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Kim H, Shin SJ. Immunogenicity and vaccine potential of clinical isolate Mycobacterium kansasii strain against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0081924. [PMID: 38980025 PMCID: PMC11302008 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00819-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium kansasii is a bacterium included in non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause lung disease. It shares a significant number of antigens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine. Therefore, we subcutaneously vaccinated mice with reference strain, M. kansasii-ATCC12478 [M. kansasii-American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)], and clinically isolated strain, M. kansasii-SM-1 to evaluate potential as a TB vaccine by comparing with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. Ten weeks after vaccination, we evaluated immunogenicity of M. kansasii-ATCC and M. kansasii-SM-1, and M. kansasii-SM-1 immunization induces potent Mtb antigen-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells than M. kansasii-ATCC. Upon Mtb infection, M. kansasii-SM-1 provided better protection than M. kansasii-ATCC, which was comparable to the efficacy of BCG. These results showed that the clinical strain M. kansasii-SM-1, which exhibits an enhanced Mtb antigen-specific Th1 response, shows greater vaccine efficacy compared to M. kansasii-ATCC. In this study, we demonstrated that vaccine efficacy can vary depending on the strain of M. kansasii and that its efficacy can be comparable to BCG. This suggests that M. kansasii has the potential to be a live TB vaccine candidate.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium kansasii, a non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species causing lung disease, shares key antigens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), indicating its potential for TB vaccine development. Subcutaneous vaccination of mice with M. kansasii strains reference strain M. kansasii-ATCC12478 [(M. kansasii-American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)] and clinically isolated strain M. kansasii-SM-1 revealed differences in immunogenicity. M. kansasii-SM-1 induced a robust Mtb antigen-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cell response compared to M. kansasii-ATCC. Additionally, M. kansasii-SM-1 conferred better protection against Mtb infection than M. kansasii-ATCC, which is comparable to bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). These findings underscore the variable vaccine efficacy among M. kansasii strains, with M. kansasii-SM-1 exhibiting promising potential as a live TB vaccine candidate, suggesting its comparative effectiveness to BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Sefat KMSR, Kumar M, Kehl S, Kulkarni R, Leekha A, Paniagua MM, Ackart DF, Jones N, Spencer C, Podell BK, Ouellet H, Varadarajan N. An intranasal nanoparticle vaccine elicits protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00482-1. [PMID: 38704256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines have the potential to elicit protective immune responses at the point of entry of respiratory pathogens, thus preventing even the initial seed infection. Unlike licensed injectable vaccines, mucosal vaccines comprising protein subunits are only in development. One of the primary challenges associated with mucosal vaccines has been identifying and characterizing safe yet effective mucosal adjuvants that can effectively prime multi-factorial mucosal immunity. In this study, we tested NanoSTING, a liposomal formulation of the endogenous activator of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, cyclic guanosine adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), as a mucosal adjuvant. We formulated a vaccine based on the H1 antigen (fusion protein of Ag85b and ESAT-6) adjuvanted with NanoSTING. Intranasal immunization of NanoSTING-H1 elicited a strong T-cell response in the lung of vaccinated animals characterized by (a) CXCR3+ KLRG1- lung resident T cells that are known to be essential for controlling bacterial infection, (b) IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells which is necessary for intracellular bactericidal activity, and (c) IL17-secreting CD4+ T cells that can confer protective immunity against multiple clinically relevant strains of Mtb. Upon challenge with aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman strain, intranasal NanoSTING-H1 provides protection comparable to subcutaneous administration of the live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine strain Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Our results indicate that NanoSTING adjuvanted protein vaccines can elicit a multi-factorial immune response that protects from infection by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Samiur Rahman Sefat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Monish Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Stephanie Kehl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Ankita Leekha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Melisa-Martinez Paniagua
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - David F Ackart
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nicole Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Charles Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hugues Ouellet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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3
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Zhou F, Zhang D. Recent advance in the development of tuberculosis vaccines in clinical trials and virus-like particle-based vaccine candidates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238649. [PMID: 38022657 PMCID: PMC10652786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health threat around the world. An effective vaccine is urgently required for cost-effective, long-term control of TB. However, the only licensed vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is limited to prevent TB for its highly variable efficacy. Substantial progress has been made in research and development (R&D) of TB vaccines in the past decades, and a dozen vaccine candidates, including live attenuated mycobacterial vaccines, killed mycobacterial vaccines, adjuvanted subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were developed in clinical trials to date. Nevertheless, many challenges to the successful authorization for the use and deployment of an effective tuberculosis vaccine remain. Therefore, it is still necessary and urgent to continue exploring new vaccine construction approaches. Virus-like particles (VLPs) present excellent prospects in the field of vaccine development because of their helpful immunological features such as being safe templates without containing viral nucleic acid, repetitive surface geometry, conformational epitopes similar to natural viruses, and enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. The marketization process of VLP vaccines has never stopped despite VLP vaccines face several shortcomings such as their complex and slow development process and high production cost, and several VLP-based vaccines, including vaccines against Human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and malaria, are successfully licensed for use at the market. In this review, we provide an update on the current progress regarding the development of TB vaccines in clinical trials and seek to give an overview of VLP-based TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Zhou
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Bhaskar A, Pahuja I, Negi K, Verma A, Ghoshal A, Mathew B, Tripathi G, Maras JS, Chaturvedi S, Dwivedi VP. SIRT2 inhibition by AGK2 enhances mycobacteria-specific stem cell memory responses by modulating beta-catenin and glycolysis. iScience 2023; 26:106644. [PMID: 37192966 PMCID: PMC10182326 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) generates limited long-lasting adaptive memory responses leading to short-lived protection against adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Here, we show that host sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) inhibition by AGK2 significantly enhances the BCG vaccine efficacy during primary infection and TB recurrence through enhanced stem cell memory (TSCM) responses. SIRT2 inhibition modulated the proteome landscape of CD4+ T cells affecting pathways involved in cellular metabolism and T-cell differentiation. Precisely, AGK2 treatment enriched the IFNγ-producing TSCM cells by activating β-catenin and glycolysis. Furthermore, SIRT2 specifically targeted histone H3 and NF-κB p65 to induce proinflammatory responses. Finally, inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway abolished the protective effects of AGK2 treatment during BCG vaccination. Taken together, this study provides a direct link between BCG vaccination, epigenetics, and memory immune responses. We identify SIRT2 as a key regulator of memory T cells during BCG vaccination and project SIRT2 inhibitors as potential immunoprophylaxis against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Isha Pahuja
