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Dos Santos DRL, Durães-Carvalho R, Gardinali NR, Machado LC, de Paula VS, da Luz Wallau G, de Oliveira JM, Pena LJ, Pinto MA, Gil LHVG, de Oliveira-Filho EF. Uncovering neglected subtypes and zoonotic transmission of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Brazil. Virol J 2023; 20:83. [PMID: 37131237 PMCID: PMC10152778 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) circulation in humans and swine has been extensively studied in South America over the last two decades. Nevertheless, only 2.1% of reported HEV strains are available as complete genome sequences. Therefore, many clinical, epidemiological, and evolutionary aspects of circulating HEV in the continent still need to be clarified. Here, we conducted a retrospective evolutionary analysis of one human case and six swine HEV strains previously reported in northeastern, southern, and southeastern Brazil. We obtained two complete and four nearly complete genomic sequences. Evolutionary analysis comparing the whole genomic and capsid gene sequences revealed high genetic variability. This included the circulation of at least one unrecognized unique South American subtype. Our results corroborate that sequencing the whole capsid gene could be used as an alternative for HEV subtype assignment in the absence of complete genomic sequences. Moreover, our results substantiate the evidence for zoonotic transmission by comparing a larger genomic fragment recovered from the sample of the autochthonous human hepatitis E case. Further studies should continuously investigate HEV genetic diversity and zoonotic transmission of HEV in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Regina Lopes Dos Santos
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM- FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Durães-Carvalho
- São Paulo School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Structural and Functional Biology, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia (LADTV) , Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica (LATEV) , Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Biomanguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lais Ceschini Machado
- Department of Entomology and Bioinformatic Core, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC- FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Department of Entomology and Bioinformatic Core, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia (LADTV) , Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM- FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia (LADTV) , Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM- FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Lhomme S, Legrand-Abravanel F, Kamar N, Izopet J. Screening, diagnosis and risks associated with Hepatitis E virus infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:403-418. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1613889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhomme
- Department of Virology, National reference center for Hepatitis E Virus, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Legrand-Abravanel
- Department of Virology, National reference center for Hepatitis E Virus, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Department of Nephrology and Organs Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Department of Virology, National reference center for Hepatitis E Virus, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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King NJ, Hewitt J, Perchec-Merien AM. Hiding in Plain Sight? It's Time to Investigate Other Possible Transmission Routes for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Developed Countries. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:225-252. [PMID: 29623595 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historically in developed countries, reported hepatitis E cases were typically travellers returning from countries where hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic, but now there are increasing numbers of non-travel-related ("autochthonous") cases being reported. Data for HEV in New Zealand remain limited and the transmission routes unproven. We critically reviewed the scientific evidence supporting HEV transmission routes in other developed countries to inform how people in New Zealand may be exposed to this virus. A substantial body of indirect evidence shows domesticated pigs are a source of zoonotic human HEV infection, but there is an information bias towards this established reservoir. The increasing range of animals in which HEV has been detected makes it important to consider other possible animal reservoirs of HEV genotypes that can or could infect humans. Foodborne transmission of HEV from swine and deer products has been proven, and a large body of indirect evidence (e.g. food surveys, epidemiological studies and phylogenetic analyses) support pig products as vehicles of HEV infection. Scarce data from other foods suggest we are neglecting other potential sources of foodborne HEV infection. Moreover, other transmission routes are scarcely investigated in developed countries; the role of infected food handlers, person-to-person transmission via the faecal-oral route, and waterborne transmission from recreational contact or drinking untreated or inadequately treated water. People have become symptomatic after receiving transfusions of HEV-contaminated blood, but it is unclear how important this is in the overall hepatitis E disease burden. There is need for broader research efforts to support establishing risk-based controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J King
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand.
