1
|
Hao Q, Li T, Lu G, Wang S, Li Z, Gu C, Kong F, Shu Q, Li Y. Chlorophyllase (PsCLH1) and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 (PsLhcb1) and PsLhcb5 maintain petal greenness in Paeonia suffruticosa 'Lv Mu Yin Yu'. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00388-6. [PMID: 39236974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Green flowers are not an adaptive trait in natural plants due to the challenge for pollinators to discriminate from leaves, but they are valuable in horticulture. The molecular mechanisms of green petals remain unclear. Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is a globally cultivated ornamental plant and considered the 'King of Flowers' in China. The P. suffruticosa 'Lv Mu Yin Yu (LMYY)' cultivar with green petals could be utilized as a representative model for understanding petal-specific chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation and color formation. OBJECTIVES Identify the key genes related to Chl metabolism and understand the molecular mechanism of petal color changes. METHODS The petal color parameter was analyzed at five developmental stages using a Chroma Spectrophotometer, and Chl and anthocyanin accumulation patterns were examined. Based on comparative transcriptomes, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which three were functionally characterized through overexpression in tobacco plants or silencing in 'LMYY' petals. RESULTS During flower development and blooming, flower color changed from green to pale pink, consistent with the Chl and anthocyanin levels. The level of Chl demonstrated a similar pattern with petal epidermal cell striation density. The DEGs responsible for Chl and anthocyanin metabolism were characterized through a comparative transcriptome analysis of flower petals over three critical developmental stages. The key chlorophyllase (PsCLH1) and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 (PsLhcb1) and PsLhcb5 influenced the Chl accumulation and the greenness of 'LMYY' petals. CONCLUSION PsCLH1, PsLhcb1, and PsLhcb5 were critical in accumulating the Chl and maintaining the petal greenness. Flower color changes from green to pale pink were regulated by the homeostasis of Chl degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study offers insights into underlying molecular mechanisms in the green petal and a strategy for germplasm innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Tongtong Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Gaojie Lu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| | - Cancan Gu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Fan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qingyan Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sinijadas K, Paul A, Radhika NS, Johnson JM, Manju RV, Anuradha T. Piriformospora indica suppresses the symptoms produced by Banana bract mosaic virus by inhibiting its replication and manipulating chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation in banana. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:141. [PMID: 38693914 PMCID: PMC11058171 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) infection results in characteristic reddish streaks on pseudostem and chlorotic spindle lesions on leaves leading to traveler's palm appearance and complete crop loss depending on the stage of infection in banana plants. Here, we discuss the influence of P. indica colonization (a beneficial fungal root endophyte) on BBrMV infection, specific viral component genes responsible for symptom development, chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, and degradation in BBrMV-infected banana plants. P. indica colonization significantly and substantially reduced the severity of Banana bract mosaic disease (BBrMD) in addition to increased growth, development and yield of banana plants. The percent disease incidence (PDI) of BBrMV ranges from 50 to 70 per cent in plants raised from suckers and from 58 to 92 per cent in TC plants under artificial inoculation. P. indica-colonized plants inoculated with BBrMV resulted in an enhanced plant height, root length, leaf width, and leaf length of 72, 88, 90, and 60 per cent, respectively, compared to BBrMV alone-infected banana plants along with the reduced disease severity. BBrMV infection showed a drastic decrease of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents by down-regulating chlorophyll biosynthesis (Chlorophyll synthase-CHLG) and upregulating chlorophyll degradation (Chlorophyllase-CLH1 and CLH2 and Pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase-PPH) genes; and by up-regulating carotenoids biosynthesis (Phytoene synthases-PSY1 and PSY2) and down-regulating its degradation (Phytoene desaturase-PDS) genes compared to P. indica-colonized banana plants challenge inoculated with BBrMV. P. indica also inhibited the expression of the viral genes (P3 and HC-Pro) involved in symptom development. P. indica-colonized banana plants reduced the BBrMV symptoms severity by enhancing chlorophyll biosynthesis; and decreasing chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation; and inhibiting the viral genes responsible for symptom development in addition to enhanced growth and yield of banana plants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03983-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sinijadas
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Kerala Agricultural University), Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 522 India
| | - Amitha Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Kerala Agricultural University), Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 522 India
| | - N. S. Radhika
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture (Kerala Agricultural University), Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 522 India
| | - Joy Michal Johnson
- Coconut Research Station (Kerala Agricultural University), Balaramapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 501 India
| | - R. V. Manju
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture (Kerala Agricultural University), Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 522 India
| | - T. Anuradha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture (Kerala Agricultural University), Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 522 India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chunwichit S, Phusantisampan T, Thongchai A, Taeprayoon P, Pechampai N, Kubola J, Pichtel J, Meeinkuirt W. Influence of soil amendments on phytostabilization, localization and distribution of zinc and cadmium by marigold varieties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170791. [PMID: 38342454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.) were evaluated for phytoremediation potential of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) as a function of amendment application to soil. Vermicompost (V), biodigestate (Bi), and combined V + Bi (VBi) were used as soil amendments in Zn and Cd co-contaminated soils. Application of soil amendments can alter physicochemical properties of soils, particularly pH, EC, CEC and nutrient concentrations. The VBi treatment resulted in highest percentage growth rate in biomass (52 %) for the Twenty yellow variety of marigold. Also, in the VBi treatment, leaves of Dragon yellow variety exhibited maximal accumulation of Zn and Cd. Flower extracts of Twenty yellow in the V treatment had substantial carotenoid content (71.7 mg L-1) and lowest IC50 value (43.7 mg L-1), thus indicating it had highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Dragon yellow exhibited highest values of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; 2066 mg L-1), total flavonoids content (TFC; 64.1 mg L-1), and total phenolics content (TPC; 50.9 mg L-1). Using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, the atomic percentages of Zn and Cd in all marigold varieties and treatments showed similar patterns over flower surfaces, seeds, and flower petals in descending order. Prime yellow in the V treatment resulted in higher Zn accumulation in roots (bioconcentration factor of root value) > 1 and translocation factor value < 1, indicating an enhanced ability of the plant for phytostabilization. Application of V altered antioxidant activities and production of bioactive compounds as well as enhanced the excluder potential of Cd and Zn, particularly in the Prime yellow variety. Application of Bi contributed to increased flower numbers, suggesting that floriculturists cultivating marigolds for ornamental purposes may be able to generate revenue in terms of productivity and quality of flowers when marigolds are grown on contaminated land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salinthip Chunwichit
- Water and Soil Environmental Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Theerawut Phusantisampan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Alapha Thongchai
- Faculty of Science Technology and Agriculture, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala 95000, Thailand
| | - Puntaree Taeprayoon
- Agricultural and Environmental Utilization Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Natthapong Pechampai
- Academic and Curriculum Division, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand
| | - Jittawan Kubola
- Department of Food Innovation and Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Buriram Rajabhat University, Buriram 31000, Thailand
| | - John Pichtel
- Ball State University, Environment, Geology, and Natural Resources, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Weeradej Meeinkuirt
- Water and Soil Environmental Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu L, Xie Y, Yahaya BS, Wu F. GIGANTEA Unveiled: Exploring Its Diverse Roles and Mechanisms. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:94. [PMID: 38254983 PMCID: PMC10815842 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