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kriti Negi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Antara Ghoshal
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Babu Mathew
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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5
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Dijkman K, Lindenstrøm T, Rosenkrands I, Søe R, Woodworth JS, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Mortensen R. A protective, single-visit TB vaccination regimen by co-administration of a subunit vaccine with BCG. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:66. [PMID: 37160970 PMCID: PMC10169149 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), fails to reliably protect adolescents and adults from pulmonary TB, resulting in ~1.6 million deaths annually. Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise against TB in clinical studies. Unfortunately, most subunit vaccines require multiple administrations, which increases the risk of loss to follow-up and necessitates more complex and costly logistics. Given the well-documented adjuvant effect of BCG, we hypothesized that BCG co-administration could compensate for a reduced number of subunit vaccinations. To explore this, we developed an expression-optimized version of our H107 vaccine candidate (H107e), which does not cross-react with BCG. In the CAF®01 adjuvant, a single dose of H107e induced inferior protection compared to three H107e/CAF®01 administrations. However, co-administering a single dose of H107e/CAF®01 with BCG significantly improved protection, which was equal to BCG co-administered with three H107e/CAF®01 doses. Importantly, combining BCG with a single H107e/CAF®01 dose also increased protection in previously BCG-primed animals. Overall, a single dose of H107e/CAF®01 with BCG induced long-lived immunity and triggered BCG-specific Th17 responses. These data support co-administration of BCG and subunit vaccines in both BCG naïve and BCG-primed individuals as an improved TB vaccine strategy with reduced number of vaccination visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Søe
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Liu X, Li H, Li S, Yuan J, Pang Y. Maintenance and recall of memory T cell populations against tuberculosis: Implications for vaccine design. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100741. [PMID: 37063832 PMCID: PMC10102482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of standardised drug regimens, advanced diagnostics, and Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic remains uncontrollable. To address this challenge, improved vaccines are urgently required that can elicit persistent immunologic memory, the hallmark of successful vaccines. Nonetheless, the processes underlying the induction and maintenance of immunologic memory are not entirely understood. Clarifying how memory T cells (Tm cells) are created and survive long term may be a crucial step towards the development of effective T cell–targeted vaccines. Here, we review research findings on the memory T cell response, which involves mobilization of several distinct Tm cell subsets that are required for efficient host suppression of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) activity. We also summaries current knowledge related to the T cell response-based host barrier against Mtb infection and discuss advantages and disadvantages of novel TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Pang
- *Correspondence: Jinfeng Yuan, ; Yu Pang,
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7
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Yadav N, Patel H, Parmar R, Patidar M, Dalai SK. TCR-signals downstream adversely correlate with the survival signals of memory CD8 + T cells under homeostasis. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152354. [PMID: 36854249 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The significance of self-peptide-MHC-I/TCR (SMT) interaction in the survival of CD8+ T cells during naïve- and developmental-stages is well documented. However, the same for the memory stage is contentious. Previous studies have attempted to address the issue using MHC-I or TCR deficient systems, but inconsistent findings with memory CD8+ T cells of different TCR specificities have complicated the interpretation. Differential presence and/or processing of TCR-signals downstream in memory CD8+ T cells of different TCR specificities could be thought of as a reason. In this study, we examined the TCR-signals downstream in memory CD8+ T cells and compared them to the presence of survival-related signals (Annexin-V, Bcl-2, and Ki-67). We categorically tracked foreign antigen-experienced memory CD8+ T (TM) cells generated after Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic-stage malaria infection in C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, we found that memory CD8+ T cells had more TCR-signals downstream than naive cells. We reasoned and attributed the increased expression of cell adhesion molecules to the enhanced TCR-signaling. TCR-signals downstream correlate more closely with survival signals in naive CD8+ T cells than with death signals in TM cells. Further investigation using antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and diverse infection systems would aid in conceptualizing the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Yadav
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Hardik Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rajesh Parmar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Manoj Patidar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India; Department of Zoology, Govt. College Manawar, Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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Characterization of the Protective Immune Responses Conferred by Recombinant BCG Overexpressing Components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sec Protein Export System. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060945. [PMID: 35746553 PMCID: PMC9229301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only approved vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). However, its efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB in adults is limited. Despite its variable efficacy, BCG offers a number of unique and beneficial characteristics, which make it suitable as a vaccine vehicle to express recombinant molecules. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the general Sec pathway is an essential cellular process, and it is responsible for exporting the majority of proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane, including potent immune-protective antigens, such as members of the antigen 85 (Ag85) complex. We engineered BCG to overexpress the M. tuberculosis SecDFG proteins in order to improve the efficiency of the Sec-dependent export system and, thus, enhance the secretion of immunogenic proteins. BCGSecDFG displayed increased intracellular survival within macrophages in vitro and greater persistence in the lymphoid organs of vaccinated mice than parental BCG. In addition, vaccination with BCGSecDFG generated higher numbers of IFN-γ-secreting T cells in response to secreted mycobacterial antigens compared to BCG, particularly members of the Ag85 complex. Furthermore, vaccination with BCGSecDFG significantly reduced the bacterial load in the lungs and spleens of M. tuberculosis-infected mice, which was comparable to the protection afforded by parental BCG. Therefore, the modification of protein secretion in BCG can improve antigen-specific immunogenicity.
