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Hill JE, Miller ML, Helton JL, Chipman RB, Gilbert AT, Beasley JC, Dharmarajan G, Rhodes OE. Raccoon spatial ecology in the rural southeastern United States. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293133. [PMID: 37943745 PMCID: PMC10635488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The movement ecology of raccoons varies widely across habitats with important implications for the management of zoonotic diseases such as rabies. However, the spatial ecology of raccoons remains poorly understood in many regions of the United States, particularly in the southeast. To better understand the spatial ecology of raccoons in the southeastern US, we investigated the role of sex, season, and habitat on monthly raccoon home range and core area sizes in three common rural habitats (bottomland hardwood, upland pine, and riparian forest) in South Carolina, USA. From 2018-2022, we obtained 264 monthly home ranges from 46 raccoons. Mean monthly 95% utilization distribution (UD) sizes ranged from 1.05 ± 0.48 km2 (breeding bottomland females) to 5.69 ± 3.37 km2 (fall riparian males) and mean monthly 60% UD sizes ranged from 0.25 ± 0.15 km2 (breeding bottomland females) to 1.59 ± 1.02 km2 (summer riparian males). Males maintained home range and core areas ~2-5 times larger than females in upland pine and riparian habitat throughout the year, whereas those of bottomland males were only larger than females during the breeding season. Home ranges and core areas of females did not vary across habitats, whereas male raccoons had home ranges and core areas ~2-3 times larger in upland pine and riparian compared to bottomland hardwood throughout much of the year. The home ranges of males in upland pine and riparian are among the largest recorded for raccoons in the United States. Such large and variable home ranges likely contribute to elevated risk of zoonotic disease spread by males in these habitats. These results can be used to inform disease mitigation strategies in the southeastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Hill
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States of America
| | - Madison L. Miller
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States of America
| | - James L. Helton
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States of America
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- National Rabies Management Program, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, Concord, NH, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States of America
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Guha Dharmarajan
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States of America
| | - Olin E. Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States of America
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Interspecific Oral Rabies Vaccine Bait Competition in the Southeast United States. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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McClure KM, Bastille‐Rousseau G, Davis AJ, Stengel CA, Nelson KM, Chipman RB, Wittemyer G, Abdo Z, Gilbert AT, Pepin KM. Accounting for animal movement improves vaccination strategies against wildlife disease in heterogeneous landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2568. [PMID: 35138667 PMCID: PMC9285612 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oral baiting is used to deliver vaccines to wildlife to prevent, control, and eliminate infectious diseases. A central challenge is how to spatially distribute baits to maximize encounters by target animal populations, particularly in urban and suburban areas where wildlife such as raccoons (Procyon lotor) are abundant and baits are delivered along roads. Methods from movement ecology that quantify movement and habitat selection could help to optimize baiting strategies by more effectively targeting wildlife populations across space. We developed a spatially explicit, individual-based model of raccoon movement and oral rabies vaccine seroconversion to examine whether and when baiting strategies that match raccoon movement patterns perform better than currently used baiting strategies in an oral rabies vaccination zone in greater Burlington, Vermont, USA. Habitat selection patterns estimated from locally radio-collared raccoons were used to parameterize movement simulations. We then used our simulations to estimate raccoon population rabies seroprevalence under currently used baiting strategies (actual baiting) relative to habitat selection-based baiting strategies (habitat baiting). We conducted simulations on the Burlington landscape and artificial landscapes that varied in heterogeneity relative to Burlington in the proportion and patch size of preferred habitats. We found that the benefits of habitat baiting strongly depended on the magnitude and variability of raccoon habitat selection and the degree of landscape heterogeneity within the baiting area. Habitat baiting improved seroprevalence over actual baiting for raccoons characterized as habitat specialists but not for raccoons that displayed weak habitat selection similar to radiocollared individuals, except when baits were delivered off roads where preferred habitat coverage and complexity was more pronounced. In contrast, in artificial landscapes with either more strongly juxtaposed favored habitats and/or higher proportions of favored habitats, habitat baiting performed better than actual baiting, even when raccoons displayed weak habitat preferences and where baiting was constrained to roads. Our results suggest that habitat selection-based baiting could increase raccoon population seroprevalence in urban-suburban areas, where practical, given the heterogeneity and availability of preferred habitat types in those areas. Our novel simulation approach provides a flexible framework to test alternative baiting strategies in multiclass landscapes to optimize bait-distribution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. McClure
