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Bao L, Liu Y, Jia Q, Chu S, Jiang H, He S. Argon neuroprotection in ischemic stroke and its underlying mechanism. Brain Res Bull 2024; 212:110964. [PMID: 38670471 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), primarily caused by cerebrovascular obstruction, results in severe neurological deficits and has emerged as a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Recently, there has been increasing exploration of the neuroprotective properties of the inert gas argon. Argon has exhibited impressive neuroprotection in many in vivo and ex vivo experiments without signs of adverse effects, coupled with the advantages of being inexpensive and easily available. However, the efficient administration strategy and underlying mechanisms of neuroprotection by argon in IS are still unclear. This review summarizes current research on the neuroprotective effects of argon in IS with the goal to provide effective guidance for argon application and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of argon neuroprotection. Early and appropriate argon administration at as high a concentration as possible offers favorable neuroprotection in IS. Argon inhalation has been shown to provide some long-term protection benefits. Argon provides the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic cytoprotective effects mainly around Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4), mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-ĸB) and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Therefore, argon holds significant promise as a novel clinical neuroprotective gas agent for ischemic stroke after further researches to identify the optimal application strategy and elucidate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bao
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jia
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihao Chu
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China.
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Merigo G, Florio G, Madotto F, Magliocca A, Silvestri I, Fumagalli F, Cerrato M, Motta F, De Giorgio D, Panigada M, Zanella A, Grasselli G, Ristagno G. Treatment with inhaled Argon: a systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies with meta-analysis on neuroprotective effect. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105143. [PMID: 38691938 PMCID: PMC11070688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Argon (Ar) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent in multiple clinical conditions, specifically in organ protection. However, conflicting data on pre-clinical models, together with a great variability in Ar administration protocols and outcome assessments, have been reported. The aim of this study was to review evidence on treatment with Ar, with an extensive investigation on its neuroprotective effect, and to summarise all tested administration protocols. METHODS Using the PubMed database, all existing pre-clinical and clinical studies on the treatment with Ar were systematically reviewed (registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7983D). Study titles and abstracts were screened, extracting data from relevant studies post full-text review. Exclusion criteria included absence of full text and non-English language. Furthermore, meta-analysis was also performed to assess Ar potential as neuroprotectant agent in different clinical conditions: cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, subarachnoid haemorrhage. Standardised mean differences for neurological, cognitive and locomotor, histological, and physiological measures were evaluated, through appropriate tests, clinical, and laboratory variables. In vivo studies were evaluated for risk of bias using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool, while in vitro studies underwent assessment with a tool developed by the Office of Health Assessment and Translation. FINDINGS The systematic review detected 60 experimental studies (16 in vitro, 7 ex vivo, 31 in vivo, 6 with both in vitro and in vivo) investigating the role of Ar. Only one clinical study was found. Data from six in vitro and nineteen in vivo studies were included in the meta-analyses. In pre-clinical models, Ar administration resulted in improved neurological, cognitive and locomotor, and histological outcomes without any change in physiological parameters (i.e., absence of adverse events). INTERPRETATION This systematic review and meta-analysis based on experimental studies supports the neuroprotective effect of Ar, thus providing a rationale for potential translation of Ar treatment in humans. Despite adherence to established guidelines and methodologies, limitations in data availability prevented further analyses to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity due to study design. FUNDING This study was funded in part by Italian Ministry of Health-Current researchIRCCS and by Ministero della Salute Italiano, Ricerca Finalizzata, project no. RF 2019-12371416.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Merigo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Florio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Madotto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Magliocca
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Silvestri
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Cerrato
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Motta
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria De Giorgio
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Panigada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanella
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Jiang L, He S, Long X, Zheng X. Combination Therapy with N-Acetylserotonin and Aflibercept Activated the Akt/Nrf2 Pathway to Inhibit Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats with Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:280-287. [PMID: 37970666 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2276059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE N-acetylserotonin (NAS) can reduce retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Aflibercept is an anti-VEGF drug used to treat a variety of eye diseases. This study was performed to investigate the effect of combination therapy with N-acetylserotonin and aflibercept on RIRI and its mechanism. METHODS The RIRI model was established by elevating the intraocular pressure. H&E staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the retinal tissue. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL. The expression of cleaved caspase-3 in the retina was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. The levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA in retinal tissue were measured by ELISA. The protein expression of cytoplasmic Nrf2, nuclear Nrf2, HO-1, Akt, and p-Akt was determined by western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that combination therapy with NAS and aflibercept significantly alleviated retinal histopathological damage, decreased retinal thickness (from 335.49 ± 30.50 µm to 226.16 ± 17.20 µm, p < 0.001) and the rate of retinal apoptosis (from 28.27 ± 0.39% to 7.87 ± 0.19%, p < 0.001), and downregulated protein expression (from 2.42 ± 0.03 to 1.39 ± 0.03, p < 0.001) and positive expression (from 31.88 ± 0.52 to 25.36 ± 0.58, p < 0.001) of cleaved caspase-3. In addition, combination therapy with NAS and aflibercept also upregulated the levels of SOD (from 20.31 ± 0.18 to 29.66 ± 0.83, p < 0.001) and GSH-Px (from 13.62 ± 0.36 to 19.31 ± 0.82, p < 0.001) and downregulated the level of MDA (from 0.51 ± 0.01 to 0.41 ± 0.01, p < 0.001) to inhibit oxidative stress. Finally, combination therapy with NAS and aflibercept increased the protein expression of cytoplasmic Nrf2 (from 0.10 ± 0.002 to 0.85 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), nuclear Nrf2 (from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 0.88 ± 0.04, p < 0.001), and HO-1 (from 0.45 ± 0.03 to 0.91 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) and the p-Akt/Akt ratio (from 0.45 ± 0.02 to 0.81 ± 0.07, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, combination therapy with NAS and aflibercept attenuated RIRI, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress and activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhulin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliate Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Chongqing, China
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Silachev DN, Boeva EA, Yakupova EI, Milovanova MA, Varnakova LA, Kalabushev SN, Antonova VV, Cherpakov RA, Ryzhkov IA, Lapin KN, Lyubomudrov MA, Grebenchikov OA. Positive Neuroprotective Effect of Argon Inhalation after Photochemically Induced Ischemic Stroke Model in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 176:143-149. [PMID: 38189873 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-05984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
