatty acids, hence explaining the reduced lipid deposits in the spores.
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14
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Wāng Y, Wang R, Wáng Y, Li Y, Yang RH, Gong M, Shang JJ, Zhang JS, Mao WJ, Zou G, Bao DP. Diverse function and regulation of CmSnf1 in entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 142:103415. [PMID: 32497577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SNF1/AMPK protein kinases play important roles in fungal development and activation of catabolite-repressed genes. In this study, we characterized the role of SNF1 ortholog in Cordyceps militaris (CmSnf1). The vegetative growth of a CmSnf1 deletion mutant was (ΔCmSnf1) reduced by 42.2% with arabinose as a sole carbon source. Most strikingly, the ΔCmSnf1 produced only a few conidia and exhibited delayed conidial germination. We found that CmSnf1 was necessary for mycelium to penetrate the insect cuticle to form the fruiting body on silkworm pupae, consistent with the down-regulation of chitinase- and protease-encoding genes in ΔCmSnf1. However, cordycepin content increased by more than 7 times in culture supernatants. Correspondingly, the relative expression levels of cordycepin gene cluster members were also elevated. In particular, the expression of cns4 associated with cordycepin transfer was up-regulated >10-fold. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis showed that CmSnf1 regulated the expression of genes involved in cell autophagy and oxidative stress tolerance. We speculated that under environmental stress, both the ATG and SNF1 pathways might collaborate to sustain adverse environments. Our study provides an initial framework to probe the diverse function and regulation of CmSnf1 in C. militaris, which will shed more light on the direction of molecular improvement of medicinal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wāng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Plant Immunity Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Foresty University, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Ying Wáng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Rui-Heng Yang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Ming Gong
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Jun-Jun Shang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Mao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
| | - Da-Peng Bao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
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15
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Coding the α-subunit of SNF1 kinase, Snf1 is required for the conidiogenesis and pathogenicity of the Alternaria alternata tangerine pathotype. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:562-570. [PMID: 32448447 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To well cope with various external carbon sources, fungi have evolved an adaptive mechanism to overcome the adversity of carbon source deficiency. The sucrose non-fermenting (SNF1) protein kinase mainly mediates the utilization of non-fermentable carbon sources. In this study, we determined the function of Snf1, coding the α-subunit of SNF1 kinase, in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata via analyzing the Snf1 deletion mutants (ΔAasnf1). Aasnf1 is required for growth, development of aerial mycelium, and conidiation. Results of pathogenicity test showed that ΔAasnf1 induced smaller lesions on detached citrus leaves. Moreover, in the carbon utilization assay, ΔAasnf1 showed growth inhibition on the minimal medium supplemented with polygalacturonic acid, sucrose or alcohol as the only carbon source. Compared to the wild type, ΔAasnf1 also exhibited stronger resistance to cell wall stressors of sodium dodecyl sulfate and congo red. In conclusion, Aasnf1 played important roles in the carbon utilization, vegetative growth, conidiation, cell wall functions and pathogenicity of A. alternata. This study is the first report on the functions of Aasnf1 and our results suggest that Snf1 is critical for the conidiogenesis and pathogenesis of the A. alternata tangerine pathotype.
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16
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Zhang S, Guo Y, Li S, Zhou G, Liu J, Xu J, Li H. Functional analysis of CfSnf1 in the development and pathogenicity of anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum fructicola on tea-oil tree. BMC Genet 2019; 20:94. [PMID: 31805867 PMCID: PMC6896739 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tea-oil tree (Camellia oleifera) is a unique edible-oil tree in China, and anthracnose occurs in wherever it is cultivated, causing great economic losses each year. We have previously identified the Ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum fructicola as the major pathogen of anthracnose in Ca.oleifera. The purpose of this study was to characterize the biological function of Snf1 protein, a key component of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathway, for the molecular pathogenic-mechanisms of C. fructicola. Results We characterized CfSnf1 as the homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf1. Targeted CfSNF1 gene deletion revealed that CfSnf1 is involved in the utilization of specific carbon sources, conidiation, and stress responses. We further found that the ΔCfSnf1 mutant was not pathogenic to Ca.oleifera, resulting from its defect in appressorium formation. In addition, we provided evidence showing crosstalk between the AMPK and the cAMP/PKA pathways for the first time in filamentous fungi. Conclusion This study indicate that CfSnf1 is a critical factor in the development and pathogenicity of C. fructicola and, therefore, a potential fungicide target for anthracnose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Sizheng Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Junang Liu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - He Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China. .,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.
