1
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López-Murcia FJ, Lin KH, Berns MMM, Ranjan M, Lipstein N, Neher E, Brose N, Reim K, Taschenberger H. Complexin has a dual synaptic function as checkpoint protein in vesicle priming and as a promoter of vesicle fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320505121. [PMID: 38568977 PMCID: PMC11009659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320505121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The presynaptic SNARE-complex regulator complexin (Cplx) enhances the fusogenicity of primed synaptic vesicles (SVs). Consequently, Cplx deletion impairs action potential-evoked transmitter release. Conversely, though, Cplx loss enhances spontaneous and delayed asynchronous release at certain synapse types. Using electrophysiology and kinetic modeling, we show that such seemingly contradictory transmitter release phenotypes seen upon Cplx deletion can be explained by an additional of Cplx in the control of SV priming, where its ablation facilitates the generation of a "faulty" SV fusion apparatus. Supporting this notion, a sequential two-step priming scheme, featuring reduced vesicle fusogenicity and increased transition rates into the faulty primed state, reproduces all aberrations of transmitter release modes and short-term synaptic plasticity seen upon Cplx loss. Accordingly, we propose a dual presynaptic function for the SNARE-complex interactor Cplx, one as a "checkpoint" protein that guarantees the proper assembly of the fusion machinery during vesicle priming, and one in boosting vesicle fusogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José López-Murcia
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37075, Germany
| | - Kun-Han Lin
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Manon M. M. Berns
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37075, Germany
| | - Mrinalini Ranjan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37075, Germany
- Göttingen Graduate School for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Noa Lipstein
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37075, Germany
| | - Erwin Neher
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging’, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37075, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging’, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reim
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37075, Germany
| | - Holger Taschenberger
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37075, Germany
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2
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Wu Z, Kusick GF, Berns MMM, Raychaudhuri S, Itoh K, Walter AM, Chapman ER, Watanabe S. Synaptotagmin 7 docks synaptic vesicles to support facilitation and Doc2α-triggered asynchronous release. eLife 2024; 12:RP90632. [PMID: 38536730 PMCID: PMC10972563 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of intense study, the molecular basis of asynchronous neurotransmitter release remains enigmatic. Synaptotagmin (syt) 7 and Doc2 have both been proposed as Ca2+ sensors that trigger this mode of exocytosis, but conflicting findings have led to controversy. Here, we demonstrate that at excitatory mouse hippocampal synapses, Doc2α is the major Ca2+ sensor for asynchronous release, while syt7 supports this process through activity-dependent docking of synaptic vesicles. In synapses lacking Doc2α, asynchronous release after single action potentials is strongly reduced, while deleting syt7 has no effect. However, in the absence of syt7, docked vesicles cannot be replenished on millisecond timescales. Consequently, both synchronous and asynchronous release depress from the second pulse onward during repetitive activity. By contrast, synapses lacking Doc2α have normal activity-dependent docking, but continue to exhibit decreased asynchronous release after multiple stimuli. Moreover, disruption of both Ca2+ sensors is non-additive. These findings result in a new model whereby syt7 drives activity-dependent docking, thus providing synaptic vesicles for synchronous (syt1) and asynchronous (Doc2 and other unidentified sensors) release during ongoing transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMadisonUnited States
| | - Grant F Kusick
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Manon MM Berns
- Department of Neuroscience, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sumana Raychaudhuri
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alexander M Walter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Molecular and Theoretical Neuroscience, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, FMP im CharitéCrossOverBerlinGermany
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMadisonUnited States
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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3
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Uzay B, Kavalali ET. Genetic disorders of neurotransmitter release machinery. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1148957. [PMID: 37066095 PMCID: PMC10102358 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1148957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic neurotransmitter release is an evolutionarily conserved process that mediates rapid information transfer between neurons as well as several peripheral tissues. Release of neurotransmitters are ensured by successive events such as synaptic vesicle docking and priming that prepare synaptic vesicles for rapid fusion. These events are orchestrated by interaction of different presynaptic proteins and are regulated by presynaptic calcium. Recent studies have identified various mutations in different components of neurotransmitter release machinery resulting in aberrant neurotransmitter release, which underlie a wide spectrum of psychiatric and neurological symptoms. Here, we review how these genetic alterations in different components of the core neurotransmitter release machinery affect the information transfer between neurons and how aberrant synaptic release affects nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Uzay
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ege T. Kavalali
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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4
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Wang Q, #, Zhang Y, #, Du Q, Zhao X, Wang W, Zhai Q, Xiang M. SKF96365 impedes spinal glutamatergic transmission-mediated neuropathic allodynia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 27:39-48. [PMID: 36575932 PMCID: PMC9806642 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2023.27.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal nerve injury causes mechanical allodynia and structural imbalance of neurotransmission, which were typically associated with calcium overload. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is considered crucial elements-mediating intracellular calcium homeostasis, ion channel activity, and synaptic plasticity. However, the underlying mechanism of SOCE in mediating neuronal transmitter release and synaptic transmission remains ambiguous in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic rats were operated by spinal nerve ligations. Neurotransmissions were assessed by whole-cell recording in substantia gelatinosa. Immunofluorescence staining of STIM1 with neuronal and glial biomarkers in the spinal dorsal horn. The endoplasmic reticulum stress level was estimated from qRT-PCR. Intrathecal injection of SOCE antagonist SKF96365 dose-dependently alleviated mechanical allodynia in ipsilateral hind paws of neuropathic rats with ED50 of 18 μg. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that STIM1 was specifically and significantly expressed in neurons but not astrocytes and microglia in the spinal dorsal horn. Bath application of SKF96365 inhibited enhanced miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in a dosage-dependent manner without affecting miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Mal-adaption of SOCE was commonly related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the central nervous system. SKF96365 markedly suppressed ER stress levels by alleviating mRNA expression of C/EBP homologous protein and heat shock protein 70 in neuropathic rats. Our findings suggested that nerve injury might promote SOCE-mediated calcium levels, resulting in long-term imbalance of spinal synaptic transmission and behavioral sensitization, SKF96365 produces antinociception by alleviating glutamatergic transmission and ER stress. This work demonstrated the involvement of SOCE in neuropathic pain, implying that SOCE might be a potential target for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiru Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - #
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - #
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiong Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200240, China,Correspondence Ming Xiang, E-mail: , Qing Zhai, E-mail: , Wei Wang, E-mail:
| | - Qing Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai 200240, China,Correspondence Ming Xiang, E-mail: , Qing Zhai, E-mail: , Wei Wang, E-mail:
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai 200240, China,Correspondence Ming Xiang, E-mail: , Qing Zhai, E-mail: , Wei Wang, E-mail:
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5
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Horbay R, Hamraghani A, Ermini L, Holcik S, Beug ST, Yeganeh B. Role of Ceramides and Lysosomes in Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Cargo Sorting and Release. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315317. [PMID: 36499644 PMCID: PMC9735581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have the ability to communicate with their immediate and distant neighbors through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs facilitate intercellular signaling through the packaging of specific cargo in all type of cells, and perturbations of EV biogenesis, sorting, release and uptake is the basis of a number of disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances of the complex roles of the sphingolipid ceramide and lysosomes in the journey of EV biogenesis to uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Horbay
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ali Hamraghani
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sophie Holcik
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Shawn T. Beug
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.T.B.); or (B.Y.); Tel.: +1-613-738-4176 (B.Y.); Fax: +1-613-738-4847 (S.T.B. & B.Y.)
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.T.B.); or (B.Y.); Tel.: +1-613-738-4176 (B.Y.); Fax: +1-613-738-4847 (S.T.B. & B.Y.)