We studied the effect of 2-h inhalation of argon-oxygen mixture (Ar 70%/O2 30%) after photochemically induced stroke and on days 2 and 3 after stroke modeling on the severity of neurological deficit and brain damage (by MRI data) in Wistar rats. Neurological deficit was assessed within 14 days using the limb placement test. MRI and histological study of the brain with an assessment of the size of damage were performed on day 14 after ischemia. Significant differences were obtained in limb placement scores on days 3, 7, and 14, as well as in the volume of ischemic focus by MRI in comparison with the control (ischemia+N2 70%/O2 30%). Inhalation of argon-oxygen mixture for 2 h a day over 3 days after photoinduced stroke decreased the volume of brain damage by 2 times and reduced the severity of neurological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Silachev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Boeva
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Yakupova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Milovanova
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Varnakova
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Kalabushev
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Antonova
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Cherpakov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Ryzhkov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - K N Lapin
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Lyubomudrov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Grebenchikov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
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Scheid S, Goebel U, Ulbrich F. Neuroprotection Is in the Air-Inhaled Gases on Their Way to the Neurons. Cells 2023; 12:2480. [PMID: 37887324 PMCID: PMC10605176 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral injury is a leading cause of long-term disability and mortality. Common causes include major cardiovascular events, such as cardiac arrest, ischemic stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative as well as neuroinflammatory disorders. Despite improvements in pharmacological and interventional treatment options, due to the brain's limited regeneration potential, survival is often associated with the impairment of crucial functions that lead to occupational inability and enormous economic burden. For decades, researchers have therefore been investigating adjuvant therapeutic options to alleviate neuronal cell death. Although promising in preclinical studies, a huge variety of drugs thought to provide neuroprotective effects failed in clinical trials. However, utilizing medical gases, noble gases, and gaseous molecules as supportive treatment options may offer new perspectives for patients suffering neuronal damage. This review provides an overview of current research, potentials and mechanisms of these substances as a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Scheid
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, St. Franziskus-Hospital, 48145 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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Zhao G, Zhao H, Hou X, Wang J, Cheng P, Xu S, Cui W, Shen W. An unexpected discovery toward argon-rich water amelioration of cadmium toxicity in Medicago sativa L. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158137. [PMID: 35988609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Argon has organ-protective effects on animals. However, whether or how argon influences plant responses remains elusive. In this study, we discovered that the growth inhibition of hydroponically cultured alfalfa seedlings under 100 μM CdCl2 condition was significantly ameliorated by 100 % saturated argon-rich water (ARW). Less Cd uptake and accumulation were also observed in both root and shoot parts, which could be explained by the modified root cell walls, including the increased cell wall thickness, lignin content, and demethylation degree of covalently bound and ion-bound pectin, as well as the down-regulated expression of natural-resistance-associated-macrophage protein1 (Nramp1) encoding a heavy metal ion transporter in root tissue. The hindered Cd translocation from root to shoot achieved by ARW addition was validated by the decreased expression of heavy metal ATPase 2/4 (HMA2/4) in roots and decreased Cd content in xylem saps. The reestablished glutathione (GSH) homeostasis and redox balance, two important indicators of plant defense against Cd poisoning, were also observed. Further greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the phenotypic and physiological performances of alfalfa plants cultured in Cd-contaminated soil were significantly improved by irrigating with ARW. Above results implied that ARW confers plants tolerance against cadmium toxicity by impairing Cd uptake and accumulation and restoring GSH and redox homeostasis. These findings might open a new window for understanding argon biology in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xutian Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Weiti Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Yin H, Chen Z, Zhao H, Huang H, Liu W. Noble gas and neuroprotection: From bench to bedside. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028688. [PMID: 36532733 PMCID: PMC9750501 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, inert gases such as helium, argon, and xenon have gained considerable attention for their medical value. Noble gases present an intriguing scientific paradox: although extremely chemically inert, they display a remarkable spectrum of clinically useful biological properties. Despite a relative paucity of knowledge about their mechanisms of action, some noble gases have been used successfully in clinical practice. The neuroprotection elicited by these noble gases has been investigated in experimental animal models of various types of brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Collectively, these central nervous system injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality every year worldwide. Treatment options are presently limited to thrombolytic drugs and clot removal for ischemic stroke, or therapeutic cooling for other brain injuries before the application of noble gas. Currently, there is increasing interest in noble gases as novel treatments for various brain injuries. In recent years, neuroprotection elicited by particular noble gases, xenon, for example, has been reported under different conditions. In this article, we have reviewed the latest in vitro and in vivo experimental and clinical studies of the actions of xenon, argon, and helium, and discuss their potential use as neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Division of Anesthetics, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Han Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesia Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
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Scheid S, Lejarre A, Wollborn J, Buerkle H, Goebel U, Ulbrich F. Argon preconditioning protects neuronal cells with a Toll-like receptor-mediated effect. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1371-1377. [PMID: 36453425 PMCID: PMC9838174 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The noble gas argon has the potential to protect neuronal cells from cell death. So far, this effect has been studied in treatment after acute damage. Preconditioning using argon has not yet been investigated. In this study, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with different concentrations of argon (25%, 50%, and 74%; 21% O2, 5% CO2, balance nitrogen) at different time intervals before inflicting damage with rotenone (20 µM, 4 hours). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry after annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Surface expressions of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 were also examined. Cells were also processed for analysis by western blot and qPCR to determine the expression of apoptotic and inflammatory proteins, such as extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), protein kinase B (Akt), caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, interleukin-8, and heat shock proteins. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for TLR2 and 4 and interleukin-8. Cells were also pretreated with OxPAPC, an antagonist of TLR2 and 4 to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Results showed that argon preconditioning before rotenone application caused a dose-dependent but not a time-dependent reduction in the number of apoptotic cells. Preconditioning with 74% argon for 2 hours was used for further experiments showing the most promising results. Argon decreased the surface expression of TLR2 and 4, whereas OxPAPC treatment partially abolished the protective effect of argon. Argon increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but decreased NF-κB and Akt. Preconditioning inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis and the heat shock response. Argon also suppressed the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the alteration of TLRs and interleukin-8. OxPAPC reversed the argon effect on ERK1/2, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and interleukin-8 expression, but not on NF-κB and the heat shock proteins. Taken together, argon preconditioning protects against apoptosis of neuronal cells and mediates its action via Toll-like receptors. Argon may represent a promising therapeutic alternative in various clinical settings, such as the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Scheid
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Lejarre
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Wollborn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, St. Franziskus-Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany,Correspondence to: Felix Ulbrich, .
