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Sun J, Qin Z, Fu Y, Qin H, Sun M, Dong H, Chao L, Zhang L, Li J. Assessment of potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis from dogs and cats. One Health 2023; 17:100651. [PMID: 38116451 PMCID: PMC10728314 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the major causes of diarrhea among humans, especially in young children. Statistical analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of G. duodenalis in humans, dogs, and cats was 9.72% (10,921/112383), 15.60% (7510/48140), and 14.53% (1125/7740), respectively. Unquestionably, the canine-specific assemblages C and D and the feline-specific assemblage F were the dominant genotypes in dogs and cats, respectively. Additionally, the prevalence of zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblages (A and B) in dogs and cats was 23.07% (875/3792) and 41.42% (169/408), respectively, implying that the potential transmission of G. duodenalis from dogs and cats to human infection cannot be ignored. The highest frequency of potentially zoonotic assemblages was found among working dogs (3.55%, 25/705) and the 1-5 age group (22.92%, 11/48). In summary, dogs and cats have a significant role in the zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis due to their close contact with humans and the higher frequency presence of zoonotic assemblages. Further studies are necessary to explore the presence of G. duodenalis among humans and animals and in environmental samples. Researchers should adopt a one-health approach to gain a deeper understanding of G. duodenalis in dogs and cats and potential transmission routes to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ziyang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengqing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liqin Chao
- Medical School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Li J, Qin H, Li X, Zhang L. Role of rodents in the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis. One Health 2023; 16:100500. [PMID: 36844973 PMCID: PMC9947413 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Four species of Giardia out of nine have been identified in rodents based on molecular data: G. muris, G. microti, G. cricetidarum, and G. duodenalis. A total of seven G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) have been identified in rodents to date. The zoonotic assemblages A and B are responsible for 74.88% (480/641) of the total identified genotypes in rodents by statistic. For sub-assemblage A in humans, AII is responsible for 71.02% (1397/1967) of the identified sub-assemblages, followed by AI with 26.39% (519/1967) and AIII with 1.17% (23/1967), indicating a significantly greater zoonotic potential for G. duodenalis infections in humans originating from animals. For sub-assemblages of type A in rodents, AI was identified in 86.89% (53/61), and AII in 4.92% (3/61). For assemblage B, 60.84% (390/641) were identified in rodents as having zoonotic potential to humans. In environmental samples, the zoonotic assemblages A and B were responsible for 83.81% (533/636) in water samples, 86.96% (140/161) in fresh produce samples, and 100% (8/8) in soil samples. The same zoonotic potential assemblage A or B simultaneously identified in humans, rodents, and environment samples had potential zoonotic transmission between humans and animals via a synanthropic environment. The infections and zoonotic potential for G. duodenalis were higher in farmed rodents and pet rodents than that in zoo, lab, and wild rodents. In conclusion, the role of rodents in zoonotic transmission of giardiasis should be noticed. In addition to rodents, dogs, cats, wild animals, and livestock could be involved in the zoonotic transmission cycle. This study aims to explore the current situation of giardiasis in rodents and seeks to delineate the role of rodents in the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis from the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
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3
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Zhao Q, Lu C, Pei Z, Gong P, Li J, Jian F, Jing B, Qi M, Ning C. Giardia duodenalis in Hu sheep: occurrence and environmental contamination on large-scale housing farms. Parasite 2023; 30:2. [PMID: 36700707 PMCID: PMC9886085 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common zoonotic intestinal parasitic protozoan and sheep are among its hosts; however, limited information is available on sheep kept in large-scale housing. The Hu sheep is a first-class protected local livestock breed in China. In this study, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of G. duodenalis infection in Hu sheep and the environmental contamination of large-scale sheep farms. We collected 474 fecal samples and 312 environmental samples from Hu sheep on a large-scale sheep farm in Henan, China. The prevalence of G. duodenalis was determined by nested PCR targeting the β‑giardin (bg) gene. The assemblages and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were investigated based on analyses of three genetic loci, i.e. bg, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). To detect mixed infections of different assemblages, assemblage A/E-specific PCRs were performed to amplify the tpi gene. The prevalence of G. duodenalis infection in sheep was 17.9% (81/474) and the positivity rate in environmental samples was 0.96% (3/312). Genetic analysis revealed the presence of two assemblages (assemblages A and E), with assemblage E being detected in both fecal and environmental samples, and assemblage A detected only in fecal samples. A total of 23 MLGs were obtained in fecal and environmental samples, all of which belonged to assemblage E. These results indicate the seasonal dynamics of G. duodenalis infection in sheep and environmental contamination on large-scale housing sheep farms and provide an important reference for the prevention and control of G. duodenalis on large-scale housing sheep farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Zhiyang Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Pihong Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar 843300 Xinjiang PR China,Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,Corresponding authors: ;