| | - Anne-Marie Perchec-Merien
- New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
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Wen GP, Tang ZM, Wang SL, Ji WF, Cai W, Zhang X, Huang SJ, Wu T, Zhang J, Zheng ZZ, Xia NS. Classification of human and zoonotic group hepatitis E virus (HEV) using antigen detection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8585-8594. [PMID: 29038976 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the major pathogens that cause acute viral hepatitis. The human (genotypes 1 and 2) and zoonotic (genotypes 3 and 4) groups of HEV present different epidemiology and clinical features. In this study, we developed a classification method for rapidly classifying HEV into human or zoonotic groups that combines a general antigen test with a zoonotic group-specific antigen test. Evaluation of serial samples from HEV-infected rhesus monkeys indicated that HEV antigen-positive samples can be classified using the antigen-based classification method. The antigen-based classification method was evaluated further on 55 genotyped samples from acute hepatitis E patients, including 9 human and 46 zoonotic groups. The novel method was completely consistent with the sequencing results: 9/9 for the human groups (100%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 66.4-100%) and 46/46 for the zoonotic groups (100%, 95% CI 92.3-100%). This method was also successfully used for the clustering of some samples that could not be clustered by sequencing. Compared with the sequencing-based method, this method is less time-consuming, less expensive, and less technically complex and is therefore ideal for large numbers of samples. In conclusion, this study provides a convenient and sensitive method for classifying different groups of HEV, and it has potentially important public health applications, especially in underdeveloped areas that cannot afford the high cost of nucleic acid testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ping Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Min Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Fang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Zheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China. .,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, XiangAn South Road, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Mykytczuk O, Harlow J, Bidawid S, Corneau N, Nasheri N. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Hepatitis E Virus in Retail Pork Products Marketed in Canada. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:208-218. [PMID: 28197972 PMCID: PMC5429394 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is very common worldwide. HEV causes acute viral hepatitis with approximately 20 million cases per year. While HEV genotypes 1 and 2 cause large waterborne and foodborne outbreaks with a significant mortality in developing countries, genotypes 3 and 4 are more prevalent in developed countries with transmission being mostly zoonotic. In North America and Europe, HEV has been increasingly detected in swine, and exposure to pigs and pork products is considered to be the primary source of infection. Therefore we set out to investigate the prevalence of HEV in retail pork products available in Canada, by screening meal-size portions of pork pâtés, raw pork sausages, and raw pork livers. The presence of the HEV genomes was determined by RT-PCR and viral RNA was quantified by digital droplet PCR. Overall, HEV was detected in 47% of the sampled pork pâtés and 10.5% of the sampled raw pork livers, but not in the sampled pork sausages, and sequencing confirmed that all HEV strains belonged to genotype 3. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that except for one isolate that clusters with subtype 3d, all isolates belong to subtype 3a. Amino acid variations between the isolates were also observed in the sequenced capsid region. In conclusion, the prevalence of HEV in pâtés and raw pork livers observed in this study is in agreement with the current HEV distribution in pork products reported in other developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Mykytczuk
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Harlow
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sabah Bidawid
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Corneau
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Phylogenetic analysis of Hepatitis E virus strains isolated from slaughter-age pigs in Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:138-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The effect of phylogenetic signal reduction on genotyping of hepatitis E viruses of the species Orthohepevirus A. Arch Virol 2016; 162:645-656. [PMID: 27817109 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Commonly, hepatitis E virus (HEV) sequences are genotyped phylogenetically using subgenomic sequences. This paper examines this practice with sequences from members of the species Orthohepevirus A. As the length of sequences becomes progressively shorter, the number of identical sequences in an alignment tends to increase; however, these sequences retain their genotypic identity down to 100 nucleotides in length. The best substitution models tend to become less parameterized, bootstrap support decreases, and trees created from short subgenomic fragments are less likely to be isomorphic with trees from longer subgenomic fragments or complete genome sequences. However, it is still possible to correctly genotype sequences using fragments as small as 200 nucleotides. While it is possible to correctly genotype sequences with short subgenomic sequences, the estimates of evolutionary relationships between genotypes degrade to such an extent that sequences below 1600 nucleotides long cannot be used reliably to study these relationships, and comparisons of trees from different subgenomic regions with little or no sequence overlap can be problematic. Subtyping may be done, but it requires a careful examination of the region to be used to ensure that it correctly resolves the subtypes.
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