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Gholamzad A, Khakpour N, Khosroshahi EM, Asadi S, Koohpar ZK, Matinahmadi A, Jebali A, Rashidi M, Hashemi M, Sadi FH, Gholamzad M. Cancer stem cells: The important role of CD markers, Signaling pathways, and MicroRNAs. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155227. [PMID: 38490099 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, a subset of small cancer cells identified in acute myeloid leukemia has been termed Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). These cells are notorious for their robust proliferation, self-renewal abilities, significant tumor-forming potential, spread, and resistance to treatments. CSCs are a global concern, as it found in numerous types of cancer, posing a real-world challenge today. Our review encompasses research on key CSC markers, signaling pathways, and MicroRNA in three types of cancer: breast, colon, and liver. These factors play a critical role in either promoting or inhibiting cancer cell growth. The reviewed studies have shown that as cells undergo malignant transformation, there can be an increase or decrease in the expression of different Cluster of Differentiation (CD) markers on their surface. Furthermore, alterations in essential signaling pathways, such as Wnt and Notch1, may impact CSC proliferation, survival, and movement, while also providing potential targets for cancer therapies. Additionally, some research has focused on MicroRNAs due to their dual role as potential therapeutic biomarkers and their ability to enhance CSCs' response to anti-cancer drugs. MicroRNAs also regulate a wide array of cellular processes, including the self-renewal and pluripotency of CSCs, and influence gene transcription. Thus, these studies indicate that MicroRNAs play a significant role in the malignancy of various tumors. Although the gathered information suggests that specific CSC markers, signaling pathways, and MicroRNAs are influential in determining the destiny of cancer cells and could be advantageous for therapeutic strategies, their precise roles and impacts remain incompletely defined, necessitating further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholamzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khakpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Khazaei Koohpar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences,Tonekabon Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Arash Matinahmadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus,Torun,Poland
| | - Ali Jebali
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Deprtment of Medical Nanotechnology,Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology,Tehran Medical Sciences,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mehrdad Gholamzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Loukinov D, Anderson AL, Mkrtichyan M, Ghochikyan A, Rivero-Hinojosa S, Tucker J, Lobanenkov V, Agadjanyan MG, Nelson EL. A Therapeutic Vaccine Targeting Rat BORIS (CTCFL) for the Treatment of Rat Breast Cancer Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5976. [PMID: 36983050 PMCID: PMC10058450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer testis antigens are ideal for tumor immunotherapy due to their testis-restricted expression. We previously showed that an immunotherapeutic vaccine targeting the germ cell-specific transcription factor BORIS (CTCFL) was highly effective in treating aggressive breast cancer in the 4T1 mouse model. Here, we further tested the therapeutic efficacy of BORIS in a rat 13762 breast cancer model. We generated a recombinant VEE-VRP (Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis-derived replicon particle) vector-expressing modified rat BORIS lacking a DNA-binding domain (VRP-mBORIS). Rats were inoculated with the 13762 cells, immunized with VRP-mBORIS 48 h later, and then, subsequently, boosted at 10-day intervals. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Cured rats were re-challenged with the same 13762 cells. We demonstrated that BORIS was expressed in a small population of the 13762 cells, called cancer stem cells. Treatment of rats with VRP-BORIS suppressed tumor growth leading to its complete disappearance in up to 50% of the rats and significantly improved their survival. This improvement was associated with the induction of BORIS-specific cellular immune responses measured by T-helper cell proliferation and INFγ secretion. The re-challenging of cured rats with the same 13762 cells indicated that the immune response prevented tumor growth. Thus, a therapeutic vaccine against rat BORIS showed high efficacy in treating the rat 13762 carcinoma. These data suggest that targeting BORIS can lead to the elimination of mammary tumors and cure animals even though BORIS expression is detected only in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Loukinov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amanda Laust Anderson
- Center for Immunology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jo Tucker
- Center for Immunology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Victor Lobanenkov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Edward L. Nelson
- Center for Immunology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
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3
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Zhou S, Li L, Zhang M, Qin Y, Li B. The function of brother of the regulator of imprinted sites in cancer development. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:236-244. [PMID: 36376421 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg compiled, there are nine hallmarks of cancer that are conducive to cancer cell development and survival. Previous studies showed that brother of the regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS) might promote cancer progression through these aspects. The competition between BORIS and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), which is crucial in the formation of chromatin loops, affects the normal function of CTCF and leads to neoplasia and deformity. In addition, BORIS belongs to the cancer-testis antigen families, which are potential targets in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we discuss the function and mechanisms of BORIS, especially in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, 37 Guo Xue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, 37 Guo Xue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, 37 Guo Xue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, 37 Guo Xue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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4
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CTCFL regulates the PI3K-Akt pathway and it is a target for personalized ovarian cancer therapy. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8:5. [PMID: 35132075 PMCID: PMC8821627 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy due to the lack of reliable biomarkers, effective treatment, and chemoresistance. Improving the diagnosis and the development of targeted therapies is still needed. The molecular pathomechanisms driving HGSC progression are not fully understood though crucial for effective diagnosis and identification of novel targeted therapy options. The oncogene CTCFL (BORIS), the paralog of CTCF, is a transcriptional factor highly expressed in ovarian cancer (but in rarely any other tissue in females) with cancer-specific characteristics and therapeutic potential. In this work, we seek to understand the regulatory functions of CTCFL to unravel new target genes with clinical relevance. We used in vitro models to evaluate the transcriptional changes due to the presence of CTCFL, followed by a selection of gene candidates using de novo network enrichment analysis. The resulting mechanistic candidates were further assessed regarding their prognostic potential and druggability. We show that CTCFL-driven genes are involved in cytoplasmic membrane functions; in particular, the PI3K-Akt initiators EGFR1 and VEGFA, as well as ITGB3 and ITGB6 are potential drug targets. Finally, we identified the CTCFL targets ACTBL2, MALT1 and PCDH7 as mechanistic biomarkers to predict survival in HGSC. Finally, we elucidated the value of CTCFL in combination with its targets as a prognostic marker profile for HGSC progression and as putative drug targets.