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9
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He J, Xue K, Liu J, Gu JH, Peng B, Xu L, Wang G, Jiang Z, Li X, Zhang Y. Timely and Appropriate Administration of Inhaled Argon Provides Better Outcomes for tMCAO Mice: A Controlled, Randomized, and Double-Blind Animal Study. Neurocrit Care 2022; 37:91-101. [PMID: 35137354 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-022-01448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled argon (iAr) has shown promising therapeutic efficacy for acute ischemic stroke and has exhibited impressive advantages over other inert gases as a neuroprotective agent. However, the optimal dose, duration, and time point of iAr for acute ischemic stroke are unknown. Here, we explored variable iAr schedules and evaluated the neuroprotective effects of acute iAr administration on lesion volume, brain edema, and neurological function in a mouse model of cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. METHODS Adult ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were randomly subjected to sham, moderate (1.5 h), or severe (3 h) transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). One hour after tMCAO, the mice were randomized to variable iAr protocols or air. General and focal deficit scores were assessed during double-blind treatment. Infarct volume, overall recovery, and brain edema were analyzed 24 h after cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. RESULTS Compared with those in the tMCAO-only group, lesion volume (p < 0.0001) and neurologic outcome (general, p < 0.0001; focal, p < 0.0001) were significantly improved in the group administered iAr 1 h after stroke onset (during ischemia). Short-term argon treatment (1 or 3 h) significantly improved the infarct volume (1 vs. 24 h, p < 0.0001; 3 vs. 24 h, p < 0.0001) compared with argon inhalation for 24 h. The concentration of iAr was confirmed to be a key factor in improving focal neurological outcomes relative to that in the tMCAO group, with higher concentrations of iAr showing better effects. Additionally, even though ischemia research has shown an increase in cerebral damage proportional to the ischemia time, argon administration showed significant neuroprotective effects on infarct volume (p < 0.0001), neurological deficits (general, p < 0.0001; focal, p < 0.0001), weight recovery (p < 0.0001), and edema (p < 0.0001) in general, particularly in moderate stroke. CONCLUSIONS Timely iAr administration during ischemia showed optimal neurological outcomes and minimal infarct volumes. Moreover, an appropriate duration of argon administration was important for better neuroprotective efficacy. These findings may provide vital guidance for using argon as a neuroprotective agent and moving to clinical trials in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Hua Gu
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenglin Jiang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Chakkarapani AA, Aly H, Benders M, Cotten CM, El-Dib M, Gressens P, Hagberg H, Sabir H, Wintermark P, Robertson NJ. Therapies for neonatal encephalopathy: Targeting the latent, secondary and tertiary phases of evolving brain injury. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 26:101256. [PMID: 34154945 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In term and near-term neonates with neonatal encephalopathy, therapeutic hypothermia protocols are well established. The current focus is on how to improve outcomes further and the challenge is to find safe and complementary therapies that confer additional protection, regeneration or repair in addition to cooling. Following hypoxia-ischemia, brain injury evolves over three main phases (latent, secondary and tertiary), each with a different brain energy, perfusion, neurochemical and inflammatory milieu. While therapeutic hypothermia has targeted the latent and secondary phase, we now need therapies that cover the continuum of brain injury that spans hours, days, weeks and months after the initial event. Most agents have several therapeutic actions but can be broadly classified under a predominant action (e.g., free radical scavenging, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, neuroregeneration, and vascular effects). Promising early/secondary phase therapies include Allopurinol, Azithromycin, Exendin-4, Magnesium, Melatonin, Noble gases and Sildenafil. Tertiary phase agents include Erythropoietin, Stem cells and others. We review a selection of promising therapeutic agents on the translational pipeline and suggest a framework for neuroprotection and neurorestoration that targets the evolving injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hany Aly
- Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Manon Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - C Michael Cotten
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Mohamed El-Dib
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France; Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hemmen Sabir
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Pia Wintermark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Creed J, Cantillana-Riquelme V, Yan BH, Ma S, Chu D, Wang H, Turner DA, Laskowitz DT, Hoffmann U. Argon Inhalation for 24 h After Closed-Head Injury Does not Improve Recovery, Neuroinflammation, or Neurologic Outcome in Mice. Neurocrit Care 2021; 34:833-843. [PMID: 32959200 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE In recent years, the noble gas argon (Ar) has been extensively studied for its organ protection properties. While mounting in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that argon provides neuroprotection in ischemic brain injury, its neuroprotective potential in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been evaluated in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that prolonged inhalation of 70% or 79% argon for 24 h after closed-head injury (CHI) improves neurologic outcome and overall recovery at 36 days post-injury. We also compared effects of the 30% or 21% residual oxygen on argon's potential neuroprotective capacity. METHODS Adult male C57/black mice (n = 240) were subjected to closed-head traumatic brain injury, followed by inhalation of 70% argon or nitrogen (30% oxygen), or 79% argon or nitrogen (21% oxygen) for 24 h. Neurologic outcome (rotarod, neuroscore, and Morris water maze) was evaluated for up to 36 days post-injury. Histologic parameters of neurologic degeneration (Fluoro-Jade staining) and inflammation (F4/80 microglia immunostaining) were assessed in subgroups at 24 h and on post-injury day 7. RESULTS Our CHI protocol consistently resulted in significant brain injury. After argon inhalation for 24 h at either concentration, mice did not show significant improvement with regard to neuroscores, rotarod performance, Morris water maze performance, or overall recovery (body weight), compared to nitrogen controls, up to 36 days. At 7 days post-injury, histologic markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation, particularly in the hippocampus, consistently demonstrated significant injury. Notably, recovery was reduced in mice treated with the higher oxygen concentration (30%) after CHI compared to 21%. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged argon treatment did not improve neurologic outcome, overall recovery (weight), nor markers of neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation after significant CHI compared to nitrogen. While neuroprotective in predominately ischemic injury, argon did not provide protection after TBI in this model, highlighting the crucial importance of assessing argon's strengths and weaknesses in preclinical models to fully understand its organ protective potential in different pathologies and gas mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Creed
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Bai Hui Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi Province, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liao Ning, China
| | - Dongmei Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis A Turner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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12
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Goebel U, Scheid S, Spassov S, Schallner N, Wollborn J, Buerkle H, Ulbrich F. Argon reduces microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:192-198. [PMID: 32788476 PMCID: PMC7818862 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that argon exerts its neuroprotective effect in part by inhibition of the toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4. The downstream transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) are also affected by argon and may play a role in neuroprotection. It also has been demonstrated that argon treatment could mitigate brain damage, reduce excessive microglial activation, and subsequently attenuate brain inflammation. Despite intensive research, the further exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, human neuroblastoma cells were damaged in vitro with rotenone over a period of 4 hours (to mimic cerebral ischemia and reperfusion damage), followed by a 2-hour post-conditioning with argon (75%). In a separate in vivo experiment, retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced in rats by increasing intraocular pressure for 1 hour. Upon reperfusion, argon was administered by inhalation for 2 hours. Argon reduced the binding of the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein 1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, which are involved in regulation of neuronal damage. Flow cytometry analysis showed that argon downregulated the Fas ligand. Some transcription factors were regulated by toll-like receptors; therefore, their effects could be eliminated, at least in part, by the TLR2 and TLR4 inhibitor oxidized phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC). Argon treatment reduced microglial activation after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Our results suggest that argon reduced the extent of inflammation in retinal neurons after ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppression of transcription factors crucial for microglial activation. Argon has no known side effects or narcotic properties; therefore, therapeutic use of this noble gas appears ideal for treatment of patients with neuronal damage in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. The animal experiments were approved by the Commission for Animal Care of the University of Freiburg (approval No. 35-9185.81/G14-122) on October 19, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheid
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sashko Spassov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Schallner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Wollborn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Inhaled Argon Impedes Hepatic Regeneration after Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155457. [PMID: 32751707 PMCID: PMC7432339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoprotective effects of noble gases are subject of current research. One important field of interest is the effect of noble gases on hepatic regenerative capacity. For the noble gas argon, promising studies demonstrated remarkable experimental effects in neuronal and renal cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of argon on the regenerative capacity of the liver after ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Male, Sprague-Dawley rats underwent hepatic IRI by clamping of the hepatic artery. Expression of hepatoproliferative genes (HGF, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF), cell cycle markers (BrdU, TUNEL, Ki-67), and liver enzymes (ALT, AST, Bilirubin, LDH) were assessed 3, 36, and 96 h after IRI. Expression of IL-1β and IL-6 was significantly higher after argon inhalation after 36 h (IL-1β 5.0 vs. 8.7 fold, p = 0.001; IL-6 9.6 vs. 19.1 fold, p = 0.05). Ki-67 was higher in the control group compared to the argon group after 36 h (214.0 vs. 38.7 positive cells/1000 hepatocytes, p = 0.045). Serum levels of AST and ALT did not differ significantly between groups. Our data indicate that argon inhalation has detrimental effects on liver regeneration after IRI as measured by elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 after 36 h. In line with these results, Ki-67 is decreased in the argon group, indicating a negative effect on liver regeneration in argon inhalation.