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6
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Ivanova D, Cousin MA. Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and the Endolysosomal System: A Reappraisal of Form and Function. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:826098. [PMID: 35280702 PMCID: PMC8916035 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.826098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system is present in all cell types. Within these cells, it performs a series of essential roles, such as trafficking and sorting of membrane cargo, intracellular signaling, control of metabolism and degradation. A specific compartment within central neurons, called the presynapse, mediates inter-neuronal communication via the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles (SVs). The localized recycling of SVs and their organization into functional pools is widely assumed to be a discrete mechanism, that only intersects with the endolysosomal system at specific points. However, evidence is emerging that molecules essential for endolysosomal function also have key roles within the SV life cycle, suggesting that they form a continuum rather than being isolated processes. In this review, we summarize the evidence for key endolysosomal molecules in SV recycling and propose an alternative model for membrane trafficking at the presynapse. This includes the hypotheses that endolysosomal intermediates represent specific functional SV pools, that sorting of cargo to SVs is mediated via the endolysosomal system and that manipulation of this process can result in both plastic changes to neurotransmitter release and pathophysiology via neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ivanova
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Daniela Ivanova,
| | - Michael A. Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Michael A. Cousin,
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7
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Anqueira-González A, Acevedo-Gonzalez JP, Montes-Mercado A, Irizarry-Hernández C, Fuenzalida-Uribe NL, Ghezzi A. Transcriptional Correlates of Chronic Alcohol Neuroadaptation in Drosophila Larvae. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:768694. [PMID: 34803626 PMCID: PMC8599819 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.768694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When presented with the choice, Drosophila melanogaster females will often prefer to lay eggs on food containing a significant amount of alcohol. While, in some cases, this behavioral decision can provide a survival advantage to the developing larvae, it can also lead to developmental and cognitive problems. Alcohol consumption can affect executive functions, episodic memory, and other brain function capacities. However, in the fruit fly, the initial cognitive effects of alcohol consumption have been shown to reverse upon persistent exposure to alcohol. Using an olfactory conditioning assay where an odorant is implemented as a conditioned stimulus and paired with a heat shock as an unconditioned stimulus, a previous study has shown that when exposed to a short acute dose of alcohol, Drosophila larvae can no longer learn this association. Interestingly, upon prolonged chronic alcohol exposure, larvae seem to successfully avoid the conditioned stimulus just as well as control alcohol-naive larvae, suggestive of alcohol-induced neuroadaptations. However, the mechanisms by which Drosophila adapt to the presence of alcohol remains unknown. In this study, we explore the transcriptional correlates of neuroadaptation in Drosophila larvae exposed to chronic alcohol to understand the genetic and cellular components responsible for this adaptation. For this, we employed RNA sequencing technology to evaluate differences in gene expression in the brain of larvae chronically exposed to alcohol. Our results suggest that alcohol-induced neuroadaptations are modulated by a diverse array of synaptic genes within the larval brain through a series of epigenetic modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Anqueira-González
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Jenny P Acevedo-Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Airined Montes-Mercado
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
| | | | | | - Alfredo Ghezzi
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
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8
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Li L, Liu H, Krout M, Richmond JE, Wang Y, Bai J, Weeratunga S, Collins BM, Ventimiglia D, Yu Y, Xia J, Tang J, Liu J, Hu Z. A novel dual Ca2+ sensor system regulates Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211787. [PMID: 33570571 PMCID: PMC7883739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release requires synaptotagmins as Ca2+ sensors to trigger synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis via binding of their tandem C2 domains—C2A and C2B—to Ca2+. We have previously demonstrated that SNT-1, a mouse synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) homologue, functions as the fast Ca2+ sensor in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we report a new Ca2+ sensor, SNT-3, which triggers delayed Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release. snt-1;snt-3 double mutants abolish evoked synaptic transmission, demonstrating that C. elegans NMJs use a dual Ca2+ sensor system. SNT-3 possesses canonical aspartate residues in both C2 domains, but lacks an N-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain. Biochemical evidence demonstrates that SNT-3 binds both Ca2+ and the plasma membrane. Functional analysis shows that SNT-3 is activated when SNT-1 function is impaired, triggering SV release that is loosely coupled to Ca2+ entry. Compared with SNT-1, which is tethered to SVs, SNT-3 is not associated with SV. Eliminating the SV tethering of SNT-1 by removing the TM domain or the whole N terminus rescues fast release kinetics, demonstrating that cytoplasmic SNT-1 is still functional and triggers fast neurotransmitter release, but also exhibits decreased evoked amplitude and release probability. These results suggest that the fast and slow properties of SV release are determined by the intrinsically different C2 domains in SNT-1 and SNT-3, rather than their N-termini–mediated membrane tethering. Our findings therefore reveal a novel dual Ca2+ sensor system in C. elegans and provide significant insights into Ca2+-regulated exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Haowen Liu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mia Krout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Janet E Richmond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jihong Bai
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Saroja Weeratunga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donovan Ventimiglia
- Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Yi Yu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jingyao Xia
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jing Tang
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jie Liu
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Vevea JD, Kusick GF, Courtney KC, Chen E, Watanabe S, Chapman ER. Synaptotagmin 7 is targeted to the axonal plasma membrane through γ-secretase processing to promote synaptic vesicle docking in mouse hippocampal neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e67261. [PMID: 34543184 PMCID: PMC8452306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7) has emerged as a key regulator of presynaptic function, but its localization and precise role in the synaptic vesicle cycle remain the subject of debate. Here, we used iGluSnFR to optically interrogate glutamate release, at the single-bouton level, in SYT7KO-dissociated mouse hippocampal neurons. We analyzed asynchronous release, paired-pulse facilitation, and synaptic vesicle replenishment and found that SYT7 contributes to each of these processes to different degrees. 'Zap-and-freeze' electron microscopy revealed that a loss of SYT7 diminishes docking of synaptic vesicles after a stimulus and inhibits the recovery of depleted synaptic vesicles after a stimulus train. SYT7 supports these functions from the axonal plasma membrane, where its localization and stability require both γ-secretase-mediated cleavage and palmitoylation. In summary, SYT7 is a peripheral membrane protein that controls multiple modes of synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis and plasticity, in part, through enhancing activity-dependent docking of SVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vevea
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMadisonUnited States
| | - Grant F Kusick
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Kevin C Courtney
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMadisonUnited States
| | - Erin Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMadisonUnited States
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10
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van Westen R, Poppinga J, Díez Arazola R, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Neuromodulator release in neurons requires two functionally redundant calcium sensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2012137118. [PMID: 33903230 PMCID: PMC8106342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012137118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors secreted from dense core vesicles (DCVs) control many brain functions, but the calcium sensors that trigger their secretion remain unknown. Here, we show that in mouse hippocampal neurons, DCV fusion is strongly and equally reduced in synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1)- or Syt7-deficient neurons, but combined Syt1/Syt7 deficiency did not reduce fusion further. Cross-rescue, expression of Syt1 in Syt7-deficient neurons, or vice versa, completely restored fusion. Hence, both sensors are rate limiting, operating in a single pathway. Overexpression of either sensor in wild-type neurons confirmed this and increased fusion. Syt1 traveled with DCVs and was present on fusing DCVs, but Syt7 supported fusion largely from other locations. Finally, the duration of single DCV fusion events was reduced in Syt1-deficient but not Syt7-deficient neurons. In conclusion, two functionally redundant calcium sensors drive neuromodulator secretion in an expression-dependent manner. In addition, Syt1 has a unique role in regulating fusion pore duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodé van Westen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josse Poppinga
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rocío Díez Arazola
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud F Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Tawfik B, Martins JS, Houy S, Imig C, Pinheiro PS, Wojcik SM, Brose N, Cooper BH, Sørensen JB. Synaptotagmin-7 places dense-core vesicles at the cell membrane to promote Munc13-2- and Ca 2+-dependent priming. eLife 2021; 10:64527. [PMID: 33749593 PMCID: PMC8012061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmins confer calcium-dependence to the exocytosis of secretory vesicles, but how coexpressed synaptotagmins interact remains unclear. We find that synaptotagmin-1 and synaptotagmin-7 when present alone act as standalone fast and slow Ca2+-sensors for vesicle fusion in mouse chromaffin cells. When present together, synaptotagmin-1 and synaptotagmin-7 are found in largely non-overlapping clusters on dense-core vesicles. Synaptotagmin-7 stimulates Ca2+-dependent vesicle priming and inhibits depriming, and it promotes ubMunc13-2- and phorbolester-dependent priming, especially at low resting calcium concentrations. The priming effect of synaptotagmin-7 increases the number of vesicles fusing via synaptotagmin-1, while negatively affecting their fusion speed, indicating both synergistic and competitive interactions between synaptotagmins. Synaptotagmin-7 places vesicles in close membrane apposition (<6 nm); without it, vesicles accumulate out of reach of the fusion complex (20-40 nm). We suggest that a synaptotagmin-7-dependent movement toward the membrane is involved in Munc13-2/phorbolester/Ca2+-dependent priming as a prelude to fast and slow exocytosis triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Tawfik