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5
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Li J, Zhu Y. Recent Advances in Liver Cancer Stem Cells: Non-coding RNAs, Oncogenes and Oncoproteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:548335. [PMID: 33117795 PMCID: PMC7575754 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.548335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with high morbidity, relapse, metastasis and mortality rates. Although liver surgical resection, transplantation, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and some molecular targeted therapeutics may prolong the survival of HCC patients to a certain degree, the curative effect is still poor, primarily because of tumor recurrence and the drug resistance of HCC cells. Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), also known as liver tumor-initiating cells, represent one small subset of cancer cells that are responsible for disease recurrence, drug resistance and death. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanism of LCSCs in HCC is of vital importance. Thus, new studies that present gene regulation strategies to control LCSC differentiation and replication are under development. In this review, we provide an update on the latest advances in experimental studies on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), oncogenes and oncoproteins. All the articles addressed the crosstalk between different ncRNAs, oncogenes and oncoproteins, as well as their upstream and downstream products targeting LCSCs. In this review, we summarize three pathways, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, and interleukin 6/Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL6/JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway, and their targeting gene, c-Myc. Furthermore, we conclude that octamer 4 (OCT4) and Nanog are two important functional genes that play a pivotal role in LCSC regulation and HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liver Disease Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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6
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Debaugny RE, Skok JA. CTCF and CTCFL in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 61:44-52. [PMID: 32334335 PMCID: PMC7893514 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CTCF plays a key role in organizing chromatin into TAD structures but it can also function as a transcription factor. CTCFL (CTCF-like), the paralog of CTCF, is normally transiently expressed in pre-meiotic male germ cells together with ubiquitously expressed CTCF. It plays a unique role in spermatogenesis by regulating expression of testis-specific genes. Genetic alterations in CTCF and its paralog CTCFL have both been found in numerous cancers, but it remains unknown to what extent CTCFL deregulates transcription on its own or by opposing CTCF. Here, we discuss some of the potential mechanisms by which these two proteins could alter gene regulation and contribute to oncogenic transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne E Debaugny
- Dept. of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jane A Skok
- Dept. of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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7
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Salgado-Albarrán M, González-Barrios R, Guerra-Calderas L, Alcaraz N, Estefanía Sánchez-Correa T, Castro-Hernández C, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Aréchaga-Ocampo E, García-Carrancá A, Cantú de León D, Herrera LA, Baumbach J, Soto-Reyes E. The epigenetic factor BORIS (CTCFL) controls the androgen receptor regulatory network in ovarian cancer. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:41. [PMID: 31406110 PMCID: PMC6690894 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of prognostic biomarkers is a priority for patients suffering from high-grade serous ovarian cancer (SOC), which accounts for >70% of ovarian cancer (OC) deaths. Meanwhile, borderline ovarian cancer (BOC) is a low malignancy tumor and usually patients undergo surgery with low probabilities of recurrence. However, SOC remains the most lethal neoplasm due to the lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis. In this regard, BORIS (CTCFL), a CTCF paralog, is a promising cancer biomarker that is overexpressed and controls transcription in several cancer types, mainly in OC. Studies suggest that BORIS has an important function in OC by altering gene expression, but the effect and extent to which BORIS influences transcription in OC from a genome-wide perspective is unclear. Here, we sought to identify BORIS target genes in an OC cell line (OVCAR3) with potential biomarker use in OC tumor samples. To achieve this, we performed in vitro knockout and knockdown experiments of BORIS in OVCAR3 cell line followed by expression microarrays and bioinformatics network enrichment analysis to identify relevant BORIS target genes. In addition, ex vivo expression data analysis of 373 ovarian cancer patients were evaluated to identify the expression patterns of BORIS target genes. In vitro, we uncovered 130 differentially expressed genes and obtained the BORIS-associated regulatory network, in which the androgen receptor (AR) acts as a major transcription factor. Also, FN1, FAM129A, and CD97 genes, which are related to chemoresistance and metastases in OC, were identified. In SOC patients, we observed that malignancy is associated with high levels of BORIS expression while BOC patients show lower levels. Our study suggests that BORIS acts as a main regulator, and has the potential to be used as a prognostic biomarker and to yield novel drug targets among the genes BORIS controls in SOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Salgado-Albarrán
- Natural Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Mexico City, 05300, Mexico.,Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Cancer Biomedical Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lissania Guerra-Calderas
- Natural Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Mexico City, 05300, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Alcaraz
- The Bioinformatics Centre Section for RNA and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Cancer Biomedical Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo
- Natural Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Mexico City, 05300, Mexico
| | | | - David Cantú de León
- Cancer Biomedical Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Cancer Biomedical Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernesto Soto-Reyes
- Natural Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Mexico City, 05300, Mexico.