GIGANTEA (GI) is a conserved nuclear protein crucial for orchestrating the clock-associated feedback loop in the circadian system by integrating light input, modulating gating mechanisms, and regulating circadian clock resetting. It serves as a core component which transmits blue light signals for circadian rhythm resetting and overseeing floral initiation. Beyond circadian functions, GI influences various aspects of plant development (chlorophyll accumulation, hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening, and anthocyanin metabolism). GI has also been implicated to play a pivotal role in response to stresses such as freezing, thermomorphogenic stresses, salinity, drought, and osmotic stresses. Positioned at the hub of complex genetic networks, GI interacts with hormonal signaling pathways like abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and brassinosteroids (BRs) at multiple regulatory levels. This intricate interplay enables GI to balance stress responses, promoting growth and flowering, and optimize plant productivity. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of GI, supported by genetic and molecular evidence, and recent insights into the dynamic interplay between flowering and stress responses, which enhance plants' adaptability to environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China;
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.X.); (B.S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Baba Salifu Yahaya
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.X.); (B.S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.X.); (B.S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang J, Huang J, Wu X, Xu Y, Gu Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Miao Y. NtMYB1 and NtNCED1/2 control abscisic acid biosynthesis and tepal senescence in Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6505-6521. [PMID: 37625033 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis cv. 'Jinzhanyintai') is one of the 10 most famous traditional flowers of China, having a beautiful and highly ornamental flower with a rich fragrance. However, the flower longevity affects its commercial appeal. While petal senescence in Narcissus is ethylene-independent and abscisic acid-dependent, the regulatory mechanism has yet to be determined. In this study, we identified a R2R3-MYB gene (NtMYB1) from Narcissus tazetta and generated oeNtMYB1 and Ntmyb1 RNA interference mutants in Narcissus as well as an oeNtMYB1 construct in Arabidopsis. Overexpressing NtMYB1 in Narcissus or Arabidopsis led to premature leaf yellowing, an elevated level of total carotenoid, a reduced level of chlorophyll b, and a decrease in photosystem II fluorescence (Fv/Fm). A dual-luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR revealed that NtMYB1 directly binds to the promoter of NtNCED1 or NtNCED2 and activates NtNCED1/2 gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpressing NtMYB1 accelerated abscisic acid biosynthesis, up-regulated the content of zeatin and abscisic acid, and down-regulated the level of β-carotene and gibberellin A1, leading to petal senescence and leaf yellowing in Narcissus. This study revealed a regulatory process that is fundamentally different between non-photosynthetic organs and leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiazhi Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zheng Gu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yajue Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yujun Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Zhou H, Yuan X, He Y, Yan Q, Lin Y, Wu R, Liu J, Xue C, Chen X. Homolog of Pea SGR Controls Stay-Green in Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1030. [PMID: 37239389 PMCID: PMC10218623 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Faba bean is an important legume crop consumed as a vegetable or snack food, and its green cotyledons could present an attractive color for consumers. A mutation in SGR causes stay-green in plants. In this study, vfsgr was identified from a green-cotyledon-mutant faba bean, SNB7, by homologous blast between the SGR of pea and the transcriptome of faba bean. Sequence analysis revealed that a SNP at position 513 of the CDS of VfSGR caused a pre-stop codon, resulting in a shorter protein in the green-cotyledon faba bean SNB7. A dCaps marker was developed according to the SNP that caused the pre-stop, and this marker was completely associated with the color of the cotyledon of faba bean. SNB7 stayed green during dark treatment, while the expression level of VfSGR increased during dark-induced senescence in the yellow-cotyledon faba bean HST. Transient expression of VfSGR in Nicotiana. benthamiana leaves resulted in chlorophyll degradation. These results indicate that vfsgr is the gene responsible for the stay-green of faba bean, and the dCaps marker developed in this study provides a molecular tool for the breeding of green-cotyledon faba beans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yaming He
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chenchen Xue
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wellpott K, Jozefowicz AM, Meise P, Schum A, Seddig S, Mock HP, Winkelmann T, Bündig C. Combined nitrogen and drought stress leads to overlapping and unique proteomic responses in potato. PLANTA 2023; 257:58. [PMID: 36795167 PMCID: PMC9935667 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen deficient and drought-tolerant or sensitive potatoes differ in proteomic responses under combined (NWD) and individual stresses. The sensitive genotype 'Kiebitz' exhibits a higher abundance of proteases under NWD. Abiotic stresses such as N deficiency and drought affect the yield of Solanum tuberosum L. tremendously. Therefore, it is of importance to improve potato genotypes in terms of stress tolerance. In this study, we identified differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in four starch potato genotypes under N deficiency (ND), drought stress (WD), or combined stress (NWD) in two rain-out shelter experiments. The gel-free LC-MS analysis generated a set of 1177 identified and quantified proteins. The incidence of common DAPs in tolerant and sensitive genotypes under NWD indicates general responses to this stress combination. Most of these proteins were part of the amino acid metabolism (13.9%). Three isoforms of S-adenosyl methionine synthase (SAMS) were found to be lower abundant in all genotypes. As SAMS were found upon application of single stresses as well, these proteins appear to be part of the general stress response in potato. Interestingly, the sensitive genotype 'Kiebitz' showed a higher abundance of three proteases (subtilase, carboxypeptidase, subtilase family protein) and a lower abundance of a protease inhibitor (stigma expressed protein) under NWD stress compared to control plants. The comparably tolerant genotype 'Tomba', however, displayed lower abundances of proteases. This indicates a better coping strategy for the tolerant genotype and a quicker reaction to WD when previously stressed with ND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wellpott
- Department of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna M Jozefowicz
- Applied Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Philipp Meise
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius-Kühn-Institute (JKI), Bundesforschungsinstitut Für Kulturpflanzen, Rudolf-Schick-Platz 3a, 18190, Sanitz, Germany
| | - Annegret Schum
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius-Kühn-Institute (JKI), Bundesforschungsinstitut Für Kulturpflanzen, Rudolf-Schick-Platz 3a, 18190, Sanitz, Germany
| | - Sylvia Seddig
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius-Kühn-Institute (JKI), Bundesforschungsinstitut Für Kulturpflanzen, Rudolf-Schick-Platz 3a, 18190, Sanitz, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Applied Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Universidad de Costa Rica, CIGRAS, 11501-2060, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Traud Winkelmann
- Department of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christin Bündig
- Department of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tao T, Hu W, Yang Y, Zou M, Zhou S, Tian S, Wang Y. Transcriptomics reveals the molecular mechanisms of flesh colour differences in eggplant (Solanum melongena). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:5. [PMID: 36597026 PMCID: PMC9811765 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit flesh colour is not only an important commodity attribute of eggplant but is also closely related to maturity. However, very little is known about its formation mechanism in eggplant. RESULTS Two inbred lines of eggplant, green 'NC7' and white 'BL', were used in this study to explain the differences in flesh colour. Transcriptome sequencing results revealed a total of 3304 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NC7 vs. BL. Of the DEGs obtained, 2050 were higher and 1254 were lower in BL. These DEGs were annotated to 126 pathways, where porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis-antenna proteins play vital roles in the colour formation of eggplant flesh. At the same time, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment significance analysis showed that a large number of unigenes involved in the formation of chloroplast structure were lower in BL, which indicated that the formation of chloroplasts in white-fleshed eggplant was blocked. This was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which found only leucoplasts but no chloroplasts in the flesh cells of white-fleshed eggplant. Several genes encoding ERF and bHLH transcription factors were predicted to participate in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that differences in the gene expression of the chlorophyll metabolic pathway were the main cause of the different flesh colour formations. These findings will increase our understanding of the genetic basis in eggplant flesh colors formation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Min Zou
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Shibing Tian
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China.