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joana S Martins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Houy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cordelia Imig
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paulo S Pinheiro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin H Cooper
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Function of Drosophila Synaptotagmins in membrane trafficking at synapses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4335-4364. [PMID: 33619613 PMCID: PMC8164606 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Synaptotagmin (SYT) family of proteins play key roles in regulating membrane trafficking at neuronal synapses. Using both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent interactions, several SYT isoforms participate in synchronous and asynchronous fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) while preventing spontaneous release that occurs in the absence of stimulation. Changes in the function or abundance of the SYT1 and SYT7 isoforms alter the number and route by which SVs fuse at nerve terminals. Several SYT family members also regulate trafficking of other subcellular organelles at synapses, including dense core vesicles (DCV), exosomes, and postsynaptic vesicles. Although SYTs are linked to trafficking of multiple classes of synaptic membrane compartments, how and when they interact with lipids, the SNARE machinery and other release effectors are still being elucidated. Given mutations in the SYT family cause disorders in both the central and peripheral nervous system in humans, ongoing efforts are defining how these proteins regulate vesicle trafficking within distinct neuronal compartments. Here, we review the Drosophila SYT family and examine their role in synaptic communication. Studies in this invertebrate model have revealed key similarities and several differences with the predicted activity of their mammalian counterparts. In addition, we highlight the remaining areas of uncertainty in the field and describe outstanding questions on how the SYT family regulates membrane trafficking at nerve terminals.
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13
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Mochida S. Neurotransmitter Release Site Replenishment and Presynaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010327. [PMID: 33396919 PMCID: PMC7794938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An action potential (AP) triggers neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles (SVs) docking to a specialized release site of presynaptic plasma membrane, the active zone (AZ). The AP simultaneously controls the release site replenishment with SV for sustainable synaptic transmission in response to incoming neuronal signals. Although many studies have suggested that the replenishment time is relatively slow, recent studies exploring high speed resolution have revealed SV dynamics with milliseconds timescale after an AP. Accurate regulation is conferred by proteins sensing Ca2+ entering through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opened by an AP. This review summarizes how millisecond Ca2+ dynamics activate multiple protein cascades for control of the release site replenishment with release-ready SVs that underlie presynaptic short-term plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Mochida
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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14
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Synaptic vesicles transiently dock to refill release sites. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1329-1338. [PMID: 32989294 PMCID: PMC8054220 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release neurotransmitter following an action potential, after which new vesicles must ‘dock’ to refill vacated release sites. To capture synaptic vesicle exocytosis at cultured mouse hippocampal synapses, we induced single action potentials by electrical field stimulation then subjected neurons to high-pressure freezing to examine their morphology by electron microscopy. During synchronous release, multiple vesicles can fuse at a single active zone. Fusions during synchronous release are distributed throughout the active zone, whereas fusions during asynchronous release are biased toward the center of the active zone. After stimulation, the total number of docked vesicles across all synapses decreases by ~40%. Within 14 ms, new vesicles are recruited and fully replenish the docked pool, but this docking is transient and they either undock or fuse within 100 ms. These results demonstrate that recruitment of synaptic vesicles to release sites is rapid and reversible.
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15
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Han Q, Zou D, Lv F, Wang S, Yang C, Song J, Wen Z, Zhang Y. High SYT7 expression is associated with poor prognosis in human non-small cell lung carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153101. [PMID: 32825966 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7) can encode a single-pass 46-kDa transmembrane protein which located on human chromosome 11q12.2. It has been reported to be dysregulated in several cancers; however, there are few reports on the role of SYT7 in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The purpose of our study was to investigate the expression of SYT7 in NSCLC and its relationship with the prognosis of NSCLC. Differences in SYT7 expression were explored by using a public database and tissue samples. The prognostic value of SYT7 and its expression correlation with clinical parameters were evaluated by statistical analysis. Our current study found that elevated mRNA and protein levels of SYT7 in NSCLC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. The high expression of SYT7 in NSCLC patients was positively correlated with tumour differentiation (P = 0.031) and pT (P = 0.041). The higher SYT7 expression had a shorter survival time than those with lower SYT7 expression in NSCLC patients. Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of SYT7 was an unfavourable independent prognostic factor for NSCLC (P = 0.044). In conclusion, SYT7 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and maybe a prognostic and diagnostic factor of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Han
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Dan Zou
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Fei Lv
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Song Wang
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Chunjiao Yang
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Jincheng Song
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Zhenpeng Wen
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
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16
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Bekkers JM. Autaptic Cultures: Methods and Applications. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:18. [PMID: 32425765 PMCID: PMC7203343 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons typically form daisy chains of synaptic connections with other neurons, but they can also form synapses with themselves. Although such self-synapses, or autapses, are comparatively rare in vivo, they are surprisingly common in dissociated neuronal cultures. At first glance, autapses in culture seem like a mere curiosity. However, by providing a simple model system in which a single recording electrode gives simultaneous access to the pre- and postsynaptic compartments, autaptic cultures have proven to be invaluable in facilitating important and elegant experiments in the area of synaptic neuroscience. Here, I provide detailed protocols for preparing and recording from autaptic cultures (also called micro-island or microdot cultures). Variations on the basic procedure are presented, as well as practical tips for optimizing the outcomes. I also illustrate the utility of autaptic cultures by reviewing the types of experiments that have used them over the past three decades. These examples serve to highlight the power and elegance of this simple model system, and will hopefully inspire new experiments for the interrogation of synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Bekkers
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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17
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Guan Z, Quiñones-Frías MC, Akbergenova Y, Littleton JT. Drosophila Synaptotagmin 7 negatively regulates synaptic vesicle release and replenishment in a dosage-dependent manner. eLife 2020; 9:e55443. [PMID: 32343229 PMCID: PMC7224696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronous neurotransmitter release is triggered by Ca2+ binding to the synaptic vesicle protein Synaptotagmin 1, while asynchronous fusion and short-term facilitation is hypothesized to be mediated by plasma membrane-localized Synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7). We generated mutations in Drosophila Syt7 to determine if it plays a conserved role as the Ca2+ sensor for these processes. Electrophysiology and quantal imaging revealed evoked release was elevated 2-fold. Syt7 mutants also had a larger pool of readily-releasable vesicles, faster recovery following stimulation, and intact facilitation. Syt1/Syt7 double mutants displayed more release than Syt1 mutants alone, indicating SYT7 does not mediate the residual asynchronous release remaining in the absence of SYT1. SYT7 localizes to an internal membrane tubular network within the peri-active zone, but does not enrich at active zones. These findings indicate the two Ca2+ sensor model of SYT1 and SYT7 mediating all phases of neurotransmitter release and facilitation is not applicable at Drosophila synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Guan
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Monica C Quiñones-Frías
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yulia Akbergenova
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - J Troy Littleton
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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18
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Huson V, Regehr WG. Diverse roles of Synaptotagmin-7 in regulating vesicle fusion. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:42-52. [PMID: 32278209 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin 7 (Syt7) is a multifunctional calcium sensor expressed throughout the body. Its high calcium affinity makes it well suited to act in processes triggered by modest calcium increases within cells. In synaptic transmission, Syt7 has been shown to mediate asynchronous neurotransmitter release, facilitation, and vesicle replenishment. In this review we provide an update on recent developments, and the newly emerging roles of Syt7 in frequency invariant synaptic transmission and in suppressing spontaneous release. Additionally, we discuss Syt7's regulation of membrane fusion in non-neuronal cells, and its involvement in disease. How such diversity of functions is regulated remains an open question. We discuss several potential factors including temperature, presynaptic calcium signals, the localization of Syt7, and its interaction with other Syt isoforms.