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8
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Hillman JC, Pugacheva EM, Barger CJ, Sribenja S, Rosario S, Albahrani M, Truskinovsky AM, Stablewski A, Liu S, Loukinov DI, Zentner GE, Lobanenkov VV, Karpf AR, Higgins MJ. BORIS Expression in Ovarian Cancer Precursor Cells Alters the CTCF Cistrome and Enhances Invasiveness through GALNT14. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2051-2062. [PMID: 31292201 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most aggressive and predominant form of epithelial ovarian cancer and the leading cause of gynecologic cancer-related death. We have previously shown that CTCFL (also known as BORIS, Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites) is expressed in most ovarian cancers, and is associated with global and promoter-specific DNA hypomethylation, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis. To explore its role in HGSC, we expressed BORIS in human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells (FTSEC), the presumptive cells of origin for HGSC. BORIS-expressing cells exhibited increased motility and invasion, and BORIS expression was associated with alterations in several cancer-associated gene expression networks, including fatty acid metabolism, TNF signaling, cell migration, and ECM-receptor interactions. Importantly, GALNT14, a glycosyltransferase gene implicated in cancer cell migration and invasion, was highly induced by BORIS, and GALNT14 knockdown significantly abrogated BORIS-induced cell motility and invasion. In addition, in silico analyses provided evidence for BORIS and GALNT14 coexpression in several cancers. Finally, ChIP-seq demonstrated that expression of BORIS was associated with de novo and enhanced binding of CTCF at hundreds of loci, many of which correlated with activation of transcription at target genes, including GALNT14. Taken together, our data indicate that BORIS may promote cell motility and invasion in HGSC via upregulation of GALNT14, and suggests BORIS as a potential therapeutic target in this malignancy. IMPLICATIONS: These studies provide evidence that aberrant expression of BORIS may play a role in the progression to HGSC by enhancing the migratory and invasive properties of FTSEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C Hillman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elena M Pugacheva
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Carter J Barger
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sirinapa Sribenja
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Spencer Rosario
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mustafa Albahrani
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Aimee Stablewski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dmitri I Loukinov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Gabriel E Zentner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Victor V Lobanenkov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Michael J Higgins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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Hao J, Fan W, Li Y, Tang R, Tian C, Yang Q, Zhu T, Diao C, Hu S, Chen M, Guo P, Long Q, Zhang C, Qin G, Yu W, Chen M, Li L, Qin L, Wang J, Zhang X, Ren Y, Zhou P, Zou L, Jiang K, Guo W, Deng W. Melatonin synergizes BRAF-targeting agent vemurafenib in melanoma treatment by inhibiting iNOS/hTERT signaling and cancer-stem cell traits. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:48. [PMID: 30717768 PMCID: PMC6360719 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the selective inhibitor of BRAF kinase, vemurafenib exhibits effective antitumor activities in patients with V600 BRAF mutant melanomas. However, acquired drug resistance invariably develops after its initial treatment. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of iNOS and hTERT, p-p65, Epcam, CD44, PCNA in mice with melanoma xenografts. The proliferation and migration of melanoma cells were detected by MTT, tumorsphere culture, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, AO/EB assay and colony formation, transwell assay and scratch assay in vitro, and tumor growth differences were observed in xenograft nude mice. Changes in the expression of key molecules in the iNOS/hTERT signaling pathways were detected by western blot. Nucleus-cytoplasm separation, and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to explore the location of p50/p65 in melanoma cell lines. Flow cytometry assay were performed to determine the expression of CD44. Pull down assay and ChIP assay were performed to detect the binding ability of p65 at iNOS and hTERT promoters. Additionally, hTERT promoter-driven luciferase plasmids were transfected in to melanoma cells with indicated treatment to determine luciferase activity of hTERT. RESULTS Melatonin significantly and synergistically enhanced vemurafenib-mediated inhibitions of proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion and promoted vemurafenib-induced apoptosis, cell cycle arresting and stemness weakening in melanoma cells. Further mechanism study revealed that melatonin enhanced the antitumor effect of vemurafenib by abrogating nucleus translocation of NF-κB p50/p65 and their binding at iNOS and hTERT promoters, thereby suppressing the expression of iNOS and hTERT. The elevated anti-tumor capacity of vemurafenib upon co-treatment with melatonin was also evaluated and confirmed in mice with melanoma xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results demonstrate melatonin synergizes the antitumor effect of vemurafenib in human melanoma by inhibiting cell proliferation and cancer-stem cell traits via targeting NF-κB/iNOS/hTERT signaling pathway, and suggest the potential of melatonin in antagonizing the toxicity of vemurafenib and augmenting its sensitivities in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Hao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ranran Tang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunfang Tian
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tianhua Zhu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chaoliang Diao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Manyu Chen
