1
|
Garcia JPT, Tayo LL. Theoretical Studies of DNA Microarray Present Potential Molecular and Cellular Interconnectivity of Signaling Pathways in Immune System Dysregulation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:393. [PMID: 38674328 PMCID: PMC11049615 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is defined as the inability to regulate immunological activities in the body, especially in response to external triggers, leading to the attack of the tissues and organs of the host. Outcomes include the onset of autoimmune diseases whose effects are primarily due to dysregulated immune responses. In past years, there have been cases that show an increased susceptibility to other autoimmune disorders in patients who are already experiencing the same type of disease. Research in this field has started analyzing the potential molecular and cellular causes of this interconnectedness, bearing in mind the possibility of advancing drugs and therapies for the treatment of autoimmunity. With that, this study aimed to determine the correlation of four autoimmune diseases, which are type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis (PSR), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), by identifying highly preserved co-expressed genes among datasets using WGCNA. Functional annotation was then employed to characterize these sets of genes based on their systemic relationship as a whole to elucidate the biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions of the pathways they are involved in. Lastly, drug repurposing analysis was performed to screen candidate drugs for repositioning that could regulate the abnormal expression of genes among the diseases. A total of thirteen modules were obtained from the analysis, the majority of which were associated with transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modification processes. Also, the evaluation based on KEGG suggested the possible role of TH17 differentiation in the simultaneous onset of the four diseases. Furthermore, clomiphene was the top drug candidate for regulating overexpressed hub genes; meanwhile, prilocaine was the top drug for regulating under-expressed hub genes. This study was geared towards utilizing transcriptomics approaches for the assessment of microarray data, which is different from the use of traditional genomic analyses. Such a research design for investigating correlations among autoimmune diseases may be the first of its kind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Patrick T. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines;
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Lemmuel L. Tayo
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines;
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mapúa University, Makati 1200, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aung WW, Hamaguchi Y, Matsushita T. Targeting cytokines and potentiality of
JAK–STAT
inhibition in systemic sclerosis. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wah Wah Aung
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yasuhito Hamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bauer M, Fink B, Anderegg U, Röder S, Zenclussen AC. IL17F Expression as an Early Sign of Oxidative Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity/Apoptosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101739. [PMID: 36292624 PMCID: PMC9602038 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17F (IL17F) has been found to be involved in various inflammatory pathologies and has recently become a target for therapeutic purposes. In contrast to IL17F secreted by immune cells, the focus of this study is to describe the triggers of IL17F release in non-immune cells with a particular focus on IL17F-induced fibrosis. IL17F induction was examined in human lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) and myeloid cell lines as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after in vitro exposure to aqueous cigarette smoke extract (CSE), inorganic mercury, cadmium or the apoptosis inducer brefeldin A. Fibrosis was examined in vitro, evaluating the transition of human primary dermal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. We observed that all stressors were able to induce IL17F gene expression regardless of cell type. Interestingly, its induction was associated with cytotoxic/apoptotic signs. Inhibiting oxidative stress by N-acetylcysteine abrogated CSE-induced cytotoxic and IL17F-inducing effects. The induction of IL17F was accompanied by IL17F protein expression. The transition of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts was not influenced by either recombinant IL17F or supernatants of CSE-exposed BEAS-2B. In addition to IL17F secretion by specialized or activated immune cells, we underscored the cell type-independent induction of IL17F by mechanisms of inhibitable oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. However, IL17F was not involved in dermal fibrosis under the conditions used in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-235-1552
| | - Beate Fink
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Röder
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Interleukin-17 Family Cytokines in Metabolic Disorders and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091643. [PMID: 36140808 PMCID: PMC9498678 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines are potent drivers of inflammatory responses. Although IL-17 was originally identified as a cytokine that induces protective effects against bacterial and fungal infections, IL-17 can also promote chronic inflammation in a number of autoimmune diseases. Research in the last decade has also elucidated critical roles of IL-17 during cancer development and treatment. Intriguingly, IL-17 seems to play a role in the risk of cancers that are associated with metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the biochemical basis of IL-17 signaling, IL-17′s involvement in cancers and metabolic disorders, and postulate how IL-17 family cytokines may serve as a bridge between these two types of diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
LaChance AH, Goldman N, Kassamali B, Vleugels RA. Immunologic underpinnings and treatment of morphea. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:461-483. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2063841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery H. LaChance
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathaniel Goldman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY
| | - Bina Kassamali
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruth Ann Vleugels
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Russo B, Borowczyk J, Cacialli P, Moguelet P, Truchetet ME, Modarressi A, Brembilla NC, Bertrand J, Boehncke WH, Chizzolini C. IL-25 participates in keratinocyte-driven dermal matrix turnover and is reduced in Systemic Sclerosis epidermis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:4558-4569. [PMID: 35171244 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence shows that dysfunctional SSc keratinocytes contribute to fibrosis by altering dermal homeostasis. Whether interleukin-25 (IL-25), an IL-17 family member regulating many epidermal functions, takes part in skin fibrosis is unknown. Here we address the role of IL-25 in skin fibrosis. METHODS The expression of IL-25 was evaluated by immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization in 10 SSc and 7 healthy donors (HD) skin biopsies. Epidermal equivalents (EE) reconstituted by primary HD keratinocytes were used as a model to study transcriptomic changes induced by IL-25 in the epidermis. RNA expression profile in EE was characterized by RNAseq. The conditioned medium (CM) from primary SSc and HD keratinocytes primed with IL-25 was used to stimulate fibroblasts. IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, type-I collagen (col-I), and fibronectin production by fibroblasts was assessed by ELISA. RESULTS SSc epidermis expressed lower levels of IL-25 compared with HD. In EE, IL-25 regulated several molecular pathways related to wound healing and ECM remodeling. Compared with control CM, the CM from IL-25-primed keratinocytes enhanced the fibroblast production of MMP-1, IL-6, IL-8, but not of Col-I nor fibronectin. However, IL-25 significantly reduced the production of Col-I when applied directly to fibroblasts. The activation of keratinocytes by IL-25 was receptor-dependent and evident after a very short incubation time (10 min), largely mediated by IL-1, suggesting enhanced and specific release of preformed mediators. CONCLUSIONS These results show that IL-25 participates to skin homeostasis and its decreased expression in SSc may contribute to skin fibrosis by favoring ECM deposition over degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Russo
- Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia Borowczyk
- Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Cacialli
- Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ali Modarressi
- Plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic unit, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò C Brembilla
- Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Bertrand
- Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Pathology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Immunology & Allergy, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Papadimitriou TI, van Caam A, van der Kraan PM, Thurlings RM. Therapeutic Options for Systemic Sclerosis: Current and Future Perspectives in Tackling Immune-Mediated Fibrosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:316. [PMID: 35203525 PMCID: PMC8869277 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe auto-immune, rheumatic disease, characterized by excessive fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs. SSc is accompanied by high morbidity and mortality rates, and unfortunately, few disease-modifying therapies are currently available. Inflammation, vasculopathy, and fibrosis are the key hallmarks of SSc pathology. In this narrative review, we examine the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis and provide an overview of the efficacy of current and novel treatment options in diminishing SSc-related fibrosis based on selected clinical trials. To do this, we first discuss inflammatory pathways of both the innate and acquired immune systems that are associated with SSc pathophysiology. Secondly, we review evidence supporting the use of first-line therapies in SSc patients. In addition, T cell-, B cell-, and cytokine-specific treatments that have been utilized in SSc are explored. Finally, the potential effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other novel therapeutic approaches in reducing fibrosis is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros-Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Department of Rheumatic Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.v.C.); (P.M.v.d.K.); (R.M.T.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Corrado A, Rotondo C, Sanpaolo ER, Altomare A, Maruotti N, Cici D, Cantatore FP. 1,25OH-Vitamin D3 and IL-17 Inhibition Modulate Pro-Fibrotic Cytokines Production in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:867-877. [PMID: 35693738 PMCID: PMC9149638 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.70984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: IL-17 modulates the synthesis of several molecules involved in the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) shows anti-fibrotic properties and it is able to affect the IL-17 production in several experimental conditions. The aim of this study is to assess the production of IL-17A and pro-fibrotic cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subjects with SSc in basal conditions and after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 and IL-17A neutralizing antibodies. Methods: The production of IL-17A and pro-fibrotic cytokines (TGFβ, CTGF and FGF2) in PBMCs obtained from 51 SSc patients and 31 healthy subjects was assessed both in basal conditions and in presence of anti-IL17A antibodies and several concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3. The association of cytokines production with clinical disease characteristics and the in vitro effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and IL-17A inhibition were assessed. Results: PBMCs from SSc subjects produced higher amount IL-17A, TGFβ, CTGF and FGF2 compared to healthy controls. IL17, TGFβ, CTGF and FGF2 levels were higher in SSc patients with interstitial lung disease and digital ulcers, whereas IL-17A production was lower in patients with PAH. IL- 17A inhibition reduced the production of FGF2, whereas enhanced the synthesis of TGFβ and CTGF. 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the production of IL17A and pro-fibrotic cytokines in a dose- dependent manner. Conclusions: IL-17A is involved in the regulation of fibrogenesis in SSc, and could represent an intriguing potential therapeutic target, even if its role remains controversial. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits both IL-17A and pro-fibrotic cytokines, confirming its potential anti-fibrotic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addolorata Corrado
- Rheumatology Clinic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia- Italy
| | - Cinzia Rotondo
- Rheumatology Clinic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia- Italy
| | - Eliana Rita Sanpaolo
- Rheumatology Clinic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia- Italy
| | - Alberto Altomare
- Rheumatology Clinic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia- Italy
| | - Nicola Maruotti
- Rheumatology Clinic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia- Italy
| | - Daniela Cici
- Rheumatology Clinic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia- Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- Rheumatology Clinic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei L, Abraham D, Ong V. The Yin and Yang of IL-17 in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885609. [PMID: 35603223 PMCID: PMC9116143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by a sub-set of T helper cells termed Th17 cells primarily in response to cytokines like TGF-β and IL-23 and play an important role in host defense. IL-17 signals via the IL-17RA/RC heterodimer and the adaptor protein Act1 to activate both canonical and non-canonical pathways inducing transcriptional activation and stabilization of mRNAs. IL-17 appears to act not directly on immune cells but stimulates stromal cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells and fibroblasts to secrete other immunomodulatory factors. Fibroblast activated by IL-17 can support the growth and differentiation of immune cells. Studies have begun to uncover a dual role for IL-17; on one hand enhancing immune reactions and promoting inflammatory diseases and on the other decreasing responses and immune activity in established disease settings. The balance of double-edged sword effect of IL-17 and autoimmunity is illustrated in a variety of human diseases and experimental models of diseases. Specifically, the emerging interest in autoimmunity in systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma, SSc) has led to potential role of IL-17A as a target therapy in this disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hinchcliff M, Garcia-Milian R, Di Donato S, Dill K, Bundschuh E, Galdo FD. Cellular and Molecular Diversity in Scleroderma. Semin Immunol 2021; 58:101648. [PMID: 35940960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing armamentarium of high-throughput tools available at manageable cost, it is attractive and informative to determine the molecular underpinnings of patient heterogeneity in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Given the highly variable clinical outcomes of patients labelled with the same diagnosis, unravelling the cellular and molecular basis of disease heterogeneity will be crucial to predicting disease risk, stratifying management and ultimately informing a patient-centered precision medicine approach. Herein, we summarise the findings of the past several years in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics that contribute to unraveling the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of SSc. Expansion of these findings and their routine integration with quantitative analysis of histopathology and imaging studies into clinical care promise to inform a scientifically driven patient-centred personalized medicine approach to SSc in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Hinchcliff
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA.