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dujmović M, Radman S, Opačić N, Fabek Uher S, Mikuličin V, Voća S, Šic Žlabur J. Edible Flower Species as a Promising Source of Specialized Metabolites. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2529. [PMID: 36235395 PMCID: PMC9570977 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Eating habits are changing over time and new innovative nutrient-rich foods will play a great role in the future. Awareness of the importance of a healthy diet is growing, so consumers are looking for new creative food products rich in phytochemicals, i.e., specialized metabolites (SM). The consumption of fruits, vegetables and aromatic species occupies an important place in the daily diet, but different edible flower species are still neglected and unexplored. Flowers are rich in SM, have strong antioxidant capacities and also possess significant functional and biological values with favorable impacts on human health. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the content of SM and the antioxidant capacities of the edible flower species: Calendula officinalis L. (common marigold), Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold), Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium), Cucurbita pepo L. convar. giromontiina (zucchini) and Centaurea cyanus L. (cornflower). The obtained results showed the highest content of ascorbic acid (129.70 mg/100 g fw) and anthocyanins (1012.09 mg/kg) recorded for cornflower, phenolic compounds (898.19 mg GAE/100 g fw) and carotenoids (0.58 mg/g) for African marigold and total chlorophylls (0.75 mg/g) for common marigold. In addition to the esthetic impression of the food, they represent an important source of SM and thus can have a significant impact if incorporated in the daily diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Dujmović
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Storage and Transport, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Radman
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevena Opačić
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Fabek Uher
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vida Mikuličin
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Storage and Transport, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Voća
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Storage and Transport, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jana Šic Žlabur
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Storage and Transport, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song X, Li N, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Zhou R, Yu T, Shen S, Feng S, Zhang Y, Li X, Lin H, Wang X. Transcriptomics and Genomics Analysis Uncover the Differentially Expressed Chlorophyll and Carotenoid-Related Genes in Celery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168986. [PMID: 36012264 PMCID: PMC9409461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celery (Apium graveolens L.), a plant from Apiaceae, is one of the most important vegetables and is grown worldwide. Carotenoids can capture light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll, which plays a central role in photosynthesis. Here, by performing transcriptomics and genomics analysis, we identified and conducted a comprehensive analysis of chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes in celery and six representative species. Significantly, different contents and gene expression patterns were found among three celery varieties. In total, 237 and 290 chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes were identified in seven species. No notable gene expansion of chlorophyll biosynthesis was detected in examined species. However, the gene encoding ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS) enzyme in carotenoid was expanded in celery. Comparative genomics and RNA-seq analyses revealed 16 and 5 key genes, respectively, regulating chlorophyll and carotenoid. An intriguing finding is that chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes were coordinately regulated by transcriptional factors, which could be distinctively classified into positive- and negative-regulation groups. Six CONSTANS (CO)-like transcription factors co-regulated chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes were identified in celery. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the regulation of chlorophyll and carotenoid by transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Nan Li
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tong Yu
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Shaoqin Shen
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Shuyan Feng
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Xiuqing Li
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Hao Lin
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiyin Wang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zheng X, Lan J, Yu H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Su XD, Qin G. Arabidopsis transcription factor TCP4 represses chlorophyll biosynthesis to prevent petal greening. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100309. [PMID: 35605201 PMCID: PMC9284284 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Green petals pose a challenge for pollinators to distinguish flowers from leaves, but they are valuable as a specialty flower trait. However, little is understood about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of green petals. Here, we report that CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) proteins play key roles in the control of petal color. The septuple tcp2/3/4/5/10/13/17 mutant produced flowers with green petals due to chlorophyll accumulation. Expression of TCP4 complemented the petal phenotype of tcp2/3/4/5/10/13/17. We found that chloroplasts were converted into leucoplasts in the distal parts of wild-type petals but not in the proximal parts during flower development, whereas plastid conversion was compromised in the distal parts of tcp2/3/4/5/10/13/17 petals. TCP4 and most CIN-like TCPs were predominantly expressed in distal petal regions, consistent with the green-white pattern in wild-type petals and the petal greening observed in the distal parts of tcp2/3/4/5/10/13/17 petals. RNA-sequencing data revealed that most chlorophyll biosynthesis genes were downregulated in the white distal parts of wild-type petals, but these genes had elevated expression in the distal green parts of tcp2/3/4/5/10/13/17 petals and the green proximal parts of wild-type petals. We revealed that TCP4 repressed chlorophyll biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoters of PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE REDUCTASE (PORB), DIVINYL REDUCTASE (DVR), and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1), which are known to promote petal greening. We found that the conversion of chloroplasts to leucoplasts and the green coloration in the proximal parts of petals appeared to be conserved among plant species. Our findings uncover a major molecular mechanism that underpins the formation of petal color patterns and provide a foundation for the breeding of plants with green flowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqiu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Genji Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wong DCJ, Perkins J, Peakall R. Anthocyanin and Flavonol Glycoside Metabolic Pathways Underpin Floral Color Mimicry and Contrast in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860997. [PMID: 35401591 PMCID: PMC8983864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive plants secure pollination by luring specific male insects as pollinators using a combination of olfactory, visual, and morphological mimicry. Flower color is a key component to this attraction, but its chemical and genetic basis remains poorly understood. Chiloglottis trapeziformis is a sexually deceptive orchid which has predominantly dull green-red flowers except for the central black callus projecting from the labellum lamina. The callus mimics the female of the pollinator and the stark color contrast between the black callus and dull green or red lamina is thought to enhance the visibility of the mimic. The goal of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and genetic regulation of temporal and spatial color patterns leading to visual mimicry, by integrating targeted metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analysis. Even at the very young bud stage, high levels of anthocyanins were detected in the dark callus, with peak accumulation by the mature bud stage. In contrast, anthocyanin levels in the lamina peaked as the buds opened and became reddish-green. Coordinated upregulation of multiple genes, including dihydroflavonol reductase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, and the downregulation of flavonol synthase genes (FLS) in the callus at the very young bud stage underpins the initial high anthocyanin levels. Conversely, within the lamina, upregulated FLS genes promote flavonol glycoside over anthocyanin production, with the downstream upregulation of flavonoid O-methyltransferase genes further contributing to the accumulation of methylated flavonol glycosides, whose levels peaked in the mature bud stage. Finally, the peak anthocyanin content of the reddish-green lamina of the open flower is underpinned by small increases in gene expression levels and/or differential upregulation in the lamina in select anthocyanin genes while FLS patterns showed little change. Differential expression of candidate genes involved in specific transport, vacuolar acidification, and photosynthetic pathways may also assist in maintaining the distinct callus and contrasting lamina color from the earliest bud stage through to the mature flower. Our findings highlight that flower color in this sexually deceptive orchid is achieved by complex tissue-specific coordinated regulation of genes and biochemical pathways across multiple developmental stages.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Jia B, Ren H, Feng Z. Ploidy level enhances the photosynthetic capacity of a tetraploid variety of Acer buergerianum Miq. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12620. [PMID: 35003928 PMCID: PMC8684723 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding and has widespread effects on photosynthetic capacity. To determine the photosynthetic capacity of the tetraploid variety Acer buergerianum Miq. ‘Xingwang’, we compared the gas exchange parameters, chloroplast structure, chlorophyll contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the tetraploid Acer buergerianum ‘Xingwang’ and the diploid ‘S4’. To evaluate the effects of genome duplication on the photosynthetic capacity of Acer buergerianum ‘Xingwang’, the transcriptomes of the autotetraploid ‘Xingwang’ and the diploid ‘S4’ of A. buergerianum were compared. Methods The ploidy of Acer buergerianum ‘Xingwang’ was identified by flow cytometry and the chromosome counting method. An LI-6800 portable photosynthesis system analyzer was used to assess the gas exchange parameters of the tetraploid variety ‘Xingwang’ and diploid variety ‘S4’ of A. buergerianum. We used a BioMate 3S ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and portable modulated fluorometer to measure the chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, respectively, of ‘Xingwang’ and ‘S4’. Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to identify the differences in the genes involved in the photosynthetic differences and determine their expression characteristics. Results The single-cell DNA content and chromosome number of the tetraploid ‘Xingwang’ were twice those found in the normal diploid ‘S4’. In terms of gas exchange parameters, the change in stomatal conductance, change in intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate of ‘Xingwang’ were higher than those of the diploid ‘S4’. The chlorophyll contents, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII and the potential photochemical efficiency of PSII in ‘Xingwang’ were higher than those of ‘S4’. The chloroplasts of ‘Xingwang’ contained thicker thylakoid lamellae. By the use of Illumina sequencing technology, a total of 51,807 unigenes were obtained; they had an average length of 1,487 nt, and the average N50 was 2,034 nt. The lengths of most of the unigenes obtained ranged from 200–300 bp, with an average value of 5,262, followed by those longer than 3,000 bp, with an average value of 4,791. The data revealed numerous differences in gene expression between the two transcriptomes. In total, 24,221 differentially expressed genes were screened, and the percentage of differentially expressed genes was as high as 46.75% (24,224/51,807), of which 10,474 genes were upregulated and 13,747 genes were downregulated. We analyzed the key genes in the photosynthesis pathway and the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway; the upregulation of HemB may promote an increase in the chlorophyll contents of ‘Xingwang’, and the upregulation of related genes in PSII and PSI may enhance the light harvesting of ‘Xingwang’, increasing its light energy conversion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Silviculture of the Lower Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyu Jia
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Silviculture of the Lower Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,Forestry Bureau of Huguan County, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongjian Ren