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liren Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Loukinov D. Targeting CTCFL/BORIS for the immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1955-1965. [PMID: 30390146 PMCID: PMC11028242 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have great potential in the fight against metastatic malignancies. Current anti-tumor immunotherapy is hindered by existing tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and tumor escape using various mechanisms, highlighting the need for improved targets for immunotherapy. The cancer-testis antigen CTCFL/BORIS was discovered 16 years ago and possesses all features necessary for an ideal TAA. Recently CTCFL/BORIS has received additional attention as a target expressed in cancer stem cells (CSC). These cells drive tumor growth recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance. CTCFL/BORIS silencing leads to senescence and death of CSC. Therefore, an immunotherapeutic strategy that targets CTCFL/BORIS may lead to the selective destruction of CSC and potential eradication of metastatic disease. The high immunotherapeutic potential of CTCFL/BORIS antigen was shown in a stringent 4T1 mouse model of breast cancer. Using these highly metastatic, poorly immunogenic carcinoma cells inoculated into T-helper2 prone mice, we showed that DC fed with recombinant CTCFL/BORIS as an immunogen inhibited tumor growth and reduced the number of metastases in distant organs. About 20% of CTCFL/BORIS immunized animals were tumor free. 50% of animals remained metastasis free. Those having metastasis showed at least tenfold fewer metastases compared to controls. In a rat model of breast cancer, we showed that alphavirus-based CTCFL/BORIS immunotherapy was capable of cancer elimination as we were able to cure 50% of animals. Based on the above data, we believe that translation of CTCFL/BORIS-targeting immunotherapeutic strategies to the clinic will provide new avenues for improving survival of breast cancer patients with advanced metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Loukinov
- Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID/NIH, Twinbrook 1, Room 1329, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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11
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Soltanian S, Dehghani H. BORIS: a key regulator of cancer stemness. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:154. [PMID: 30323717 PMCID: PMC6173857 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BORIS (CTCFL) is a DNA binding protein which is involved in tumorigenesis. Although, there are different opinions on the level of gene expression and function of BORIS in normal and cancer tissues, the results of many studies have classified BORIS as a protein belonging to cancer/testis (CT) genes, which are identified as a group of genes that are expressed normally in testis, and abnormally in various types of cancers. In testis, BORIS induces the expression of some male germ cell/testis specific genes, and plays crucial roles during spermatogenesis and production of sperm. In tumorigenesis, the role of BORIS in the expression induction of some CT genes and oncogenes, as well as increasing proliferation/viability of cancer cells has been demonstrated in many researches. In addition to cancer cells, some believe that BORIS is also expressed in normal conditions and plays a universal function in cell division and regulation of genes. The following is a comprehensive review on contradictory views on the expression pattern and biological function of BORIS in normal, as well as cancer cells/tissues, and presents some evidence that support the expression of BORIS in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and advanced stage/poorer differentiation grade of cancers. Boris is involved in the regulation of CSC cellular and molecular features such as self-renewal, chemo-resistance, tumorigenicity, sphere-forming ability, and migration capacity. Finally, the role of BORIS in regulating two important signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin and Notch in CSCs, and its ability in recruiting transcription factors or chromatin-remodeling proteins to induce tumorigenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soltanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 91775-1793 Iran
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Losi L, Fonda S, Saponaro S, Chelbi ST, Lancellotti C, Gozzi G, Alberti L, Fabbiani L, Botticelli L, Benhattar J. Distinct DNA Methylation Profiles in Ovarian Tumors: Opportunities for Novel Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061559. [PMID: 29882921 PMCID: PMC6032431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant methylation of multiple promoter CpG islands could be related to the biology of ovarian tumors and its determination could help to improve treatment strategies. DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Methylation Ligation-dependent Macroarray (MLM), an array-based analysis. Promoter regions of 41 genes were analyzed in 102 ovarian tumors and 17 normal ovarian samples. An average of 29% of hypermethylated promoter genes was observed in normal ovarian tissues. This percentage increased slightly in serous, endometrioid, and mucinous carcinomas (32%, 34%, and 45%, respectively), but decreased in germ cell tumors (20%). Ovarian tumors had methylation profiles that were more heterogeneous than other epithelial cancers. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified four groups that are very close to the histological subtypes of ovarian tumors. Aberrant methylation of three genes (BRCA1, MGMT, and MLH1), playing important roles in the different DNA repair mechanisms, were dependent on the tumor subtype and represent powerful biomarkers for precision therapy. Furthermore, a promising relationship between hypermethylation of MGMT, OSMR, ESR1, and FOXL2 and overall survival was observed. Our study of DNA methylation profiling indicates that the different histotypes of ovarian cancer should be treated as separate diseases both clinically and in research for the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Losi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Sergio Fonda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Sara Saponaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sonia T Chelbi
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Cesare Lancellotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Gaia Gozzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Loredana Alberti