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19
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Bendahmane M, Morales A, Kreutzberger AJB, Schenk NA, Mohan R, Bakshi S, Philippe JM, Zhang S, Kiessling V, Tamm LK, Giovannucci DR, Jenkins PM, Anantharam A. Synaptotagmin-7 enhances calcium-sensing of chromaffin cell granules and slows discharge of granule cargos. J Neurochem 2020; 154:598-617. [PMID: 32058590 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin-7 (Syt-7) is one of two major calcium sensors for exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells, the other being synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1). Despite a broad appreciation for the importance of Syt-7, questions remain as to its localization, function in mediating discharge of dense core granule cargos, and role in triggering release in response to physiological stimulation. These questions were addressed using two distinct experimental preparations-mouse chromaffin cells lacking endogenous Syt-7 (KO cells) and a reconstituted system employing cell-derived granules expressing either Syt-7 or Syt-1. First, using immunofluorescence imaging and subcellular fractionation, it is shown that Syt-7 is widely distributed in organelles, including dense core granules. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging demonstrates that the kinetics and probability of granule fusion in Syt-7 KO cells stimulated by a native secretagogue, acetylcholine, are markedly lower than in WT cells. When fusion is observed, fluorescent cargo proteins are discharged more rapidly when only Syt-1 is available to facilitate release. To determine the extent to which the aforementioned results are attributable purely to Syt-7, granules expressing only Syt-7 or Syt-1 were triggered to fuse on planar supported bilayers bearing plasma membrane SNARE proteins. Here, as in cells, Syt-7 confers substantially greater calcium sensitivity to granule fusion than Syt-1 and slows the rate at which cargos are released. Overall, this study demonstrates that by virtue of its high affinity for calcium and effects on fusion pore expansion, Syt-7 plays a central role in regulating secretory output from adrenal chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Bendahmane
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alina Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Noah A Schenk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shreeya Bakshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julie M Philippe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Volker Kiessling
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lukas K Tamm
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David R Giovannucci
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo Medical School, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arun Anantharam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Kobbersmed JR, Grasskamp AT, Jusyte M, Böhme MA, Ditlevsen S, Sørensen JB, Walter AM. Rapid regulation of vesicle priming explains synaptic facilitation despite heterogeneous vesicle:Ca 2+ channel distances. eLife 2020; 9:51032. [PMID: 32077852 PMCID: PMC7145420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synaptic transmission relies on the Ca2+-induced fusion of transmitter-laden vesicles whose coupling distance to Ca2+ channels determines synaptic release probability and short-term plasticity, the facilitation or depression of repetitive responses. Here, using electron- and super-resolution microscopy at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction we quantitatively map vesicle:Ca2+ channel coupling distances. These are very heterogeneous, resulting in a broad spectrum of vesicular release probabilities within synapses. Stochastic simulations of transmitter release from vesicles placed according to this distribution revealed strong constraints on short-term plasticity; particularly facilitation was difficult to achieve. We show that postulated facilitation mechanisms operating via activity-dependent changes of vesicular release probability (e.g. by a facilitation fusion sensor) generate too little facilitation and too much variance. In contrast, Ca2+-dependent mechanisms rapidly increasing the number of releasable vesicles reliably reproduce short-term plasticity and variance of synaptic responses. We propose activity-dependent inhibition of vesicle un-priming or release site activation as novel facilitation mechanisms. Cells in the nervous system of all animals communicate by releasing and sensing chemicals at contact points named synapses. The ‘talking’ (or pre-synaptic) cell stores the chemicals close to the synapse, in small spheres called vesicles. When the cell is activated, calcium ions flow in and interact with the release-ready vesicles, which then spill the chemicals into the synapse. In turn, the ‘listening’ (or post-synaptic) cell can detect the chemicals and react accordingly. When the pre-synaptic cell is activated many times in a short period, it can release a greater quantity of chemicals, allowing a bigger reaction in the post-synaptic cell. This phenomenon is known as facilitation, but it is still unclear how exactly it can take place. This is especially the case when many of the vesicles are not ready to respond, for example when they are too far from where calcium flows into the cell. Computer simulations have been created to model facilitation but they have assumed that all vesicles are placed at the same distance to the calcium entry point: Kobbersmed et al. now provide evidence that this assumption is incorrect. Two high-resolution imaging techniques were used to measure the actual distances between the vesicles and the calcium source in the pre-synaptic cells of fruit flies: this showed that these distances are quite variable – some vesicles sit much closer to the source than others. This information was then used to create a new computer model to simulate facilitation. The results from this computing work led Kobbersmed et al. to suggest that facilitation may take place because a calcium-based mechanism in the cell increases the number of vesicles ready to release their chemicals. This new model may help researchers to better understand how the cells in the nervous system work. Ultimately, this can guide experiments to investigate what happens when information processing at synapses breaks down, for example in diseases such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janus Rl Kobbersmed
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Andreas T Grasskamp
- Molecular and Theoretical Neuroscience, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, FMP im CharitéCrossOver, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meida Jusyte
- Molecular and Theoretical Neuroscience, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, FMP im CharitéCrossOver, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias A Böhme
- Molecular and Theoretical Neuroscience, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, FMP im CharitéCrossOver, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Ditlevsen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | | | - Alexander M Walter
- Molecular and Theoretical Neuroscience, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, FMP im CharitéCrossOver, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Liang T, Qin T, Kang F, Kang Y, Xie L, Zhu D, Dolai S, Greitzer-Antes D, Baker RK, Feng D, Tuduri E, Ostenson CG, Kieffer TJ, Banks K, Pessin JE, Gaisano HY. SNAP23 depletion enables more SNAP25/calcium channel excitosome formation to increase insulin exocytosis in type 2 diabetes. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129694. [PMID: 32051343 PMCID: PMC7098801 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SNAP23 is the ubiquitous SNAP25 isoform that mediates secretion in non-neuronal cells, similar to SNAP25 in neurons. However, some secretory cells like pancreatic islet β cells contain an abundance of both SNAP25 and SNAP23, where SNAP23 is believed to play a redundant role to SNAP25. We show that SNAP23, when depleted in mouse β cells in vivo and human β cells (normal and type 2 diabetes [T2D] patients) in vitro, paradoxically increased biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion corresponding to increased exocytosis of predocked and newcomer insulin granules. Such effects on T2D Goto-Kakizaki rats improved glucose homeostasis that was superior to conventional treatment with sulfonylurea glybenclamide. SNAP23, although fusion competent in slower secretory cells, in the context of β cells acts as a weak partial fusion agonist or inhibitory SNARE. Here, SNAP23 depletion promotes SNAP25 to bind calcium channels more quickly and longer where granule fusion occurs to increase exocytosis efficiency. β Cell SNAP23 antagonism is a strategy to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tairan Qin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youhou Kang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhankar Dolai
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dafna Greitzer-Antes
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert K. Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daorong Feng
- Michael F. Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eva Tuduri
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claes-Goran Ostenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and,Department of Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kate Banks
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Michael F. Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Herbert Y. Gaisano
