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Grzelak N, Kaczmarek D, Mrówczyński W. Comparison of the effects of BDNF/TRKB signalling on metabolic biomarkers in the liver of sedentary and trained rats with normal and knockout BDNF genotypes. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1268648. [PMID: 38152248 PMCID: PMC10751318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1268648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the modulation of metabolic processes in the liver is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether hepatic concentrations or activities of metabolic biomarkers depend on altered BDNF/TrkB content in the liver, resulting from different BDNF genotypes of rats. In addition, it was assessed whether 5-week moderate endurance training modifies the levels of BDNF/Trk-B signaling and studied hepatic markers. Methods: Experiments were performed on wild-type and heterozygous BDNF knockout (HET, SD-Bdnf) rats, which were divided into four groups: control with normal genotype (Bdnf+/+), control with BDNF knockout genotype (Bdnf+/-), trained with normal genotype (Bdnf+/+T) and trained with BDNF knockout genotype (Bdnf +/-T). BDNF/TrkB concentrations as well as selected metabolic biomarkers including lipids-total cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG); enzymes-alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP); hormones-insulin (INS) and leptin (LEPT) as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) as regeneration indicator were measured directly in liver homogenates. Results and Discussion: The study showed that Bdnf+/- rats exhibited reduced BDNF/TrkB signaling (BDNF, p < 0.0001; Trk-B, p = 0.0005), altered lipid levels (CHOL, p < 0.0001; LDL, p < 0.0001; TG, p = 0.0006) and reduced hepatic ALAT (p = 0.0004) and GGT (p < 0.0001) activity, which may contribute to hepatic steatosis and obesity, as well as indicate impairment of specific metabolic pathways in the liver. Interestingly, endurance training did not alter hepatic BDNF and TrkB content, but improved ALAT (p = 0.0366) and ASAT (p = 0.0191) activities and increased hepatic IL-6 (p = 0.0422) levels in Bdnf +/- rats, suggesting enhanced liver regeneration in animals with BDNF allele loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Grzelak
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominik Kaczmarek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Grzelak N, Krutki P, Bączyk M, Kaczmarek D, Mrówczyński W. Influence of altered serum and muscle concentrations of BDNF on electrophysiological properties of spinal motoneurons in wild-type and BDNF-knockout rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4571. [PMID: 36941445 PMCID: PMC10027728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether altered serum and/or muscle concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can modify the electrophysiological properties of spinal motoneurons (MNs). This study was conducted in wild-type and Bdnf heterozygous knockout rats (HET, SD-BDNF). Rats were divided into four groups: control, knockout, control trained, and knockout trained. The latter two groups underwent moderate-intensity endurance training to increase BDNF levels in serum and/or hindlimb muscles. BDNF and other neurotrophic factors (NFs), including glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) were assessed in serum and three hindlimb muscles: the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and soleus (Sol). The concentrations of tropomyosin kinase receptor B (Trk-B), interleukin-15 (IL-15), and myoglobin (MYO/MB) were also evaluated in these muscles. The electrophysiological properties of lumbar MNs were studied in vivo using whole-cell current-clamp recordings. Bdnf knockout rats had reduced levels of all studied NFs in serum but not in hindlimb muscles. Interestingly, decreased serum NF levels did not influence the electrophysiological properties of spinal MNs. Additionally, endurance training did not change the serum concentrations of any of the NFs tested but significantly increased BDNF and GDNF levels in the TA and MG muscles in both trained groups. Furthermore, the excitability of fast MNs was reduced in both groups of trained rats. Thus, changes in muscle (but not serum) concentrations of BDNF and GDNF may be critical factors that modify the excitability of spinal MNs after intense physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Grzelak
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, 27/39 Królowej Jadwigi St., 61-871, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Krutki
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, 27/39 Królowej Jadwigi St., 61-871, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Bączyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, 27/39 Królowej Jadwigi St., 61-871, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominik Kaczmarek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Mrówczyński
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, 27/39 Królowej Jadwigi St., 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
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Zhang S, Wei Y, Wang C. Impacts of an Exercise Intervention on the Health of Pancreatic Beta-Cells: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127229. [PMID: 35742478 PMCID: PMC9223540 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing consensus that exercise is a medicine and that regular exercise can effectively improve and prevent metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Islet cells are the endocrine of the pancreas and vital to the development of diabetes. Decades of developmental research in exercise intervention and the health of islet cells confirmed that exercise exerts beneficial effects on the function, proliferation, and survival rate of islet cells. However, the precise exercise reference scheme is still elusive. To accomplish this goal, we searched and analyzed relevant articles, and concluded the precise exercise prescription treatments for various species such as humans, rats, and mice. Each exercise protocol is shown in the tables below. These exercise protocols form a rich pipeline of therapeutic development for exercise on the health of islet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Sports Science, University of Harbin Sport, Harbin 150008, China; (S.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Shanghai Sport, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Yaru Wei