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Fabbiani
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Laura Botticelli
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Jean Benhattar
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Aurigen, Centre de Génétique et Pathologie, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Jiao J, Watt GP, Stevenson HL, Calderone TL, Fisher-Hoch SP, Ye Y, Wu X, Vierling JM, Beretta L. Telomerase reverse transcriptase mutations in plasma DNA in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or cirrhosis: Prevalence and risk factors. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:718-731. [PMID: 29881823 PMCID: PMC5983165 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our aims were to investigate whether TERT mutations can be detected in circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with HCC and/or cirrhosis and characterize clinical parameters associated with these mutations. We retrieved data on TERT C228T and C250T promoter mutations in 196 HCCs from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We measured these TERT mutations in plasma cfDNA in 218 patients with HCC and 81 patients with cirrhosis without imaging evidence of HCC. The prevalence of TERT mutations in The Cancer Genome Atlas HCC specimens was 44.4%. TERT mutations were detected with similar prevalence (47.7%) in plasma cfDNAs from 218 patients with HCC. TERT mutations, either within the HCC or in cfDNA, were associated with male sex, hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic cirrhosis, family history of cancer, and poor prognosis. The high prevalence of TERT mutations in HCCs in male patients with cirrhosis caused by HCV and/or alcohol was confirmed in an independent set of HCCs (86.6%). Finally, TERT mutations were detected in cfDNA of 7 out of 81 (8.6%) patients with cirrhosis without imaging evidence of HCC, including 5 male patients with cirrhosis due to HCV and/or alcohol. Genes involved in xenobiotic and alcohol metabolism were enriched in HCCs with TERT mutations, and vitamin K2 was identified as an upstream regulator. Conclusion: TERT mutations are detectable in plasma cfDNA. Long‐term imaging surveillance of patients with cirrhosis with cfDNA TERT mutations without evidence of HCC is required to assess their potential as early biomarkers of HCC. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:718‐731)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
| | - Gordon P Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX.,School of Public Health University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Brownsville Regional Campus Brownsville TX
| | | | - Tiffany L Calderone
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
| | - Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- School of Public Health University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Brownsville Regional Campus Brownsville TX
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Laura Beretta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
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14
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Asano T, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Mariya T, Horibe R, Kuroda T, Tabuchi Y, Saijo H, Yasuda K, Mizuuchi M, Takahashi A, Asanuma H, Hasegawa T, Saito T, Sato N. Brother of the regulator of the imprinted site (BORIS) variant subfamily 6 is involved in cervical cancer stemness and can be a target of immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11223-37. [PMID: 26849232 PMCID: PMC4905468 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer death in females worldwide. Cervical cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and CSCs/CICs are thought to be responsible for recurrence. Eradication of CSCs/CICs is thus essential to cure cervical cancer. In this study, we isolated cervical CSCs/CICs by sphere culture, and we identified a cancer testis (CT) antigen, CTCFL/BORIS, that is expressed in cervical CSCs/CICs. BORIS has 23 mRNA isoform variants classified by 6 subfamilies (sfs), and they encode 17 different BORIS peptides. BORIS sf1 and sf4 are expressed in both CSCs/CICs and non-CSCs/CICs, whereas BORIS sf6 is expressed only in CSCs/CICs. Overexpression of BORIS sf6 in cervical cancer cells increased sphere formation and tumor-initiating ability compared with those in control cells, whereas overexpression of BORIS sf1 and BORIS sf4 resulted in only slight increases. Thus, BORIS sf6 is a cervical CSC/CIC-specific subfamily and has a role in the maintenance of cervical CSCs/CICs. BORIS sf6 contains a specific c-terminal domain (C34), and we identified a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted antigenic peptide, BORIS C34_24(9) encoded by BORIS sf6. A BORIS C34_24(9)-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clone showed cytotoxicity for BORIS sf6-overexpressing cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, the CTL clone significantly suppressed sphere formation of CaSki cells. Taken together, the results indicate that the CT antigen BORIS sf6 is specifically expressed in cervical CSCs/CICs, that BORIS sf6 has a role in the maintenance of CSCs/CICs, and that BORIS C34_24(9) peptide is a promising candidate for cervical CSC/CIC-targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Asano
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Obsterics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mariya
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Obsterics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryota Horibe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Obsterics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Tabuchi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Obsterics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saijo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Mizuuchi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Obsterics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akari Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Asanuma
- Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Obsterics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Teplyakov E, Wu Q, Liu J, Pugacheva EM, Loukinov D, Boukaba A, Lobanenkov V, Strunnikov A. The downregulation of putative anticancer target BORIS/CTCFL in an addicted myeloid cancer cell line modulates the expression of multiple protein coding and ncRNA genes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73448-73468. [PMID: 29088719 PMCID: PMC5650274 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The BORIS/CTCFL gene, is a testis-specific CTCF paralog frequently erroneously activated in cancer, although its exact role in cancer remains unclear. BORIS is both a transcription factor and an architectural chromatin protein. BORIS' normal role is to establish a germline-like gene expression and remodel the epigenetic landscape in testis; it similarly remodels chromatin when activated in human cancer. Critically, at least one cancer cell line, K562, is dependent on BORIS for its self-renewal and survival. Here, we downregulate BORIS expression in the K562 cancer cell line to investigate downstream pathways regulated by BORIS. RNA-seq analyses of both mRNA and small ncRNAs, including miRNA and piRNA, in the knock-down cells revealed a set of differentially expressed genes and pathways, including both testis-specific and general proliferation factors, as well as proteins involved in transcription regulation and cell physiology. The differentially expressed genes included important transcriptional regulators such as SOX6 and LIN28A. Data indicate that both direct binding of BORIS to promoter regions and locus-control activity via long-distance chromatin domain regulation are involved. The sum of findings suggests that BORIS activation in leukemia does not just recapitulate the germline, but creates a unique regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Teplyakov
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China.,The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiongfang Wu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Dmitry Loukinov
- NIH, NIAID, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Abdelhalim Boukaba
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Alexander Strunnikov
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China.,The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Liu Q, Chen K, Liu Z, Huang Y, Zhao R, Wei L, Yu X, He J, Liu J, Qi J, Qin Y, Li B. BORIS up-regulates OCT4 via histone methylation to promote cancer stem cell-like properties in human liver cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Zhao R, Chen K, Zhou J, He J, Liu J, Guan P, Li B, Qin Y. The prognostic role of BORIS and SOCS3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6420. [PMID: 28328845 PMCID: PMC5371482 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brother of regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS) is a DNA-binding protein that is normally expressed in the testes. However, aberrant expression of BORIS is observed in various carcinomas, indicating a malignant role for this protein. Furthermore, abolishment or reduction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression directed by promoter methylation is considered significant in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carcinogenesis. This study aims to investigate BORIS and SOCS3 expression in HCC specimens and assess the prognostic significance of these proteins.BORIS and SOCS3 expression was examined using immunohistochemistry in HCC tissues, along with corresponding paracarcinomatous, cirrhosis, hepatitis, and normal liver tissues. The expression levels of these 2 proteins in HCC were evaluated for their association with clinicopathological parameters. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, the log-rank test, and multivariate Cox regression analysis.BORIS expression was significantly higher in HCC tissues than in normal liver tissues. In contrast, SOCS3 expression was dramatically lower in HCC tissues. BORIS expression was associated with tumor size, differentiation grade, satellite lesions, and recurrence while SOCS3 expression correlated with differentiation grade, vascular invasion, and recurrence. A significant negative correlation between BORIS and SOCS3 was observed. Patients with high BORIS expression and/or low SOCS3 expression had poorer postoperative survival. Patients with both these characteristics had the poorest prognostic outcome.BORIS and SOCS3 are promising as valuable indicators for predicting HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongce Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center
| | - Kefei Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Jingyang He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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18
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Garikapati KR, Patel N, Makani VKK, Cilamkoti P, Bhadra U, Bhadra MP. Down-regulation of BORIS/CTCFL efficiently regulates cancer stemness and metastasis in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma cell line by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:93-99. [PMID: 28104398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BORIS/CTCFL is a vital nucleotide binding protein expressed during embryogenesis and gametogenesis. BORIS/CTCFL is the paralogue of transcriptional repressor protein CTCF, which is aberrantly expressed in various malignancies and primarily re-expressed in cancer stem cells (CSCs). The mechanism behind regulation of BORIS in various cancer conditions and tumor metastases is so far not explored in detail. The aim of the study was to understand the influence of BORIS/CTCFL on stemness and metastasis by regulating well-known oncogenes and related signaling pathways. In our study, we have identified a cross-talk between expression of BORIS/CTCFL and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in various processes including ontogenesis, embryogenesis and maintenance of stem cell properties. Upon knockdown of BORIS/CTCFL, we observed an upregulation of Mesenchymal to Epithelial transition markers such as E-cad and downregulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition markers such as N-CAD, Vimentin, SNAIL, etc. This transition was accomplished by activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by regulating upstream and downstream Wnt associated proteins including β-catenin, Wnt3a/5a, CD44, MYC etc. We also identified that BMI1, an oncogene belonging to polycomb group expressed positively with levels of BORIS/CTCFL. Our study implicates the role of BORIS/CTCFL in maintenance of stemness and in transition from mesenchymal to epithelial state in MYC amplified neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. Effectively controlling BORIS/CTCFL levels can inhibit disease establishment and hence can be considered as a potent target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara Rao Garikapati