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17
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Liu N, Yun Y, Yin Y, Hahn M, Ma Z, Chen Y. Lipid droplet biogenesis regulated by the FgNem1/Spo7-FgPah1 phosphatase cascade plays critical roles in fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:412-429. [PMID: 30767239 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) control lipid metabolism in eukaryotic cells in general. However, the biogenesis regulation and biological functions of LDs are largely unknown in pathogenic fungi. Rapamycin treatment results in a significant increase of LD biogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Molecular mechanisms of the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in regulating LD biogenesis and the functions of LD in virulence of F. graminearum were investigated in depth by combining genetic, cytological and phenotypic strategies. TOR in Fusarium graminearum (FgTOR) inhibition by rapamycin induces LD biogenesis through the FgPpg1/Sit4 signaling branch. FgPpg1 promotes phosphorylation of protein phosphatase FgNem1 by the protein kinase FgCak1. The phosphorylated FgNem1 dephosphorylates the phosphatidate phosphatase FgPah1. Dephosphorylated FgPah1 is active and stimulates LD biogenesis. Moreover, deletion of FgNem1/Spo7 or FgPah1 leads to serious defects in vegetative growth, sexual development and virulence. The results of this study provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism and biological functions of the LDs in the devastating pathogenic fungus F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern University, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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18
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Cao H, Huang P, Yan Y, Shi Y, Dong B, Liu X, Ye L, Lin F, Lu J. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Crf1 is required for development and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus by regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3427-3441. [PMID: 30126031 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae is a plant pathogen causing rice blast, a serious disease spreading in cultivated rice globally. Transcription factors play important regulatory roles in fungal development and pathogenicity. Here, we characterized the biological functions of Crf1, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, in the development and pathogenicity of P. oryzae with functional genetics, molecular and biochemical approaches. We found that CRF1 is necessary for virulence and plays an indispensable role in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in P. oryzae. Deletion of CRF1 led to defects in utilization of lipids, ethanol, glycerol and L-arabinose, and down-regulation of many important genes in lipolysis, β-oxidation, gluconeogenesis, as well as glycerol and arabinose metabolism. CRF1 is also essential for peroxisome and vacuole function, and conidial cell death during appressorium formation. The appressorium turgor, penetration ability and virulence in Δcrf1 were restored by supplementation of exogenous glucose. The virulence of Crf1 mutant was also recovered by adding exogenous D-xylose, but not by addition of ethanol, pyruvate, leucine or L-arabinose. These data showed that Crf1 plays an important role in the complex regulatory network of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism that governs fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongkai Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
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19
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Wang Z, Zhang H, Liu C, Xing J, Chen XL. A Deubiquitinating Enzyme Ubp14 Is Required for Development, Stress Response, Nutrient Utilization, and Pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:769. [PMID: 29720973 PMCID: PMC5915541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an essential protein modification in eukaryotic cells, which is reversible. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) catalyze deubiquitination process to reverse ubiquitination, maintain ubiquitin homeostasis or promote protein degradation by recycling ubiquitins. In order to investigate effects of deubiquitination process in plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we generated deletion mutants of MoUBP14. Ortholog of MoUbp14 was reported to play general roles in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ΔMoubp14 mutant lost its pathogenicity and was severely reduced in mycelial growth, sporulation, carbon source utilization, and increased in sensitivity to distinct stresses. The mutant was blocked in penetration, which could due to defect in turgor generation. It is also blocked in invasive growth, which could due to reduction in stress tolerance and nutrient utilization. Deletion of UBP14 also led to accumulation of free polyubiquitin chains. Pulldown assay identified some proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism and stress response may putatively interact with MoUbp14, including two key rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis, MoFbp1 and MoPck1. These two proteins were degraded when the glucose was supplied to M. oryzae grown in low glucose media for a short period of time (∼12 h), and this process required MoUbp14. In summary, pleiotropic phenotypes of the deletion mutants indicated that MoUbp14 is required for different developments and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
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20