- Forestry Protection and Development Center of Ningyang County, Ningyang, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Silviculture of the Lower Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zheng Y, Chen Y, Liu Z, Wu H, Jiao F, Xin H, Zhang L, Yang L. Important Roles of Key Genes and Transcription Factors in Flower Color Differences of Nicotianaalata. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1976. [PMID: 34946925 PMCID: PMC8701347 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotiana alata is an ornamental horticultural plant with a variety of flower colors and a long flowering period. The genes in four different colored N. alata (white, purple, red, and lemon green) were analyzed to explain the differences in flower color using transcriptomes. A total of 32 differential expression genes in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and 41 in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were identified. The enrichment analysis showed that the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway play critical roles in the color differences of N. alata. The HEMA of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway was up-regulated in lemon green flowers. Compared with white flowers, in the red and purple flowers, F3H, F3'5'H and DFR were significantly up-regulated, while FLS was significantly down-regulated. Seventeen differential expression genes homologous to transcription factor coding genes were obtained, and the homologues of HY5, MYB12, AN1 and AN4 were also involved in flower color differences. The discovery of these candidate genes related to flower color differences is significant for further research on the flower colors formation mechanism and color improvements of N. alata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Zheng
- College of Plant Protection and Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yudong Chen
- College of Plant Protection and Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- College of Plant Protection and Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Plant Protection and Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Fangchan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China;
| | - Haiping Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Plant Protection and Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Long Yang
- College of Plant Protection and Agricultural Big-Data Research Center, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang X, Liu C, Li Y, Yan Z, Liu D, Feng G. Identification and fine genetic mapping of the golden pod gene (pv-ye) from the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3773-3784. [PMID: 34338807 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using bulked segregant analysis combined with next-generation sequencing, we delimited the pv-ye gene responsible for the golden pod trait of snap bean cultivar A18-1. Sequence analysis identified Phvul.002G006200 as the candidate gene. The pod is the main edible part of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The commercial use of the pods is mainly affected by their color. Consumers seem to prefer golden pods. The aim of the present study was to identify the gene responsible for the golden pod trait in the snap bean. 'A18-1' (a golden bean cultivar) and 'Renaya' (a green bean cultivar) were chosen as the experimental materials. Genetic analysis indicated that a single recessive gene, pv-ye, controls the golden pod trait. A candidate region of 4.24 Mb was mapped to chromosome Pv 02 using bulked-segregant analysis coupled with whole-genome sequencing. In this region, linkage analysis in an F2 population localized the pv-ye gene to an interval of 182.9 kb between the simple sequence repeat markers SSR77 and SSR93. This region comprised 16 genes (12 annotated genes from the P. vulgaris database and 4 functionally unknown genes). Combined with transcriptome sequencing results, we identified Phvul.002G006200 as the potential candidate gene for pv-ye. Sequencing of Phvul.002G006200 identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in pv-ye. A pair of primers covering the SNP were designed, and the fragment was sequenced to screen 1086 F2 plants with the 'A18-1' phenotype. Our findings showed that among the 1086 mapped individuals, the SNP cosegregated with the 'A18-1' phenotype. The findings presented here could form the basis to reveal the molecular mechanism of the golden pod trait in the snap bean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Yang
- Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhishan Yan
- Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dajun Liu
- Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Guojun Feng
- Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Identification, Molecular Characteristic, and Expression Analysis of PIFs Related to Chlorophyll Metabolism in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010949. [PMID: 34681609 PMCID: PMC8539375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) proteins belong to the subfamily of basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors and play important roles in chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Currently, knowledge about the PIF gene family in Camellia sinensis remains very limited. In this study, seven PIF members were identified in the C. sinensis genome and named based on homology with AtPIF genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. All C. sinensis PIF (CsPIF) proteins have both the conserved active PHYB binding (APB) and bHLH domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsPIFs were clustered into four groups—PIF1, PIF3, PIF7, and PIF8—and most CsPIFs were clustered in pairs with their corresponding orthologs in Populus tremula. CsPIF members in the same group tended to display uniform or similar exon–intron distribution patterns and motif compositions. CsPIF genes were differentially expressed in C. sinensis with various leaf colors and strongly correlated with the expression of genes involved in the chlorophyll metabolism pathway. Promoter analysis of structural genes related to chlorophyll metabolism found DNA-binding sites of PIFs were abundant in the promoter regions. Protein–protein interaction networks of CsPIFs demonstrated a close association with phytochrome, PIF4, HY5, TOC1, COP1, and PTAC12 proteins. Additionally, subcellular localization and transcriptional activity analysis suggested that CsPIF3b was nuclear localized protein and possessed transcriptional activity. We also found that CsPIF3b could activate the transcription of CsHEMA and CsPOR in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. This work provides comprehensive research of CsPIFs and would be helpful to further promote the regulation mechanism of PIF on chlorophyll metabolism in C. sinensis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Wu Z, Feng M, Chen J, Qin M, Wang W, Bao Y, Xu Q, Ye Y, Ma C, Jiang CZ, Gan SS, Zhou H, Cai Y, Hong B, Gao J, Ma N. The circadian-controlled PIF8-BBX28 module regulates petal senescence in rose flowers by governing mitochondrial ROS homeostasis at night. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2716-2735. [PMID: 34043798 PMCID: PMC8408477 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unstable reactive molecules that are toxic to cells. Regulation of ROS homeostasis is crucial to protect cells from dysfunction, senescence, and death. In plant leaves, ROS are mainly generated from chloroplasts and are tightly temporally restricted by the circadian clock. However, little is known about how ROS homeostasis is regulated in nonphotosynthetic organs, such as petals. Here, we showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels exhibit typical circadian rhythmicity in rose (Rosa hybrida) petals, consistent with the measured respiratory rate. RNA-seq and functional screening identified a B-box gene, RhBBX28, whose expression was associated with H2O2 rhythms. Silencing RhBBX28 accelerated flower senescence and promoted H2O2 accumulation at night in petals, while overexpression of RhBBX28 had the opposite effects. RhBBX28 influenced the expression of various genes related to respiratory metabolism, including the TCA cycle and glycolysis, and directly repressed the expression of SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE 1, which plays a central role in mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) homeostasis. We also found that PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR8 (RhPIF8) could activate RhBBX28 expression to control H2O2 levels in petals and thus flower senescence. Our results indicate that the circadian-controlled RhPIF8-RhBBX28 module is a critical player that controls flower senescence by governing mtROS homeostasis in rose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meizhu Qin
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenran Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Bao
- Faculty of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Crop Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hougao Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Youming Cai
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li YY, Han M, Wang RH, Gao MG. Comparative transcriptome analysis identifies genes associated with chlorophyll levels and reveals photosynthesis in green flesh of radish taproot. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252031. [PMID: 34043661 PMCID: PMC8158985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The flesh of the taproot of Raphanus sativus L. is rich in chlorophyll (Chl) throughout the developmental process, which is why the flesh is green. However, little is known about which genes are associated with Chl accumulation in this non-foliar, internal green tissue and whether the green flesh can perform photosynthesis. To determine these aspects, we measured the Chl content, examined Chl fluorescence, and carried out comparative transcriptome analyses of taproot flesh between green-fleshed "Cuishuai" and white-fleshed "Zhedachang" across five developmental stages. Numerous genes involved in the Chl metabolic pathway were identified. It was found that Chl accumulation in radish green flesh may be due to the low expression of Chl degradation genes and high expression of Chl biosynthesis genes, especially those associated with Part Ⅳ (from Protoporphyrin Ⅸ to Chl a). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes between "Cuishuai" and "Zhedachang" were significantly enriched in photosynthesis-related pathways, such as photosynthesis, antenna proteins, porphyrin and Chl metabolism, carbon fixation, and photorespiration. Twenty-five genes involved in the Calvin cycle were highly expressed in "Cuishuai". These findings suggested that photosynthesis occurred in the radish green flesh, which was also supported by the results of Chl fluorescence. Our study provides transcriptome data on radish taproots and provides new information on the formation and function of radish green flesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
- * E-mail: (Y-yL); (M-gG)
| | - Min Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Rui-hua Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Ming-gang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
- * E-mail: (Y-yL); (M-gG)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
CmNAC73 Mediates the Formation of Green Color in Chrysanthemum Flowers by Directly Activating the Expression of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Genes HEMA1 and CRD1. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050704. [PMID: 34066887 PMCID: PMC8151904 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is one of the most beautiful and popular flowers in the world, and the flower color is an important ornamental trait of chrysanthemum. Compared with other flower colors, green flowers are relatively rare. The formation of green flower color is attributed to the accumulation of chlorophyll; however, the regulatory mechanism of chlorophyll metabolism in chrysanthemum with green flowers remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed Illumina RNA sequencing on three chrysanthemum materials, Chrysanthemum vestitum and Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars ‘Chunxiao’ and ‘Green anna’, which produce white, light green and dark green flowers, respectively. Based on the results of comparative transcriptome analysis, a gene encoding a novel NAC family transcription factor, CmNAC73, was found to be highly correlated to chlorophyll accumulation in the outer whorl of ray florets in chrysanthemum. The results of transient overexpression in chrysanthemum leaves showed that CmNAC73 acts as a positive regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Furthermore, transactivation and yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that CmNAC73 directly binds to the promoters of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes HEMA1 and CRD1. Thus, this study uncovers the transcriptional regulation of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes HEMA1 and CRD1 by CmNAC73 and provides new insights into the development of green flower color in chrysanthemum and chlorophyll metabolism in plants.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fu H, Zeng T, Zhao Y, Luo T, Deng H, Meng C, Luo J, Wang C. Identification of Chlorophyll Metabolism- and Photosynthesis-Related Genes Regulating Green Flower Color in Chrysanthemum by Integrative Transcriptome and Weighted Correlation Network Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030449. [PMID: 33801035 PMCID: PMC8004015 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Green chrysanthemums are difficult to breed but have high commercial value. The molecular basis for the green petal color in chrysanthemum is not fully understood. This was investigated in the present study by RNA sequencing analysis of white and green ray florets collected at three stages of flower development from the F1 progeny of the cross between Chrysanthemum × morifolium “Lüdingdang” with green-petaled flowers and Chrysanthemum vistitum with white-petaled flowers. The chlorophyll content was higher and chloroplast degradation was slower in green pools than in white pools at each developmental stage. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes that were differentially expressed between the two pools were enriched in pathways related to chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. We identified the transcription factor genes CmCOLa, CmCOLb, CmERF, and CmbHLH as regulators of the green flower color in chrysanthemum by differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. These findings can guide future efforts to improve the color palette of chrysanthemum flowers through genetic engineering.