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14
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Nespoli F, Redaelli S, Ruggeri L, Fumagalli F, Olivari D, Ristagno G. A complete review of preclinical and clinical uses of the noble gas argon: Evidence of safety and protection. Ann Card Anaesth 2020; 22:122-135. [PMID: 30971592 PMCID: PMC6489383 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_111_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The noble gas argon (Ar) is a "biologically" active element and has been extensively studied preclinically for its organ protection properties. This work reviews all preclinical studies employing Ar and describes the clinical uses reported in literature, analyzing 55 pertinent articles found by means of a search on PubMed and Embase. Ventilation with Ar has been tested in different models of acute disease at concentrations ranging from 20% to 80% and for durations between a few minutes up to days. Overall, lesser cell death, smaller infarct size, and better functional recovery after ischemia have been repeatedly observed. Modulation of the molecular pathways involved in cell survival, with resulting anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects, appeared as the determinant mechanism by which Ar fulfills its protective role. These beneficial effects have been reported regardless of onset and duration of Ar exposure, especially after cardiac arrest. In addition, ventilation with Ar was safe both in animals and humans. Thus, preclinical and clinical data support future clinical studies on the role of inhalatory Ar as an organ protector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nespoli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Redaelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ruggeri
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Olivari
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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15
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Han Y, Bing Zhu X, Ye Y, Yu Deng K, Yang Zhang X, Ping Song Y. Ribonuclease attenuates retinal ischemia reperfusion injury through inhibition of inflammatory response and apoptosis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106608. [PMID: 32447222 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to reveal the function of extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) in retinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, and evaluate whether RNase administration can effectivelyreduce I/Rinjury. A retinal I/R injury C57BL/6J wild-type mice model was established by elevating intraocular pressure for 1 h. All mice received 3 doses of RNase or the same dose of normal saline at different time points. After 7 days of reperfusion, retinal damage was quantified by counting retinal ganglion cells and measuring retinal layer thickness. The apoptotic retinal cells were detected by the TUNEL experiment, and the expressions of caspase-3, proinflammatory cytokines in retinal tissues, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein and mRNA were detected to determine the underlying mechanism. It was found that RNase administration (1) reduced the significant loss of retinal morphology caused by I/R injury; (2) down-regulated the expression of NF-κBp65, IL-6 and GFAP relative to the I/R mice; (3) decreased the apoptosis of retinal cells and the levels of caspase-3; (4) attenuated exRNAs levels in retinal tissues on day 7 after retinal I/R. In short, increased exRNAs may contribute to retinal I/R damages in mice, and RNase therapy can effectively attenuate retinal damage by reducing inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Han
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao Bing Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhong Shan, Zhong Shan 528400, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ya Ye
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Kai Yu Deng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xi Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yan Ping Song
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, PR China.
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16
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17
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Savary G, Lidouren F, Rambaud J, Kohlhauer M, Hauet T, Bruneval P, Costes B, Cariou A, Ghaleh B, Mongardon N, Tissier R. Argon attenuates multiorgan failure following experimental aortic cross-clamping. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1170-1179. [PMID: 29388238 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Argon has been shown to prevent ischaemic injuries in several scenarios of regional ischaemia. We determined whether it could provide a systemic effect in a model of multiorgan failure (MOF) induced by aortic cross-clamping. METHODS Anaesthetized rabbits were submitted to aortic cross-clamping (30 min) and subsequent reperfusion (300 min). They were either ventilated with oxygen-enriched air throughout the protocol [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2 ) = 30%; control group) or with a mixture of 30% oxygen and 70% argon (argon groups). In a first group treated with argon ('Argon-Total'), its administration was started 30 min before ischaemia and maintained throughout the protocol. In the two other groups, the administration was started either 30 min before ischaemia ('Argon-Pre') or at the onset of reperfusion ('Argon-Post'), for a total duration of 2 h. Cardiovascular, renal and inflammatory endpoints were assessed throughout protocol. RESULTS Compared with control, shock was significantly attenuated in Argon-Total and Argon-Pre but not Argon-Post groups (e.g. cardiac output = 62±5 vs. 29 ± 5 ml min-1 kg-1 in Argon-Total and control groups at the end of the follow-up). Shock and renal failure were reduced in all argon vs. control groups. Histopathological examination of the gut showed attenuation of ischaemic lesions in all argon vs. control groups. Blood transcription levels of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-8, IL-10 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION Argon attenuated clinical and biological modifications of cardiovascular, renal and intestinal systems, but not the inflammatory response, after aortic cross-clamping. The window of administration was crucial to optimize organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Savary
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, DHU A-TVB Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Jérôme Rambaud
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, DHU A-TVB Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Matthias Kohlhauer
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, DHU A-TVB Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Inserm, U1082, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Biochimie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Cariou
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, DHU A-TVB Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicolas Mongardon
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, DHU A-TVB Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Service d'Anesthésie et des Réanimations Chirurgicales, DHU A-TVB, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Renaud Tissier
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 3, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, DHU A-TVB Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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18
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Xu Y, Yang B, Hu Y, Lu L, Lu X, Wang J, Xu F, Yu S, Huang J, Liang X. Wogonin prevents TLR4-NF-κB-medicated neuro-inflammation and improves retinal ganglion cells survival in retina after optic nerve crush. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72503-72517. [PMID: 27756890 PMCID: PMC5341925 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuro-inflammation is involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. The aim of this study is to determine whether wogonin can suppress inflammatory responses and rescue RGCs death after optic nerve crush (ONC), an ideal animal model of glaucoma. Wogonin was administered intraperitoneally 10 min after establishment of ONC model. In this study, wogonin treatment reduced RGCs loss and inhibited RGCs apoptosis demonstrated by the increased Brn3a labeling RGCs at day 14 and the decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression at day 7 after ONC, respectively. In ONC model, number of GFAP-positive glial cells and iba1-positive microglial cells were increased, combined of the elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines released in retina at day 7. However, most of these responses were inhibited after wogonin treatment. The level of TLR4 expression, NF-κB-P65 nucleus location and NF-κB-P65 phosphorylation were increased in retina at day 1 after ONC, which was significantly reduced after wogonin treatment. These results demonstrated that wogonin protected RGCs survival and suppressed neuro-inflammation in retina after ONC by inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB pathways. We conclude that wogonin could be a possible strategy for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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19