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Training and Development Complex, CSIR Campus, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Nibedita Patel
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Priyanka Cilamkoti
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Utpal Bhadra
- Functional Genomics and Gene Silencing Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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19
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Pugacheva EM, Teplyakov E, Wu Q, Li J, Chen C, Meng C, Liu J, Robinson S, Loukinov D, Boukaba A, Hutchins AP, Lobanenkov V, Strunnikov A. The cancer-associated CTCFL/BORIS protein targets multiple classes of genomic repeats, with a distinct binding and functional preference for humanoid-specific SVA transposable elements. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:35. [PMID: 27588042 PMCID: PMC5007689 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A common aberration in cancer is the activation of germline-specific proteins. The DNA-binding proteins among them could generate novel chromatin states, not found in normal cells. The germline-specific transcription factor BORIS/CTCFL, a paralog of chromatin architecture protein CTCF, is often erroneously activated in cancers and rewires the epigenome for the germline-like transcription program. Another common feature of malignancies is the changed expression and epigenetic states of genomic repeats, which could alter the transcription of neighboring genes and cause somatic mutations upon transposition. The role of BORIS in transposable elements and other repeats has never been assessed. Results The investigation of BORIS and CTCF binding to DNA repeats in the K562 cancer cells dependent on BORIS for self-renewal by ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq revealed three classes of occupancy by these proteins: elements cohabited by BORIS and CTCF, CTCF-only bound, or BORIS-only bound. The CTCF-only enrichment is characteristic for evolutionary old and inactive repeat classes, while BORIS and CTCF co-binding predominately occurs at uncharacterized tandem repeats. These repeats form staggered cluster binding sites, which are a prerequisite for CTCF and BORIS co-binding. At the same time, BORIS preferentially occupies a specific subset of the evolutionary young, transcribed, and mobile genomic repeat family, SVA. Unlike CTCF, BORIS prominently binds to the VNTR region of the SVA repeats in vivo. This suggests a role of BORIS in SVA expression regulation. RNA-seq analysis indicates that BORIS largely serves as a repressor of SVA expression, alongside DNA and histone methylation, with the exception of promoter capture by SVA. Conclusions Thus, BORIS directly binds to, and regulates SVA repeats, which are essentially movable CpG islands, via clusters of BORIS binding sites. This finding uncovers a new function of the global germline-specific transcriptional regulator BORIS in regulating and repressing the newest class of transposable elements that are actively transposed in human genome when activated. This function of BORIS in cancer cells is likely a reflection of its roles in the germline. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0084-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgeny Teplyakov
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Qiongfang Wu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Chengcheng Meng
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Jian Liu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Susan Robinson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIH, NIAID, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - Dmitry Loukinov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIH, NIAID, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - Abdelhalim Boukaba
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
| | - Andrew Paul Hutchins
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | | | - Alexander Strunnikov
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 Guangdong China
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20
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Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) promotes the survival and tumor growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13101-13110. [PMID: 27449044 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated the association of sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) expression with breast cancer. Among breast cancer, 15 % of the cancers are diagnosed as triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) based on hormone receptor status and represent an important clinical challenge because of lack of effective available targeted therapy. Therefore, in the present investigation, plasmid-based small hairpin (small hairpin RNA (shRNA)) approach was used to ablate SPAG9 in aggressive breast cancer cell line model (MDA-MB-231) in order to understand the role of SPAG9 at molecular level in apoptosis, cell cycle, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling. Our data in MDA-MB-231 cells showed that ablation of SPAG9 resulted in membrane blebbing, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidyl serine surface expression, and caspase activation. SPAG9 depletion also resulted in cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 phase and induced cellular senescence. In addition, in in vitro and in vivo xenograft studies, ablation of SPAG9 resulted in upregulation of p21 along with pro-apoptotic molecules such as BAK, BAX, BIM, BID, NOXA, AIF, Cyto-C, PARP1, APAF1, Caspase 3, and Caspase 9 and epithelial marker, E-cadherin. Also, SPAG9-depleted cells showed downregulation of cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK1, CDK4, CDK6, BCL2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, cIAP2, MCL1, GRP78, SLUG, SNAIL, TWIST, vimentin, N-cadherin, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, SMA, and β-catenin. Collectively, our data suggests that SPAG9 promotes tumor growth by inhibiting apoptosis, altering cell cycle, and enhancing EMT signaling in in vitro cells and in vivo mouse model. Hence, SPAG9 may be a potential novel target for therapeutic use in TNBC treatment.