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Krumrie S, Capewell P, McDonald M, Dunbar D, Panarese R, Katzer F, El Sakka N, Mellor D, Alexander CL, Weir W. Molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis from human and companion animal sources in the United Kingdom using an improved triosephosphate isomerase molecular marker. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100105. [PMID: 36504596 PMCID: PMC9731890 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite known for its ability to cause gastrointestinal disease in human and non-human mammals. In the UK, the full impact of this parasite has yet to be fully explored, due to the limited testing which has been undertaken in humans and the low-resolution assemblage-typing methods currently available. Rather than being primarily a travel-associated condition, a recent study has highlighted that an endemic Giardia cycle is present in the UK, although the source of human disease is unclear in the majority of cases. This study focussed on the improvement of one of the commonly used assemblage-typing assays, a nested topoisomerase phosphate (tpi) PCR, to increase the amplification success rate across both human and companion animal samples. After comparing published primers to full Giardia reference genomes, this marker protocol was optimised and then deployed to test a substantial number of human (n = 79) and companion animal (n = 174) samples to gain an insight into the molecular epidemiology of Giardia in the UK. One assemblage A1 and eleven assemblage A2 genotypes were detected in humans, along with and 25 assemblage B genotypes. Assemblage A1 genotypes, known to be human-infective, were found in three feline and one canine sample, while one feline sample contained assemblage A2. Additionally, four feline samples contained assemblage B, which is recognised as potentially human-infective. This study demonstrates the presence of potentially human-infective Giardia genotypes circulating in the companion animal population, notably with 17.4% (8/46) of feline-derived Giardia strains being potentially zoonotic. Using a modified tpi-based genotyping assay, this work highlights the potential for domestic pets to be involved in the endemic transmission of giardiasis in the UK and underlines the need for appropriate hygiene measures to be observed when interacting with both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. It also serves to underline the requirement for further studies to assess the zoonotic risk of Giardia associated with companion animals in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krumrie
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,Corresponding author.
| | - Paul Capewell
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,BioClavis Ltd., Queen Elizabeth Teaching and Learning Centre, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Mike McDonald
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dawn Dunbar
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rossella Panarese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Noha El Sakka
- National Health Services Grampian, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Dominic Mellor
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
| | - Claire L. Alexander
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories (Glasgow), New Lister Building, 10-16 Alexandria Parade, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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Silva ACDS, Martins FDC, Ladeia WA, Kakimori MTA, Lucas JI, Sasse JP, Martins TA, Macedo VDFRD, Murad VA, de Barros LD, Garcia JL. First report of Giardia duodenalis assemblage F in humans and dogs in southern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 89:101878. [PMID: 36108583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to molecularly characterize Giardia duodenalis from stool samples of humans, dogs, and cats. Molecular analyses were performed on 59 samples that tested positive for G. duodenalis on coproparasitological examinations. After extraction, the samples were first tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR) analysis of the SSU-rRNA gene, and for the samples that were positive, the β-giardin, TPI, and GDH genes were analyzed. The amplicons obtained in the n-PCR of the β-giardin gene were subjected to PCR-restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and subsequent digestion with the enzyme HaeIII to differentiate the assemblages. Seven (11.8 %), 34 (57.7 %), and 18 (30.5 %) out of 59 samples were from humans, dogs, and cats, respectively. Nested-PCR results showed that 49.2 % (29/59) of samples were positive for the SSU-rRNA gene, with 42.9 % (3/7) of humans, 55.9 % (19/34) of dogs, and 38.9 % (7/18) of catsve. Of the other genes analyzed, β-giardin was amplified most frequently, in 34.5 % (10/29) of samples, followed by GDH in 27.6 % (8/29) of samples, and TPI in 10.3 % (3/29) of samples. Only one sample from a dog showed the amplification of all genes. PCR-RFLP analysis showed assemblage F in a human, dog, and cat samples; and assemblage C and D in dog samples. This is the first description of assemblage F in humans from Brazil and the first description of assemblage F in dogs. Further studies are needed to verify the frequency with which these infections occur, and provide information that will contribute to the molecular epidemiological understanding of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clécia Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Felippe Danyel Cardoso Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Winni Alves Ladeia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Monica Tiemi Aline Kakimori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Izidoro Lucas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Sasse