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Hu SL, Zheng CP. (3R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-3-isopropyl-3-methylisochroman-1-one ameliorates retinal degeneration in Pde6b rd10 mice. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2018; 37:245-251. [PMID: 29480079 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1441863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a severe photoreceptor-degenerative disease, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is currently incurable and eventually leads to partial or complete blindness. (3R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-3-isopropyl-3-methylisochroman-1-one (TIM) is a novel antioxidant isolated from the plant of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, with protective effects on photoreceptor cells against lipoteichoic acid-induced damage through inhibiting oxidative stress. The present study was to further demonstrate whether TIM could ameliorate retinal degeneration of Pde6brd10 (rd10) mice, a mouse model of RP. rd10 mice were treated with TIM by intraperitoneal injection daily from postnatal Day 10 (P10) to P26. Retinal function was tested by electroretinography. Histology was evaluated by toluidine blue staining and TUNEL assay. Oxidative stress markers were measured by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and western blotting were applied to explore the protective mechanism. Results showed TIM significantly improved the retinal function and decreased photoreceptor cell apoptosis in rd10 mice through reducing oxidative stress. For the first time, this study demonstrated the protective effects of TIM against retinal degeneration in rd10 mice, providing scientific rationale to use TIM treating the RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Long Hu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R China
| | - Chao-Pan Zheng
- b Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Shenzhen People's Hospital , Shenzhen , P. R China
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Gardner A, Menon D. Moving to human trials for argon neuroprotection in neurological injury: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120:453-468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Xu Y, Hu N, Jiang W, Yuan HF, Zheng DH. Curcumin-carrying nanoparticles prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury in human renal cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:87390-87401. [PMID: 27901497 PMCID: PMC5349996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication in clinical practice. However, despite its frequency, effective preventive/treatment strategies for this condition are scarce. Curcumin possesses antioxidant properties and is a promising potential protective agent against renal IRI, but its poor water solubility restricts its application. In this study, we constructed curcumin-carrying distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles (Cur-NPs), and their effect on HK-2 cells exposed to IRI was examined in vitro. Curcumin encapsulated in NPs demonstrated improved water solubility and slowed release. Compared with the IRI and Curcumin groups, Cur-NP groups displayed significantly improved cell viability, downregulated protein expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax, upregulated expression of Bcl-2 protein, increased antioxidant superoxide dismutase level, and reduced apoptotic rate, reactive oxygen species level, and malondialdehyde content. Results clearly showed that Cur-NPs demonstrated good water solubility and slow release, as well as exerted protective effects against oxidative stress in cultured HK-2 cells exposed to IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an 223002, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an 223002, China
| | - Hong-Fang Yuan
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an 223002, China
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Propofol, but not ketamine or midazolam, exerts neuroprotection after ischaemic injury by inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell signalling: A combined in vitro and animal study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 33:670-80. [PMID: 26981881 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol, midazolam and ketamine are widely used in today's anaesthesia practice. Both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects have been attributed to all three agents. OBJECTIVE To establish whether propofol, midazolam and ketamine in the same neuronal injury model exert neuroprotective effects on injured neurones in vitro and in vivo by modulation of the Toll-like receptor 4-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (TLR-4-NF-κB) pathway. DESIGN AND SETTING Cell-based laboratory (n = 6 repetitions per experiment) and animal (n = 6 per group) studies using a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation before or after treatment using escalating, clinically relevant doses of propofol, midazolam and ketamine. In animals, retinal ischaemia (60 min) was induced followed by reperfusion and randomised treatment with saline or propofol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Neuronal cell death was determined using flow-cytometry (mitochondrial membrane potential) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Nuclear factor NF-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α-activity were analysed by DNA-binding ELISA, expression of NF-κB-dependent genes and TLR-4 by luciferase-assay and flow-cytometry, respectively. In animals, retinal ganglion cell density, caspase-3 activation and gene expression (TLR-4, NF-κB) were used to determine in vivo effects of propofol. Results were compared using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and t test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Post-treatment with clinically relevant concentrations of propofol (1 to 10 μg ml) preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential in oxygen-glucose deprivation-injured cells by 54% and reduced LDH release by 21%. Propofol diminished TLR-4 surface expression and preserved the DNA-binding activity of the protective hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α transcription factor. DNA-binding and transcriptional NF-κB-activity were inhibited by propofol. Neuronal protection and inhibition of TLR-4-NF-κB signalling were not consistently seen with midazolam or ketamine. In vivo, propofol treatment preserved rat retinal ganglion cell densities (cells mm, saline 1504 ± 251 vs propofol 2088 ± 144, P = 0.0001), which was accompanied by reduced neuronal caspase-3, TLR-4 and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION Propofol, but neither midazolam nor ketamine, provides neuroprotection to injured neuronal cells via inhibition of TLR-4-NF-κB-dependent signalling.
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Ahmed A, Wang LL, Abdelmaksoud S, Aboelgheit A, Saeed S, Zhang CL. Minocycline modulates microglia polarization in ischemia-reperfusion model of retinal degeneration and induces neuroprotection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14065. [PMID: 29070819 PMCID: PMC5656679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury causes irreversible loss of neurons and ultimately leads to permanent visual impairment and blindness. The cellular response under this pathological retinal condition is less clear. Using genetically modified mice, we systematically examined the behavior of microglia/macrophages after injury. We show that IR leads to activation of microglia/macrophages indicated by migration and proliferation of resident microglia and recruitment of circulating monocytes. IR-induced microglia/macrophages associate with apoptotic retinal neurons. Very interestingly, neuron loss can be mitigated by minocycline treatment. Minocycline induces Il4 expression and M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages. IL4 neutralization dampens minocycline-induced M2 polarization and neuroprotection. Given a well-established safety profile as an antibiotic, our results provide a rationale for using minocycline as a therapeutic agent for treating ischemic retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Safaa Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal Aboelgheit
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Safaa Saeed
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA. .,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.