- Department of Sports Science, University of Harbin Sport, Harbin 150008, China; (S.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Department of Sports Science, University of Harbin Sport, Harbin 150008, China; (S.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Ribeiro D, Petrigna L, Pereira FC, Muscella A, Bianco A, Tavares P. The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4/5: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168814. [PMID: 34445512 PMCID: PMC8396229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: One mechanism through which physical activity (PA) provides benefits is by triggering activity at a molecular level, where neurotrophins (NTs) are known to play an important role. However, the expression of the circulating levels of neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4/5), in response to exercise, is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim was to provide an updated overview on the neurotrophin (NT) variation levels of BDNF and NT-4/5 as a consequence of a long-term aerobic exercise intervention, and to understand and describe whether the upregulation of circulating NT levels is a result of neurotrophic factors produced and released from the brain, and/or from neurotrophic secreting peripheral organs. (2) Methods: The articles were collected from PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase. Data were analyzed through a narrative synthesis. (3) Results: 30 articles studied humans who performed training protocols that ranged from 4 to 48 weeks; 22 articles studied rodents with an intervention period that ranged from 4 to 64 weeks. (4) Conclusions: There is no unanimity between the upregulation of BDNF in humans; conversely, concerning both BDNF and NT-4/5 in animal models, the results are heterogeneous. Whilst BDNF upregulation appears to be in relative agreement, NT-4/5 seems to display contradictory and inconsistent conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.); (P.T.)
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Frederico C. Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Paula Tavares
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.); (P.T.)
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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7,8-Dihydroxyflavone improves cognitive functions in ICV-STZ rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease by reversing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1991-2009. [PMID: 33774703 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin (STZ) mimics sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) characterized by tau pathology and neurodegeneration arising from oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a flavonoid having antioxidant property interlinked with mitochondrial functioning and insulin actions. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement properties of 7,8-DHF in an ICV-STZ rat model of SAD. METHODS ICV-STZ (3 mg/kg) was injected into male Wistar rats. Cognitive functions were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR). 7,8-DHF (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (2 mg/kg) were given orally for 21 days. Reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonylation (PCO), and nitrite assays were performed. Mitochondrial enzyme complex I, II, III, and IV, and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities were determined. ELISA for the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and p-tau was done. Histopathology was investigated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS 7,8-DHF treatment attenuated ICV-STZ-induced cognitive deficit in MWM and NOR. Moreover, in the cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain, GSH, catalase, SOD, GPX, LPO, PCO, and nitrite levels were reversed. Mitochondrial enzyme complex I, II, III, and IV, and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities were also normalized. IDE and p-tau protein were found to be significantly altered. 7,8-DHF provided protection from neuronal cell death examined in histopathology. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, 7,8-DHF was found to be neuroprotective in the ICV-STZ rat model by ameliorating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance, thereby improving cognitive functions evident with the behavioral results.
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Jodeiri Farshbaf M, Alviña K. Multiple Roles in Neuroprotection for the Exercise Derived Myokine Irisin. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:649929. [PMID: 33935687 PMCID: PMC8086837 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.649929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has multiple beneficial effects on health including decreasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Such effects are thought to be mediated (at least in part) by myokines, a collection of cytokines and other small proteins released from skeletal muscles. As an endocrine organ, skeletal muscle synthesizes and secretes a wide range of myokines which contribute to different functions in different organs, including the brain. One such myokine is the recently discovered protein Irisin, which is secreted into circulation from skeletal muscle during exercise from its membrane bound precursor Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Irisin contributes to metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis and browning of white adipose tissue. Irisin also crosses the blood brain barrier and initiates a neuroprotective genetic program in the hippocampus that culminates with increased expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Furthermore, exercise and FNDC5/Irisin have been shown to have several neuroprotective effects against injuries in ischemia and neurodegenerative disease models, including Alzheimer's disease. In addition, Irisin has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. In this review we present and summarize recent findings on the multiple effects of Irisin on neural function, including signaling pathways and mechanisms involved. We also discuss how exercise can positively influence brain function and mental health via the "skeletal muscle-brain axis." While there are still many unanswered questions, we put forward the idea that Irisin is a potentially essential mediator of the skeletal muscle-brain crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Alviña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Effects of Physical Exercise on Neuroplasticity and Brain Function: A Systematic Review in Human and Animal Studies. Neural Plast 2021; 2020:8856621. [PMID: 33414823 PMCID: PMC7752270 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8856621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical exercise (PE) has been associated with increase neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, and improvements in brain function. Objective To evaluate the effects of different PE protocols on neuroplasticity components and brain function in a human and animal model. Methods We conducted a systematic review process from November 2019 to January 2020 of the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, LILACS, and Scopus. A keyword combination referring to PE and neuroplasticity was included as part of a more thorough search process. From an initial number of 20,782 original articles, after reading the titles and abstracts, twenty-one original articles were included. Two investigators evaluated the abstract, the data of the study, the design, the sample size, the participant characteristics, and the PE protocol. Results PE increases neuroplasticity via neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF, and NGF) and receptor (TrkB and P75NTR) production providing improvements in neuroplasticity, and cognitive function (learning and memory) in human and animal models. Conclusion PE was effective for increasing the production of neurotrophic factors, cell growth, and proliferation, as well as for improving brain functionality.