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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The SNAP-25 Protein Family. Neuroscience 2019; 420:50-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Lenzi C, Stevens J, Osborn D, Hannah MJ, Bierings R, Carter T. Synaptotagmin 5 regulates Ca 2+-dependent Weibel-Palade body exocytosis in human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.221952. [PMID: 30659119 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevations of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) are a potent trigger for Weibel-Palade body (WPB) exocytosis and secretion of von Willebrand factor (VWF) from endothelial cells; however, the identity of WPB-associated Ca2+-sensors involved in transducing acute increases in [Ca2+]i into granule exocytosis remains unknown. Here, we show that synaptotagmin 5 (SYT5) is expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and is recruited to WPBs to regulate Ca2+-driven WPB exocytosis. Western blot analysis of HUVECs identified SYT5 protein, and exogenously expressed SYT5-mEGFP localised almost exclusively to WPBs. shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous SYT5 (shSYT5) reduced the rate and extent of histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis and reduced secretion of the WPB cargo VWF-propeptide (VWFpp). The shSYT5-mediated reduction in histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis was prevented by expression of shRNA-resistant SYT5-mCherry. Overexpression of SYT5-EGFP increased the rate and extent of histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis, and increased secretion of VWFpp. Expression of a Ca2+-binding defective SYT5 mutant (SYT5-Asp197Ser-EGFP) mimicked depletion of endogenous SYT5. We identify SYT5 as a WPB-associated Ca2+ sensor regulating Ca2+-dependent secretion of stored mediators from vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lenzi
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW18 ORE, UK
| | | | - Daniel Osborn
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW18 ORE, UK
| | - Matthew J Hannah
- Microbiology Services Colindale, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1006 AD Amsterdam, PO Box 9190, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Carter
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW18 ORE, UK
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24
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Rozov A, Bolshakov AP, Valiullina-Rakhmatullina F. The Ever-Growing Puzzle of Asynchronous Release. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:28. [PMID: 30809127 PMCID: PMC6379310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of an action potential (AP) to presynaptic terminals triggers calcium dependent vesicle fusion in a relatively short time window, about a millisecond, after the onset of the AP. This allows fast and precise information transfer from neuron to neuron by means of synaptic transmission and phasic mediator release. However, at some synapses a single AP or a short burst of APs can generate delayed or asynchronous synaptic release lasting for tens or hundreds of milliseconds. Understanding the mechanisms underlying asynchronous release (AR) is important, since AR can better recruit extrasynaptic metabotropic receptors and maintain a high level of neurotransmitter in the extracellular space for a substantially longer period of time after presynaptic activity. Over the last decade substantial work has been done to identify the presynaptic calcium sensor that may be involved in AR. Several models have been suggested which may explain the long lasting presynaptic calcium elevation a prerequisite for prolonged delayed release. However, the presynaptic mechanisms underlying asynchronous vesicle release are still not well understood. In this review article, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the molecular components involved in delayed vesicle fusion and in the maintenance of sufficient calcium concentration to trigger AR. In addition, we discuss possible alternative models that may explain intraterminal calcium dynamics underlying AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Rozov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexey P Bolshakov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Turecek J, Regehr WG. Neuronal Regulation of Fast Synaptotagmin Isoforms Controls the Relative Contributions of Synchronous and Asynchronous Release. Neuron 2019; 101:938-949.e4. [PMID: 30733150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release can be synchronous and occur within milliseconds of action potential invasion, or asynchronous and persist for tens of milliseconds. The molecular determinants of release kinetics remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that asynchronous release dominates when fast Synaptotagmin isoforms are far from calcium channels or when specialized sensors, such as Synaptotagmin 7, are abundant. Here we test these hypotheses for GABAergic projections onto neurons of the inferior olive, where release in different subnuclei ranges from synchronous to asynchronous. Surprisingly, neither of the leading hypotheses accounts for release kinetics. Instead, we find that rapid Synaptotagmin isoforms are abundant in subnuclei with synchronous release but absent where release is asynchronous. Viral expression of Synaptotagmin 1 transforms asynchronous synapses into synchronous ones. Thus, the nervous system controls levels of fast Synaptotagmin isoforms to regulate release kinetics and thereby controls the ability of synapses to encode spike rates or precise timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Turecek
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Chanaday NL, Kavalali ET. Presynaptic origins of distinct modes of neurotransmitter release. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 51:119-126. [PMID: 29597140 PMCID: PMC6066415 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic nerve terminals release neurotransmitter synchronously, asynchronously or spontaneously. During synchronous neurotransmission release is precisely coupled to action potentials, in contrast, asynchronous release events show only loose temporal coupling to presynaptic activity whereas spontaneous neurotransmission occurs independent of presynaptic activity. The mechanisms that give rise to this diversity in neurotransmitter release modes are poorly understood. Recent studies have described several presynaptic molecular pathways controlling synaptic vesicle pool segregation and recycling, which in turn may dictate distinct modes of neurotransmitter release. In this article, we review this recent work regarding neurotransmitter release modes and their relationship to synaptic vesicle pool dynamics as well as the molecular machinery that establishes synaptic vesicle pool identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali L Chanaday
- Department of Neuroscience, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Ege T Kavalali
- Department of Neuroscience, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
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27
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Wang K, Xiao H, Zhang J, Zhu D. Synaptotagmin7 Is Overexpressed In Colorectal Cancer And Regulates Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation. J Cancer 2018; 9:2349-2356. [PMID: 30026831 PMCID: PMC6036711 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Synaptotagmin7 (SYT7) belongs to the synaptotagmin gene family and plays an important role in synaptic transmission. However, the function of this gene in most human cancer especially in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. In this research, we examined SYT7's role in CRC and tried to reveal its underlying mechanism. Methods: We examined SYT7's expression levels in normal colorectal tissue and CRC tissues from 83 patients and analyzed the possible correlation between the expression level of SYT7 and pathological characteristics. The influences of SYT7 knockdown on cell growth were detected by Celigo image cytometer, colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assay in vitro. The possible molecular mechanism was assessed using a microarray and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results: Our results show that the expression of SYT7 is upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues in comparison with normal tissues and positively correlated with the pathological stage of colorectal cancer. (P=0.015). We examined SYT7's role in human colorectal cancer cell line RKO by using SYT7-shRNA and revealed that SYT7 knockdown inhibit cell proliferation (P=8.6E-5), clonogenic ability (P=4.5E-6) and promoted G2/M Phase arrest and apoptosis (P=4.6E-7). Multiple cancer-associated pathways regulated by SYT7 were unraveled by microarray and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that SYT7 plays an important role in the development of CRC and SYT7 may become a new therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal & hernia Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huimin Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal & hernia Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dehua Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal & hernia Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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28
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SNT-1 Functions as the Ca 2+ Sensor for Tonic and Evoked Neurotransmitter Release in Caenorhabditis Elegans. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5313-5324. [PMID: 29760174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3097-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) binds Ca2+ through its tandem C2 domains (C2A and C2B) and triggers Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release. Here, we show that snt-1, the homolog of mammalian Syt1, functions as the Ca2+ sensor for both tonic and evoked neurotransmitter release at the Caenorhabditis elegans neuromuscular junction. Mutations that disrupt Ca2+ binding in double C2 domains of SNT-1 significantly impaired tonic release, whereas disrupting Ca2+ binding in a single C2 domain had no effect, indicating that the Ca2+ binding of the two C2 domains is functionally redundant for tonic release. Stimulus-evoked release was significantly reduced in snt-1 mutants, with prolonged release latency as well as faster rise and decay kinetics. Unlike tonic release, evoked release was triggered by Ca2+ binding solely to the C2B domain. Moreover, we showed that SNT-1 plays an essential role in the priming process in different subpopulations of synaptic vesicles with tight or loose coupling to Ca2+ entry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We showed that SNT-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans regulates evoked neurotransmitter release through Ca2+ binding to its C2B domain in a similar way to Syt1 in the mouse CNS and the fly neuromuscular junction. However, the largely decreased tonic release in snt-1 mutants argues SNT-1 has a clamping function. Indeed, Ca2+-binding mutations in the C2 domains in SNT-1 significantly reduced the frequency of the miniature EPSC, indicating that SNT-1 also acts as a Ca2+ sensor for tonic release. Therefore, revealing the differential mechanisms between invertebrates and vertebrates will provide significant insights into our understanding how synaptic vesicle fusion is regulated.