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Wang RJ, Peng J, Li QX, Peng YL. Phosphorylation-mediated Regulatory Networks in Mycelia of Pyricularia oryzae Revealed by Phosphoproteomic Analyses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1669-1682. [PMID: 28706003 PMCID: PMC5587865 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.066670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is known to regulate pathogenesis, mycelial growth, conidiation and stress response in Pyricularia oryzae However, phosphorylation mediated regulatory networks in the fungal pathogen remain largely to be uncovered. In this study, we identified 1621 phosphorylation sites of 799 proteins in mycelia of P. oryzae, including 899 new p-sites of 536 proteins and 47 new p-sites of 31 pathogenicity-related proteins. From the sequences flanking the phosphorylation sites, 19 conserved phosphorylation motifs were identified. Notably, phosphorylation was detected in 7 proteins that function upstream of Pmk1, but not in Pmk1 and its downstream Mst12 and Sfl1 that have been known to regulate appressorium formation and infection hyphal growth of P. oryzae Interestingly, phosphorylation was detected at the site Ser240 of Pmp1, which is a putative protein phosphatase highly conserved in filamentous fungi but not characterized. We thus generated Δpmp1 deletion mutants and dominant allele PMP1S240D mutants. Phenotyping analyses indicated that Pmp1 is required for virulence, conidiation and mycelial growth. Further, we observed that phosphorylation level of Pmk1 in mycelia was significantly increased in the Δpmp1 mutant, but decreased in the PMP1S240D mutant in comparison with the wild type, demonstrating that Pmp1 phosphorylated at Ser240 is important for regulating phosphorylation of Pmk1. To our surprise, phosphorylation of Mps1, another MAP kinase required for cell wall integrity and appressorium formation of P. oryzae, was also significantly enhanced in the Δpmp1 mutant, but decreased in the PMP1S240D mutant. In addition, we found that Pmp1 directly interacts with Mps1 and the region AA180-230 of Pmp1 is required for the interaction. In summary, this study sheds new lights on the protein phosphorylation mediated regulatory networks in P. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jin Wang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,§Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Junbo Peng
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing X Li
- §Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822.
| | - You-Liang Peng
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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21
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Zhou T, Qin L, Zhu X, Shen W, Zou J, Wang Z, Wei Y. The D-lactate dehydrogenase MoDLD1 is essential for growth and infection-related development in Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3938-3958. [PMID: 28654182 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is initiated by the attachment of conidia to plant surfaces. Germ tubes emerging from conidia develop melanized appressoria to physically penetrate the host surface. Previous studies revealed that appressorium development requires the breakdown of storage lipids and glycogen that occur in peroxisomes and the cytosol respectively, culminating in production of pyruvate. However, the downstream product(s) entering the mitochondria for further oxidation is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular basis underlying the metabolic flux towards the mitochondria associated with the infectious-related development in M. oryzae. We showed that D-lactate is a key intermediate metabolite of the mobilization of lipids and glycogen, and its oxidative conversion to pyruvate is catalysed by a mitochondrial D-lactate dehydrogenase MoDLD1. Deletion of MoDLD1 caused defects in conidiogenesis and appressorium formation, and subsequently the loss of fungal pathogenicity. Further analyses demonstrated that MoDLD1 activity is involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis during conidial germination. Thus, MoDLD1 is a critical modulator that channels metabolite flow to the mitochondrion coupling cellular redox state, and contributes to development and virulence of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengsheng Zhou
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Xiaohan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenyun Shen
- National Research Council of Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council of Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
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22
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Comparison and Validation of Putative Pathogenicity-Related Genes Identified by T-DNA Insertional Mutagenesis and Microarray Expression Profiling in Magnaporthe oryzae. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7198614. [PMID: 28286772 PMCID: PMC5329669 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7198614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput technologies of functional genomics such as T-DNA insertional mutagenesis and microarray expression profiling have been employed to identify genes related to pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. However, validation of the functions of individual genes identified by these high-throughput approaches is laborious. In this study, we compared two published lists of genes putatively related to pathogenicity in M. oryzae identified by T-DNA insertional mutagenesis (comprising 1024 genes) and microarray expression profiling (comprising 236 genes), respectively, and then validated the functions of some overlapped genes between the two lists by knocking them out using the method of target gene replacement. Surprisingly, only 13 genes were overlapped between the two lists, and none of the four genes selected from the overlapped genes exhibited visible phenotypic changes on vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, and infection ability in their knockout mutants. Our results suggest that both of the lists might contain large proportions of unrelated genes to pathogenicity and therefore comparing the two gene lists is hardly helpful for the identification of genes that are more likely to be involved in pathogenicity as we initially expected.