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Seong H, Ryu J, Yoo WS, Kim SJ, Han Y, Park JM, Kang SS, Seo SW. Resveratrol Ameliorates Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in C57BL/6J Mice via Downregulation of Caspase-3. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1650-1658. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1344713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Seong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Sun Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute, of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute, of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‑Seop Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute, of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute, of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Wook Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute, of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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Ulmer TF, Fragoulis A, Dohmeier H, Kroh A, Andert A, Stoppe C, Alizai H, Klink C, Coburn M, Neumann UP. Argon Delays Initiation of Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy in Rats. Eur Surg Res 2017; 58:204-215. [PMID: 28433997 DOI: 10.1159/000466690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver can heal up to restitutio ad integrum following damage resulting from various causes. Different studies have demonstrated the protective effect of argon on various cells and organs. To the best of our knowledge, the organ-protective effects of the noble gas argon on the liver have not yet been investigated, although argon appears to influence signal paths that are well-known mediators of liver regeneration. We hypothesized that argon inhalation prior to partial hepatectomy (70%) has a positive effect on the initiation of liver regeneration in rats. METHODS Partial hepatectomy (70%) with or without inhaled argon (50 vol%) was performed for 1 h. Liver tissue was harvested after 3, 36, and 96 h to analyze the mRNA and protein expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Histological tissue samples were prepared for immunohistochemistry (bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU], Ki-67, and TUNEL) and blood was analyzed regarding the effects of argon on liver function. Statistical analyses were performed using 1-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey-Kramer test. RESULTS After 3 h, the primary outcome parameter of hepatocyte proliferation was significantly reduced with argon 50 vol% inhalation in comparison to nitrogen inhalation (BrdU: 15.7 ± 9.7 vs. 7.7 ± 3.1 positive cells/1,000 hepatocytes, p = 0.013; Ki-67: 17.6 ± 13.3 vs. 4.7 ± 5.4 positive cells/1,000 hepatocytes, p = 0.006). This was most likely mediated by significant downregulation of HGF (after 3 h: 5.2 ± 3.2 vs. 2.3 ± 1.0 fold, p = 0.032; after 96 h: 2.1 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.3 fold, p = 0.029) and IL-6 (after 3 h: 43.7 ± 39.6 vs. 8.5 ± 9.2 fold, p = 0.032). Nevertheless, we could detect no significant effect on the weight of the residual liver, liver-body weight ratio, or liver blood test results after argon inhalation. CONCLUSION Impairment of liver regeneration was apparent after argon 50 vol% inhalation that was most probably mediated by downregulation of HGF and IL-6 in the initial phase. However, the present study was not adequately powered to prove that argon has detrimental effects on the liver. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of argon on livers with preexisting conditions as well as on ischemia-reperfusion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Florian Ulmer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Li Y, Li T, Li JZ, Wu QS. (2R, 3S)-Pinobanksin-3-cinnamate ameliorates photoreceptor degeneration in Pde6 rd10 mice. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2016; 36:273-277. [PMID: 27892714 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2016.1265551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As an inherited disorder caused by initial death of rod photoreceptors, retinitis pigmentosa is currently untreatable and usually leads to partial or complete blindness. (2R, 3S)-Pinobanksin-3-cinnamate (PC) is a new flavonone isolated from the seed of Alpinia galanga Willd, and has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects by upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In this study, the anti-oxidative and neuroprotective activity of PC against photoreceptor apoptosis in rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa was explored. PC showed to produce significant improvement in histology and function in rd10 mice through reducing oxidative stress. For the first time, the protective effects of PC were demonstrated against retina degeneration in rd10 mice and our study provides scientific rationale on using PC as the supplementary treatment to the outer retina diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, in which oxidative stress is thought to contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University , Enshi , People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University , Enshi , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Zhang Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University , Enshi , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Song Wu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University , Enshi , People's Republic of China
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The Molecular Pathway of Argon-Mediated Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111816. [PMID: 27809248 PMCID: PMC5133817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The noble gas argon has attracted increasing attention in recent years, especially because of its neuroprotective properties. In a variety of models, ranging from oxygen-glucose deprivation in cell culture to complex models of mid-cerebral artery occlusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage or retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in animals, argon administration after individual injury demonstrated favorable effects, particularly increased cell survival and even improved neuronal function. As an inert molecule, argon did not show signs of adverse effects in the in vitro and in vivo model used, while being comparably cheap and easy to apply. However, the molecular mechanism by which argon is able to exert its protective and beneficial characteristics remains unclear. Although there are many pieces missing to complete the signaling pathway throughout the cell, it is the aim of this review to summarize the known parts of the molecular pathways and to combine them to provide a clear insight into the cellular pathway, starting with the receptors that may be involved in mediating argons effects and ending with the translational response.
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Fahlenkamp AV, Rossaint R, Coburn M. [Neuroprotection by noble gases: New developments and insights]. Anaesthesist 2016; 64:855-8. [PMID: 26329914 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-015-0079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Noble gases are chemically inert elements, some of which exert biological activity. Experimental neuroprotection in particular has been widely shown for xenon, argon and helium. The underlying mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood. Besides an interference with neuronal ion-gated channels and cellular signaling pathways as well as anti-apoptotic effects, the modulation of neuroinflammation seems to play a crucial role. This review presents the current knowledge on neuroprotection by noble gases with a focus on interactions with the neuronal-glial network and neuroinflammation and the perspectives on clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Fahlenkamp
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
| | - R Rossaint
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - M Coburn
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
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Carbon monoxide treatment reduces microglial activation in the ischemic rat retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:1967-1976. [PMID: 27443355 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury damages retinal neurons. Retinal injury is accompanied by activation of microglia, which scavenge the dead or dying neurons, but increasing evidence now indicates that amoeboid-shaped microglia cells activated in the brain after ischemia have neurotoxic and damaging properties in their own right. A previous study showed that postconditioning with carbon monoxide (CO) protects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after I/R through anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate and quantify the activation of retinal microglia after I/R with and without CO postconditioning. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent retinal ischemia by increasing the ocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 1 h through a needle inserted into the anterior chamber. Reperfusion was induced by removing the needle. After I/R, one group of animals was kept in a CO (250 ppm) atmosphere for 1 h; the other group was kept in room air (Air). At 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after I/R, the eyes were enucleated and fixed. Intracardiac blood was analyzed for systemic effects of CO or I/R. Retinal cross sections were taken from the middle third of the eye and were stained with anti-Iba-1. Microglia cells were graded as amoeboid or ramified phenotypes according to morphologic criteria. Retinal thicknesses were determined. RESULTS Evaluation of retinal tissue revealed a significant reduction of amoeboid microglia cells after I/R + CO when compared to the I/R + Air group. The peak number of amoeboid microglia was observed at day 2 post-I/R + Air. This rise was attenuated by CO postconditioning (815 versus 572 cells/mm2 for I/R + Air versus I/R + CO, respectively; p = 0.005). CO reduced and further postponed the peak in the numbers of amoeboid and ramified microglia cells in ischemic eyes and prevented microglial activation in the contralateral eyes. I/R-induced leucocytosis was inhibited by CO inhalation. The reduction of retinal thickness after I/R was more serious after Air inhalation when compared to the CO group. CONCLUSIONS Numerous activated microglia cells appear in the inner retina after I/R, and CO-treatment significantly attenuates this glial response. Antagonism of microglial activation may be a further neuroprotective effect of CO, apart from its direct anti-apoptotic capacity.
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Argon Induces Protective Effects in Cardiomyocytes during the Second Window of Preconditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071159. [PMID: 27447611 PMCID: PMC4964531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that argon has organoprotective properties. So far, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of argon preconditioning in cardiomyocytes within the first and second window of preconditioning. Primary isolated cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats were subjected to 50% argon for 1 h, and subsequently exposed to a sublethal dosage of hypoxia (<1% O2) for 5 h either within the first (0–3 h) or second window (24–48 h) of preconditioning. Subsequently, the cell viability and proliferation was measured. The argon-induced effects were assessed by evaluation of mRNA and protein expression after preconditioning. Argon preconditioning did not show any cardioprotective effects in the early window of preconditioning, whereas it leads to a significant increase of cell viability 24 h after preconditioning compared to untreated cells (p = 0.015) independent of proliferation. Argon-preconditioning significantly increased the mRNA expression of heat shock protein (HSP) B1 (HSP27) (p = 0.048), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) (p = 0.001), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p < 0.001) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p = 0.001). No difference was found with respect to activation of pro-survival kinases in the early and late window of preconditioning. The findings provide the first evidence of argon-induced effects on the survival of cardiomyocytes during the second window of preconditioning, which may be mediated through the induction of HSP27, SOD2, VEGF and iNOS.