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de Azevedo KPM, de Oliveira VH, de Medeiros GCBS, Mata ÁNDS, García DÁ, Martínez DG, Leitão JC, Knackfuss MI, Piuvezam G. The Effects of Exercise on BDNF Levels in Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176056. [PMID: 32825341 PMCID: PMC7503913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the evidence available in the literature about the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in adolescents. The literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SportDiscus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and CINAHL. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials performed with adolescents (10–19 years) who underwent different exercise programs and who evaluated BDNF levels before and after the intervention were included. We included six studies, four RCTs and two non-RCTs in the systematic review with a total of 407 adolescents. In two randomized trials and one non-RCT, the intervention groups showed significant improvements in BDNF levels compared with the control group. The results presented in the meta-analysis indicate that despite the positive effect in favor of the intervention, there were no significant differences (standardized mean difference 0.28 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval −0.28 to 0.85; p = 0.32, I² = 0%). The results presented in our review indicate that aerobic exercise programs practiced in moderate- or high-intensity are promising strategies to increase BDNF levels in adolescents. However, further studies are required to support this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesley Pablo Morais de Azevedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, Brazil; (V.H.d.O.); (G.C.B.S.d.M.); (Á.N.d.S.M.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-084-98738-1422
| | - Victor Hugo de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, Brazil; (V.H.d.O.); (G.C.B.S.d.M.); (Á.N.d.S.M.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Ádala Nayana de Sousa Mata
- Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, Brazil; (V.H.d.O.); (G.C.B.S.d.M.); (Á.N.d.S.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Daniel Ángel García
- Department of Sociosanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | | | - José Carlos Leitão
- Center for Research in Sport, Health and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Maria Irany Knackfuss
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Society, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), 59610-210 Mossoró, Brazil;
| | - Grasiela Piuvezam
- Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, Brazil; (V.H.d.O.); (G.C.B.S.d.M.); (Á.N.d.S.M.); (G.P.)
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How do different physical exercise parameters modulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy and non-healthy adults? A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Health Benefits of Endurance Training: Implications of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-A Systematic Review. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5413067. [PMID: 31341469 PMCID: PMC6613032 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5413067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a concept that wide expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors (TrkB) in the nervous tissue, evoked by regular endurance training (ET), can cause numerous motor and metabolic adaptations, which are beneficial for human health. The relationships between the training-evoked increase of endogenous BDNF and molecular and/or physiological adaptations in the nervous structures controlling both motor performance and homeostasis of the whole organism have been presented. Due to a very wide range of plastic changes that ET has exerted on various systems of the body, the improvement of motor skills and counteraction of the development of civilization diseases resulting from the posttraining increase of BDNF/TrkB levels have been discussed, as important for people, who undertake ET. Thus, this report presents the influence of endurance exercises on the (1) transformation of motoneuron properties, which are a final element of the motor pathways, (2) reduction of motor deficits evoked by Parkinson disease, and (3) prevention of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). This review suggests that the increase of posttraining levels of BDNF and its TrkB receptors causes simultaneous changes in the activity of the spinal cord, the substantia nigra, and the hypothalamic nuclei neurons, which are responsible for the alteration of the functional properties of motoneurons innervating the skeletal muscles, for the enhancement of dopamine release in the brain, and for the modulation of hormone levels involved in regulating the metabolic processes, responsively. Finally, training-evoked increase of the BDNF/TrkB leads to a change in a manner of regulation of skeletal muscles, causes a reduction of motor deficits observed in the Parkinson disease, and lowers weight, glucose level, and blood pressure, which accompany the MetS. Therefore, BDNF seems to be the molecular factor of pleiotropic activity, important in the modulation processes, underlying adaptations, which result from ET.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases System and Types of Fibrosis in Rat Heart during Late Pregnancy and Postpartum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050199. [PMID: 31126142 PMCID: PMC6571987 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Cardiac remodeling in pregnancy and postpartum is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in cardiac fibrosis (pericardial, perivascular, and interstitial), as well as the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9) and their inhibitors (Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMP-1 and TIMP-4) during late pregnancy and postpartum in rat left ventricle. Materials and Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were used for this study. Rats were divided three groups: non-pregnant, late pregnancy, and postpartum. The heart was weighed and cardiac fibrosis was studied by conventional histological procedures. The expression and transcript level of target proteins were evaluated using immunoblot techniques and quantitative PCR. Results: The experiments showed an increase of perivascular, pericardial, and interstitial fibrosis in heart during pregnancy and its reversion in postpartum. Moreover, in late pregnancy, MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 metalloproteinases were downregulated and TIMP-1 and TIMP-4 were upregulated in left ventricle. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the metalloproteinases system is involved in the cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling during pregnancy and its reversion in postpartum, this improves the knowledge of the adaptive cardiac remodeling in response to a blood volume overload present during pregnancy.