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- Present address:
Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies UnitUniversity of Hawai‘i at HiloHiloHawai‘iUSA
| | - Guillaume Bastille‐Rousseau
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- Cooperative Wildlife Research LaboratorySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinoisUSA
| | - Amy J. Davis
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Carolyn A. Stengel
- Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureConcordNew HampshireUSA
| | - Kathleen M. Nelson
- National Rabies Management Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureConcordNew HampshireUSA
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- National Rabies Management Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureConcordNew HampshireUSA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Kim M. Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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Slate D, Saidy BD, Simmons A, Nelson KM, Davis A, Algeo TP, Elmore SA, Chipman RB. Rabies Management Implications Based on Raccoon Population Density Indexes. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Slate
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2 Concord NH 03301 USA
| | - Brandi D. Saidy
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services 2803 Jolly Road, Suite 100 Okemos MI 48864 USA
| | - Ashlee Simmons
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2 Concord NH 03301 USA
| | - Kathleen M. Nelson
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2 Concord NH 03301 USA
| | - Amy Davis
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Timothy P. Algeo
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2 Concord NH 03301 USA
| | - Stacey A. Elmore
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 2 Concord NH 03301 USA
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Davis AJ, Kirby JD, Chipman RB, Nelson KM, Xifara T, Webb CT, Wallace R, Gilbert AT, Pepin KM. Not all surveillance data are created equal—A multi‐method dynamic occupancy approach to determine rabies elimination from wildlife. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Jordona D. Kirby
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program Concord NH USA
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program Concord NH USA
| | - Kathleen M. Nelson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program Concord NH USA
| | - Tatiana Xifara
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Ryan Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Kim M. Pepin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins CO USA
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Mendoza EJ, Warner B, Kobinger G, Ogden NH, Safronetz D. Baited vaccines: A strategy to mitigate rodent-borne viral zoonoses in humans. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:711-727. [PMID: 29931738 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rodents serve as the natural reservoir and vector for a variety of pathogens, some of which are responsible for severe and life-threatening disease in humans. Despite the significant impact in humans many of these viruses, including Old and New World hantaviruses as well as Arenaviruses, most have no specific vaccine or therapeutic to treat or prevent human infection. The recent success of wildlife vaccines to mitigate rabies in animal populations offers interesting insight into the use of similar strategies for other zoonotic agents of human disease. In this review, we discuss the notion of using baited vaccines as a means to interrupt the transmission of viral pathogens between rodent reservoirs and to susceptible human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelissa J Mendoza
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bryce Warner
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Berentsen AR, Patrick EM, Blass C, Wehner K, Dunlap B, Hicks B, Hale R, Chipman RB, Vercauteren KC. Seroconversion of raccoons following two oral rabies vaccination baiting strategies. J Wildl Manage 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Are R. Berentsen
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center4101 LaPorte Ave.Ft. CollinsCO 80521USA
| | - Erin M. Patrick
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services4708 Western Ave.Suite A, KnoxvilleTN 37921USA
| | - Chad Blass
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center4101 LaPorte Ave.Ft. CollinsCO 80521USA
| | - Keith Wehner
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services537 Myatt Dr.MadisonTN 37115USA
| | - Brett Dunlap
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services537 Myatt Dr.MadisonTN 37115USA
| | - Bradley Hicks
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Rabies Management Program1100 W. 49th St.AustinTX 78756USA
| | - Robert Hale
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Rabies Management Program4469 Professional PkwyGroveportOH 43125USA
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Rabies Management Program59 Chenell Dr., Suite 2ConcordNHUSA
| | - Kurt C. Vercauteren
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center4101 LaPorte Ave.Ft. CollinsCO 80521USA
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Webster SC, Cunningham FL, Kilgo JC, Vukovich M, Rhodes OE, Beasley JC. Effective dose and persistence of Rhodamine‐B in wild pig Vibrissae. WILDLIFE SOC B 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Webster
- Savannah River Ecology LaboratoryWarnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaP.O. Drawer EAikenSC29802USA
| | - Fred L. Cunningham
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceWildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research Center125 Stone Boulevard, Scales BuildingMississippi StateMS39762USA
| | - John C. Kilgo
- United States Department of AgricultureUnited States Forest Service Southern Research StationP.O. Box 700, New EllentonSC29809USA
| | - Mark Vukovich