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23
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Marroquin-Guzman M, Sun G, Wilson RA. Glucose-ABL1-TOR Signaling Modulates Cell Cycle Tuning to Control Terminal Appressorial Cell Differentiation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006557. [PMID: 28072818 PMCID: PMC5266329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway integrates growth and development with available nutrients, but how cellular glucose controls TOR function and signaling is poorly understood. Here, we provide functional evidence from the devastating rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae that glucose can mediate TOR activity via the product of a novel carbon-responsive gene, ABL1, in order to tune cell cycle progression during infection-related development. Under nutrient-free conditions, wild type (WT) M. oryzae strains form terminal plant-infecting cells (appressoria) at the tips of germ tubes emerging from three-celled spores (conidia). WT appressorial development is accompanied by one round of mitosis followed by autophagic cell death of the conidium. In contrast, Δabl1 mutant strains undergo multiple rounds of accelerated mitosis in elongated germ tubes, produce few appressoria, and are abolished for autophagy. Treating WT spores with glucose or 2-deoxyglucose phenocopied Δabl1. Inactivating TOR in Δabl1 mutants or glucose-treated WT strains restored appressorium formation by promoting mitotic arrest at G1/G0 via an appressorium- and autophagy-inducing cell cycle delay at G2/M. Collectively, this work uncovers a novel glucose-ABL1-TOR signaling axis and shows it engages two metabolic checkpoints in order to modulate cell cycle tuning and mediate terminal appressorial cell differentiation. We thus provide new molecular insights into TOR regulation and cell development in response to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Marroquin-Guzman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Guangchao Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Roles of Peroxisomes in the Rice Blast Fungus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9343417. [PMID: 27610388 PMCID: PMC5004026 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9343417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is a model plant pathogenic fungus and is a severe threat to global rice production. Over the past two decades, it has been found that the peroxisomes play indispensable roles during M. oryzae infection. Given the importance of the peroxisomes for virulence, we review recent advances of the peroxisomes roles during M. oryzae infection processes. We firstly introduce the molecular mechanisms and life cycles of the peroxisomes. And then, metabolic functions related to the peroxisomes are also discussed. Finally, we provide an overview of the relationship between peroxisomes and pathogenicity.
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25
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Agrawal G, Subramani S. De novo peroxisome biogenesis: Evolving concepts and conundrums. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:892-901. [PMID: 26381541 PMCID: PMC4791208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes proliferate by growth and division of pre-existing peroxisomes or could arise de novo. Though the de novo pathway of peroxisome biogenesis is a more recent discovery, several studies have highlighted key mechanistic details of the pathway. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary source of lipids and proteins for the newly-formed peroxisomes. More recently, an intricate sorting process functioning at the ER has been proposed, that segregates specific PMPs first to peroxisome-specific ER domains (pER) and then assembles PMPs selectively into distinct pre-peroxisomal vesicles (ppVs) that later fuse to form import-competent peroxisomes. In addition, plausible roles of the three key peroxins Pex3, Pex16 and Pex19, which are also central to the growth and division pathway, have been suggested in the de novo process. In this review, we discuss key developments and highlight the unexplored avenues in de novo peroxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agrawal
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA.