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais Agostinho Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Fátima Rodrigues de Macedo
- Clinical Parasitology Laboratory of the University Hospital, Ambulatory Hospital of Clínicas, State University of Londrina -UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Valter Abou Murad
- Clinical Parasitology Laboratory of the University Hospital, Ambulatory Hospital of Clínicas, State University of Londrina -UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Clinical Veterinary, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, R. Dr. Valter Maurício Corrêa, s/n, 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Pinto-Duarte VA, Hérnandez-Arango NM, Marin-Gallego BJ, Toloza-Beltrán PA, Lora-Suarez FM, Gómez-Marín JE. Detection of Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii in soil and water samples in the Quindío River basin, Colombia. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 28:e00175. [PMID: 36035634 PMCID: PMC9399255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two zoonotic protozoan pathogens, Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii, are important causes of waterborne infections in the Quindío region in Colombia. No previous data exist on how contamination occurs at the source for drinking water consumed by the human population in this region. Our aim was to describe the frequency of G. duodenalis and T. gondii DNA in 11 sampling points during a five-month period in water and adjacent soil at the Quindío River basin (Andean region in the central western part of Colombia). The study employed nested PCR for T. gondii, using the B1 gene as the amplification target, and single-round PCR for G. duodenalis assemblage A and assemblage B, amplifying the gdh gene, followed by DNA sequencing. In 50 soil samples, 28% (14/50) were positive for T. gondii. For G. duodenalis, distribution was in equal parts for assemblage A (8%; 4/50) and assemblage B (8%, 4/50). Genotyping of T. gondii sequences showed two soil samples with type I strain, another two samples of soil with type III strain, but most samples were of unidentified strains. In water samples, T. gondii was detected in 9.1% (5/55), G. duodenalis assemblage A in 34.5% (19/55), and G. duodenalis assemblage B in 12.7% (7/55). T. gondii DNA positivity was associated with lower soil temperature (p = 0.0239). Presence of G. duodenalis and T. gondii was evidenced in soil and water samples in the Quindío River basin, indicating soil as the potential source of contamination for the river that it is destined for human consumption. Monitoring these protozoa in drinking water is necessary to prevent public health risks in human populations. 55 water and 50 soil samples from Colombian Quindio river basin were studied. Positive soil: 28% T. gondii, 8% G. intestinalis assemblages A and B. Positive water: 9.1% T. gondii, 4.5% G. intestinalis assemblages A and B. Soil and water are potential sources of contamination for river water that is destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benyi Juliana Marin-Gallego
- Universidad del Quindío, Molecular Parasitology Study Group (GEPAMOL), Carrera 15, Calle 12N, Armenia, 630003, Colombia
| | - Paola Andrea Toloza-Beltrán
- Universidad del Quindío, Molecular Parasitology Study Group (GEPAMOL), Carrera 15, Calle 12N, Armenia, 630003, Colombia
| | - Fabiana María Lora-Suarez
- Universidad del Quindío, Molecular Parasitology Study Group (GEPAMOL), Carrera 15, Calle 12N, Armenia, 630003, Colombia
| | - Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín
- Universidad del Quindío, Molecular Parasitology Study Group (GEPAMOL), Carrera 15, Calle 12N, Armenia, 630003, Colombia
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Fradette MS, Culley AI, Charette SJ. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Environmental Water Samples: A Journey into the Past and New Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061175. [PMID: 35744692 PMCID: PMC9228427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the major issues linked with producing safe water for consumption is the presence of the parasitic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Since they are both responsible for gastrointestinal illnesses that can be waterborne, their monitoring is crucial, especially in water sources feeding treatment plants. Although their discovery was made in the early 1900s and even before, it was only in 1999 that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a standardized protocol for the detection of these parasites, modified and named today the U.S. EPA 1623.1 Method. It involves the flow-through filtration of a large volume of the water of interest, the elution of the biological material retained on the filter, the purification of the (oo)cysts, and the detection by immunofluorescence of the target parasites. Since the 1990s, several molecular-biology-based techniques were also developed to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia cells from environmental or clinical samples. The application of U.S. EPA 1623.1 as well as numerous biomolecular methods are reviewed in this article, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed guiding the readers, such as graduate students, researchers, drinking water managers, epidemiologists, and public health specialists, through the ever-expanding number of techniques available in the literature for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stéphanie Fradette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Aménagement et Développement du Territoire (CRAD), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander I. Culley
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Ysea MAV, Umaña MC, Fuentes SP, Campos IV, Carmona MC. Standardization of molecular techniques for the detection and characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210099. [PMID: 35574288 PMCID: PMC9084511 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Idalia Valerio Campos