- United States Department of AgricultureUnited States Forest Service Southern Research StationP.O. Box 700, New EllentonSC29809USA
| | - Olin E. Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology LaboratoryOdum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaP.O. Drawer EAikenSC29802USA
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology LaboratoryWarnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaP.O. Drawer EAikenSC29802USA
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Elmore SA, Chipman RB, Slate D, Huyvaert KP, VerCauteren KC, Gilbert AT. Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005249. [PMID: 28301480 PMCID: PMC5354248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. In the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. However, in North America, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Previous rabies variant elimination in raccoons (Canada), foxes (Europe), and dogs and coyotes (United States) demonstrates that elimination of the raccoon variant from the eastern US is feasible, given an understanding of rabies control costs and benefits and the availability of proper tools. Also critical is a cooperatively produced strategic plan that emphasizes collaborative rabies management among agencies and organizations at the landscape scale. Common management strategies, alone or as part of an integrated approach, include the following: oral rabies vaccination (ORV), trap-vaccinate-release (TVR), and local population reduction. As a complement, mathematical and statistical modeling approaches can guide intervention planning, such as through contact networks, circuit theory, individual-based modeling, and others, which can be used to better understand and predict rabies dynamics through simulated interactions among the host, virus, environment, and control strategy. Strategies derived from this ecological lens can then be optimized to produce a management plan that balances the ecological needs and program financial resources. This paper discusses the management and modeling strategies that are currently used, or have been used in the past, and provides a platform of options for consideration while developing raccoon rabies virus elimination strategies in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Elmore
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Dennis Slate
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Kathryn P. Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Abstract
In approaching the development of a veterinary vaccine, researchers must choose from a bewildering array of options that can be combined to enhance benefit. The choice and combination of options is not just driven by efficacy, but also consideration of the cost, practicality, and challenges faced in licensing the product. In this review we set out the different choices faced by veterinary vaccine developers, highlight some issues, and propose some pressing needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chambers
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK.
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Simon P Graham
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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Tardy O, Massé A, Pelletier F, Fortin D. Resampling method for applying density-dependent habitat selection theory to wildlife surveys. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128238. [PMID: 26042998 PMCID: PMC4456250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodar theory can be used to evaluate fitness consequences of density-dependent habitat selection by animals. A typical habitat isodar is a regression curve plotting competitor densities in two adjacent habitats when individual fitness is equal. Despite the increasing use of habitat isodars, their application remains largely limited to areas composed of pairs of adjacent habitats that are defined a priori. We developed a resampling method that uses data from wildlife surveys to build isodars in heterogeneous landscapes without having to predefine habitat types. The method consists in randomly placing blocks over the survey area and dividing those blocks in two adjacent sub-blocks of the same size. Animal abundance is then estimated within the two sub-blocks. This process is done 100 times. Different functional forms of isodars can be investigated by relating animal abundance and differences in habitat features between sub-blocks. We applied this method to abundance data of raccoons and striped skunks, two of the main hosts of rabies virus in North America. Habitat selection by raccoons and striped skunks depended on both conspecific abundance and the difference in landscape composition and structure between sub-blocks. When conspecific abundance was low, raccoons and striped skunks favored areas with relatively high proportions of forests and anthropogenic features, respectively. Under high conspecific abundance, however, both species preferred areas with rather large corn-forest edge densities and corn field proportions. Based on random sampling techniques, we provide a robust method that is applicable to a broad range of species, including medium- to large-sized mammals with high mobility. The method is sufficiently flexible to incorporate multiple environmental covariates that can reflect key requirements of the focal species. We thus illustrate how isodar theory can be used with wildlife surveys to assess density-dependent habitat selection over large geographic extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Tardy
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt and Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ariane Massé
- Direction de la biodiversité et des maladies de la faune, Direction générale de l’expertise sur la faune et ses habitats, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography and Conservation, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt and Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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