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Abstract
Pulmonary granulomas are widely considered the epicenters of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Recent animal studies have revealed factors that either promote or restrict TB immunity within granulomas. These models, however, typically ignore the impact of preexisting immunity on cellular organization and function, an important consideration because most TB probably occurs through reinfection of previously exposed individuals. Human postmortem research from the pre-antibiotic era showed that infections in Mtb-naïve individuals (primary TB) versus those with prior Mtb exposure (postprimary TB) have distinct pathologic features. We review recent animal findings in TB granuloma biology, which largely reflect primary TB. We also discuss our current understanding of postprimary TB lesions, about which much less is known. Many knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding how preexisting immunity shapes granuloma structure and local immune responses at Mtb infection sites. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Cohen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Gern
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Joshi H, Kandari D, Bhatnagar R. Insights into the molecular determinants involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence and their therapeutic implications. Virulence 2021; 12:2721-2749. [PMID: 34637683 PMCID: PMC8565819 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1990660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of persistent infections and the reactivation of persistent bacteria to active bacilli are the two hurdles in effective tuberculosis treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an etiologic tuberculosis agent, adapts to numerous antibiotics and resists the host immune system causing a disease of public health concern. Extensive research has been employed to combat this disease due to its sheer ability to persist in the host system, undetected, waiting for the opportunity to declare itself. Persisters are a bacterial subpopulation that possesses transient tolerance to high doses of antibiotics. There are certain inherent mechanisms that facilitate the persister cell formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some of those had been characterized in the past namely, stringent response, transcriptional regulators, energy production pathways, lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling enzymes, phosphate metabolism, and proteasome protein degradation. This article reviews the recent advancements made in various in vitro persistence models that assist to unravel the mechanisms involved in the persister cell formation and to hunt for the possible preventive or treatment measures. To tackle the persister population the immunodominant proteins that express specifically at the latent phase of infection can be used for diagnosis to distinguish between the active and latent tuberculosis, as well as to select potential drug or vaccine candidates. In addition, we discuss the genes engaged in the persistence to get more insights into resuscitation and persister cell formation. The in-depth understanding of persistent cells of mycobacteria can certainly unravel novel ways to target the pathogen and tackle its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Kandari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Amity University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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11
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Aagaard C, Knudsen NPH, Sohn I, Izzo AA, Kim H, Kristiansen EH, Lindenstrøm T, Agger EM, Rasmussen M, Shin SJ, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P, Mortensen R. Immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Antigens Bypasses T Cell Differentiation from Prior Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination and Improves Protection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2146-2155. [PMID: 32887748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the majority of people in tuberculosis (TB)-endemic areas are vaccinated with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, TB remains the leading infectious cause of death. Data from both animal models and humans show that BCG and subunit vaccines induce T cells of different phenotypes, and little is known about how BCG priming influences subsequent booster vaccines. To test this, we designed a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific (or "non-BCG") subunit vaccine with protective efficacy in both mice and guinea pigs and compared it to a known BCG boosting vaccine. In naive mice, this M. tuberculosis-specific vaccine induced similar protection compared with the BCG boosting vaccine. However, in BCG-primed animals, only the M. tuberculosis-specific vaccine added significantly to the BCG-induced protection. This correlated with the priming of T cells with a lower degree of differentiation and improved lung-homing capacity. These results have implications for TB vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Peter Hell Knudsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Sohn
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Emma Holsey Kristiansen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Rasmussen
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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12
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Chen ZY, Wang L, Gu L, Qu R, Lowrie DB, Hu Z, Sha W, Fan XY. Decreased Expression of CD69 on T Cells in Tuberculosis Infection Resisters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1901. [PMID: 32849474 PMCID: PMC7426741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD69 is a biomarker of T-cell activation status, but its activation status in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains elusive. METHODS A set of cohorts of patients with different tuberculosis (TB) infection status including active TB patients (ATB), latent tuberculous infection patients (LTBI) and close contacts (CCs) of ATB was designed, and the expression profiles of CD69 and several T-cell markers were determined on Mtb antigen-stimulated T cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were both comparable among Mtb-infected individuals including ATB and LTBI, which guaranteed the consistency of the background level. A t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) analysis on a panel of six phenotypic markers showed a unique color map axis gated on T cells in the CCs group compared with ATB and LTBI populations. By further gating on cells positive for each individual marker and then overlaying those events on top of the tSNE plots, their distribution suggested that some markers were expressed differently in the CCs group. Further analysis showed that the expression levels of CD69 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in the CCs group, especially in interferon-γ-responding T cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the T-cell activation status of CD69 is associated with Mtb infection and may have the potential to distinguish LTBI from those populations who have been exposed continuously to Mtb but have not become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Qu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
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13
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Kim H, Kwon KW, Park J, Kang H, Lee Y, Sohn EJ, Hwang I, Eum SY, Shin SJ. Plant-Produced N-glycosylated Ag85A Exhibits Enhanced Vaccine Efficacy Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878 Through Balanced Multifunctional Th1 T Cell Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020189. [PMID: 32325740 PMCID: PMC7349862 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). An effective vaccine to prevent TB is considered the most cost-effective measure for controlling this disease. Many different vaccine antigen (Ag) candidates, including well-known and newly identified Ags, have been evaluated in clinical and preclinical studies. In this study, we took advantage of a plant system of protein expression using Nicotiana benthamiana to produce N-glycosylated antigen 85A (G-Ag85A), which is one of the most well-characterized vaccine Ag candidates in the field of TB vaccines, and compared its immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy with those of nonglycosylated Ag85A (NG-Ag85A) produced with an Escherichia coli system. Notably, G-Ag85A induced a more robust IFN-γ response than NG-Ag85A, which indicated that G-Ag85A is well recognized by the host immune system during Mtb infection. We subsequently compared the vaccine potential of G-Ag85A and NG-Ag85A by evaluating their immunological features and substantial protection efficacies. Interestingly, G-Ag85A yielded moderately enhanced long-term protective efficacy, as measured in terms of bacterial burden and lung inflammation. Strikingly, G-Ag85A-immunized mice showed a more balanced proportion of multifunctional Th1-biased immune responses with sustained IFN-γ response than did NG-Ag85A-immunized mice. Collectively, plant-derived G-Ag85A could induce protective and balanced Th1 responses and confer long-term protection against a hypervirulent Mtb Beijing strain infection, which indicated that plant-produced G-Ag85A might provide an excellent example for the production of an Mtb subunit vaccine Ag and could be an effective platform for the development of anti-TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (K.W.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (K.W.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Jaehun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (K.W.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Hyangju Kang
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang 37668, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.L.); (E.-J.S.)