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, Rentería I, García-Suárez PC, Moncada-Jiménez J, Freire-Royes LF. The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain: A Mini-Review. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:839. [PMID: 30487731 PMCID: PMC6246624 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein mainly synthetized in the neurons. Early evidence showed that BDNF participates in cognitive processes as measured at the hippocampus. This neurotrophin is as a reliable marker of brain function; moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that BDNF participates in physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The BDNF has been also studied using the exercise paradigm to determine its response to different exercise modalities; therefore, BDNF is considered a new member of the exercise-related molecules. The high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise protocol characterized by low work volume performed at a high intensity [i.e., ≥80% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)]. Recent evidence supports the contention that HIIT elicits higher fat oxidation in skeletal muscle than other forms of exercise. Similarly, HIIT is a good stimulus to increase maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Few studies have investigated the impact of HIIT on the BDNF response. The present work summarizes the effects of acute and long-term HIIT on BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Rentería
- Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | | | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Lee HW, Ahmad M, Weldrick JJ, Wang HW, Burgon PG, Leenen FHH. Effects of exercise training and TrkB blockade on cardiac function and BDNF-TrkB signaling postmyocardial infarction in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1821-H1834. [PMID: 30311496 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00245.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training is beneficial for preserving cardiac function postmyocardial infarction (post-MI), but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated one possible mechanism, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signaling, with the TrkB blocker ANA-12 (0.5 mg·kg-1·day-1). Male Wistar rats underwent sham surgery or ligation of the left descending coronary artery. The surviving MI rats were allocated as follows: sedentary MI rats treated with vehicle, exercise-trained MI rats treated with vehicle, and exercise-trained MI rats treated with ANA-12. Exercise training was done 5 days/wk for 4 wk on a motor-driven treadmill. At the end, left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated by echocardiography and a Millar catheter. Mature BDNF and downstream effectors of BDNF-TrkB signaling, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), were assessed in the noninfarct area of the LV by Western blot analysis. Exercise training increased stroke volume and cardiac index and attenuated the decrease in ejection fraction (EF) and increase in LV end-diastolic pressure post-MI. ANA-12 blocked the improvement of EF and attenuated the increases in stroke volume and cardiac index but did not affect LV end-diastolic pressure. Exercise training post-MI prevented decreases in mature BDNF, phosphorylated (p-)CaMKII, p-Akt, and p-AMPKα expression. These effects were all blocked by ANA-12 except for p-AMPKα. In conclusion, the exercise-induced improvement of EF is mediated by the BDNF-TrkB axis and the downstream effectors CaMKII and Akt. BDNF-TrkB signaling appears to contribute to the improvement in systolic function by exercise training. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise training improves ejection fraction and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and increases stroke volume and cardiac index in rats postmyocardial infarction (post-MI). The improvement of EF but not LVEDP is mediated by activation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) axis and downstream effectors Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and Akt. This suggests that activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling and CaMKII and Akt is a promising target to attenuate progressive cardiac dysfunction post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heow Won Lee
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Monir Ahmad
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Jonathan J Weldrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Patrick G Burgon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Frans H H Leenen
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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14
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Changes in the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Are Associated with Improvements in Diabetes Risk Factors after Exercise Training in Adolescents with Obesity: The HEARTY Randomized Controlled Trial. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:7169583. [PMID: 30363954 PMCID: PMC6186331 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7169583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in youth increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and both are risk factors for neurocognitive deficits. Exercise attenuates the risk of obesity and T2D while improving cognitive function. In adults, these benefits are associated with the actions of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein critical in modulating neuroplasticity, glucose regulation, fat oxidation, and appetite regulation in adults. However, little research exists in youth. This study examined the associations between changes in diabetes risk factors and changes in BDNF levels after 6 months of exercise training in adolescents with obesity. The sample consisted of 202 postpubertal adolescents with obesity (70% females) aged 14-18 years who were randomized to 6 months of aerobic and/or resistance training or nonexercise control. All participants received a healthy eating plan designed to induce a 250/kcal deficit per day. Resting serum BDNF levels and diabetes risk factors, such as fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-B-beta cell insulin secretory capacity) and (HOMA-IS-insulin sensitivity), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), were measured after an overnight fast at baseline and 6 months. There were no significant intergroup differences on changes in BDNF or diabetes risk factors. In the exercise group, increases in BDNF were associated with reductions in fasting glucose (β = -6.57, SE = 3.37, p = 0.05) and increases in HOMA-B (β = 0.093, SE = 0.03, p = 0.004) after controlling for confounders. No associations were found between changes in diabetes risk factors and BDNF in controls. In conclusion, exercise-induced reductions in some diabetes risk factors were associated with increases in BDNF in adolescents with obesity, suggesting that exercise training may be an effective strategy to promote metabolic health and increases in BDNF, a protein favoring neuroplasticity. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00195858, September 12, 2005 (funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research).