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Ulbrich F, Lerach T, Biermann J, Kaufmann KB, Lagreze WA, Buerkle H, Loop T, Goebel U. Argon mediates protection by interleukin-8 suppression via a TLR2/TLR4/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in a model of apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells in vitro and following ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat retina in vivo. J Neurochem 2016; 138:859-73. [PMID: 27167824 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Argon has recently come into scientific focus as a neuroprotective agent. The underlying neuroprotective mechanism remains unknown although toll-like receptors were recently suggested to play an important role. We hypothesized that TLR-associated downstream transcription factors are responsible for argon's effects, leading to anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Apoptosis was induced in human neuroblastoma cells. Immediately afterwards, argon treatment (75 Vol% for 2 h) was initiated. Cells were analyzed, measuring mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive-oxygen-species, annexin-V/propidium iodide staining, transcription factor phosphorylation and binding activity as well as protein and mRNA expression of interleukins. Argon's in vivo effects were analyzed by quantification of retinal ganglion cell density, mRNA expression, serum cytokine analysis and immunohistochemistry after retinal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats. Argon diminished rotenone-induced kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) but not STAT5 or cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and DNA-binding activity. Argon treatment attenuated apoptosis by preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential and decline in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. NF-κB and STAT3 inhibition, as well as TLR2 and TLR4 inhibition reversed argon's effects on IL-8 mRNA expression. Argon attenuated rotenone-induced IL-8 protein and mRNA expression in vitro. Inhibition of TLR2 and 4 attenuated argon's protective effect in vivo reducing IRI driven retinal IL-8 expression. IL-8 expression was found in the retina in co-localization with Müller cells and retinal ganglion cells. Argon mediates its neuroprotective effects by TLR-mediated regulation of transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3, thus decreasing interleukin-8 expression in vitro and in vivo. These findings may open up new opportunities to effectively treat cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury through the inhalation of argon. Argon exerts its protective effects in vitro and in vivo via toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, followed by alteration of downstream enzymes. In conclusion, argon mediates its beneficial effects by suppression of STAT3 and NF-κB phosphorylation and subsequent suppression of interleukin IL-8 protein expression. These novel findings may open up opportunities for argon as a therapeutic agent, particularly in the treatment of neuronal injury. Cover image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13334.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Lerach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Biermann
- Eye Center, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai B Kaufmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolf A Lagreze
- Eye Center, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Loop
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Xenon-mediated neuroprotection in response to sustained, low-level excitotoxic stress. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16018. [PMID: 27551511 PMCID: PMC4979450 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noble gases such as xenon and argon have been reported to provide neuroprotection against acute brain ischemic/anoxic injuries. Herein, we wished to evaluate the protective potential of these two gases under conditions relevant to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative disorders. For that, we established cultures of neurons typically affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, that is, cortical neurons and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and exposed them to L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) to generate sustained, low-level excitotoxic stress. Over a period of 4 days, PDC caused a progressive loss of cortical neurons which was prevented substantially when xenon replaced nitrogen in the cell culture atmosphere. Unlike xenon, argon remained inactive. Xenon acted downstream of the inhibitory and stimulatory effects elicited by PDC on glutamate uptake and efflux, respectively. Neuroprotection by xenon was mimicked by two noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA glutamate receptors, memantine and ketamine. Each of them potentiated xenon-mediated neuroprotection when used at concentrations providing suboptimal rescue to cortical neurons but most surprisingly, no rescue at all. The survival-promoting effects of xenon persisted when NMDA was used instead of PDC to trigger neuronal death, indicating that NMDA receptor antagonism was probably accountable for xenon’s effects. An excess of glycine failed to reverse xenon neuroprotection, thus excluding a competitive interaction of xenon with the glycine-binding site of NMDA receptors. Noticeably, antioxidants such as Trolox and N-acetylcysteine reduced PDC-induced neuronal death but xenon itself lacked free radical-scavenging activity. Cholinergic neurons were also rescued efficaciously by xenon in basal forebrain cultures. Unexpectedly, however, xenon stimulated cholinergic traits and promoted the morphological differentiation of cholinergic neurons in these cultures. Memantine reproduced some of these neurotrophic effects, albeit with less efficacy than xenon. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that xenon may have a therapeutic potential in AD.
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Su K, Wang CF, Zhang Y, Cai YJ, Zhang YY, Zhao Q. The inhibitory effects of carnosic acid on cervical cancer cells growth by promoting apoptosis via ROS-regulated signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:180-91. [PMID: 27470354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer has been the fourth most common cancer killing many women across the world. Carnosic acid (CA), as a phenolic diterpene, has been suggested to against cancer, exerting protective effects associated with inflammatory cytokines. It is aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic role of carnosic acid against cervical cancer and indicate its underlying molecular mechanisms. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was performed to assess the possible anti-proliferative effects of carnosic acid. And also, colony formation was used to further estimate carnosic acid's ability in suppressing cervical cancer cells proliferation. Flow cytometry assays were performed here to indicate the alterations of cervical cancer cells cycle and the development of apoptosis. Western blot assays and RT-PCR were also applied to clarify the apoptosis-associated signaling pathways affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. And immunofluorescence was used to detect ROS-positive cells. In vivo experiments, CaSki xenograft model samples of nude mice were involved to further elucidate the effects of carnosic acid. In our results, we found that carnosic acid exerted anti-tumor ability in vitro supported by up-regulation of apoptosis and ROS production in cervical cancer cells. Also, acceleration of ROS led to the phospharylation of (c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its-related signals, as well as activation of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, promoting the progression of apoptosis via stimulating Caspase3 expression. The development and growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice were found to be inhibited by the administration of carnosic acid for five weeks. And the suppressed role of carnosic acid in proliferation of cervical cancer cells and apoptosis of nude mice with tumor tissues were observed in our study. Taken together, our data indicated that carnosic acid resulted in apoptosis both in vitro and vivo experiments via promoting ROS and activating JNK signaling pathways in human cervical cancer cells, which supplied a potential therapy for the application of carnosic acid in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Su
- Department of gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Chun-Fang Wang
- Department of gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Cai
- Department of gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Department of gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450052, PR China.