| | | | - Stefano Di Donato
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Bundschuh
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bellando-Randone S, Della-Torre E, Balanescu A. The role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: Pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic? JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2021; 6:227-235. [PMID: 35387209 PMCID: PMC8922653 DOI: 10.1177/23971983211039421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is characterized by widespread fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, vascular impairment, and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune system. Growing evidence indicates that T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion play a major role in the initiation of systemic sclerosis, but the role of T helper 17 cells and of interleukin-17 cytokines in the development and progression of the disease remains controversial. In particular, an equally distributed body of literature supports both pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic effects of interleukin-17, suggesting a complex and nuanced role of this cytokine in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis that may vary depending on disease stage, target cells in affected organs, and inflammatory milieu. Although interleukin-17 already represents an established therapeutic target for several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, more robust experimental evidence is required to clarify whether it may become an attractive therapeutic target for systemic sclerosis as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bellando-Randone
- Department of Experimental and
Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence and
Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Florence,
Italy
| | - Emanuel Della-Torre
- Università Vita-Salute San
Raffaele, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology,
Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute,
Milan, Italy
| | - Andra Balanescu
- “Carol Davila” University of
Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology,
“Sf. Maria” Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Laurent P, Allard B, Manicki P, Jolivel V, Levionnois E, Jeljeli M, Henrot P, Izotte J, Leleu D, Groppi A, Seneschal J, Constans J, Chizzolini C, Richez C, Duffau P, Lazaro E, Forcade E, Schaeverbeke T, Pradeu T, Batteux F, Blanco P, Contin-Bordes C, Truchetet ME. TGFβ promotes low IL10-producing ILC2 with profibrotic ability involved in skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1594-1603. [PMID: 34285051 PMCID: PMC8600612 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Innate lymphoid cells-2 (ILC2) were shown to be involved in the development of lung or hepatic fibrosis. We sought to explore the functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of ILC2 in skin fibrosis within systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Blood samples and skin biopsies from healthy donor or patients with SSc were analysed by immunostaining techniques. The fibrotic role of sorted ILC2 was studied in vitro on dermal fibroblast and further explored by transcriptomic approach. Finally, the efficacy of a new treatment against fibrosis was assessed with a mouse model of SSc. RESULTS We found that ILC2 numbers were increased in the skin of patients with SSc and correlated with the extent of skin fibrosis. In SSc skin, KLRG1- ILC2 (natural ILC2) were dominating over KLRG1+ ILC2 (inflammatory ILC2). The cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), whose activity is increased in SSc, favoured the expansion of KLRG1- ILC2 simultaneously decreasing their production of interleukin 10 (IL10), which regulates negatively collagen production by dermal fibroblasts. TGFβ-stimulated ILC2 also increased myofibroblast differentiation. Thus, human KLRG1- ILC2 had an enhanced profibrotic activity. In a mouse model of SSc, therapeutic intervention-combining pirfenidone with the administration of IL10 was required to reduce the numbers of skin infiltrating ILC2, enhancing their expression of KLRG1 and strongly alleviating skin fibrosis. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a novel role for natural ILC2 and highlight their inter-relationships with TGFβ and IL10 in the development of skin fibrosis, thereby opening up new therapeutic approaches in SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paôline Laurent
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Benoit Allard
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | - Valérie Jolivel
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | - Mohamed Jeljeli
- Immunology Department, CHU Cochin Hospital, University of Paris Descartes Faculty of Medicine Paris Center, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Henrot
- Rheumatology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- Animal Facility A2, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Damien Leleu
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Alexis Groppi
- Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBiB), University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,IBGC, CNRS, UMR 5095, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Julien Seneschal
- Dermatology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Joel Constans
- Vascular Medicine Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Immunology and Allergy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Richez
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Rheumatology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Duffau
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Internal Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Estibaliz Lazaro
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Internal Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edouard Forcade
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Hematology, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Schaeverbeke
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Rheumatology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Frédéric Batteux
- Immunology Department, CHU Cochin Hospital, University of Paris Descartes Faculty of Medicine Paris Center, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Blanco
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Immunology department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Contin-Bordes
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Immunology department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Elise Truchetet