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15
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Wang BL, Jin H, Han XQ, Xia Y, Liu NF. Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in exercise‑induced cardioprotection of post-myocardial infarction rats. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2867-2880. [PMID: 30226568 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise induces a number of benefits, including angiogenesis in post‑myocardial infarction (MI); however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. Neurotrophic brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serves a protective role in certain adult cardiac diseases through its specific receptor, BDNF/NT‑3 growth factors receptor (TrkB). The present study explored the mechanisms by which exercise improves cardiac function, with a focus on the involvement of the BDNF/TrkB axis. MI rats were assigned to Sham, sedentary, exercise, exercise with K252a (a TrkB inhibitor), and exercise with NG‑nitro‑L‑arginine methyl ester (L‑NAME) groups. The exercise group was subjected to 8 weeks of treadmill running. The results demonstrated that the rats in the exercise group exhibited increased myocardial angiogenesis and improved cardiac function, which was attenuated by K252a. Exercise induced activation of the BDNF/TrkB axis in the ischaemic myocardium and increased serum BDNF levels were abated by exposure to L‑NAME. Improvements in angiogenesis and left ventricular function exhibited a positive association, with changes in serum BDNF. In the in vitro experiments, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to shear stress (SS) of 12 dyn/cm2 to mimic the effects of exercise training on vascular tissue. An increased tube‑forming capacity, and a nitric oxide (NO)‑dependent prolonged activation of the BDNF/TrkB‑full‑length axis over 12 h, but not the TrkB‑truncated axis, was observed. The SS‑related angiogenic response was attenuated by TrkB inhibition. Overall, these results demonstrate that exercise confers certain aspects of its cardioprotective effects through the activation of the BDNF/TrkB axis in an NO‑dependent manner, a process in which fluid‑induced SS may serve a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Lei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department and Institute of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Qiong Han
- Department and Institute of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department and Institute of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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16
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Long-term moderate exercise enhances specific proteins that constitute neurotrophin signaling pathway: A TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of rat plasma. J Proteomics 2018; 185:39-50. [PMID: 29953961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise has been reported to increase neurotrophin in brain tissues as hippocampus as well as increased neurotrophic level peripherally in blood plasma and might have an effect on/or affect molecular processes of energy metabolism (and homeostasis). In this study, using quantitative proteomic analysis, we obtained a plasma protein profile from the rat with long-term moderate exercise. A total of 752 proteins were identified in the plasma. Among them, 54 proteins were significant up-regulated and 47 proteins were down-regulated in the plasma of exercise group compared with the control group. Bioinformatic analyses showed that these altered proteins are widely involved in multiple biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components, which connect with 11 signaling pathways. Interestingly, 5 up-regulated proteins Rap1b, PTPN11, ARHGDIA, Cdc42 and YWHAE, confirmed by Western blots, are involved in the neurotrophin signaling pathway which shows the lowest P value among the identified pathways. Further analyses showed that the 5 neurotrophin-signaling-pathway-related proteins participate in two important protein-protein interaction networks associated to cell survival and apoptosis, axonal development, synapse formation and plasticity. This study provides an exercise-induced plasma protein profile, suggesting that long-term exercise enhances the proteins involved in neurotrophin signaling pathway which may contribute to health benefit. SIGNIFICANCE Physical activity contributes to myriad benefits on body health across the lifespan. The changes in plasma proteins after chronic moderate exercise may be used as biomarkers for health and may also play important roles in increase of cardiovascular fitness, enhancement of immune competence, prevention of obesity, decrease of risk for neurological disorders, cancer, stroke, diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Using a TMT-based proteomic method, this study identified 101 altered proteins in the plasma of rats after long-term moderate treadmill running, which may provide novel biomarkers for further investigation of the underlying mechanism of physical exercise. We confirmed that exercise enhances 5 proteins of the neurotrophin signaling pathway that may contribute to health benefits.