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29
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SYT7 acts as a driver of hepatic metastasis formation of gastric cancer cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:5355-5366. [PMID: 29858600 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver metastasis remains a serious problem in the management of gastric cancer (GC). Our aims were to identify through transcriptome analysis a molecule that mediates hepatic metastasis in GC, and to evaluate its potential as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target. The effects of knocking out a relevant molecule using genome editing were evaluated in vitro experiments and in mouse xenograft models. Expression levels of candidate molecule in 300 pairs of gastric tissues were determined to assess whether differentially expressed genes predicted hepatic recurrence, metastasis, or both. Transcriptome data identified the overexpression of synaptotagmin VII (SYT7) in GC tissues with hepatic metastasis. Its expression in the GC cell lines was high, particularly in those that exhibited a differentiated phenotype, and positively correlated with the expression of SNAI1 and TGFB3, and inversely with RGS2. SYT7 knockout inhibited the proliferation of GC cells, indicated by increased apoptosis with activated caspase and loss of mitochondria membrane potential, G2/M cell-cycle arrest and attenuated cell migration, invasion, and adhesion. The tumorigenicity of SYT7-knockout cells was moderately reduced in a mouse model of subcutaneous metastasis in which the levels of BCL2 and HIF1A were decreased and was more strikingly attenuated in a model of hepatic metastasis. The SYT7 levels in the primary GC tissues were significantly associated with hepatic recurrence, metastasis, and adverse prognosis. SYT7 represents a tool for prediction and monitoring of hepatic metastasis from GC as well as being a promising therapeutic target.
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30
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MacDougall DD, Lin Z, Chon NL, Jackman SL, Lin H, Knight JD, Anantharam A. The high-affinity calcium sensor synaptotagmin-7 serves multiple roles in regulated exocytosis. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:783-807. [PMID: 29794152 PMCID: PMC5987875 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MacDougall et al. review the structure and function of the calcium sensor synaptotagmin-7 in exocytosis. Synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins comprise a 17-member family, many of which trigger exocytosis in response to calcium. Historically, most studies have focused on the isoform Syt-1, which serves as the primary calcium sensor in synchronous neurotransmitter release. Recently, Syt-7 has become a topic of broad interest because of its extreme calcium sensitivity and diversity of roles in a wide range of cell types. Here, we review the known and emerging roles of Syt-7 in various contexts and stress the importance of its actions. Unique functions of Syt-7 are discussed in light of recent imaging, electrophysiological, and computational studies. Particular emphasis is placed on Syt-7–dependent regulation of synaptic transmission and neuroendocrine cell secretion. Finally, based on biochemical and structural data, we propose a mechanism to link Syt-7’s role in membrane fusion with its role in subsequent fusion pore expansion via strong calcium-dependent phospholipid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zesen Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nara L Chon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Skyler L Jackman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | | | - Arun Anantharam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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31
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Alford S, Hamm H, Rodriguez S, Zurawski Z. Gβγ SNARE Interactions and Their Behavioral Effects. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:636-649. [PMID: 29752624 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic terminals possess interlocking molecular mechanisms that control exocytosis. An example of such complexity is the modulation of release by presynaptic G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). GPCR ubiquity at synapses-GPCRs are present at every studied presynaptic terminal-underlies their critical importance in synaptic function. GPCRs mediate presynaptic modulation by mechanisms including via classical Gα effectors, but membrane-delimited actions of Gβγ can also alter probability of release by altering presynaptic ionic conductances. This directly or indirectly modifies action potential-evoked presynaptic Ca2+ entry. In addition, Gβγ can interact directly with SNARE complexes responsible for synaptic vesicle fusion to reduce peak cleft neurotransmitter concentrations during evoked release. The interaction of Gβγ with SNARE is displaced via competitive interaction with C2AB-domain containing calcium sensors such as synaptotagmin I in a Ca2+-sensitive manner, restoring exocytosis. Synaptic modulation of this form allows selective inhibition of postsynaptic receptor-mediated responses, and this, in combination with Ca2+ sensitivity of Gβγ effects on SNARE complexes allows for specific behavioral outcomes. One such outcome mediated by 5-HT receptors in the spinal cord seen in all vertebrates shows remarkable synergy between presynaptic effects of Gβγ and postsynaptic 5-HT-mediated changes in activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. While acting through entirely separate cellular compartments and signal transduction pathways, these effects converge on the same effect on locomotion and other critical functions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Alford
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7308, USA.
| | - Heidi Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-6600, USA
| | - Shelagh Rodriguez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7308, USA
| | - Zack Zurawski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7308, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-6600, USA
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32
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Bendahmane M, Bohannon KP, Bradberry MM, Rao TC, Schmidtke MW, Abbineni PS, Chon NL, Tran S, Lin H, Chapman ER, Knight JD, Anantharam A. The synaptotagmin C2B domain calcium-binding loops modulate the rate of fusion pore expansion. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:834-845. [PMID: 29444959 PMCID: PMC5905296 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In chromaffin cells, the kinetics of fusion pore expansion vary depending on which synaptotagmin isoform (Syt-1 or Syt-7) drives release. Our recent studies have shown that fusion pores of granules harboring Syt-1 expand more rapidly than those harboring Syt-7. Here we sought to define the structural specificity of synaptotagmin action at the fusion pore by manipulating the Ca2+-binding C2B module. We generated a chimeric Syt-1 in which its C2B Ca2+-binding loops had been exchanged for those of Syt-7. Fusion pores of granules harboring a Syt-1 C2B chimera with all three Ca2+-binding loops of Syt-7 (Syt-1:7C2B123) exhibited slower rates of fusion pore expansion and neuropeptide cargo release relative to WT Syt-1. After fusion, this chimera also dispersed more slowly from fusion sites than WT protein. We speculate that the Syt-1:7 C2B123 and WT Syt-1 are likely to differ in their interactions with Ca2+ and membranes. Subsequent in vitro and in silico data demonstrated that the chimera exhibits a higher affinity for phospholipids than WT Syt-1. We conclude that the affinity of synaptotagmin for the plasma membrane, and the rate at which it releases the membrane, contribute in important ways to the rate of fusion pore expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Bendahmane
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kevin P. Bohannon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mazdak M. Bradberry
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute. University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Tejeshwar C. Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Nara L. Chon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Sherleen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Edwin R. Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute. University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | - Arun Anantharam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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33
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Hamilton DJ, Coffman MD, Knight JD, Reed SM. Lipid-Coated Gold Nanoparticles and FRET Allow Sensitive Monitoring of Liposome Clustering Mediated by the Synaptotagmin-7 C2A Domain. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9222-9230. [PMID: 28850236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin (Syt) family proteins contain tandem C2 domains, C2A and C2B, which insert into anionic membranes in response to increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and facilitate exocytosis in neuronal and endocrine cells. The C2A domain from Syt7 binds lipid membranes much more tightly than the corresponding domain from Syt1, but the implications of this difference for protein function are not yet clear. In particular, the ability of the isolated Syt7 C2A domain to initiate membrane apposition and/or aggregation has been previously unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that Syt7 C2A induces apposition and aggregation of liposomes using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays, dynamic light scattering, and spectroscopic techniques involving lipid-coated gold nanoparticles (LCAuNPs). Protein-membrane binding, membrane apposition, and macroscopic aggregation are three separate phenomena with distinct Ca2+ requirements: the threshold Ca2+ concentration for membrane binding is lowest, followed by apposition and aggregation. However, aggregation is highly sensitive to protein concentration and can occur even at submicromolar Syt7 C2A; thus, highly sensitive assays are needed for measuring apposition without complications arising from aggregation. Notably, the localized surface plasmon resonance of the LCAuNP is sensitive to ≤10 nM Syt7 C2A concentrations. Furthermore, when the LCAuNPs were added into a FRET-based liposome apposition assay, the resultant energy transfer increased; possible explanations are discussed. Overall, LCAuNP-based methods allow for highly sensitive detection of protein-induced membrane apposition under conditions that miminize large-scale aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond J Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Matthew D Coffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Jefferson D Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Scott M Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