- University of Medical Sciences, Costa Rica; University of Medical Sciences, Costa Rica
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de Almeida CR, Bezagio RC, Colli CM, Romera LIL, Ferrari A, Gomes ML. Elimination of Giardia duodenalis BIV in vivo using natural extracts in microbiome and dietary supplements. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102484. [PMID: 34688884 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a combination therapy of several natural products was evaluated in vivo in the Giardia duodenalis infection model. G. duodenalis infected mice were treated as follows: distilled water (infected control C+), BIOintestil® (BIO; natural products of Cymbopogon martinii and Zingiber officinale), MicrobiomeX® (MBX; extract of Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi), MBX + BIO, Camellia sinensis tea (CPR; black tea). These natural compounds were administered in a dose of 100 mg/day and were compared to G. duodenalis-infected mice treated with albendazole (ALB; 50 mg/Kg/day) and metronidazole (MET; 500 mg/Kg/day), the conventional therapies used to this day. One group remained un-infected and untreated as our control group (C-). Treatment started 8 days after infection, and after 5 days of treatment (7 days for MET), all animals were followed for 15 days. We continuously checked for the presence of G. duodenalis by Faust method, in association with detection of the parasite by PCR from feces, as well for the presence of trophozoites in the intestinal mucosa after sacrifice. Animals treated with MBX, BIO and MBX + BIO presented an undetectable parasitic load until the 15th day of monitoring, while animals treated with CPR, MET and ALB continued to release cysts. Animals in the MBX, MBX + BIO, ALB groups consumed lower feed, MBX, CPR, MET had greater weight and MBX, MBX + BIO, BIO, CPR, C- consumed more water when compared to infected-group control. MBX and BIO alone or associated eliminated G. duodenalis without apparent adverse effects and animals of these groups showed better clinical performance in relation to those with high parasitic load. MET, ALB and CPR only decreased the number of cysts, indicating limitations and therapeutic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Coltro Bezagio
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Colli
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Liara Izabela Lopes Romera
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Ariana Ferrari
- Post-Graduation in Clean Technologies, Universidade Cesumar (CESUMAR), Paraná, CEP 87050-390, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
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Fehlberg HF, Matos Ribeiro C, Brito Junior PDA, Miranda Oliveira BC, Albano dos Santos C, del Valle Alvarez MR, Harvey TV, Rêgo Albuquerque G. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in small wild mammals in northeastern Brazil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256199. [PMID: 34398925 PMCID: PMC8366977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in rodents and marsupials from the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Two hundred and four fecal samples were collected from different forest areas in the municipalities of Ilhéus, Una, Belmonte, and Mascote. Identifications were performed using PCR and nested PCR followed by sequencing of the gdh and tpi genes for G. duodenalis, and the gp60 and Hsp-70 genes for Cryptosporidium. The total frequency of positive PCR samples for both G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was 5.4% (11/204). Giardia duodenalis occurred in 2.94% (4/136) of rodents and 2.94% (2/68) of marsupials. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in rodents and marsupials was 1.47% (2/136) and 4.41% (3/68), respectively. In the areas sampled, the frequency of parasitism was 50% (7/14), while the Mascote region alone had no parasitized animals. The G. duodenalis subgenotype AI was identified in the rodent species Hylaeamys laticeps, Oecomys catherinae, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Akodon cursor, and in the marsupials Gracilinanus agilis and Monodelphis americana. In the rodents Rhipidomys mastacalis, H. laticeps and in the marsupial Marmosa murina the protozoa Cryptosporidium fayeri, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum with subtypes IIa and IVg by the gp60 gene were found. In conclusion, this study provides the genetic characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in rodents and marsupials. And, these findings reinforce that the rodent and marsupial species mentioned above play a role as new hosts for Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hllytchaikra Ferraz Fehlberg
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University—UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Cássia Matos Ribeiro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University—UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Albano dos Santos
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University—UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Vitor Harvey
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University—UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - George Rêgo Albuquerque