Collapse
|
21
|
Xia Y, Chen W, Xiang W, Wang D, Xue B, Liu X, Xing L, Wu D, Wang S, Guo Q, Liang G. Integrated metabolic profiling and transcriptome analysis of pigment accumulation in Lonicera japonica flower petals during colour-transition. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:98. [PMID: 33596836 PMCID: PMC7890969 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have remarkable diversity in petal colour through the biosynthesis and accumulation of various pigments. To better understand the mechanisms regulating petal pigmentation in Lonicera japonica, we used multiple approaches to investigate the changes in carotenoids, anthocyanins, endogenous hormones and gene expression dynamics during petal colour transitions, i.e., green bud petals (GB_Pe), white flower petals (WF_Pe) and yellow flower petals (YF_Pe). RESULTS Metabolome analysis showed that YF_Pe contained a much higher content of carotenoids than GB_Pe and WF_Pe, with α-carotene, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin and γ-carotene identified as the major carotenoid compounds in YF_Pe. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, such as phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and ζ-carotene desaturase, were significantly upregulated in YF_Pe. The results indicated that upregulated carotenoid concentrations and carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes predominantly promote colour transition. Meanwhile, two anthocyanins (pelargonidin and cyanidin) were significantly increased in YF_Pe, and the expression level of an anthocyanidin synthase gene was significantly upregulated, suggesting that anthocyanins may contribute to vivid yellow colour in YF_Pe. Furthermore, analyses of changes in indoleacetic acid, zeatin riboside, gibberellic acid, brassinosteroid (BR), methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid (ABA) levels indicated that colour transitions are regulated by endogenous hormones. The DEGs involved in the auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, BR, jasmonic acid and ABA signalling pathways were enriched and associated with petal colour transitions. CONCLUSION Our results provide global insight into the pigment accumulation and the regulatory mechanisms underlying petal colour transitions during the flower development process in L. japonica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Weibo Xiang
- Rare Plant Research Institute of the Yangtze River (Yichang); Institute of Science and Technology, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Baogui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xinya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lehua Xing
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khan A, Ahmad M, Ahmed M, Iftikhar Hussain M. Rising Atmospheric Temperature Impact on Wheat and Thermotolerance Strategies. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010043. [PMID: 33375473 PMCID: PMC7823633 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Temperature across the globe is increasing continuously at the rate of 0.15–0.17 °C per decade since the industrial revolution. It is influencing agricultural crop productivity. Therefore, thermotolerance strategies are needed to have sustainability in crop yield under higher temperature. However, improving thermotolerance in the crop is a challenging task for crop scientists. Therefore, this review work was conducted with the aim of providing information on the wheat response in three research areas, i.e., physiology, breeding, and advances in genetics, which could assist the researchers in improving thermotolerance. The optimum temperature for wheat growth at the heading, anthesis, and grain filling duration is 16 ± 2.3 °C, 23 ± 1.75 °C, and 26 ± 1.53 °C, respectively. The high temperature adversely influences the crop phenology, growth, and development. The pre-anthesis high temperature retards the pollen viability, seed formation, and embryo development. The post-anthesis high temperature declines the starch granules accumulation, stem reserve carbohydrates, and translocation of photosynthates into grains. A high temperature above 40 °C inhibits the photosynthesis by damaging the photosystem-II, electron transport chain, and photosystem-I. Our review work highlighted that genotypes which can maintain a higher accumulation of proline, glycine betaine, expression of heat shock proteins, stay green and antioxidant enzymes activity viz., catalase, peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase can tolerate high temperature efficiently through sustaining cellular physiology. Similarly, the pre-anthesis acclimation with heat treatment, inorganic fertilizer such as nitrogen, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride, mulches with rice husk, early sowing, presoaking of a 6.6 mM solution of thiourea, foliar application of 50 ppm dithiothreitol, 10 mg per kg of silicon at heading and zinc ameliorate the crop against the high temperature. Finally, it has been suggested that modern genomics and omics techniques should be used to develop thermotolerance in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - M. Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology & Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang S, Fang G, Zhang A, Ruan B, Jiang H, Ding S, Liu C, Zhang Y, Jaha N, Hu P, Xu Z, Gao Z, Wang J, Qian Q. Rice EARLY SENESCENCE 2, encoding an inositol polyphosphate kinase, is involved in leaf senescence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:393. [PMID: 32847519 PMCID: PMC7449006 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early leaf senescence influences yield and yield quality by affecting plant growth and development. A series of leaf senescence-associated molecular mechanisms have been reported in rice. However, the complex genetic regulatory networks that control leaf senescence need to be elucidated. RESULTS In this study, an early senescence 2 (es2) mutant was obtained from ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis (EMS)-induced mutational library for the Japonica rice cultivar Wuyugeng 7 (WYG7). Leaves of es2 showed early senescence at the seedling stage and became severe at the tillering stage. The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increased, while chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, catalase (CAT) activity significantly decreased in the es2 mutant. Moreover, genes which related to senescence, ROS and chlorophyll degradation were up-regulated, while those associated with photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis were down-regulated in es2 mutant compared to WYG7. The ES2 gene, which encodes an inositol polyphosphate kinase (OsIPK2), was fine mapped to a 116.73-kb region on chromosome 2. DNA sequencing of ES2 in the mutant revealed a missense mutation, ES2 was localized to nucleus and plasma membrane of cells, and expressed in various tissues of rice. Complementation test and overexpression experiment confirmed that ES2 completely restored the normal phenotype, with chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rate increased comparable with the wild type. These results reveal the new role of OsIPK2 in regulating leaf senescence in rice and therefore will provide additional genetic evidence on the molecular mechanisms controlling early leaf senescence. CONCLUSIONS The ES2 gene, encoding an inositol polyphosphate kinase localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane of cells, is essential for leaf senescence in rice. Further study of ES2 will facilitate the dissection of the genetic mechanisms underlying early leaf senescence and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guonan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Noushin Jaha
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen G, Zheng Z, Bai M, Li Q. Chronic effects of microcystin-LR at environmental relevant concentrations on photosynthesis of Typha angustifolia Linn. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:514-523. [PMID: 32277321 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the growth and development of aquatic plants in eutrophic water is of great significance for the selection of potential candidate plant for use in the phytoremediation of eutrophic aquatic ecosystems. The present study aimed to investigate the chronic effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on photosynthesis in the leaves of Typha angustifolia Linn. Photosynthetic activity was stimulated in the leaves following exposure to 4.6 μg L-1 MC-LR for six weeks based on the enhancement of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity and net photosynthetic rate (PN). However, PN decreased significantly after exposure to 49.1 or 98.3 μg L-1 MC-LR, via non-stomatal limitation by reducing the chlorophyll a and b contents and Rubisco activity. In addition, glycolate oxidase (GO) and serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGAT) activities decreased significantly, indicating that the photorespiration pathway was affected adversely. The intercellular carbon dioxide (Ci) concentration decreased significantly following exposure to 98.3 μg L-1 MC-LR, accompanied with decreases in PN and stomatal conductivity (gs), indicating that stomatal limitation on the photosynthesis system in T. angustifolia L. was observed after exposure to 98.3 μg L-1 MC-LR. Under long-term exposure to MC-LR (49.1-98.3 μg L-1), oxidation stress was severe in the aquatic plant, and non-stomatal limitation or stomatal limitation effects on the photosynthesis system were obvious, resulting in decreases in photosynthesis rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Chen
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Ligong Road 600, 361024, Xiamen, China.