| | - Yongjik Lee
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang 37668, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.L.); (E.-J.S.)
| | - Eun-Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang 37668, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.L.); (E.-J.S.)
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Seok-Yong Eum
- Division of Immunopathology and Cellular Immunology, International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon 51755, Korea;
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.); (K.W.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Abstract
After Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) failure, there is likely a 6- to 24-month window whereby salvage intravesical therapy might allow for preservation of the bladder without disease worsening. Combination intravesical, salvage therapy for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer represents a promising avenue for treatment in patients unfit or unwilling to undergo cystectomy. BCG with concomitant immune stimulating agents or immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination chemotherapy regimens, such as gemcitabine and docetaxol, and novel agents currently in clinical trials provide hope for a bladder-sparing alternative for patients after BCG failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Brooks
- Department of Urology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael A O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading killer among all infectious diseases worldwide despite extensive use of the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. A safer and more effective vaccine than BCG is urgently required. More than a dozen TB vaccine candidates are under active evaluation in clinical trials aimed to prevent infection, disease, and recurrence. After decades of extensive research, renewed promise of an effective vaccine against this ancient airborne disease has recently emerged. In two innovative phase 2b vaccine clinical trials, one for the prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthy adolescents and another for the prevention of TB disease in M. tuberculosis-infected adults, efficacy signals were observed. These breakthroughs, based on the greatly expanded knowledge of the M. tuberculosis infection spectrum, immunology of TB, and vaccine platforms, have reinvigorated the TB vaccine field. Here, we review our current understanding of natural immunity to TB, limitations in BCG immunity that are guiding vaccinologists to design novel TB vaccine candidates and concepts, and the desired attributes of a modern TB vaccine. We provide an overview of the progress of TB vaccine candidates in clinical evaluation, perspectives on the challenges faced by current vaccine concepts, and potential avenues to build on recent successes and accelerate the TB vaccine research-and-development trajectory.
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16
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Choi HH, Kwon KW, Han SJ, Kang SM, Choi E, Kim A, Cho SN, Shin SJ. PPE39 of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Beijing/K induces Th1-cell polarization through dendritic cell maturation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228700. [PMID: 31371491 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we have identified MTBK_24820, the complete protein form of PPE39 in the hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain Beijing/K by using comparative genomic analysis. PPE39 exhibited vaccine potential against Mtb challenge in a murine model. Thus, in this present study, we characterize PPE39-induced immunological features by investigating the interaction of PPE39 with dendritic cells (DCs). PPE39-treated DCs display reduced dextran uptake and enhanced MHC-I, MHC-II, CD80 and CD86 expression, indicating that this PPE protein induces phenotypic DC maturation. In addition, PPE39-treated DCs produce TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p70 to a similar and/or greater extent than lipopolysaccharide-treated DCs in a dose-dependent manner. The activating effect of PPE39 on DCs was mediated by TLR4 through downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, PPE39-treated DCs promoted naïve CD4+ T-cell proliferation accompanied by remarkable increases of IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion levels, and an increase in the Th1-related transcription factor T-bet but not in Th2-associated expression of GATA-3, suggesting that PPE39 induces Th1-type T-cell responses through DC activation. Collectively, the results indicate that the complete form of PPE39 is a so-far-unknown TLR4 agonist that induces Th1-cell biased immune responses by interacting with DCs.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Jung Han
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Soon Myung Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Eunsol Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ahreum Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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17
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Hu Z, Zhao HM, Li CL, Liu XH, Barkan D, Lowrie DB, Lu SH, Fan XY. The Role of KLRG1 in Human CD4+ T-Cell Immunity Against Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1491-1503. [PMID: 29373700 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background KLRG1 is a marker of terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells in viral infection, but its role in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains elusive. Methods A set of cohorts of patients with tuberculosis was designed, and the expression profiles and functions of KLRG1+CD4+ T cells were determined with and without antibody blocking. Results KLRG1 expression on CD4+ T cells was significantly increased in patients with active tuberculosis, compared with healthy controls and patients without tuberculosis. Upon M. tuberculosis-specific stimulation, the ability to secrete interferon γ, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor α was significantly greater in KLRG1-expressing CD4+ T cells than in their KLRG-negative counterparts and was accompanied by a decreased proportion of regulatory T cells and increased Akt signaling. However, KLRG1-expressing CD4+ T cells had a shorter life-span, which was associated with a higher apoptosis rate but a similar proliferative response. Blockade of KLRG1 signaling significantly enhanced interferon γ and interleukin 2 secretion without affecting either cell apoptosis or multiplication. Addition of a specific Akt inhibitor prevented this increased cytokine response, implicating the Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions Our study delineated the profile of KLRG1+CD4+ T cells in patients with tuberculosis and suggests that M. tuberculosis infection drives CD4+ T cells to acquire increased effector function in a terminally differentiated state, which is restrained by KLRG1 via KLRG1/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai
| | - Hui-Min Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University
| | - Chun-Ling Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xu-Hui Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Douglas B Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai