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University—UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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Comparative analysis of routine parasitological methods for recovery of cysts, molecular detection, and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2633-2638. [PMID: 34059933 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the diagnosis of giardiasis, fecal samples (high/medium/low concentration of cysts) were processed by the parasitological methods used in the routine: Faust, Lutz e Ritchie modified (replacement of formaldehyde by distilled water). The cysts were quantified; the DNA was extracted and amplified by semi-nested PCR (GDH gene). Fifteen clinical samples were analyzed to validate the study by PCR-RFLP. The results showed that the parasite was only detected and genotyped correctly when samples from children with high, medium, and low parasitic load, belonging to genotype AII, were processed by the modified Ritchie method, different from what was observed for the other methods used in laboratory routine (Faust and Lutz). The modified Ritchie method proved to be more suitable, recovering a greater number of cysts from samples, regardless of parasitic load, which reduces the chance of false negative results and has epidemiological repercussions since individuals with low parasite load are usually asymptomatic and the main disseminators of this infection.
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Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Mostly Asymptomatic Indigenous People from the Tapirapé Tribe, Brazilian Amazon. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020206. [PMID: 33672794 PMCID: PMC7917967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the occurrence and genetic variability of the diarrhoea-causing enteric protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis in indigenous communities in Brazil. This cross-sectional epidemiological survey describes the frequency, genotypes, and risk associations for this pathogen in Tapirapé people (Brazilian Amazon) at four sampling campaigns during 2008–2009. Microscopy was used as a screening test, and molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA, the glutamate dehydrogenase, the beta-giardin, and the triosephosphate isomerase genes as confirmatory/genotyping methods. Associations between G. duodenalis and sociodemographic and clinical variables were investigated using Chi-squared test and univariable/multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, 574 individuals belonging to six tribes participated in the study, with G. duodenalis prevalence rates varying from 13.5–21.7%. The infection was positively linked to younger age and tribe. Infected children <15 years old reported more frequent gastrointestinal symptoms compared to adults. Assemblage B accounted for three out of four G. duodenalis infections and showed a high genetic diversity. No association between assemblage and age or occurrence of diarrhoea was demonstrated. These data indicate that the most likely source of infection was anthropic and that different pathways (e.g., drinking water) may be involved in the transmission of the parasite.
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Fantinatti M, Gonçalves-Pinto M, Lopes-Oliveira LAP, Da-Cruz AM. Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Brazil: there is still a long way to go. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 115:e200431. [PMID: 33503146 PMCID: PMC7836984 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis infection is distributed worldwide and can achieve prevalence around 60%, especially in developing countries. This protozoan is divided into eight assemblages, in which A and B have high zoonotic potential, whereas C to H are host-specific. This scenario is changing as molecular studies progress, highlighting that knowledge on host-specificity still has a long way to go. Understanding the players involved in transmission routes enables rational designs of control strategies. Considering the high prevalence of giardiasis, this review aims to gather together the data on available studies on the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages in Brazil until September 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fantinatti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Monique Gonçalves-Pinto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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dos Reis LL, da Silva TRR, Braga FCDO, do Nascimento NM, de Menezes KML, Nava AFD, Lima NADS, Vicente ACP. Giardiasis in urban and rural Amazonas, Brazil is driven by zoonotic and cosmopolitan A and B assemblages. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210280. [PMID: 35195158 PMCID: PMC8860389 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Belkessa S, Thomas-Lopez D, Houali K, Ghalmi F, Stensvold CR. Molecular Characterization of Giardia duodenalis in Children and Adults Sampled in Algeria. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E54. [PMID: 33379186 PMCID: PMC7823855 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of giardiasis in Africa remains unclear. A study was carried out across four hospitals in Algeria. A total of 119 fecal samples from 55 children, 37 adults, and 27 individuals of undetermined age, all scored positive for intestinal parasites by microscopy, and were screened by real-time PCR for Giardia. Molecular characterization of Giardia was performed by assemblage-specific PCR and PCR targeting the triose phosphate isomerase gene (tpi). Of the 119 samples, 80 (67%) were Giardia-positive by real-time PCR. For 48 moderately-highly real-time PCR-positive samples, tpi genotyping assigned 22 samples to Assemblage A and 26 to Assemblage B. Contrary to Assemblage A, Assemblage B exhibited substantial genetic diversity and allelic heterozygosity. Assemblage-specific PCR proved to be specific for discriminating Assemblage A or B but not as sensitive as tpi genotyping. We confirmed that real-time PCR is more sensitive than microscopy for detecting Giardia in stool samples and that robust amplification and sequencing of the tpi gene is feasible when moderate-to-strongly real-time PCR-positive samples are used. This study is one of the few performed in Africa providing genotyping data on Giardia infections in humans. Both assemblages A and B were commonly seen and not associated with specific sociodemographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Belkessa
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (S.B.); (K.H.)