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17
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Goldfield GS, Kenny GP, Prud'homme D, Holcik M, Alberga AS, Fahnestock M, Cameron JD, Doucette S, Hadjiyannakis S, Tulloch H, Tremblay MS, Walsh J, Guerin E, Gunnell KE, D'Angiulli A, Sigal RJ. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adolescents with obesity: The hearty randomized controlled trial. Physiol Behav 2018; 191:138-145. [PMID: 29679660 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein that plays a critical role in modulating cognition in animals and humans. Aerobic exercise often increases BDNF in adults, but effects of this exercise modality and others among adolescents remain uncertain. This study examined the effects of aerobic training, resistance training, and combined training on resting serum BDNF levels in adolescents with overweight and obesity. After a 4-week pre-randomization treatment, 304 post-pubertal, adolescents with overweight or obesity (70% females) aged 14-18 years were randomized to one of four groups for 22 weeks: aerobic training (N = 75), resistance training (N = 78), combined aerobic and resistance training (N = 75), or non-exercising control (N = 76). All participants received dietary counseling targeting a daily energy deficit of 250 kcal. The exercise prescription was 4 times per week, progressing to 45 min/session for the aerobic and resistance groups and 90 min/session for the combined group. Resting serum BDNF levels were measured at baseline and 6-months. Results showed that in both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (≥70% adherence to prescribed sessions) analyses, there were no significant within- or between-group changes in BDNF. Findings indicate that aerobic training, resistance training or their combination did change serum BDNF levels in adolescents with overweight and obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT00195858 http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00195858, September 12, 2005 (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Glen P Kenny
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Martin Holcik
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Kinesiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jameason D Cameron
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steve Doucette
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stasia Hadjiyannakis
- Centre for Healthy Active Living, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Tulloch
- Prevention & Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Walsh
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Guerin
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katie E Gunnell
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ronald J Sigal
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Tao YS, Piao SG, Jin YS, Jin JZ, Zheng HL, Zhao HY, Lim SW, Yang CW, Li C. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in kidneys from normal and cyclosporine-treated rats. BMC Nephrol 2018. [PMID: 29540150 PMCID: PMC5853162 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that a decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level induces a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, the expression and role of BDNF in the kidney have not been explored. The present study examined the expression of BDNF and tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptors in an experimental model of chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) nephropathy. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats on a salt-deplete diet were treated daily for four weeks with vehicle or CsA. Urine profiles, apoptotic cell death, oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG), and expression of BDNF and Trk receptors (TrkB and TrkC) were compared between groups. The impact of vasopressin infusion on the urine-concentrating ability was examined by measuring the expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) and BDNF and urine profiles in normal and CsA-treated rats. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle-treated rats, rats given CsA had enhanced urine volume and declined urine osmolality. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting showed that BDNF and Trk receptors were constitutively expressed in kidneys from vehicle-treated rats. This was confirmed by double immunofluorescent staining for Na-K-ATPase-α1, AQP-1, and AQP-2. By contrast, the expression of these factors decreased in kidneys from CsA-treated rats (BDNF: 51.1 ± 19.5% vs. 102.0 ± 30.3%, p < 0.01). Downregulation of BDNF was accompanied by impairment of urine osmolality, and this was reversed by exogenous infusion of vasopressin. Notably, the number of TUNEL-positive cells correlated negatively with BDNF expression and positively with urinary 8-OHdG excretion. CONCLUSIONS BDNF is expressed in the collecting duct of the kidney and may be associated with urine-concentrating ability in an experimental model of chronic CsA-induced nephropathy. Our study provides a new avenue for further investigation of chronic CsA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sheng Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, #1327 Juzi St., Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Guo Piao
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, #1327 Juzi St., Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shun Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, #1327 Juzi St., Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhe Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, #1327 Juzi St., Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Lan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, #1327 Juzi St., Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yan Zhao
- Health Examination Center, Yanbian University Hospital, #1327 Juzi St., Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Woo Lim
- Transplant Research Center, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Transplant Research Center, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Can Li