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France .,Rheumatology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borowczyk J, Shutova M, Brembilla NC, Boehncke WH. IL-25 (IL-17E) in epithelial immunology and pathophysiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:40-52. [PMID: 33485651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-25, also known as IL-17E, is a unique cytokine of the IL-17 family. Indeed, IL-25 exclusively was shown to strongly induce expression of the cytokines associated with type 2 immunity. Although produced by several types of immune cells, such as T cells, dendritic cells, or group 2 innate lymphoid cells, a vast amount of IL-25 derives from epithelial cells. The functions of IL-25 have been actively studied in the context of physiology and pathology of various organs including skin, airways and lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and thymus. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-25 is a "barrier surface" cytokine whose expression depends on extrinsic environmental factors and when upregulated may lead to inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, or asthma. This review summarizes the progress of the recent years regarding the effects of IL-25 on the regulation of immune response and the balance between its homeostatic and pathogenic role in various epithelia. We revisit IL-25's general and tissue-specific mechanisms of action, mediated signaling pathways, and transcription factors activated in immune and resident cells. Finally, we discuss perspectives of the IL-25-based therapies for inflammatory disorders and compare them with the mainstream ones that target IL-17A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Borowczyk
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Shutova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fukayama M, Yoshizaki A, Fukasawa T, Ebata S, Kuzumi A, Yoshizaki-Ogawa A, Asano Y, Oba K, Sato S. Interleukin (IL)-17F and IL-17E are related to fibrosis and vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol 2020; 47:1287-1292. [PMID: 32686186 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease that causes fibrosis and vasculopathy of the skin and internal organs against a background of autoimmune abnormalities. In recent years, the importance of the interleukin (IL)-17 family for inflammatory diseases has received much attention, but autoimmune diseases have not yet been fully explored. As for SSc, there is also no unified perspective on the involvement of the IL-17 family in its development, and few studies have been conducted linking IL-17F and IL-17E particularly to the disease severity. In the present study, we examined the correlation between serum IL-17F and IL-17E levels and disease severity in SSc patients. Moreover, the expression of the receptors for these cytokines, IL-17RB and IL-17RC, in skin tissues obtained by skin biopsy was examined by immunohistochemistry. Both cytokines were significantly elevated in the sera of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc patients compared with healthy controls. Serum IL-17F levels correlated with modified Rodnan total skin thickness score, a semiquantitative measure of skin sclerosis, percent predicted forced vital capacity, percent predicted carbon monoxide lung diffusion capacity and serum levels of Krebs von den Lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D, serological markers of interstitial lung disease. Serum IL-17E levels were significantly correlated with percent predicted forced vital capacity and serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 levels. Serum levels of IL-17F and IL-17E also correlated with the prevalence of digital ulcers, and serum IL-17F levels were associated with elevated right ventricle systolic pressure values. In addition, IL-17RC and IL-17RB expression was increased in the skin tissues of diffuse cutaneous SSc patients. These results suggested that IL-17F and IL-17E could be involved in fibrosis and vasculopathy in SSc through their respective receptors in the affected organ tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Fukayama
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takemichi Fukasawa
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ebata
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kuzumi
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Yoshizaki-Ogawa
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Oba
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rangu S, Rubin AI, Li D, Castelo-Soccio L. Segmental stiff skin syndrome: a novel case with an interleukin-17C mutation successfully treated with secukinumab. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:658-660. [PMID: 32212274 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rangu
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A I Rubin
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Castelo-Soccio
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vettori S, Barra G, Russo B, Borgia A, Pasquale G, Pellecchia L, Vicedomini L, De Palma R. T-Cell Proapoptotic and Antifibrotic Activity Against Autologous Skin Fibroblasts in vitro Is Associated With IL-17A Axis Upregulation in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:220. [PMID: 32174912 PMCID: PMC7056890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) T cells can induce apoptosis of autologous skin fibroblasts in vitro. Th17 cells have been reported to increase in SSc patients, and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) has a profibrotic function. We used a system based on T-cell-autologous fibroblast co-cultures to further investigate a possible role of IL-17A in SSc. Methods: T cells from diffuse SSc patients were co-cultured with autologous skin fibroblasts. IL17A mRNA was assessed by real-time PCR in co-cultured and control T cells, while IL17RA, CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3, COL1A1, COL3A1, CTGF, TGFBR2, and SMAD3 mRNAs were assessed in co-cultured and control fibroblasts. In subset experiments, co-cultures and control cells were treated with either IL-17A or IL-17A plus anti-IL17 receptor monoclonal antibody (α-IL-17RA mAb). Chemokine and procollagen type I (PCI) production was further investigated at the protein level in cell culture supernatants by multiple suspension immunoassay and sandwich ELISA, respectively. Co-cultured and control fibroblasts were also stained with Annexin V and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: T cell–fibroblast co-cultures overexpressed IL17A and IL17RA. Furthermore, co-cultured fibroblasts upregulated IL-17A targets CXCL1, CCL2, and CCL3, while COL1A1, COL3A1, CTGF, and two key effectors of the TGF-β signaling, TGFBR2 and SMAD3, were found downregulated. Consistently, chemokine concentrations were increased in co-culture supernatants, while PCI levels were reduced, especially after stimulation with ectopic IL-17A. Finally, simultaneous α-IL-17RA mAb treatment restored PCI levels and reduced fibroblast apoptosis in IL-17A-stimulated co-cultures. Conclusion: These data suggest that IL-17A upregulation might play a role in modulating T cell-mediated antifibrotic and proapoptotic effects in co-cultured autologous skin fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vettori
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Russo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Borgia
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pasquale
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Pellecchia
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Vicedomini
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP-CNR), Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bălănescu P, Bălănescu E, Bălănescu A. IL-17 and Th17 cells in systemic sclerosis: a comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:198-204. [PMID: 28704201 DOI: 10.1515/rjim-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