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
| | - Daniel Thomas-Lopez
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 16973 Solna, Sweden
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (S.B.); (K.H.)
| | - Farida Ghalmi
- Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, El Alia, Algiers 16000, Algeria;
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
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The Predominance of Giardia duodenalis AII sub-assemblage in young children from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:557-568. [PMID: 33030834 PMCID: PMC7666847 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Giardia duodenalis is an intestinal protozoan with a high prevalence in children of developing countries. Molecular studies revealed a great genetic diversity of G. duodenalis, with assemblages A and B found mainly in humans. Despite its importance, the information on the molecular epidemiology of human giardiasis is still limited in Brazil. Objective. To characterize G. duodenalis molecular isolates in children from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Materials and methods. Giardia duodenalis positive fecal samples were obtained from 71 children from two day care centers and 39 users of a clinical analysis laboratory. Samples were analyzed by PCR-RFLP of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and beta-giardin genes and by the sequencing of beta-giardin. Results. Of the 110 G. duodenalis samples, 80 (72.7%) amplified one or both target genes. Of these, 62 (77.5 %) were identified as assemblage A and 18 (22.5%) as assemblage B. The subassemblage AII was identified in 58.8% (n=47) of isolates followed by the sub-assemblage AI (18.8%, n=15), BIV (11.2%, n=9), and BIII (5.0%, n=4). The AII sub-assemblage was the most frequent in children of both day care centers whereas AI was found only in the group attended at the clinical laboratory. Sub-assemblage AII predominated in children under two years. Conclusions. The higher frequency of AII sub-assemblage suggests that anthroponotic transmission is more common in Salvador, but that zoonotic transmission pathways are also present and a change in susceptibility to different molecular patterns of Giardia may occur during child growth.
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Li J, Wang Z, Karim MR, Zhang L. Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:380. [PMID: 32727529 PMCID: PMC7392835 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases caused by intestinal protozoan parasites are a major food-borne public health problem across the world. Vegetables and fruits provide important nutrients and minerals, but are also common sources of some food-borne human pathogenic microorganisms. The contamination of raw vegetables and fruits with human pathogenic parasites are now a global public health threat, despite the health benefits of these foods in non-pharmacological prophylaxes against diseases. A large number of reports have documented the contamination of vegetables or fruits with human pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, we reviewed the contamination and detection methods of human pathogenic intestinal protozoans that are frequently recovered from raw vegetables and fruits. The protozoan parasites include Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp., Cystoisospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. The risk factors involved in the contamination of vegetables and fruits with parasites are also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
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Molecular Characterization of Giardia intestinalis Detected in Humans and Water Samples in Egypt. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:482-489. [PMID: 32124205 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia intestinalis is a common cause of gastrointestinal illness especially in children of developing countries. Giardia assemblages A and B are the major human infective genotypes. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the role of water supply in the epidemiology of giardiasis via genotyping G. intestinalis detected in diarrheic children and in water samples in Egyptian rural areas. METHODS Stool samples of 100 diarrheic children, 40 drinking water samples and 10 raw water samples of canals were examined microscopically for Giardia. DNA was extracted from microscopically positive faecal samples and from all of the collected water samples. Amplification of Giardia tpi gene was performed by a nested PCR using assemblage A- and assemblage B-specific primers. Giardia gdh gene was amplified by a heminested PCR. Giardia genotypes were determined by restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified products. Sequencing of the amplified products was performed in two faecal and two water samples RESULTS: Giardia intestinalis was detected in 24 children, in none of the drinking water samples and in all canal water samples. Giardia sub-assemblage AII was identified in all stool and raw water samples. The RFLP pattern was confirmed in sequenced samples. CONCLUSION The presence of the same Giardia sub-assemblage in diarrheic children and in raw water samples shows by molecular evidence the potential for waterborne dissemination of Giardia in Egypt. Further studies are needed to monitor cyst levels and infectivity of the genotype detected in water for risk assessment and management.