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34
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Zhang S, Wang X, Wang X, Shen X, Sun J, Hu X, Chen P. Sr2+has low efficiency in regulating spontaneous release at the Calyx of Held synapses. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan 650223 China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650204 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of General Surgery; Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing 100053 China
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Jianyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Center of Parkinson?s Disease; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing 100053 China
| | - Xintian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan 650223 China
- Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650204 China
| | - Peihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
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35
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Jin H, Xu G, Zhang Q, Pang Q, Fang M. Synaptotagmin-7 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via Chk1-p53 signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4283-4293. [PMID: 28919777 PMCID: PMC5587153 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s143619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synaptotagmin-7 (Syt-7) is a member of the synaptotagmin (Syt) family, which plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study describing its function in tumors, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, in this study, we examined the role of Syt-7 in HCC and attempted to elucidate its underlying mechanism. Materials and methods We examined the expression levels of Syt-7 in HCC cell lines and normal hepatocytes by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The effects of Syt-7 knockdown on in vitro cell growth were assessed by Celigo image cytometry, MTT assay, colony formation assay, and cell cycle analysis. In vivo tumorigenesis was evaluated using a nude mouse model. The underlying molecular mechanism was evaluated using a PathScan Stress Signaling Antibody Array. Results Syt-7 mRNA levels were highly expressed in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells; moderately expressed in SMMC-7721, HepG2, and BEL-7402 cells; and lowly expressed in normal hepatocytes L-O2. Functional experiments demonstrated that Syt-7 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest by increasing phosphorylation of Chk1 and p53. Furthermore, Syt-7 knockdown remarkably reduced the growth of xenograft tumors in mice. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that Syt-7 plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and in the development of HCC. Syt-7 can be used as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jin
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan.,Department of Hepatic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Geliang Xu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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36
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Rao TC, Santana Rodriguez Z, Bradberry MM, Ranski AH, Dahl PJ, Schmidtke MW, Jenkins PM, Axelrod D, Chapman ER, Giovannucci DR, Anantharam A. Synaptotagmin isoforms confer distinct activation kinetics and dynamics to chromaffin cell granules. J Gen Physiol 2017; 149:763-780. [PMID: 28687607 PMCID: PMC5560776 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromaffin cells release transmitters from populations of granules to which synaptotagmin-1 and synaptotagmin-7 are selectively sorted. Rao et al. characterize the functional properties of these granules and show that synaptotagmin-7 confers fast kinetics and high efficacy to the exocytotic event. Adrenomedullary chromaffin cells respond to sympathetic nervous system activation by secreting a cocktail of potent neuropeptides and hormones into the circulation. The distinct phases of the chromaffin cell secretory response have been attributed to the progressive fusion of distinct populations of dense core granules with different activation kinetics. However, it has been difficult to define what distinguishes these populations at the molecular level. Functional segregation of granule pools may depend on selective sorting of synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1) and synaptotagmin-7 (Syt-7), which our previous work showed are rarely cosorted to the same granule. Here we assess the consequences of selective sorting of Syt isoforms in chromaffin cells, particularly with respect to granule dynamics and activation kinetics. Upon depolarization of cells expressing fluorescent Syt isoforms using elevated K+, we find that Syt-7 granules fuse with faster kinetics than Syt-1 granules, irrespective of stimulation strength. Pharmacological blockade of Ca2+ channels reveals differential dependence of Syt-1 versus Syt-7 granule exocytosis on Ca2+ channel subtypes. Syt-7 granules also show a greater tendency to fuse in clusters than Syt-1 granules, and granules harboring Syt-1 travel a greater distance before fusion than those with Syt-7, suggesting that there is spatial and fusion-site heterogeneity among the two granule populations. However, the greatest functional difference between granule populations is their responsiveness to Ca2+. Upon introduction of Ca2+ into permeabilized cells, Syt-7 granules fuse with fast kinetics and high efficacy, even at low Ca2+ levels (e.g., when cells are weakly stimulated). Conversely, Syt-1 granules require a comparatively larger increase in intracellular Ca2+ for activation. At Ca2+ concentrations above 30 µM, activation kinetics are faster for Syt-1 granules than for Syt-7 granules. Our study provides evidence for functional specialization of chromaffin cell granules via selective expression of Syt isoforms with different Ca2+ sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Mazdak M Bradberry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Peter J Dahl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel Axelrod
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - David R Giovannucci
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Medical School, Toledo, OH
| | - Arun Anantharam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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37
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Arora S, Saarloos I, Kooistra R, van de Bospoort R, Verhage M, Toonen RF. SNAP-25 gene family members differentially support secretory vesicle fusion. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1877-1889. [PMID: 28404788 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dense-core vesicles (DCVs) transport and secrete neuropeptides necessary for development, plasticity and survival, but little is known about their fusion mechanism. We show that Snap-25-null mutant (SNAP-25 KO) neurons, previously shown to degenerate after 4 days in vitro (DIV), contain fewer DCVs and have reduced DCV fusion probability in surviving neurons at DIV14. At DIV3, before degeneration, SNAP-25 KO neurons show normal DCV fusion, but one day later fusion is significantly reduced. To test if other SNAP homologs support DCV fusion, we expressed SNAP-23, SNAP-29 or SNAP-47 in SNAP-25 KO neurons. SNAP-23 and SNAP-29 rescued viability and supported DCV fusion in SNAP-25 KO neurons, but SNAP-23 did so more efficiently. SNAP-23 also rescued synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion while SNAP-29 did not. SNAP-47 failed to rescue viability and did not support DCV or SV fusion. These data demonstrate a developmental switch, in hippocampal neurons between DIV3 and DIV4, where DCV fusion becomes SNAP-25 dependent. Furthermore, SNAP-25 homologs support DCV and SV fusion and neuronal viability to variable extents - SNAP-23 most effectively, SNAP-29 less so and SNAP-47 ineffectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Arora
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Saarloos
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Robbelien Kooistra
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rhea van de Bospoort
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud F Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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38
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Bohmbach K, Schwarz MK, Schoch S, Henneberger C. The structural and functional evidence for vesicular release from astrocytes in situ. Brain Res Bull 2017; 136:65-75. [PMID: 28122264 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the tripartite synapse states that bi-directional signalling between perisynaptic astrocyte processes, presynaptic axonal boutons and postsynaptic neuronal structures defines the properties of synaptic information processing. Ca2+-dependent vesicular release from astrocytes, as one of the mechanisms of astrocyte-neuron communication, has attracted particular attention but has also been the subject of intense debate. In neurons, regulated vesicular release is a strongly coordinated process. It requires a complex release machinery comprised of many individual components ranging from vesicular neurotransmitter transporters and soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNARE) proteins to Ca2+-sensors and the proteins that spatially and temporally control exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. If astrocytes employ similar mechanisms to release neurotransmitters is less well understood. The aim of this review is therefore to discuss recent experimental evidence that sheds light on the central structural components responsible for vesicular release from astrocytes in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bohmbach
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin K Schwarz
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Henneberger