T cells (especially T helper cells) seem to be strongly associated with systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. Th17-IL-17 axis was proved to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases. By performing a comprehensive research of the literature indexed in PubMed database, the current review summarizes current knowledge related to Th17 and IL-17 in systemic sclerosis. While there is promising data suggesting inhibition of Tregulatory and Th1 signals on one hand and promotion of Th17 and Th2 signals on the other, studies that include prospective and integrated analysis of Tregulatory, Th17, Th1, Th2 (cells and derived cytokines) on the same cohort of Ssc patients are warranted.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahmed S, Misra DP, Agarwal V. Interleukin-17 pathways in systemic sclerosis-associated fibrosis. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1135-1143. [PMID: 31073660 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is unregulated tissue repair that may cause impairment of organ function, especially in end-organ damage. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the prototype systemic fibrosing disorder. Classical targets for fibrosis in SSc like transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and multiple tyrosine kinases, have not yielded therapeutic benefit. There is multitude of evidence from across different tissues like the heart, lung, skin, liver, colon, and, to some extent, the kidney, that interleukin-17 (IL-17) and its downstream pathways are strongly associated with the initiation and propagation of fibrosis. Data from scleroderma patients, as well as from animal models of SSc, mirror these findings. Interestingly, hitherto unknown to be related to IL-17, newer molecules like Programmed Death-protein1 (PD-1), the phosphatase SHP2, along with known signal transducers like signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), have been recently shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Related molecules include the intracellular signalling molecules Ras/Erk, mammalian target organ of rapamycin (mTOR), and complement components. The biology of these pathways has not yet been fully elucidated to predict regulatory mechanisms, redundancies, and potential off-target effects. All these need to be better understood in the context of each other, in an effort to arrive at the optimal target to modulate fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakir Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Durga Prasanna Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ramani K, Biswas PS. Interleukin-17: Friend or foe in organ fibrosis. Cytokine 2019; 120:282-288. [PMID: 30772195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis affects all vital organs accounting for a staggering 45% of deaths worldwide and no effective therapies are currently available. Unresolved inflammation triggers downstream signaling events that lead to organ fibrosis. In recent years, proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases that often culminate in organ damage followed by impaired wound healing and fibrosis. In this review, we outline the contribution of the IL-17 in mediating fibrotic diseases in various organs. A comprehensive understanding of the inflammatory events, and particularly the details of IL-17 signaling in vivo, could be beneficial in designing new therapeutic or preventive approaches to treat fibrosis. Additionally, understanding organ-specific differences in IL-17 activity could lead to targeted therapies and help spare other organs from unwanted side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Ramani
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Partha S Biswas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Boehncke WH, Brembilla NC. Unmet Needs in the Field of Psoriasis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 55:295-311. [PMID: 28780731 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In times of targeted therapies, innovative therapeutics become tools to further unravel the pathogenesis of the treated disease, thus influencing current pathogenetic concepts. Based on such paradigm shifts, the next generation of novel therapeutic targets might be identified. Psoriasis is a good example for the resulting most fruitful dialog between clinical and fundamental research. As a result of this, the key role of Th17 lymphocytes, some of their effector molecules, as well as mediators contributing to their maturation have been identified, many of these being targeted by some of the most effective drugs currently available to treat psoriasis. During this process, it became obvious that major parts of the puzzle remain yet to be uncovered or understood in much more detail. This review will therefore address the search for additional important effector cells other than Th17 lymphocytes, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells, mediators other than IL-17A, including some other IL-17 isoforms, and trigger factors such as potential autoantigens. This will lead to discussing the next generation of targeted therapies for psoriasis as well as treatment goals. These goals need to comprise both psoriasis as well as its comorbidities, as a comprehensive approach to manage the whole patient with all his health issues is urgently needed. Finally, given the substantial differences in resources available in different parts of the world, the global burden of psoriasis and options on how to care for patients outside developed countries will be assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Divison of Dermatology and Venerology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mo C, Zeng Z, Deng Q, Ding Y, Xiao R. Imbalance between T helper 17 and regulatory T cell subsets plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:177-183. [PMID: 30219674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease that is characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, and vasculopathy of the skin and internal organs. The etiopathogenesis of SSc remains unclear. However, the pivotal role of T lymphocytes with an aberrant immune response in SSc is well established. Among T cells, IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cell and regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets have recently been found to play crucial roles in SSc pathogenesis. Generally speaking, Th17 cell subsets up-regulate inflammation, fibrosis, and autoimmunity, which are present in SSc, while Treg cell subsets have an immunosuppressive function and resist the immunological performance of Th17 cells. Up-to-date evidence has pointed out that the imbalance and abnormal functions of Th17/Treg cells may contribute to SSc. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current understanding of the vital cytokines and signaling pathways that are involved in Th17/Treg differentiation and functions, and their roles in the pathogenesis of SSc, thus providing novel insights about targeting the Th17/Treg balance as a potential therapy for SSc treatment in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Mo
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Qiancheng Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Hainan Provincial Dermatology Disease Hospital, 15 LongKun-Nan Road, Haikou 570206, China.