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Chiebao DP, Martins CM, Pena HFDJ, Gabriel FHDL, Turazza J, Soares H, Merlo A. Epidemiological study of Giardia duodenalis infection in companion dogs from the metropolitan area of São Paulo Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:765-773. [PMID: 32347663 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic pathogen associated with gastrointestinal disease that has a direct life cycle, with cysts eliminated in the faeces of an infected host being ingested by a susceptible host. In Brazil, studies of chronically infected adult dogs estimated a prevalence of 10%-20%. Diagnosis of giardiasis, as a cause of diarrhoea is important for the global One-Health guidelines when controlling cyst dissemination in the environment. We investigated the prevalence of G. duodenalis in the pet dog population of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, compared the efficacy of direct tests available to the veterinary clinical practice and attempted to identify possible risk factors associated with the parasite. Ten veterinary practices distributed throughout the municipality randomly performed the rapid SNAP ELISA test on canine faecal samples, and dog owners provided information specific to the animal via a questionnaire. The samples were also analysed using sucrose and zinc sulphate flotation techniques. Sensitivity and specificity of the tests were used to calculate required number of samples and true prevalence. Significance, agreement among tests, and odds ratio (OR) were assessed with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in dogs (n = 265) was 6.9% (CI 3.47-11.21). Positive tests were significantly more frequent in animals younger than 1 year, with an OR for G. duodenalis occurrence nearly 7-fold that of older dogs. Direct diagnosis tests showed high agreement (96.1%, κ = 0.729; p < .0001) showing that the combined techniques provide a highly accurate diagnosis. Results indicated that the control of the pathogen has been improving in the pet dog population in metropolitan Sao Paulo, but management tools including diagnosis, immunization, and treatment, especially in puppies, must be continued in order to advance towards continuous decrease of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontes Chiebao
- Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba, Center for Research in Animal Health, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Sorocaba, Brasil
| | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Departament of Nursing and Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brasil.,AAC&T Research Consulting LTDA, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | - Hilda Fatima de Jesus Pena
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fábio Henrique de Lima Gabriel
- Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba, Center for Research in Animal Health, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Sorocaba, Brasil
| | | | - Herbert Soares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Merlo
- Zoetis Indústria de Produtos Veterinários Ltda., São Paulo, Brasil
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Insights about the structure of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and the activity of bisphosphonates on the proliferation and ultrastructure of Leishmania and Giardia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:168. [PMID: 32248823 PMCID: PMC7132869 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is positioned in the intersection of different sterol biosynthesis pathways such as those producing isoprenoids, dolichols and ergosterol. FPPS is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and is inhibited by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BP). N-BP activity and the mechanisms of cell death as well as damage to the ultrastructure due to N-BP has not yet been investigated in Leishmania infantum and Giardia. Thus, we evaluated the effect of N-BP on cell viability and ultrastructure and then performed structural modelling and phylogenetic analysis on the FPPS enzymes of Leishmania and Giardia. Methods We performed multiple sequence alignment with MAFFT, phylogenetic analysis with MEGA7, and 3D structural modelling for FPPS with Modeller 9.18 and on I-Tasser server. We performed concentration curves with N-BP in Leishmania promastigotes and Giardia trophozoites to estimate the IC50via the MTS/PMS viability method. The ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, and the mechanism of cell death by flow cytometry. Results The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate risedronate had stronger anti-proliferative activity in Leishmania compared to other N-BPs with an IC50 of 13.8 µM, followed by ibandronate and alendronate with IC50 values of 85.1 µM and 112.2 µM, respectively. The effect of N-BPs was much lower on trophozoites of Giardia than Leishmania (IC50 of 311 µM for risedronate). Giardia treated with N-BP displayed concentric membranes around the nucleus and nuclear pyknosis. Leishmania had mitochondrial swelling, myelin figures, double membranes, and plasma membrane blebbing. The same population labelled with annexin-V and 7-AAD had a loss of membrane potential (TMRE), indicative of apoptosis. Multiple sequence alignments and structural alignments of FPPS proteins showed that Giardia and Leishmania FPPS display low amino acid identity but possess the conserved aspartate-rich motifs. Conclusions Giardia and Leishmania FPPS enzymes are phylogenetically distant but display conserved protein signatures. The N-BPs effect on FPPS was more pronounced in Leishmania than Giardia. This might be due to general differences in metabolism and differences in the FPPS catalytic site.![]()