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, #1327 Juzi St., Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Kawanishi N, Takagi K, Lee HC, Nakano D, Okuno T, Yokomizo T, Machida S. Endurance exercise training and high-fat diet differentially affect composition of diacylglycerol molecular species in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R892-R901. [PMID: 29443549 PMCID: PMC6032301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance of peripheral muscle is implicated in the etiology of metabolic syndrome in obesity. Although accumulation of glycerolipids, such as triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol (DAG), in muscle contributes to insulin resistance in obese individuals, endurance-trained athletes also have higher glycerolipid levels but normal insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that the difference in insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle between athletes and obese individuals stems from changes in fatty acid composition of accumulated lipids. Here, we evaluated the effects of intense endurance exercise and high-fat diet (HFD) on the accumulation and composition of lipid molecular species in rat skeletal muscle using a lipidomic approach. Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to three groups and received either normal diet (ND) in sedentary conditions, ND plus endurance exercise training, or HFD in sedentary conditions. Rats were fed ND or HFD between 4 and 12 wk of age. Rats in the exercise group ran on a treadmill for 120 min/day, 5 days/wk, for 8 wk. Soleus muscle lipidomic profiles were obtained using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Total DAG levels, particularly those of palmitoleate-containing species, were increased in muscle by exercise training. However, whereas the total DAG level in the muscle was also increased by HFD, the levels of DAG molecular species containing palmitoleate were decreased by HFD. The concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species containing palmitoleate was increased by exercise but decreased by HFD. Our results indicate that although DAG accumulation was similar levels in trained and sedentary obese rats, specific changes in molecular species containing palmitoleate were opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kawanishi
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences , Tokyo , Japan.,Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kana Takagi
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Daiki Nakano
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Effects of moderate exercise on biochemical, morphological, and physiological parameters of the pancreas of female mice with estrogen deprivation and dyslipidemia. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 51:118-127. [PMID: 29335884 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Menopausal women are at high risk of developing heart disease. However, physical exercise practice can reverse this scenario. We evaluated the biochemical, morphological, and physiological effects of moderate aerobic physical exercise on the pancreas of knockout mice for LDL receptor with estrogen deprivation by ovariectomy. Animals were divided into six groups (n = 5): sedentary non-ovariectomized control; sedentary ovariectomized control; trained ovariectomized control; sedentary non-ovariectomized LDL-R knockout; sedentary ovariectomized LDL-R knockout; and trained ovariectomized LDL-R knockout. Physical exercise practice promoted improvement in biometric and biochemical parameters analyzed, with reduction of visceral adipose tissue and VLDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and blood glucose levels. In addition, physical exercise practice altered the morphology of pancreatic islets and improved their response to the effects of menopause. Thus, physical exercise practice was fundamental to minimize the effects of dyslipidemia associated with ovariectomy in the pancreatic tissue of LDL-R knockout animals, contributing to reduce the risk of developing cardiac diseases in the menopause period.
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21
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, Virgen-Ortiz A, Melnikov V, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Gamboa-Domínguez A, Montero S, Muñiz-Murguía J, Lemus M, Roces de Álvarez-Buylla E. Effect of moderate and high intensity chronic exercise on the pancreatic islet morphometry in healthy rats: BDNF receptor participation. Islets 2017; 9:1-10. [PMID: 27922332 PMCID: PMC5270655 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2016.1260796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The function and morphology of β-cells is largely dependent on insulin demand. As β-cells cover a bigger cell proportion in pancreas islets, changes of insulin producer cells affect the whole pancreatic islet morphology. Growth factors as the neurotrophins regulate the pancreas physiology, besides; physical exercise increases insulin sensitivity, and further modifies brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration in plasma. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exercise (running in a treadmill for 8 weeks) intensity on pancreatic islet morphometry in healthy state. The BDNF receptor effect on the pancreatic islet morphometry was also evaluated. Adult male Wistar rats were divided in 6 groups: Control (C); moderate intensity training (MIT); high intensity training (HIT) did not treat with BDNF receptor inhibitor (K252a), and C, MIT and HIT treated with K252a. The results shown that chronic exercise induces β-cells hypertrophy without BDNF receptor participation. On the other hand, the moderate exercise increases the number of β cells per islet; the last effect does not require TrkB participation. In sedentary conditions, the K252a treatment reduced the β-cell density. Exercise intensity has differential effects on pancreas islet morphometry in healthy model; furthermore, BDNF receptor plays a role to maintain the amount of β-cells in sedentary state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adolfo Virgen-Ortiz
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Montero
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | - Jesús Muñiz-Murguía
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | - Mónica Lemus
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | - Elena Roces de Álvarez-Buylla
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
- CONTACT Elena Roces de Álvarez-Buylla Jefe del Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, CUIB, Ave. 25 de Julio 965, Colima, Col. 298045 México
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22