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Road, Changsha 410011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dufour AM, Alvarez M, Russo B, Chizzolini C. Interleukin-6 and Type-I Collagen Production by Systemic Sclerosis Fibroblasts Are Differentially Regulated by Interleukin-17A in the Presence of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1865. [PMID: 30150989 PMCID: PMC6099180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional cytokine networks have been poorly characterized in systemic sclerosis (SSc). While interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is increased in SSc skin and other organs, its role is still debated, particularly considering fibrogenesis. We uncover here a dual function of IL-17A in the presence of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β), the master pro-fibrotic cytokine. In the one hand, we report an unexpected synergic activity resulting in enhanced production of IL-6 by dermal fibroblasts; in the other hand, a substantial inhibition of type I collagen (col-I) production. IL-17A or TGF-β enhanced the production of IL-6 by 8- to 16-folds when compared to control in healthy donors (HD) and SSc cultures. However, the joint presence of IL-17A and TGF-β resulted in robustly exuberant responses with levels of IL-6 up to 100-folds higher than those observed in untreated cells. Inhibition of NFκB signaling pathway preferentially inhibited the production of IL-6 driven by IL-17A in HD fibroblasts, while inhibition of PI3K preferentially inhibited the production of IL-6 driven by TGF-β. Interestingly, when p38 MAPK was inhibited, substantial reduction of IL-6 production was observed for both IL-17A and TGF-β. Consistently with the inhibition experiments, the combined stimulation of fibroblasts by IL-17A and TGF-β resulted in 1.8-fold increase in p38 MAPK phosphorylation (P = 0.025), when compared to levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK induced by IL-17A alone. Furthermore, the enhanced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the joint presence of IL-17A and TGF-β was unique among the signaling molecules we examined. As expected, TGF-β induced SMAD2 phosphorylation and col-I production. However, in fibroblasts cultured in the joint presence of TGF-β and IL-17A, SMAD2 phosphorylation was decreased by 0.6-folds (P = 0.022) when compared to that induced by TGF-β alone. Remarkably, in this condition, the production of col-I and fibronectin was significantly decreased in both HD and SSc. Thus, IL-17A and TGF-β reciprocally influence each other effector functions in fibroblasts. Intracellular molecular switches may favor synergic or antagonistic activities, which are revealed by specific readouts. The implications of these data in the context of SSc are far reaching, particularly in terms of therapeutic approaches since IL-6, IL-17A, and TGF-β are all putative targets of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maria Dufour
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Alvarez
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Russo
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brembilla NC, Senra L, Boehncke WH. The IL-17 Family of Cytokines in Psoriasis: IL-17A and Beyond. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1682. [PMID: 30127781 PMCID: PMC6088173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a frequent chronic inflammatory skin disease, nowadays considered a major global health problem. Several new drugs, targeting the IL-23/IL-17A pathway, have been recently licensed or are in clinical development. These therapies represent a major improvement of the way in which psoriasis is managed, since they show an unprecedented efficacy on skin symptoms of psoriasis. This has been made possible, thanks to an increasingly more accurate pathogenic view of psoriasis. Today, the belief that Th17 cells mediate psoriasis is moving to the concept of psoriasis as an IL-17A-driven disease. New questions arise at the horizon, given that IL-17A is part of a newly described family of cytokines, which has five distinct homologous: IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E, also known as IL-25 and IL-17F. IL-17 family cytokines elicit similar effects in target cells, but simultaneously trigger different and sometimes opposite functions in a tissue-specific manner. This is complicated by the fact that IL-17 cytokines show a high capacity of synergisms with other inflammatory stimuli. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge around the cytokines belonging to the IL-17 family in relation to skin inflammation in general and psoriasis in particular, and discuss possible clinical implications. A comprehensive understanding of the different roles played by the IL-17 cytokines is crucial to appreciate current and developing therapies and to allow an effective pathogenesis- and mechanisms-driven drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Senra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chizzolini C, Dufour AM, Brembilla NC. Is there a role for IL-17 in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis? Immunol Lett 2018; 195:61-67. [PMID: 28919455 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In systemic sclerosis (SSc) immuno-inflammatory events are central to disease development. Amongst other mediators of inflammation, interleukin 17 (IL-17) and Th17 cells have been reported to be increased in the peripheral blood and target organs including involved skin in SSc. They participate and amplify inflammatory responses by inducing the production of cytokines such as IL-6, chemokines such as CCL2 and CXCL8 (IL-8), matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2, -9 and the expression of adhesion molecules in stromal cells including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In this respect, IL-17 and Th17 cells behave paradigmatically as documented in other autoimmune pathological conditions or infectious diseases. In experimental animal models of skin and lung fibrosis, IL-17 indirectly enhances the fibrotic process by favoring further inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells, by activating and/or stimulating the production of TGF-β and other pro-fibrotic mediators, by inhibiting autophagy. Whether the findings generated in animal models of fibrosis can be translated to human SSc is unproven. Furthermore, it is controversial whether IL-17 directly promotes the transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and enhances collagen production, with most of the available evidence against this possibility. The reductionist approach in which fibroblast in monolayers are cultured in plastic dishes under the influence of IL-17 limits the relevance of these findings. Further in vitro/ex vivo models with human tissues are being developed to investigate the real effect of IL-17 on extracellular matrix deposition, since agents blocking IL-17 are available for the clinic and it will be important to know whether their use in SSc would be beneficial or detrimental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Chizzolini
- Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksandra Maria Dufour
- Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolò Costantino Brembilla
- Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Merlin E, Breton S, Fraitag S, Stéphan JL, Wouters C, Bodemer C, Bader-Meunier B. Fibrous Arthropathy Associated With Morphea: A New Cause of Diffuse Acquired Joint Contractures. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2016-1899. [PMID: 28954874 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiologies for childhood-onset diffuse joint contractures encompass a large group of inherited disorders and acquired diseases, in particular a subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis called "dry polyarthritis," dermatomyositis, and systemic sclerosis. We report on 2 boys, aged 5 and 8 years, who developed acquired symmetric painless joint contractures preceding the development of superficial plaques of morphea by 7 to 13 months. There was no other clinical involvement, biological inflammation, or autoantibodies. No urinary mucopolysaccharidosis was seen. In both patients, wrist MRI showed no joint effusion, no bone erosion, and no or mild synovial thickening with slight enhancement after gadolinium infusion. One patient underwent a synovial biopsy, which showed dense fibrosis with a sparse inflammatory infiltrate, similar to the pathologic pattern observed in the skin biopsy. With methotrexate and systemic steroids, joint contractures slowly improved in the first patient and remained stable in the second. These 2 cases suggest that fibrous synovitis should be considered in children with acquired diffuse, symmetric, painless contractures and without elevation of acute-phase reactants, even in the absence of cutaneous manifestations. Articular MRI with gadolinium and careful cutaneous examination at onset and during follow-up should provide clues for diagnosing this entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Merlin
- Inserm CIC 1405, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Breton
- Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Stéphan
- Service d'hématologie immunologie et rhumatologie pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Carine Wouters
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Institut IMAGINE, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- Unité d'Immuno-Hématologie et Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Institut IMAGINE, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Early inflammatory players in cutaneous fibrosis. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
27
|
Guggino G, Lo Pizzo M, Di Liberto D, Rizzo A, Cipriani P, Ruscitti P, Candore G, Gambino CM, Sireci G, Dieli F, Giacomelli R, Triolo G, Ciccia F. Interleukin-9 over-expression and T helper 9 polarization in systemic sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:208-216. [PMID: 28681919 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 9 (Th9) cells and interleukin (IL)-9 are involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. The exact role of IL-9 and Th9 cells in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) have not yet been studied adequately. IL-9, IL-9R, transcription factor PU.1 (PU.1), IL-4, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression were assessed in skin and kidney biopsies of SSc patients and healthy controls (HC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The cellular source of IL-9 was also analysed by confocal microscopy analysis. Peripheral IL-9-producing cells were also studied by flow cytometry. The functional relevance of IL-9 increased expression in SSc was also investigated. Our results demonstrated a strong expression of IL-9, IL-9R, IL-4, TSLP and TGF-β in skin tissues of patients with both limited and diffuse SSc. IL-9 expression was observed mainly in the context of skin infiltrating mononuclear cells and keratinizing squamous epithelium. IL-9 over-expression was also observed in renal biopsies of patients with SSc. IL-9 producing cells in the skin were identified as Th9 cells. Similarly, Th9 cells were expanded and were the major source of IL-9 among SSc peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), their percentage being correlated directly with the modified Rodnan skin score. Infiltrating mononuclear cells, mast cells and neutrophils expressed IL-9R. In in-vitro studies stimulation with rIL-9 significantly induced NET (neutrophil extracellular traps) release by dying cells (NETosis) in neutrophils, expansion of mast cells and increase of anti-systemic scleroderma 70 (Scl70) production by B cells. Our findings suggest that Th9 cells and IL-9 could be implicated in the pathogenesis of SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Guggino
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Lo Pizzo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - D Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - A Rizzo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Anatomia Patologica, Palermo, Italy
| | - P Cipriani
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Ruscitti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Candore
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - C M Gambino
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Sireci
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - F Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Giacomelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Triolo
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - F Ciccia
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saracino AM, Denton CP, Orteu CH. The molecular pathogenesis of morphoea: from genetics to future treatment targets. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:34-46. [PMID: 27553363 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of immunoinflammatory and profibrotic mechanisms are recognized in the pathogenesis of broad sclerotic skin processes and, more specifically, morphoea. However, the precise aetiopathogenesis is complex and remains unclear. Morphoea is clinically heterogeneous, with variable anatomical patterning, depth of tissue involvement and sclerotic, inflammatory, atrophic and dyspigmented morphology. Underlying mechanisms determining these reproducible clinical subsets are poorly understood but of great clinical and therapeutic relevance. Regional susceptibility mechanisms (e.g. environmental triggers, mosaicism and positional identity) together with distinct pathogenic determinants (including innate, adaptive and imbalanced pro- and antifibrotic signalling pathways) are likely implicated. In the age of genetic profiling and personalized medicine, improved characterization of the environmental, systemic, local, genetic and immunopathological factors underpinning morphoea pathogenesis may open the door to novel targeted therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Saracino
- The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Dermatology, London, U.K.,University College London, Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, London, U.K
| | - C P Denton
- University College London, Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, London, U.K.,The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Rheumatology, London, U.K
| | - C H Orteu
- The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Dermatology, London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Senra L, Stalder R, Alvarez Martinez D, Chizzolini C, Boehncke WH, Brembilla NC. Keratinocyte-Derived IL-17E Contributes to Inflammation in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1970-1980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
30
|