| | - Shui-Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Institute, Shanghai.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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Kim WS, Kim H, Kwon KW, Cho SN, Shin SJ. Immunogenicity and Vaccine Potential of InsB, an ESAT-6-Like Antigen Identified in the Highly Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing K Strain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:220. [PMID: 30809214 PMCID: PMC6379281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group recently identified InsB, an ESAT-6-like antigen belonging to the Mtb9.9 subfamily within the Esx family, in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Korean Beijing strain (Mtb K) via a comparative genomic analysis with that of the reference Mtb H37Rv and characterized its immunogenicity and its induced immune response in patients with tuberculosis (TB). However, the vaccine potential of InsB has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, InsB was evaluated as a subunit vaccine in comparison with the most well-known ESAT-6 against the hypervirulent Mtb K. Mice immunized with InsB/MPL-DDA exhibited an antigen-specific IFN-γ response along with antigen-specific effector/memory T cell expansion in the lungs and spleen upon antigen restimulation. In addition, InsB immunization markedly induced multifunctional Th1-type CD4+ T cells coexpressing TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ in the lungs following Mtb K challenge. Finally, we found that InsB immunization conferred long-term protection against Mtb K comparable to that conferred by ESAT-6 immunization, as evidenced by a similar level of CFU reduction in the lung and spleen and reduced lung inflammation. These results suggest that InsB may be an excellent vaccine antigen component for developing a multiantigenic Mtb subunit vaccine by generating Th1-biased memory T cells with a multifunctional capacity and may confer durable protection against the highly virulent Mtb K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Kim WS, Kim JS, Kim HM, Kwon KW, Eum SY, Shin SJ. Comparison of immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy between heat-shock proteins, HSP70 and GrpE, in the DnaK operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14411. [PMID: 30258084 PMCID: PMC6158166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigens (Ags) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that are constitutively expressed, overexpressed during growth, essential for survival, and highly conserved may be good vaccine targets if they induce the appropriate anti-Mtb Th1 immune response. In this context, stress response-related antigens of Mtb might serve as attractive targets for vaccine development as they are rapidly expressed and are up-regulated during Mtb infection in vivo. Our group recently demonstrated that GrpE, encoded by rv0351 as a cofactor of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the DnaK operon, is a novel immune activator that interacts with DCs to generate Th1-biased memory T cells in an antigen-specific manner. In this study, GrpE was evaluated as a subunit vaccine in comparison with the well-known HSP70 against the hyper-virulent Mtb Beijing K-strain. Both HSP70- and GrpE-specific effector/memory T cells expanded to a similar extent as those stimulated with ESAT-6 in the lung and spleen of Mtb-infected mice, but GrpE only produced a similar level of IFN-γ to that produced by ESAT-6 stimulation during the late phase and the early phase of Mtb K infection, indicating that GrpE is highly-well recognised by the host immune system as a T cell antigen. Mice immunised with the GrpE subunit vaccine displayed enhanced antigen-specific IFN-γ and serum IgG2c responses along with antigen-specific effector/memory T cell expansion in the lungs. In addition, GrpE-immunisation markedly induced multifunctional Th1-type CD4+ T cells co-expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 in the lungs of Mtb K-infected mice, whereas HSP70-immunisation induced mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses. GrpE-immunisation conferred a more significant protective effect than that of HSP70-immunisation in terms of bacterial reduction and improved inflammation, accompanied by the remarkable persistence of GrpE-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that GrpE is an excellent vaccine antigen component for the development of a multi-antigenic Mtb subunit vaccine by generating Th1-biased memory T cells with multifunctional capacity, and confers durable protection against the highly virulent Mtb K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hong Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Eum
- Division of Immunopathology and Cellular Immunology, International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Bull NC, Kaveh DA, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Stylianou E, McShane H, Hogarth PJ. Induction and maintenance of a phenotypically heterogeneous lung tissue-resident CD4 + T cell population following BCG immunisation. Vaccine 2018; 36:5625-5635. [PMID: 30097220 PMCID: PMC6143486 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the biggest cause of human mortality from an infectious disease. The only vaccine currently available, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), demonstrates some protection against disseminated disease in childhood but very variable efficacy against pulmonary disease in adults. A greater understanding of protective host immune responses is required in order to aid the development of improved vaccines. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a recently-identified subset of T cells which may represent an important component of protective immunity to TB. Here, we demonstrate that intradermal BCG vaccination induces a population of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells within the lung parenchyma which persist for >12 months post-vaccination. Comprehensive flow cytometric analysis reveals this population is phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous, and shares characteristics with lung vascular and splenic CD4+ T cells. This underlines the importance of utilising the intravascular staining technique for definitive identification of tissue-resident T cells, and also suggests that these anatomically distinct cellular subsets are not necessarily permanently resident within a particular tissue compartment but can migrate between compartments. This lung parenchymal population merits further investigation as a critical component of a protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Bull
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Daryan A Kaveh
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - M C Garcia-Pelayo
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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21
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Larsen SE, Baldwin SL, Orr MT, Reese VA, Pecor T, Granger B, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Podell BK, Coler RN. Enhanced Anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunity over Time with Combined Drug and Immunotherapy Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020030. [PMID: 29795025 PMCID: PMC6027321 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This astounding statistic, in combination with costly and lengthy treatment regimens make the development of therapeutic vaccines paramount for controlling the global burden of tuberculosis. Unlike prophylactic vaccination, therapeutic immunization relies on the natural pulmonary infection with Mtb as the mucosal prime that directs boost responses back to the lung. The purpose of this work was to determine the protection and safety profile over time following therapeutic administration of our lead Mtb vaccine candidate, ID93 with a synthetic TLR4 agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE)), in combination with rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide (RHZ) drug treatment. We assessed the host inflammatory immune responses and lung pathology 7–22 weeks post infection, and determined the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment by enumeration of the bacterial load and survival in the SWR/J mouse model. We show that drug treatment alone, or with immunotherapy, tempered the inflammatory responses measured in brochoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma compared to untreated cohorts. RHZ combined with therapeutic immunizations significantly enhanced TH1-type cytokine responses in the lung over time, corresponding to decreased pulmonary pathology evidenced by a significant decrease in the percentage of lung lesions and destructive lung inflammation. These data suggest that bacterial burden assessment alone may miss important correlates of lung architecture that directly contribute to therapeutic vaccine efficacy in the preclinical mouse model. We also confirmed our previous finding that in combination with antibiotics therapeutic immunizations provide an additive survival advantage. Moreover, therapeutic immunizations with ID93/GLA-SE induced differential T cell immune responses over the course of infection that correlated with periods of enhanced bacterial control over that of drug treatment alone. Here we advance the immunotherapy model and investigate reliable correlates of protection and Mtb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E Larsen