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26
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Liu XH, Xu F, Snyder JH, Shi HB, Lu JP, Lin FC. Autophagy in plant pathogenic fungi. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:128-137. [PMID: 27072489 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic constituents in vacuoles. Plant pathogenic fungi develop special infection structures and/or secrete a range of enzymes to invade their plant hosts. It has been demonstrated that monitoring autophagy processes can be extremely useful in visualizing the sequence of events leading to pathogenicity of plant pathogenic fungi. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy. In addition, we explore the relationship between autophagy and pathogenicity in plant pathogenic fungi. Finally, we discuss the various experimental strategies available for use in the study of autophagy in plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Hugh Snyder
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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27
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Zhang Y, Shi H, Liang S, Ning G, Xu N, Lu J, Liu X, Lin F. MoARG1, MoARG5,6 and MoARG7 involved in arginine biosynthesis are essential for growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Microbiol Res 2015; 180:11-22. [PMID: 26505307 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is one of the most versatile amino acids in eukaryote cells, which plays important roles in a multitude of processes such as protein synthesis, nitrogen metabolism, nitric oxide (NO) and urea biosynthesis. The de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway is conserved among fungal kingdom, but poorly understood in plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we characterized the functions of three synthetic enzyme-encoding genes MoARG1, MoARG5,6, and MoARG7, which involved the seventh step, second-third step and fifth step of arginine biosynthesis in Magnaporthe oryzae, respectively. Deletion of MoARG1 or MoARG5,6, resulted in arginine auxotrophic mutants, which had a strict requirement for arginine on minimal medium (MM). Both ΔMoarg1 and ΔMoarg5,6 severely reduced in aerial hyphal growth, pigmentation, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction and pathogenicity. Interestingly, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deletion of MoARG7 caused a leaky arginine auxotrophy, and attenuated pathogenicity. Limited appressorium-mediated penetration and restricted invasive hyphae growth in host cells are responsible for the severely attenuated pathogenicity of the Arg(-) mutants. Additionally, we monitored the NO generation during conidial germination and appressorial formation in both Arg(-) mutants and wild type, and demonstrated that NO generation may not occur via arginine-dependent pathway in M. oryzae. In summary, MoARG1, MoARG5,6, and MoARG7 are required for growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Quzhou Municipal Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Quzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoao Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nanchang Xu
- Quzhou Municipal Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Quzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Khan IA, Ning G, Liu X, Feng X, Lin F, Lu J. Mitochondrial fission protein MoFis1 mediates conidiation and is required for full virulence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Microbiol Res 2015; 178:51-8. [PMID: 26302847 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial fission protein Fis1 regulates yeast mitochondrial fission and is required for ethanol-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. To examine the function of Fis1 in a plant pathogenic fungus, we cloned the MoFIS1 gene, a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FIS1, from Magnaporthe oryzae and characterized its function by targeted gene deletion and mutant phenotypic analysis. MoFIS1 deletion mutants were unaltered in conidial germination, appressorium formation, and mating tests, but were severely defective in colony growth, conidiation, virulence on rice and barley, growth under nitrogen and glucose deficiency, and growth under osmotic stress. Blast lesions on rice leaves caused by the ΔMofis1 strain were significantly reduced, were non-proliferating, and were less coalesced as compared to the highly coalesced and proliferating lesions resulting from infection with the wild-type strain. The defects in growth, conidiation, and virulence of the mutant were restored in a complementation strain of ΔMofis1. A MoFis1-GFP fusion protein co-localized with Mitotracker red in mitochondria. These results show that MoFIS1 encodes a mitochondrial protein that regulates fungal growth, conidiation, and virulence in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ali Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Guoao Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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