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Ligong Road 600, 361024, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingxian Bai
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Ligong Road 600, 361024, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Ligong Road 600, 361024, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blocked chlorophyll synthesis leads to the production of golden snap bean pods. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1325-1337. [PMID: 32607601 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The main edible organ of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the pod, whose color is a main characteristic affecting its commercial use. Golden pods are popular with consumers; however, color instability affects their commercial exploitation and causes economic losses to the planters. In this study, we focused on the different pod color of two varieties of snap bean. The golden yellow color of snap bean pods is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene located at 1-4.24 Mb of chromosome 2. To explore the physiological and molecular mechanism of the golden pod color, the golden bean line 'A18-1' and the green bean line 'Renaya' were selected as experimental materials. We analyzed the pigment contents, detected the intermediate products of chlorophyll biosynthesis, and identified differentially expressed genes using RNA-seq. The formation of golden bean pods reflects a chlorophyll deficiency, which was speculated to be caused by impairment of the Mg-protoporphyrin IX to chlorophyllide step. In 'A18-1' and 'Renaya' pods on 10, 14, and 18 days, five genes related to this step were differentially expressed, all of which were protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes. Among them, the expression changes of the Phvul. 004G112700, Phvul.007G157500, and Phvul. 004G112400 genes were consistent with the color change and physiological data during pod development in 'A18-1' and 'Renaya'. We speculated that the altered expression of these three POR genes might be related to changes in the chlorophyllide content. The results might provide insight into the understanding of chlorophyll biosynthesis and crop breeding for snap bean.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gómez-Martín C, Capel C, González AM, Lebrón R, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Hackenberg M, Oliver JL, Santalla M, Lozano R. Transcriptional Dynamics and Candidate Genes Involved in Pod Maturation of Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040545. [PMID: 32331491 PMCID: PMC7238275 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pod maturation of common bean relies upon complex gene expression changes, which in turn are crucial for seed formation and dispersal. Hence, dissecting the transcriptional regulation of pod maturation would be of great significance for breeding programs. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of expression changes has been performed in two common bean cultivars (ancient and modern) by analyzing the transcriptomes of five developmental pod stages, from fruit setting to maturation. RNA-seq analysis allowed for the identification of key genes shared by both accessions, which in turn were homologous to known Arabidopsis maturation genes and furthermore showed a similar expression pattern along the maturation process. Gene- expression changes suggested a role in promoting an accelerated breakdown of photosynthetic and ribosomal machinery associated with chlorophyll degradation and early activation of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. A further study of transcription factors and their DNA binding sites revealed three candidate genes whose functions may play a dominant role in regulating pod maturation. Altogether, this research identifies the first maturation gene set reported in common bean so far and contributes to a better understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of pod maturation, providing potentially useful information for genomic-assisted breeding of common bean yield and pod quality attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gómez-Martín
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias & Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada. 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.G.-M.); (M.H.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Carmen Capel
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería. 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.C.); (F.J.Y.-L.)
| | - Ana M. González
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC. P.O. Box 28. 36080 Pontevedra, Spain; (A.M.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Ricardo Lebrón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias & Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada. 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.G.-M.); (M.H.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería. 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.C.); (F.J.Y.-L.)
| | - Michael Hackenberg
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias & Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada. 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.G.-M.); (M.H.); (J.L.O.)
| | - José L. Oliver
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias & Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada. 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.G.-M.); (M.H.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Marta Santalla
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC. P.O. Box 28. 36080 Pontevedra, Spain; (A.M.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería. 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.C.); (F.J.Y.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-950015111
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen Z, Lu X, Xuan Y, Tang F, Wang J, Shi D, Fu S, Ren J. Transcriptome analysis based on a combination of sequencing platforms provides insights into leaf pigmentation in Acer rubrum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:240. [PMID: 31170934 PMCID: PMC6555730 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red maple (Acer rubrum L.) is one of the most common and widespread trees with colorful leaves. We found a mutant with red, yellow, and green leaf phenotypes in different branches, which provided ideal materials with the same genetic relationship, and little interference from the environment, for the study of complex metabolic networks that underly variations in the coloration of leaves. We applied a combination of NGS and SMRT sequencing to various red maple tissues. RESULTS A total of 125,448 unigenes were obtained, of which 46 and 69 were thought to be related to the synthesis of anthocyanins and carotenoids, respectively. In addition, 88 unigenes were presumed to be involved in the chlorophyll metabolic pathway. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the pigment gene expression network, the mechanisms of leaf color were investigated. The massive accumulation of Cy led to its higher content and proportion than other pigments, which caused the redness of leaves. Yellow coloration was the result of the complete decomposition of chlorophyll pigments, the unmasking of carotenoid pigments, and a slight accumulation of Cy. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a systematic analysis of color variations in the red maple. Moreover, mass sequence data obtained by deep sequencing will provide references for the controlled breeding of red maple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Yun Xuan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Fei Tang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Dan Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Songling Fu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brazel AJ, Ó'Maoiléidigh DS. Photosynthetic activity of reproductive organs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1737-1754. [PMID: 30824936 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During seed development, carbon is reallocated from maternal tissues to support germination and subsequent growth. As this pool of resources is depleted post-germination, the plant begins autotrophic growth through leaf photosynthesis. Photoassimilates derived from the leaf are used to sustain the plant and form new organs, including other vegetative leaves, stems, bracts, flowers, fruits, and seeds. In contrast to the view that reproductive tissues act only as resource sinks, many studies demonstrate that flowers, fruits, and seeds are photosynthetically active. The photosynthetic contribution to development is variable between these reproductive organs and between species. In addition, our understanding of the developmental control of photosynthetic activity in reproductive organs is vastly incomplete. A further complication is that reproductive organ photosynthesis (ROP) appears to be particularly important under suboptimal growth conditions. Therefore, the topic of ROP presents the community with a challenge to integrate the fields of photosynthesis, development, and stress responses. Here, we attempt to summarize our understanding of the contribution of ROP to development and the molecular mechanisms underlying its control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe J Brazel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ohmiya A, Oda-Yamamizo C, Kishimoto S. Overexpression of CONSTANS-like 16 enhances chlorophyll accumulation in petunia corollas. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:90-96. [PMID: 30824032 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously found that a gene closely related to Arabidopsis CONSTANS-like 16 (COL16) was coordinately expressed with chlorophyll content in chrysanthemum petals and leaves. Here, to elucidate whether COL16 is involved in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and accumulation, we analyzed the function of COL16 in petunia (Petunia hybrida). We identified three petunia COL16 homologs: PhCOL16a, PhCOL16b, and PhCOL16c. Expression patterns of all three homologs were associated with chlorophyll content, with lower levels in white corollas than in pale green corollas, and relatively high levels in leaves. The result suggests that PhCOL16 homologs are involved in chlorophyll accumulation. We introduced a PhCOL16a overexpression construct into petunia. The transgenic plants had pale green corollas with a higher chlorophyll content than wild-type plants. Expression of genes encoding key enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis was significantly higher in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants. The results indicate that PhCOL16 positively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Ohmiya