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Susan L Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Valerie A Reese
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Tiffany Pecor
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Brian Granger
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | | | - Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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22
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kaufmann SHE. Next-Generation Vaccines Based on Bacille Calmette-Guérin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29459859 PMCID: PMC5807593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major health threat. A live, attenuated mycobacterium known as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), derived from the causative agent of cattle TB, Mycobacterium bovis, has been in clinical use as a vaccine for 90 years. The current incidence of TB demonstrates that BCG fails to protect sufficiently against pulmonary TB, the major disease manifestation and source of dissemination. The protective efficacy of BCG is on average 50% but varies substantially with geographical location and is poorer in those with previous exposure to mycobacteria. BCG can also cause adverse reactions in immunocompromised individuals. However, BCG has contributed to reduced infant TB mortality by protecting against extrapulmonary TB. In addition, BCG has been associated with reduced general childhood mortality by stimulating immune responses. In order to improve the efficacy of BCG, two major strategies have been employed. The first involves the development of recombinant live mycobacterial vaccines with improved efficacy and safety. The second strategy is to boost BCG with subunit vaccines containing Mtb antigens. This article reviews recombinant BCG strains that have been tested against TB in animal models. This includes BCG strains that have been engineered to induce increased immune responses by the insertion of genes for Mtb antigens, mammalian cytokines, or host resistance factors, the insertion of bacterial toxin-derived adjuvants, and the manipulation of bacterial genes in order to increase antigen presentation and immune activation. Subunit vaccines for boosting BCG are also briefly discussed.
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Platteel ACM, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Domaszewska T, Schürer S, Zedler U, Brinkmann V, Sijts AJAM, Kaufmann SHE. Efficacy Testing of H56 cDNA Tattoo Immunization against Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1744. [PMID: 29312295 PMCID: PMC5732355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a global threat. The only approved vaccine against TB, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), provides insufficient protection and, being a live vaccine, can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Previously, we found that intradermal cDNA tattoo immunization with cDNA of tetanus toxoid fragment C domain 1 fused to cDNA of the fusion protein H56, comprising the Mtb antigens Ag85B, ESAT-6, and Rv2660c, induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. As cDNA tattoo immunization would be safer than a live vaccine in immunocompromised patients, we tested the protective efficacy of intradermal tattoo immunization against TB with H56 cDNA, as well as with H56_E, a construct optimized for epitope processing in a mouse model. As Mtb antigens can be used in combination with BCG to boost immune responses, we also tested the protective efficacy of heterologous prime-boost, using dermal tattoo immunization with H56_E cDNA to boost BCG immunization in mice. Dermal H56 and H56_E cDNA immunization induced H56-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and Ag85B-specific IgG antibodies, but did not reduce bacterial loads, although immunization with H56_E ameliorated lung pathology. Both subcutaneous and intradermal immunization with BCG resulted in broad cellular immune responses, with increased frequencies of CD4+ T effector memory cells, T follicular helper cells, and germinal center B cells, and resulted in reduced bacterial loads and lung pathology. Heterologous vaccination with BCG/H56_E cDNA induced increased H56-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses compared to vaccination with BCG alone, and lung pathology was significantly decreased in BCG/H56_E cDNA immunized mice compared to unvaccinated controls. However, bacterial loads were not decreased after heterologous vaccination compared to BCG alone. CD4+ T cells responding to Ag85B- and ESAT-6-derived epitopes were predominantly IFN-γ+TNF-α+ and TNF-α+IL-2+, respectively. In conclusion, despite inducing appreciable immune responses to Ag85B and ESAT-6, intradermal H56 cDNA tattoo immunization did not substantially enhance the protective effect of BCG under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Teresa Domaszewska
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schürer
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zedler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Lindenstrøm T, Moguche A, Damborg M, Agger EM, Urdahl K, Andersen P. T Cells Primed by Live Mycobacteria Versus a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Exhibit Distinct Functional Properties. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:27-39. [PMID: 29249639 PMCID: PMC5828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inducing strong T cell responses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection fails to elicit protective immune memory. As such latently infected or successfully treated Tuberculosis (TB) patients are not protected against recurrent disease. Here, using a mouse model of aerosol Mtb infection, we show that memory immunity to H56/CAF01 subunit vaccination conferred sustained protection in contrast to the transient natural immunity conferred by Mtb infection. Loss of protection to re-infection in natural Mtb memory was temporally linked to an accelerated differentiation of ESAT-6- and to a lesser extent, Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in both the lung parenchyma and vasculature. This phenotype was characterized by high KLRG1 expression and low, dual production of IFN-γ and TNF. In contrast, H56/CAF01 vaccination elicited cells that expressed low levels of KLRG1 with copious expression of IL-2 and IL-17A. Co-adoptive transfer studies revealed that H56/CAF01 induced memory CD4 T cells efficiently homed into the lung parenchyma of mice chronically infected with Mtb. In comparison, natural Mtb infection- and BCG vaccine-induced memory CD4 T cells exhibited a poor ability to home into the lung parenchyma. These studies suggest that impaired lung migratory capacity is an inherent trait of the terminally differentiated memory responses primed by mycobacteria/mycobacterial vectors. Differentiation state of M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 memory T cells differ depending on their initial priming Live mycobacteria prime fully differentiated CD4 memory T cells with lower lung homing capacity than subunit vaccination Lung parenchymal Mtb memory CD4 T cells produce fewer & less cytokines, express more KLRG1 and cannot sustain protection
People latently infected with M. tuberculosis or successfully treated for Tuberculosis are not protected against recurrent disease, even in the presence of strong T cell responses. Here, using a well-established mouse model, we show that in contrast to subunit vaccination, live mycobacteria prime CD4 T cells that are highly differentiated, have an inferior lung homing capacity and show impaired function once in the parenchyma leading to lack of sustained protection against challenge. This indicates a central shortcoming of natural immunity that needs to be addressed in order to develop improved vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark.