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Shekhani MT, Barber JR, Bezerra SM, Heaphy CM, Gonzalez Roibon ND, Taheri D, Reis LO, Guner G, Joshu CE, Netto GJ, Meeker AK. High-resolution telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals intriguing anomalies in germ cell tumors. Hum Pathol 2016; 54:106-12. [PMID: 27085557 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is the most common malignancy of young men. Most patients are completely cured, which distinguishes these from most other malignancies. Orchiectomy specimens (n=76) were evaluated using high-resolution (single-cell discriminative) telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with simultaneous Oct4 immunofluorescence to describe telomere length phenotype in TGCT neoplastic cells. For the first time, the TGCT precursor lesion, germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) is also evaluated in depth. The intensity of the signals from cancerous cells was compared to the same patient's reference cells-namely, healthy germ cells (defined as "medium" length) and interstitial/somatic cells (defined as "short" telomere length). We observed short telomeres in most GCNIS and pure seminomas (P=.006 and P=.0005, respectively). In contrast, nonseminomas displayed longer telomeres. Lesion-specific telomere lengths were documented in mixed tumor cases. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) demonstrated the longest telomeres. A fraction of EC displays the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) phenotype (24% of cases). Loss of ATRX or DAXX nuclear expression was strongly associated with ALT; however, nuclear expression of both proteins was retained in half of ALT-positive ECs. The particular distribution of telomere lengths among TGCT and GCNIS precursors implicate telomeres anomalies in pathogenesis. These results may advise management decisions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Talha Shekhani
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John R Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stephania M Bezerra
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gunes Guner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.
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Yoo YS, Park S, Gwak J, Ju BG, Oh S. Involvement of transcription repressor Snail in the regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by transforming growth factor-β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:131-6. [PMID: 26235880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a catalytic subunit of telomerase, is the primary determinant for telomerase enzyme activity, which has been associated with cellular immortality. Expression of the hTERT gene is regulated by various extracellular (external) stimuli and is aberrantly up-regulated in more than 90% of cancers. Here we show that hTERT gene expression was repressed in response to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) by a mechanism dependent on transcription factors Snail and c-Myc. TGF-β activated Snail and down-regulated c-Myc gene expression. In addition, ectopic expression of Snail strongly inhibited hTERT promoter activity, although co-expression of c-Myc abrogated this effect. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis revealed that TGF-β decreased c-Myc occupancy and dramatically increased recruitment of Snail to the E-box motifs of the hTERT promoter, thereby repressing hTERT expression. Our findings suggest a dynamic alteration in hTERT promoter occupancy by Snail and c-Myc is the mechanistic basis for TGF-β-mediated regulation of hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Yoo
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsug Gwak
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gun Ju
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
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Alberti L, Losi L, Leyvraz S, Benhattar J. Different Effects of BORIS/CTCFL on Stemness Gene Expression, Sphere Formation and Cell Survival in Epithelial Cancer Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132977. [PMID: 26185996 PMCID: PMC4506091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are cancer cells characterized by stem cell properties and represent a small population of tumor cells that drives tumor development, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. To date, the molecular mechanisms that generate and regulate cancer stem cells are not well defined. BORIS (Brother of Regulator of Imprinted Sites) or CTCFL (CTCF-like) is a DNA-binding protein that is expressed in normal tissues only in germ cells and is re-activated in tumors. Recent evidences have highlighted the correlation of BORIS/CTCFL expression with poor overall survival of different cancer patients. We have previously shown an association of BORIS-expressing cells with stemness gene expression in embryonic cancer cells. Here, we studied the role of BORIS in epithelial tumor cells. Using BORIS-molecular beacon that was already validated, we were able to show the presence of BORIS mRNA in cancer stem cell-enriched populations (side population and spheres) of cervical, colon and breast tumor cells. BORIS silencing studies showed a decrease of sphere formation capacity in breast and colon tumor cells. Importantly, BORIS-silencing led to down-regulation of hTERT, stem cell (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and BMI1) and cancer stem cell markers (ABCG2, CD44 and ALDH1) genes. Conversely, BORIS-induction led to up-regulation of the same genes. These phenotypes were observed in cervical, colon and invasive breast tumor cells. However, a completely different behavior was observed in the non-invasive breast tumor cells (MCF7). Indeed, these cells acquired an epithelial mesenchymal transition phenotype after BORIS silencing. Our results demonstrate that BORIS is associated with cancer stem cell-enriched populations of several epithelial tumor cells and the different phenotypes depend on the origin of tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Nanog Homeobox Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Phenotype
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/genetics
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/genetics
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Alberti
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorena Losi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Serge Leyvraz
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Benhattar
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biopath Lab, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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