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Oda-Yamamizo
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan; Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Sanae Kishimoto
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang B, Zhang Y, Bi Z, Liu Q, Xu T, Yu N, Cao Y, Zhu A, Wu W, Zhan X, Anis GB, Yu P, Chen D, Cheng S, Cao L. Impaired Function of the Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase, OsCPK12, Leads to Early Senescence in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 30778363 PMCID: PMC6369234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Premature leaf senescence affects plant yield and quality, and numerous researches about it have been conducted until now. In this study, we identified an early senescent mutant es4 in rice (Oryza sativa L.); early senescence appeared approximately at 60 dps and became increasingly senescent with the growth of es4 mutant. We detected that content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were elevated, while chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, activity of catalase (CAT), activity of peroxidase (POD) and photosynthetic rate were reduced in the es4 mutant leaves. We mapped es4 in a 33.5 Kb physical distance on chromosome 4 by map-based cloning. Sequencing analysis in target interval indicated there was an eight bases deletion mutation in OsCPK12 which encoded a calcium-dependent protein kinase. Functional complementation of OsCPK12 in es4 completely restored the normal phenotype. We used CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted disruption of OsCPK12 in ZH8015 and all the mutants exhibited the premature senescence. All the results indicated that the phenotype of es4 was caused by the mutation of OsCPK12. Overexpression of OsCPK12 in ZH8015 enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (P n) and chlorophyll content. OsCPK12 was mainly expressed in green organs. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of some key genes involved in senescence, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis were significantly altered in the es4 mutant. Our results demonstrate that the mutant of OsCPK12 triggers the premature leaf senescence; however, the overexpression of OsCPK12 may delay its growth period and provide the potentially positive effect on productivity in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beifang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Bi
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qunen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongrun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aike Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Weixun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodeng Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Galal Bakr Anis
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daibo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyong Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang R, Hong Y, Ren Z, Tang K, Zhang H, Zhu JK, Zhao C. A Role for PICKLE in the Regulation of Cold and Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:900. [PMID: 31354770 PMCID: PMC6633207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PICKLE (PKL) is a putative CHD3-type chromatin remodeling factor with important roles in regulating plant growth and development as well as RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). The role of PKL protein in plant abiotic stress response is still poorly understood. Here, we report that PKL is important for cold stress response in Arabidopsis. Loss-of-function mutations in the PKL gene lead to a chlorotic phenotype in seedlings under cold stress, which is caused by the alterations in the transcript levels of some chlorophyll metabolism-related genes. The pkl mutant also exhibits increased electrolyte leakage after freezing treatment. These results suggest that PKL is required for proper chilling and freezing tolerance in plants. Gene expression analysis shows that CBF3, encoding a key transcription factor involved in the regulation of cold-responsive genes, exhibits an altered transcript level in the pkl mutant under cold stress. Transcriptome data also show that PKL regulates the expression of a number of cold-responsive genes, including RD29A, COR15A, and COR15B, possibly through its effect on the expression of CBF3 gene. Mutation in PKL gene also results in decreased cotyledon greening rate and reduced primary root elongation under high salinity. Together, our results suggest that PKL regulates plant responses to cold and salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Yang,
| | - Yechun Hong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhong Ren
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Tang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Heng Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Chunzhao Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin WR, Lai YC, Sung PK, Tan SI, Chang CH, Chen CY, Chang JS, Ng IS. Enhancing carbon capture and lipid accumulation by genetic carbonic anhydrase in microalgae. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
33
|
Landis JB, Bell CD, Hernandez M, Zenil-Ferguson R, McCarthy EW, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Evolution of floral traits and impact of reproductive mode on diversification in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:878-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
34
|
The influence of selenium on expression levels of the rbcL gene in Chlorella vulgaris. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:189. [PMID: 29564200 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of selenium on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris were examined. Four groups of C. vulgaris were cultivated using Bristol medium: group I (control), no sodium selenite (Se); group II, 1 µM Se; group III, 10 µM Se; and group IV, 100 µM Se. Algal biomass samples were collected for biochemical evaluation and gene expression studies on the 21st day of cultivation. The following parameters were investigated: chlorophyll a (Cla), chlorophyll b (Clb) and total carotene content, total protein, and total glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Gene expression levels of large subunits of Rubisco (rbcL) were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Total Cla and total carotene in C. vulgaris decreased in high concentrations of Se (100 µM) (around 23 and 42%, respectively) when compared to controls while, Clb content increased by about 10%. 10 µM of Se led to increased GSH levels (3.04 ± 0.02 µg GSH/mg protein) and decreased MDA levels (2.02 ± 0.1 µmol MDA/mg protein) when compared to control groups (1.18 ± 0.04 µg GSH/mg protein and 0.94 ± 0.23 µmol MDA/mg protein), while a significant decrease in GSH and an increase in MDA levels in the presence of 100 µM Se showed the opposite effect. rbcL gene expression increased 1.76 ± 1.37-fold and 0.86 ± 1.33-fold in 10 and 100 µM selenium experiments when compared to control groups. Our results suggest both pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities of Se on C. vulgaris and upregulation of the rbcL gene for the first time. Treatment with low concentrations of Se improves the antioxidant features of the microalgae, C. vulgaris.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ohmiya A. Molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse array of petal colors in chrysanthemum flowers. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:119-127. [PMID: 29681754 PMCID: PMC5903973 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most important floricultural crops in the world. Although the origin of modern chrysanthemum cultivars is uncertain, several species belonging to the family Asteraceae are considered to have been integrated during the long history of breeding. The flower color of ancestral species is limited to yellow, pink, and white, and is derived from carotenoids, anthocyanins, and the absence of both pigments, respectively. A wide range of flower colors, including purplish-red, orange, red, and dark red, has been developed by increasing the range of pigment content or the combination of both pigments. Recently, green-flowered cultivars containing chlorophylls in their ray petals have been produced, and have gained popularity. In addition, blue/violet flowers have been developed using a transgenic approach. Flower color is an important trait that influences the commercial value of chrysanthemum cultivars. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate flower pigmentation may provide important implications for the rationale manipulation of flower color. This review describes the pigment composition, genetics, and molecular basis of ray petal color formation in chrysanthemum cultivars.