| | | | - Mie Damborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Kevin Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kulkarni PS, Shaligram U, Cotton MF, Rentsch CA, Eisele B, Grode L, Kaufmann SHE. The Recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine VPM1002: Ready for Clinical Efficacy Testing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1147. [PMID: 28974949 PMCID: PMC5610719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), protects against severe extrapulmonary forms of TB but is virtually ineffective against the most prevalent form of the disease, pulmonary TB. BCG was genetically modified at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology to improve its immunogenicity by replacing the urease C encoding gene with the listeriolysin encoding gene from Listeria monocytogenes. Listeriolysin perturbates the phagosomal membrane at acidic pH. Urease C is involved in neutralization of the phagosome harboring BCG. Its depletion allows for rapid phagosome acidification and promotes phagolysosome fusion. As a result, BCGΔureC::hly (VPM1002) promotes apoptosis and autophagy and facilitates release of mycobacterial antigens into the cytosol. In preclinical studies, VPM1002 has been far more efficacious and safer than BCG. The vaccine was licensed to Vakzine Projekt Management and later sublicensed to the Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., the largest vaccine producer in the world. The vaccine has passed phase I clinical trials in Germany and South Africa, demonstrating its safety and immunogenicity in young adults. It was also successfully tested in a phase IIa randomized clinical trial in healthy South African newborns and is currently undergoing a phase IIb study in HIV exposed and unexposed newborns. A phase II/III clinical trial will commence in India in 2017 to assess efficacy against recurrence of TB. The target indications for VPM1002 are newborn immunization to prevent TB as well as post-exposure immunization in adults to prevent TB recurrence. In addition, a Phase I trial in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients has been completed, and phase II trials are ongoing. This review describes the development of VPM1002 from the drawing board to its clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cyrill A Rentsch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Eisele
- Vakzine Projekt Management GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Listeria-Vectored Vaccine Expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 30-Kilodalton Major Secretory Protein via the Constitutively Active prfA* Regulon Boosts Mycobacterium bovis BCG Efficacy against Tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2017. [PMID: 28630063 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00245-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A potent vaccine against tuberculosis, one of the world's deadliest diseases, is needed to enhance the immunity of people worldwide, most of whom have been vaccinated with the partially effective Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. Here we investigate novel live attenuated recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (rLm) vaccines expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 30-kDa major secretory protein (r30/antigen 85B [Ag85B]) (rLm30) as heterologous booster vaccines in animals primed with BCG. Using three attenuated L. monocytogenes vectors, L. monocytogenes ΔactA (LmI), L. monocytogenes ΔactA ΔinlB (LmII), and L. monocytogenes ΔactA ΔinlB prfA* (LmIII), we constructed five rLm30 vaccine candidates expressing r30 linked in frame to the L. monocytogenes listeriolysin O signal sequence and driven by the hly promoter (h30) or linked in frame to the ActA N-terminal 100 amino acids and driven by the actA promoter (a30). All five rLm30 vaccines secreted r30 in broth and macrophages; while rLm30 expressing r30 via a constitutively active prfA* regulon (rLmIII/a30) expressed the largest amount of r30 in broth culture, all five rLm30 vaccines expressed equivalent amounts of r30 in infected macrophages. In comparative studies, boosting of BCG-immunized mice with rLmIII/a30 induced the strongest antigen-specific T-cell responses, including splenic and lung polyfunctional CD4+ T cells expressing the three cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) (P < 0.001) and splenic and lung CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ (P < 0.0001). In mice and guinea pigs, the rLmIII/a30 and rLmI/h30 vaccines were generally more potent booster vaccines than r30 with an adjuvant and a recombinant adenovirus vaccine expressing r30. In a setting in which BCG alone was highly immunoprotective, boosting of mice with rLmIII/a30, the most potent of the vaccines, significantly enhanced protection against aerosolized M. tuberculosis (P < 0.01).
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Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine in clinical practice, has limitations in efficacy, immunogenicity and safety. Much current TB vaccine research focuses on engineering live mycobacteria to interfere with phagosome biology and host intracellular pathways including apoptosis and autophagy, with candidates such as BCG Δzmp1, BCG ΔureC::hly, BCG::ESX-1Mmar, Mtb ΔphoP ΔfadD26, Mtb ΔRD1 ΔpanCD and M. smegmatis Δesx-3::esx-3(Mtb) in the development pipeline. Correlates of protection in preclinical studies include increased central memory CD4+ T cells and recruitment of antigen-specific T cells to the lungs, with mucosal vaccination found to be superior to parenteral vaccination. Finally, recent studies suggest beneficial non-specific effects of BCG on immunity, which should be taken into account when considering these vaccines for BCG replacement.