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Broad KD, Fierens I, Fleiss B, Rocha-Ferreira E, Ezzati M, Hassell J, Alonso-Alconada D, Bainbridge A, Kawano G, Ma D, Tachtsidis I, Gressens P, Golay X, Sanders RD, Robertson NJ. Inhaled 45-50% argon augments hypothermic brain protection in a piglet model of perinatal asphyxia. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 87:29-38. [PMID: 26687546 PMCID: PMC4731014 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooling to 33.5 °C in babies with neonatal encephalopathy significantly reduces death and disability, however additional therapies are needed to maximize brain protection. Following hypoxia–ischemia we assessed whether inhaled 45–50% Argon from 2–26 h augmented hypothermia neuroprotection in a neonatal piglet model, using MRS and aEEG, which predict outcome in babies with neonatal encephalopathy, and immunohistochemistry. Following cerebral hypoxia–ischemia, 20 Newborn male Large White piglets < 40 h were randomized to: (i) Cooling (33 °C) from 2–26 h (n = 10); or (ii) Cooling and inhaled 45–50% Argon (Cooling + Argon) from 2–26 h (n = 8). Whole-brain phosphorus-31 and regional proton MRS were acquired at baseline, 24 and 48 h after hypoxia–ischemia. EEG was monitored. At 48 h after hypoxia–ischemia, cell death (TUNEL) was evaluated over 7 brain regions. There were no differences in body weight, duration of hypoxia–ischemia or insult severity; throughout the study there were no differences in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, blood biochemistry and inotrope support. Two piglets in the Cooling + Argon group were excluded. Comparing Cooling + Argon with Cooling there was preservation of whole-brain MRS ATP and PCr/Pi at 48 h after hypoxia–ischemia (p < 0.001 for both) and lower 1H MRS lactate/N acetyl aspartate in white (p = 0.03 and 0.04) but not gray matter at 24 and 48 h. EEG background recovery was faster (p < 0.01) with Cooling + Argon. An overall difference between average cell-death of Cooling versus Cooling + Argon was observed (p < 0.01); estimated cells per mm2 were 23.9 points lower (95% C.I. 7.3–40.5) for the Cooling + Argon versus Cooling. Inhaled 45–50% Argon from 2–26 h augmented hypothermic protection at 48 h after hypoxia–ischemia shown by improved brain energy metabolism on MRS, faster EEG recovery and reduced cell death on TUNEL. Argon may provide a cheap and practical therapy to augment cooling for neonatal encephalopathy. 45–50% Argon augments brain protection above hypothermia after neonatal hypoxia–ischemia. No physiological or biochemical change occurred with the 24 h exposure of 45–50% Argon. 45–50% Argon led to faster recovery of aEEG, and improved cerebral metabolism on MRS. TUNEL + cells were ~ 24 points lower per mm2 with Argon augmented cooling v cooling. Argon was practical to administer with a standard neonatal ventilator (unlike xenon).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Broad
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Fierens
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Kings College, St Thomas's Campus, London, United Kingdom; Inserm, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, UMRS, 1141 Paris, France
| | | | - Mojgan Ezzati
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Hassell
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan Bainbridge
- Physics and Bioengineering, University College London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Go Kawano
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Ma
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Kings College, St Thomas's Campus, London, United Kingdom; Inserm, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, UMRS, 1141 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Golay
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Sanders
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
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Ulbrich F, Kaufmann K, Roesslein M, Wellner F, Auwärter V, Kempf J, Loop T, Buerkle H, Goebel U. Argon Mediates Anti-Apoptotic Signaling and Neuroprotection via Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143887. [PMID: 26624894 PMCID: PMC4666627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recently, the noble gas argon attracted significant attention due to its neuroprotective properties. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. There is growing evidence that the extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) is involved in Argon´s protective effect. We hypothesized that argon mediates its protective effects via the upstream located toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4. Methods Apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) was induced using rotenone. Argon treatment was performed after induction of apoptosis with different concentrations (25, 50 and 75 Vol% in oxygen 21 Vol%, carbon dioxide and nitrogen) for 2 or 4 hours respectively. Apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry (annexin-V (AV)/propidiumiodide (PI)) staining, caspase-3 activity and caspase cleavage. TLR density on the cells’ surface was analyzed using FACS and immunohistochemistry. Inhibition of TLR signaling and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were assessed by western blot, activity assays and FACS analysis. Results Argon 75 Vol% treatment abolished rotenone-induced apoptosis. This effect was attenuated dose- and time-dependently. Argon treatment was accompanied with a significant reduction of TLR2 and TLR4 receptor density and protein expression. Moreover, argon mediated increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation was attenuated after inhibition of TLR signaling. ERK1/2 and TLR signaling inhibitors abolished the anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of argon. Immunohistochemistry results strengthened these findings. Conclusion These findings suggest that argon-mediated anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects are mediated via inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kai Kaufmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Roesslein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Wellner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kempf
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Loop
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Ulbrich F, Goebel U. Argon: a novel therapeutic option to treat neuronal ischemia and reperfusion injuries? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1043-4. [PMID: 26330817 PMCID: PMC4541225 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.160071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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37
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yan H. Simvastatin inhibits ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis of retinal cells via downregulation of the tumor necrosis factor-α/nuclear factor-κB pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:399-405. [PMID: 26063345 PMCID: PMC4501639 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin, which is widely used in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia-associated diseases, has been reported to enhance the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the underlying mechanism of the anti-apoptotic effects of simvastatin on the retina have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, rats were treated with simvastatin or saline for 7 days prior to IR via ligation of the right cephalic artery. The results showed that simvastatin prevented the apoptosis of RGCs and cells in the inner nuclear layer. Furthermore, simvastatin regulated the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. The expression levels of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 were upregulated 4 and 24 h after IR in the simvastatin/IR group compared to those in the saline/IR group. Conversely, the levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax were downregulated in the simvastatin/IR group compared to those in the saline/IR group. Furthermore, the results of the present study showed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that simvastatin decreased IR injury-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression in the retina. These findings strongly suggested that simvastatin inhibits apoptosis following IR-induced retinal injury by inhibition of the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway. The present study also provided a rationale for developing therapeutic methods to treat IR-induced retinal injury in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhuhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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38
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Ulbrich F, Kaufmann KB, Coburn M, Lagrèze WA, Roesslein M, Biermann J, Buerkle H, Loop T, Goebel U. Neuroprotective effects of Argon are mediated via an ERK-1/2 dependent regulation of heme-oxygenase-1 in retinal ganglion cells. J Neurochem 2015; 134:717-27. [PMID: 25876941 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia and reperfusion injuries (R-IRI) damage neuronal tissue permanently. Recently, we demonstrated that Argon exerts anti-apoptotic and protective properties. The molecular mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that Argon inhalation exert neuroprotective effects in rats retinal ganglion cells (RGC) via an ERK-1/2 dependent regulation of heat-shock proteins. Inhalation of Argon (75 Vol%) was performed after R-IRI on the rats' left eyes for 1 h immediately or with delay. Retinal tissue was harvested after 24 h to analyze mRNA and protein expression of heat-shock proteins -70, -90 and heme-oxygenase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, JNK, ERK-1/2) and histological changes. To analyze ERK dependent effects, the ERK inhibitor PD98059 was applicated prior to Argon inhalation. RGC count was analyzed 7 days after injury. Statistics were performed using anova. Argon significantly reduced the R-IRI-affected heat-shock protein expression (p < 0.05). While Argon significantly induced ERK-1/2 expression (p < 0.001), inhibition of ERK-1/2 before Argon inhalation resulted in significantly lower vital RGCs (p < 0.01) and increase in heme-oxygenase-1 (p < 0.05). R-IRI-induced RGC loss was reduced by Argon inhalation (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry suggested ERK-1/2 activation in Müller cells. We conclude, that Argon treatment protects R-IRI-induced apoptotic loss of RGC via an ERK-1/2 dependent regulation of heme-oxygenase-1. We proposed the following possible mechanism for Argon-mediated neuroprotection: Argon exerts its protective effects via an induction of an ERK with subsequent suppression of the heat shock response. In conclusion, ischemia and reperfusion injuries and subsequent neuronal apoptosis are attenuated. These novel findings may open up new opportunities for Argon as a therapeutic option, especially since Argon is not toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ulbrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai B Kaufmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Roesslein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Biermann
- Eye Center, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Loop
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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