Collapse
|
36
|
Okitsu N, Noda N, Chandler S, Tanaka Y. Flower Color and Its Engineering by Genetic Modification. HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
37
|
Ohmiya A, Sasaki K, Nashima K, Oda-Yamamizo C, Hirashima M, Sumitomo K. Transcriptome analysis in petals and leaves of chrysanthemums with different chlorophyll levels. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:202. [PMID: 29141585 PMCID: PMC5688696 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophylls (Chls) are magnesium-containing tetrapyrrole macromolecules responsible for the green color in plants. The Chl metabolic pathway has been intensively studied and nearly all the enzymes involved in the pathway have been identified and characterized. Synthesis and activity of these enzymes are tightly regulated in tissue- and developmental stage-specific manners. Leaves contain substantial amounts of Chls because Chls are indispensable for photosynthesis. In contrast, petals generally contain only trace amounts of Chls, which if present would mask the bright petal color. Limited information is available about the mechanisms that control such tissue-specific accumulation of Chls. RESULTS To identify the regulatory steps that control Chl accumulation, we compared gene expression in petals and leaves of chrysanthemum cultivars with different Chl levels. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that the expression levels of Chl biosynthesis genes encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase, Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase, Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethylester cyclase, and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase were well associated with Chl content: their expression levels were lower in white petals than in green petals, and were highest in leaves. Among Chl catabolic genes, expression of STAY-GREEN, encoding Mg-dechelatase, which is a key enzyme controlling Chl degradation, was considerably higher in white and green petals than in leaves. We searched for transcription factor genes whose expression was well related to Chl level in petals and leaves and found three such genes encoding MYB113, CONSTANS-like 16, and DREB and EAR motif protein. CONCLUSIONS From our transcriptome analysis, we assume that a low rate of Chl biosynthesis and a high rate of Chl degradation lead to the absence of Chls in white chrysanthemum petals. We identified several candidate transcription factors that might affect Chl accumulation in chrysanthemum petals. Functional analysis of these transcription factors will provide a basis for future molecular studies of tissue-specific Chl accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Ohmiya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852 Japan
| | - Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852 Japan
| | - Kenji Nashima
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605 Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880 Japan
| | - Chihiro Oda-Yamamizo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852 Japan
| | - Masumi Hirashima
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sumitomo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ren Y, Yang J, Lu B, Jiang Y, Chen H, Hong Y, Wu B, Miao Y. Structure of Pigment Metabolic Pathways and Their Contributions to White Tepal Color Formation of Chinese Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis cv Jinzhanyintai. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091923. [PMID: 28885552 PMCID: PMC5618572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis) is one of the ten traditional flowers in China and a famous bulb flower in the world flower market. However, only white color tepals are formed in mature flowers of the cultivated varieties, which constrains their applicable occasions. Unfortunately, for lack of genome information of narcissus species, the explanation of tepal color formation of Chinese narcissus is still not clear. Concerning no genome information, the application of transcriptome profile to dissect biological phenomena in plants was reported to be effective. As known, pigments are metabolites of related metabolic pathways, which dominantly decide flower color. In this study, transcriptome profile and pigment metabolite analysis methods were used in the most widely cultivated Chinese narcissus “Jinzhanyintai” to discover the structure of pigment metabolic pathways and their contributions to white tepal color formation during flower development and pigmentation processes. By using comparative KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, three pathways related to flavonoid, carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment metabolism showed significant variations. The structure of flavonoids metabolic pathway was depicted, but, due to the lack of F3ʹ5ʹH gene; the decreased expression of C4H, CHS and ANS genes; and the high expression of FLS gene, the effect of this pathway to synthesize functional anthocyanins in tepals was weak. Similarly, the expression of DXS, MCT and PSY genes in carotenoids synthesis sub-pathway was decreased, while CCD1/CCD4 genes in carotenoids degradation sub-pathway was increased; therefore, the effect of carotenoids metabolic pathway to synthesize adequate color pigments in tepals is restricted. Interestingly, genes in chlorophyll synthesis sub-pathway displayed uniform down-regulated expression, while genes in heme formation and chlorophyll breakdown sub-pathways displayed up-regulated expression, which also indicates negative regulation of chlorophyll formation. Further, content change trends of various color metabolites detected by HPLC in tepals are consistent with the additive gene expression patterns in each pathway. Therefore, all three pathways exhibit negative control of color pigments synthesis in tepals, finally resulting in the formation of white tepals. Interestingly, the content of chlorophyll was more than 10-fold higher than flavonoids and carotenoids metabolites, which indicates that chlorophyll metabolic pathway may play the major role in deciding tepal color formation of Chinese narcissus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Ren
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bingguo Lu
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yuwei Hong
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Binghua Wu
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ying Miao
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dong B, Wang H, Liu T, Cheng P, Chen Y, Chen S, Guan Z, Fang W, Jiang J, Chen F. Whole genome duplication enhances the photosynthetic capacity of Chrysanthemum nankingense. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 292:1247-1256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Xu L, Yang P, Feng Y, Xu H, Cao Y, Tang Y, Yuan S, Liu X, Ming J. Spatiotemporal Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Bicolor Tepal Development in Lilium "Tiny Padhye". FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:398. [PMID: 28392796 PMCID: PMC5364178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The bicolor Asiatic hybrid lily cultivar "Tiny Padhye" is an attractive variety because of its unique color pattern. During its bicolor tepal development, the upper tepals undergo a rapid color change from green to white, while the tepal bases change from green to purple. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely uncharacterized. To systematically investigate the dynamics of the lily bicolor tepal transcriptome during development, we generated 15 RNA-seq libraries from the upper tepals (S2-U) and basal tepals (S1-D, S2-D, S3-D, and S4-D) of Lilium "Tiny Padhye." Utilizing the Illumina platform, a total of 295,787 unigenes were obtained from 713.12 million high-quality paired-end reads. A total of 16,182 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes during tepal development. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, candidate genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (61 unigenes), and chlorophyll metabolic pathway (106 unigenes) were identified. Further analyses showed that most anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were transcribed coordinately in the tepal bases, but not in the upper tepals, suggesting that the bicolor trait of "Tiny Padhye" tepals is caused by the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Meanwhile, the high expression level of chlorophyll degradation genes and low expression level of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes resulted in the absence of chlorophylls from "Tiny Padhye" tepals after flowering. Transcription factors putatively involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and chlorophyll metabolism in lilies were identified using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis and their possible roles in lily bicolor tepal development were discussed. In conclusion, these extensive transcriptome data provide a platform for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of bicolor tepals in lilies and provide a basis for similar research in other closely related species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leifeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Department of Ornamental Plants, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yayan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Suxia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li CF, Xu YX, Ma JQ, Jin JQ, Huang DJ, Yao MZ, Ma CL, Chen L. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal different metabolite biosynthesis profiles among three color and developmental stages in 'Anji Baicha' (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:195. [PMID: 27609021 PMCID: PMC5015330 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new shoots of the albino tea cultivar 'Anji Baicha' are yellow or white at low temperatures and turn green as the environmental temperatures increase during the early spring. 'Anji Baicha' metabolite profiles exhibit considerable variability over three color and developmental stages, especially regarding the carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine concentrations. Previous studies focused on physiological characteristics, gene expression differences, and variations in metabolite abundances in albino tea plant leaves at specific growth stages. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating metabolite biosynthesis in various color and developmental stages in albino tea leaves have not been fully characterized. RESULTS We used RNA-sequencing to analyze 'Anji Baicha' leaves at the yellow-green, albescent, and re-greening stages. The leaf transcriptomes differed considerably among the three stages. Functional classifications based on Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that differentially expressed unigenes were mainly related to metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Chemical analyses revealed higher β-carotene and theanine levels, but lower chlorophyll a levels, in the albescent stage than in the green stage. Furthermore, unigenes involved in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine biosyntheses were identified, and the expression patterns of the differentially expressed unigenes in these biosynthesis pathways were characterized. Through co-expression analyses, we identified the key genes in these pathways. These genes may be responsible for the metabolite biosynthesis differences among the different leaf color and developmental stages of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents the results of transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants at various stages. The distinct transcriptome profiles for each color and developmental stage enabled us to identify changes to biosynthesis pathways and revealed the contributions of such variations to the albino phenotype of tea plants. Furthermore, comparisons of the transcriptomes and related metabolites helped clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the secondary metabolic pathways in different stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou China
| | - Yan-Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
McCarthy EW, Arnold SEJ, Chittka L, Le Comber SC, Verity R, Dodsworth S, Knapp S, Kelly LJ, Chase MW, Baldwin IT, Kovařík A, Mhiri C, Taylor L, Leitch AR. The effect of polyploidy and hybridization on the evolution of floral colour in Nicotiana (Solanaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:1117-31. [PMID: 25979919 PMCID: PMC4598364 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Speciation in angiosperms can be accompanied by changes in floral colour that may influence pollinator preference and reproductive isolation. This study investigates whether changes in floral colour can accompany polyploid and homoploid hybridization, important processes in angiosperm evolution. METHODS Spectral reflectance of corolla tissue was examined for 60 Nicotiana (Solanaceae) accessions (41 taxa) based on spectral shape (corresponding to pigmentation) as well as bee and hummingbird colour perception in order to assess patterns of floral colour evolution. Polyploid and homoploid hybrid spectra were compared with those of their progenitors to evaluate whether hybridization has resulted in floral colour shifts. KEY RESULTS Floral colour categories in Nicotiana seem to have arisen multiple times independently during the evolution of the genus. Most younger polyploids displayed an unexpected floral colour, considering those of their progenitors, in the colour perception of at least one pollinator type, whereas older polyploids tended to resemble one or both of their progenitors. CONCLUSIONS Floral colour evolution in Nicotiana is weakly constrained by phylogeny, and colour shifts do occur in association with both polyploid and homoploid hybrid divergence. Transgressive floral colour in N. tabacum has arisen by inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation from its paternal progenitor while having a plastid phenotype like its maternal progenitor. Potentially, floral colour evolution has been driven by, or resulted in, pollinator shifts. However, those polyploids that are not sympatric (on a regional scale) with their progenitor lineages are typically not divergent in floral colour from them, perhaps because of a lack of competition for pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W McCarthy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sarah E J Arnold
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Lars Chittka
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Steven C Le Comber
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Robert Verity
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sandra Knapp
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Laura J Kelly
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Mark W Chase
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Aleš Kovařík
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Corinne Mhiri
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Lin Taylor
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| |
Collapse
|