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Selection and identification of specific glycoproteins and glycan biomarkers of macrophages involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 104:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Revaccination of Guinea Pigs With the Live Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vaccine MTBVAC Improves BCG's Protection Against Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:525-533. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Khan N, Vidyarthi A, Amir M, Mushtaq K, Agrewala JN. T-cell exhaustion in tuberculosis: pitfalls and prospects. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:133-141. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1185603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aurobind Vidyarthi
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammed Amir
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Khurram Mushtaq
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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31
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Boosting BCG-primed responses with a subunit Apa vaccine during the waning phase improves immunity and imparts protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25837. [PMID: 27173443 PMCID: PMC4865829 DOI: 10.1038/srep25837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boosting has emerged as a powerful vaccination approach against tuberculosis. However, optimal timing to boost BCG-immunity using subunit vaccines remains unclear in clinical trials. Here, we followed the adhesin Apa-specific T-cell responses in BCG-primed mice and investigated its BCG-booster potential. The Apa-specific T-cell response peaked 32-52 weeks after parenteral or mucosal BCG-priming but waned significantly by 78 weeks. A subunit-Apa-boost during the contraction-phase of BCG-response had a greater effect on the magnitude and functional quality of specific cellular and humoral responses compared to a boost at the peak of BCG-response. The cellular response increased following mucosal BCG-prime-Apa-subunit-boost strategy compared to Apa-subunit-prime-BCG-boost approach. However, parenteral BCG-prime-Apa-subunit-boost by a homologous route was the most effective strategy in-terms of enhancing specific T-cell responses during waning in the lung and spleen. Two Apa-boosters markedly improved waning BCG-immunity and significantly reduced Mycobacterium tuberculosis burdens post-challenge. Our results highlight the challenges of optimization of prime-boost regimens in mice where BCG drives persistent immune-activation and suggest that boosting with a heterologous vaccine may be ideal once the specific persisting effector responses are contracted. Our results have important implications for design of prime-boost regimens against tuberculosis in humans.
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Grover A, McLean JL, Troudt JM, Foster C, Izzo L, Creissen E, MacDonald E, Troy A, Izzo AA. Heat killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an adjuvant for the induction of vaccine-mediated immunity against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2016; 34:2798-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Prendergast KA, Counoupas C, Leotta L, Eto C, Bitter W, Winter N, Triccas JA. The Ag85B protein of the BCG vaccine facilitates macrophage uptake but is dispensable for protection against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:2608-15. [PMID: 27060378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Defining the function and protective capacity of mycobacterial antigens is crucial for progression of tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates to clinical trials. The Ag85B protein is expressed by all pathogenic mycobacteria and is a component of multiple TB vaccines under evaluation in humans. In this report we examined the role of the BCG Ag85B protein in host cell interaction and vaccine-induced protection against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Ag85B was required for macrophage infection in vitro, as BCG deficient in Ag85B expression (BCG:(Δ85B)) was less able to infect RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to parental BCG, while an Ag85B-overexpressing BCG strain (BCG:(oex85B)) demonstrated improved uptake. A similar pattern was observed in vivo after intradermal delivery to mice, with significantly less BCG:(Δ85B) present in CD64(hi)CD11b(hi) macrophages compared to BCG or BCG:(oex85B). After vaccination of mice with BCG:(Δ85B) or parental BCG and subsequent aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge, similar numbers of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were detected in the lungs of infected mice for both groups, suggesting the reduced macrophage uptake observed by BCG:(Δ85B) did not alter host immunity. Further, vaccination with both BCG:(Δ85B) and parental BCG resulted in a comparable reduction in pulmonary M. tuberculosis load. These data reveal an unappreciated role for Ag85B in the interaction of mycobacteria with host cells and indicates that single protective antigens are dispensable for protective immunity induced by BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Prendergast
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Leotta
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolina Eto
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Winter
- INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - James A Triccas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Boer MC, van Meijgaarden KE, Goletti D, Vanini V, Prins C, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA. KLRG1 and PD-1 expression are increased on T-cells following tuberculosis-treatment and identify cells with different proliferative capacities in BCG-vaccinated adults. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 97:163-71. [PMID: 26750180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In cancer and chronic infectious diseases, immune checkpoint-blockade of inhibitory receptors can enhance T-cell immunity. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease, prolonged antigen exposure can potentially drive terminal T-cell differentiation towards functional 'exhaustion': in human TB T-cells express PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4). However, in murine TB not PD-1 but rather killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily-G1 (KLRG1) was a superior indicator of terminal T-cell differentiation. We therefore compared expression of KLRG1, PD-1 and CTLA-4 on T-cells in different stages of human TB, and also analysed their induction following BCG-vaccination. KLRG1, PD-1 and CTLA-4-expression were highest on in vitro BCG-stimulated CD4(+) T-cells following recent TB-treatment; KLRG1 and PD-1-expression on CD4(+) T-cells in active--but not latent--TB were only slightly increased compared to healthy donors. BCG-vaccination induced KLRG1-expression on BCG-stimulated CD8(+) but not CD4(+) T-cells, while neither PD-1 nor CTLA-4-expression increased. KLRG1-expressing CD8(+) T-cells exhibited markedly decreased proliferation, whereas PD-1(+) T-cells proliferated after in vitro BCG-stimulation. Thus, we demonstrate the presence of increased KLRG1-expressing T-cells in TB-treated individuals, and present KLRG1 as a marker of decreased human T-cell proliferation following BCG-vaccination. These results expand our understanding of cell-mediated immune control of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Krista E van Meijgaarden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Delia Goletti
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Corine Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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