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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39
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Li YC, Chanaday NL, Xu W, Kavalali ET. Synaptotagmin-1- and Synaptotagmin-7-Dependent Fusion Mechanisms Target Synaptic Vesicles to Kinetically Distinct Endocytic Pathways. Neuron 2017; 93:616-631.e3. [PMID: 28111077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle recycling is essential for maintaining normal synaptic function. The coupling of exocytosis and endocytosis is assumed to be Ca2+ dependent, but the exact role of Ca2+ and its key effector synaptotagmin-1 (syt1) in regulation of endocytosis is poorly understood. Here, we probed the role of syt1 in single- as well as multi-vesicle endocytic events using high-resolution optical recordings. Our experiments showed that the slowed endocytosis phenotype previously reported after syt1 loss of function can also be triggered by other manipulations that promote asynchronous release such as Sr2+ substitution and complexin loss of function. The link between asynchronous release and slowed endocytosis was due to selective targeting of fused synaptic vesicles toward slow retrieval by the asynchronous release Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin-7. In contrast, after single synaptic vesicle fusion, syt1 acted as an essential determinant of synaptic vesicle endocytosis time course by delaying the kinetics of vesicle retrieval in response to increasing Ca2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying C Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Natali L Chanaday
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Ege T Kavalali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
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40
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Vermaas JV, Tajkhorshid E. Differential Membrane Binding Mechanics of Synaptotagmin Isoforms Observed in Atomic Detail. Biochemistry 2016; 56:281-293. [PMID: 27997124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin (Syt) is a membrane-associated protein involved in vesicle fusion through the SNARE complex that is found throughout the human body in 17 different isoforms. These isoforms have two membrane-binding C2 domains, which sense Ca2+ and thereby promote anionic membrane binding and lead to vesicle fusion. Through molecular dynamics simulations using the highly mobile membrane mimetic acclerated bilayer model, we have investigated how small protein sequence changes in the Ca2+-binding loops of the C2 domains may give rise to the experimentally determined difference in binding kinetics between Syt-1 and Syt-7 isoforms. Syt-7 C2 domains are found to form more close contacts with anionic phospholipid headgroups, particularly in loop 1, where an additional positive charge in Syt-7 draws the loop closer to the membrane and causes the anchoring residue F167 to insert deeper into the bilayer than the corresponding methionine in Syt-1 (M173). By performing additional replica exchange umbrella sampling calculations, we demonstrate that these additional contacts increase the energetic cost of unbinding the Syt-7 C2 domains from the bilayer, causing them to unbind more slowly than their counterparts in Syt-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh V Vermaas
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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41
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Pinheiro PS, Houy S, Sørensen JB. C2-domain containing calcium sensors in neuroendocrine secretion. J Neurochem 2016; 139:943-958. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S. Pinheiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sébastien Houy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jakob B. Sørensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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42
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Qiu X, Ge J, Gao Y, Teng M, Niu L. Structural analysis of Ca 2+-binding pocket of synaptotagmin 5 C2A domain. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 95:946-953. [PMID: 27793683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synaptotagmins constitute a family of multifunctional integral membrane proteins found predominantly on vesicles in neural and endocrine tissues. 17 isoforms of synaptotagmin family in mammals have been identified, 7 isoforms among them are known to be able to bind Ca2+ via their C2 domains. This study presents the crystal structure of the first C2 domain (C2A domain) of synaptotagmin 5 complexed with Ca2+ at 1.90Å resolution. Comparison of the Ca2+-binding pocket of synaptotagmin 5 C2A domain with other synaptotagmin C2 domains demonstrated that a serine residue locating at Ca2+-binding loop probably responsible to the conformational variation of Ca2+-binding pocket, and thus impacts the Ca2+-binding mechanism of C2 domain, which is verified by structural analysis of the serine mutant and Ca2+-binding assays via isothermal titration calorimetry. Alteration of Ca2+-binding mechanism might be correlated with different Ca2+ response rates of synaptotagmins, which is the basis of the functions of synaptotagmins in regulating various types of Ca2+-triggered vesicle-membrane fusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Junyi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Maikun Teng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Liwen Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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43
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Bowling H, Bhattacharya A, Klann E, Chao MV. Deconstructing brain-derived neurotrophic factor actions in adult brain circuits to bridge an existing informational gap in neuro-cell biology. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:363-7. [PMID: 27127458 PMCID: PMC4828984 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.179031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and in preventing neurodegeneration. Despite decades of investigations into downstream signaling cascades and changes in cellular processes, the mechanisms of how BDNF reshapes circuits in vivo remain unclear. This informational gap partly arises from the fact that the bulk of studies into the molecular actions of BDNF have been performed in dissociated neuronal cultures, while the majority of studies on synaptic plasticity, learning and memory were performed in acute brain slices or in vivo. A recent study by Bowling-Bhattacharya et al., measured the proteomic changes in acute adult hippocampal slices following treatment and reported changes in proteins of neuronal and non-neuronal origin that may in concert modulate synaptic release and secretion in the slice. In this paper, we place these findings into the context of existing literature and discuss how they impact our understanding of how BDNF can reshape the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bowling
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Bhattacharya
- Center for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moses V Chao
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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44
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Crawford DC, Kavalali ET. Molecular underpinnings of synaptic vesicle pool heterogeneity. Traffic 2015; 16:338-64. [PMID: 25620674 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal communication relies on chemical synaptic transmission for information transfer and processing. Chemical neurotransmission is initiated by synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic active zone resulting in release of neurotransmitters. Classical models have assumed that all synaptic vesicles within a synapse have the same potential to fuse under different functional contexts. In this model, functional differences among synaptic vesicle populations are ascribed to their spatial distribution in the synapse with respect to the active zone. Emerging evidence suggests, however, that synaptic vesicles are not a homogenous population of organelles, and they possess intrinsic molecular differences and differential interaction partners. Recent studies have reported a diverse array of synaptic molecules that selectively regulate synaptic vesicles' ability to fuse synchronously and asynchronously in response to action potentials or spontaneously irrespective of action potentials. Here we discuss these molecular mediators of vesicle pool heterogeneity that are found on the synaptic vesicle membrane, on the presynaptic plasma membrane, or within the cytosol and consider some of the functional consequences of this diversity. This emerging molecular framework presents novel avenues to probe synaptic function and uncover how synaptic vesicle pools impact neuronal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C Crawford
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
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45
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Structural elements that underlie Doc2β function during asynchronous synaptic transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195798 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502288112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Double C2-like domain-containing proteins alpha and beta (Doc2α and Doc2β) are tandem C2-domain proteins proposed to function as Ca(2+) sensors for asynchronous neurotransmitter release. Here, we systematically analyze each of the negatively charged residues that mediate binding of Ca(2+) to the β isoform. The Ca(2+) ligands in the C2A domain were dispensable for Ca(2+)-dependent translocation to the plasma membrane, with one exception: neutralization of D220 resulted in constitutive translocation. In contrast, three of the five Ca(2+) ligands in the C2B domain are required for translocation. Importantly, translocation was correlated with the ability of the mutants to enhance asynchronous release when overexpressed in neurons. Finally, replacement of specific Ca(2+)/lipid-binding loops of synaptotagmin 1, a Ca(2+) sensor for synchronous release, with corresponding loops from Doc2β, resulted in chimeras that yielded slower kinetics in vitro and slower excitatory postsynaptic current decays in neurons. Together, these data reveal the key determinants of Doc2β that underlie its function during the slow phase of synaptic transmission.
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