Brembilla NC, Dufour AM, Alvarez M, Hugues S, Montanari E, Truchetet ME, Lonati P, Fontao L, Gabrielli A, Vettori S, Valentini G, Boehncke WH, Meroni P, Chizzolini C. IL-22 capacitates dermal fibroblast responses to TNF in scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:1697-705. [PMID: 26452537 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin (IL) 22 mRNA in systemic sclerosis (SSc) skin and Th22 cells in SSc peripheral blood are increased, but the role of IL-22 in fibrosis development remains poorly understood. METHODS Biopsies were obtained from the involved skin of 15 SSc, 4 morphea and 8 healthy donors (HD). The presence of IL-22+ cells in the skin was determined by immunostaining. The in vitro response of HD and SSc fibroblasts to IL-22, IL-22 in conjunction with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) or keratinocyte conditioned medium was assessed by ELISA, radioimmunoassay (RIA), real-time PCR and western blot. The in vivo response in mice was assessed by histomorphometry. RESULTS IL-22+ cells were over-represented in the dermis and epidermis of morphea and in the epidermis of SSc compared with HD. The majority of dermal IL-22+ cells were T cells. Dermal fibroblasts expressed both IL-22 receptor subunits IL-10RB and IL-22RA, expression of which was enhanced by TNF and reduced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. IL-22 induced rapid phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in fibroblasts, but failed to induce the synthesis of chemokines and extracellular matrix components. However, IL-22 enhanced the production of monocyte chemotactic protein 1, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 induced by TNF. Fibroblast responses were maximal in the presence of conditioned medium from keratinocytes activated by IL-22 in conjunction with TNF. Dermal thickness was maximal in mice injected simultaneously with IL-22 and TNF. CONCLUSIONS IL-22 capacitates fibroblast responses to TNF and promotes a proinflammatory fibroblast phenotype by favouring TNF-induced keratinocyte activation. These results define a novel role for keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions in the context of skin fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Costantino Brembilla
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Maria Dufour
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Alvarez
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Montanari
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Elise Truchetet
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Lonati
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Experimental Laboratory of Immunological and Rheumatologic Researches, IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lionel Fontao
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armando Gabrielli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinica Medica, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Vettori
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Valentini
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Meroni
- Experimental Laboratory of Immunological and Rheumatologic Researches, IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy Division of Rheumatology, Istituto G Pini, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hams E, Bermingham R, Fallon PG. Macrophage and Innate Lymphoid Cell Interplay in the Genesis of Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:597. [PMID: 26635811 PMCID: PMC4655423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a characteristic pathological feature of an array of chronic diseases, where development of fibrosis in tissue can lead to marked alterations in the architecture of the affected organs. As a result of this process of sustained attrition to organs, many diseases that involve fibrosis are often progressive conditions and have a poor long-term prognosis. Inflammation is often a prelude to fibrosis, with innate and adaptive immunity involved in both the initiation and regulation of the fibrotic process. In this review, we will focus on the emerging roles of the newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the generation of fibrotic disease with an examination of the potential interplay between ILC and macrophages and the adaptive immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hams
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Rachel Bermingham
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review of the literature from 2014 through mid-2015, we examine new data that shed light on how macrophages and other innate immune cells and signals contribute to inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and fibrosis in scleroderma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent human studies have focused on changes early in scleroderma, and linked macrophages to inflammation in skin and progression of lung disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been implicated in vascular dysfunction. In mice, several factors have been identified that influence macrophage activation and experimental fibrosis. However, emerging data also suggest that myeloid cells can have differential effects in fibrosis. Sustained signaling through different toll-like receptors can lead to inflammation or fibrosis, and these signals can influence both immune and nonimmune cells. SUMMARY There are many types of innate immune cells that can potentially contribute to scleroderma and will be worth exploring in detail. Experimentally dissecting the roles of macrophages based on ontogeny and activation state, and the innate signaling pathways in the tissue microenvironment, may also lead to better understanding of scleroderma pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Chia
- aWeill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program bImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences cAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program dAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery eDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The role of the acquired immune response in systemic sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:519-28. [PMID: 26152639 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Profound alterations characterize the adaptive immune response in systemic sclerosis, and several layers of evidence support a prominent role exerted by immune cellular effectors and humoral mediators in the pathogenesis of this disease. These include (i) the presence of oligoclonal T cells in tissues undergoing fibrosis consistent with (auto)antigen-specific recruitment, (ii) the preferential expansion of polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing pro-fibrotic cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, (iii) the presence of increased number of cells producing mediators belonging to the IL-17 family, including IL-22, which may drive and participate in inflammatory pathways involving epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts, (iv) the deficient or redirected function of T regulatory cells favoring fibrosis, and (v) the enhanced expression of CD19 and CD21 on naïve B cells, and the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules in mature B cells, which together with the increased levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF) underlie the propensity to an exaggerated humoral response possibly favoring fibrogenesis. Despite all the progress made in understanding the features of the aberrant immune response in scleroderma, it remains unclear whether the activation of immune effector pathways ultimately drives the disease pathogenesis or rather represents a defective attempt to limit or even reverse excessive extracellular matrix deposition and progressive vasculopathy, the main hallmarks of this disease.
Collapse
|