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Brager AJ, Heemstra L, Bhambra R, Ehlen JC, Esser KA, Paul KN, Novak CM. Homeostatic effects of exercise and sleep on metabolic processes in mice with an overexpressed skeletal muscle clock. Biochimie 2017; 132:161-165. [PMID: 27916643 PMCID: PMC5191931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain and muscle-ARNT-like factor (Bmal1/BMAL1) is an essential transcriptional/translational factor of circadian clocks. Loss of function of Bmal1/BMAL1 is highly disruptive to physiological and behavioral processes. In light of these previous findings, we examined if transgenic overexpression of Bmal1/BMAL1 in skeletal muscle could alter metabolic processes. First, we characterized in vivo and ex vivo metabolic phenotypes of muscle overexpressed mice (male and female) compared to wild-type littermates (WT). Second, we examined in vivo and ex vivo metabolic processes in the presence of positive and negative homeostatic challenges: high-intensity treadmill running (positive) and acute sleep deprivation (negative). In vivo measures of metabolic processes included body composition, respiratory exchange ratio (RER; VCO2/VO2), energy expenditure, total activity counts, and food intake collected from small animal indirect calorimetry. Ex vivo measure of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle was determined from radioassays. RER was lower for muscle overexpressed females compared to female WTs. There were no genotype-dependent differences in metabolic phenotypes for males. With homeostatic challenges, muscle overexpressed mice had lower energy expenditure after high-intensity treadmill running. Acute sleep deprivation reduced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle in overexpressed male mice, but not male WTs. The present study contributes to a body of evidence showing pleiotropic, non-circadian, and homeostatic effects of altered Bmal1/BMAL1 expression on metabolic processes, demonstrating a critical need to further investigate the broad and complex actions of Bmal1/BMAL1 on physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
| | - Lydia Heemstra
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Raman Bhambra
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - J Christopher Ehlen
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Colleen M Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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23
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Adami R, Bottai D. Movement impairment: Focus on the brain. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:310-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Science; Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Science; Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan; Milan Italy
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, Cerna-Cortés J, Castro-Rodríguez EM, Montero SA, Muñiz J, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Lemus M, De Álvarez-Buylla ER. Effects of moderate- and high-intensity chronic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in fast and slow muscles. Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:446-51. [PMID: 26148339 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression is sensitive to cellular activity. In the sedentary state, BDNF expression is affected by the muscle phenotype. METHODS Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into the following 3 groups: sedentary (S); moderate-intensity training (MIT); and high-intensity training (HIT). The training protocol lasted 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after training, total RNA and protein levels in the soleus and plantaris muscles were obtained. RESULTS In the plantaris, the BDNF protein level was lower in the HIT than in the S group (P < 0.05). A similar effect was found in the soleus (without significant difference). In the soleus, higher Bdnf mRNA levels were found in the HIT group (P < 0.001 vs. S and MIT groups). In the plantaris muscle, similar Bdnf mRNA levels were found in all groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that high-intensity chronic exercise reduces BDNF protein level in fast muscles and increases Bdnf mRNA levels in slow muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jiménez-Maldonado
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | | | - Elena M Castro-Rodríguez
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | | | - Jesús Muñiz
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | | | - Mónica Lemus
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
| | - Elena Roces De Álvarez-Buylla
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, 965 Ave. 25 de Julio, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima, 28045, México
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Exercise prevents downregulation of hippocampal presynaptic proteins following olanzapine-elicited metabolic dysregulation in rats: Distinct roles of inhibitory and excitatory terminals. Neuroscience 2015; 301:298-311. [PMID: 26086543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine, or other second-generation antipsychotics, frequently develop metabolic side-effects, such as glucose intolerance and increased adiposity. We previously observed that modeling these adverse effects in rodents also resulted in hippocampal shrinkage. Here, we investigated the impact of olanzapine treatment, and the beneficial influence of routine exercise, on the neurosecretion machinery of the hippocampus. Immunodensities and interactions of three soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins (syntaxin-1, synaptosome-associated protein of 25kDa (SNAP-25) and vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)), synaptotagmin and complexins-1/2 were quantified in the hippocampus of sedentary and exercising rats exposed over 9weeks to vehicle (n=28) or olanzapine (10mg/kg/day, n=28). In addition, brain sections from subgroups of sedentary animals (n=8) were co-immunolabeled with antibodies against vesicular GABA (VGAT) and glutamate (VGLUT1) transporters, along with syntaxin-1, and examined by confocal microscopy to detect selective olanzapine effects within inhibitory or excitatory terminals. Following olanzapine treatment, sedentary, but not exercising rats showed downregulated (33-50%) hippocampal densities of SNARE proteins and synaptotagmin, without altering complexin levels. Strikingly, these effects had no consequences on the amount of SNARE protein-protein interactions. Lower immunodensity of presynaptic proteins was associated with reduced CA1 volume and glucose intolerance. Syntaxin-1 depletion appeared more prominent in VGAT-positive terminals within the dentate gyrus, and in non-VGAT/VGLUT1-overlapping areas of CA3. The present findings suggest that chronic exposure to olanzapine may alter hippocampal connectivity, especially in inhibitory terminals within the dentate gyrus, and along the mossy fibers of CA3. Together with previous studies, we propose that exercise-based therapies might be beneficial for patients being treated with olanzapine.
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Correction: Chronic exercise increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, pancreatic islet size, and insulin tolerance in a TrkB-dependent manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119047. [PMID: 25756350 PMCID: PMC4355288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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