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Improvement in cyst recovery and molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis from stool samples. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1233-1239. [PMID: 31813130 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is difficult in faecal samples due to inhibitors that contaminate DNA preparations, or due to low cyst concentrations. In order to eliminate inhibitors, improve cyst recovery and molecular detection of G. duodenalis, different types of water, distillates (MDs), deionized (MDz), injection (MI) or Milli-Q® (MM) were used instead of formaldehyde (F) in the laboratory routine method (Ritchie). Cysts were isolated from faecal samples with low cyst concentrations (< 1 cyst/field), medium (1-2 cysts/field) or high (> 2 cysts/field). Cyst recovery was improved using all water types (MDs, MDz, MI, MM) compared to formaldehyde. At all cyst concentrations, the use of MM consistently showed the greatest recovery of G. duodenalis cysts . DNA samples from recovered cysts were tested for the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and β-giardin (βg) genes. The use of Milli-Q® water allowed to detect both genes in all cyst concentrations, including low. The method processed with the other types of water amplified these genes at high and medium cyst concentrations. GDH and βg genes were not detected when the sample was processed with formaldehyde. These experimental results were confirmed in clinical samples. The results suggest that Milli-Q® water provides the highest cyst recovery from stool samples and, correspondingly, the highest sensitivity for detecting G. duodenalis by microscopy or PCR for GDH and βg genes, even at low concentration of cysts.
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Ryan U, Zahedi A. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis from a veterinary perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:209-254. [PMID: 31630759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of eight Giardia species are accepted. These include: Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), which infects humans and animals, Giardia agilis, Giardia ardeae, Giardia psittaci, Giardia muris, Giardia microti, Giardia peramelis and G. cricetidarum, which infect non-human hosts including amphibians, birds, rodents and marsupials. Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of eight assemblages (A-H), with assemblages A and B the dominant assemblages in humans. Molecular studies to date on the zoonotic potential of Giardia in animals are problematic and are hampered by lack of concordance between loci. Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) are predominantly infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E, which has recently been shown to be zoonotic, followed by assemblage A. In cats and dogs, assemblages A, B, C, D and F are commonly reported but relatively few studies have conducted molecular typing of humans and their pets and the results are contradictory with some studies support zoonotic transmission but the majority of studies suggesting separate transmission cycles. Giardia also infects a broad range of wildlife hosts and although much less well studied, host-adapted species as well as G. duodenalis assemblages (A-H) have been identified. Fish and other aquatic wildlife represent a source of infection for humans with Giardia via water contamination and/or consumption of undercooked fish and interestingly, assemblage B and A predominated in the two molecular studies conducted to date. Our current knowledge of the transmission dynamics of Giardia is still poor and the development of more discriminatory typing tools such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Giardia isolates is therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Yamashiro S, Foco MLR, Pineda CO, José J, Nour EAA, Siqueira-Castro ICV, Franco RMB. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. removal efficiency of a combined fixed-film system treating domestic wastewater receiving hospital effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22756-22771. [PMID: 31172433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium have caused numerous outbreaks of diarrhea as a result of the ingestion of water contaminated with sewage. In Brazil, the efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium removal by combined fixed-film systems has rarely been studied. The aims of the present study were therefore to verify the removal efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium by a combined system (anaerobic/anoxic filter and aerated submerged biofilter) and to perform the genetic characterization of these parasites. The (oo)cysts were detected by centrifuge concentration and membrane filtration from raw sewage, effluents, adhered biomass, and sludge samples. Immunofluorescence assay and differential interference contrast microscopy were used for the visualization of the (oo)cysts. Nested PCR was applied to confirm Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in 27% and 5.5% of the 144 analyzed samples of raw sewage and effluents, respectively. A total of 33,000 cysts/L were recovered in the adhered biomass samples (n = 25) from different points of the aerated submerged biofilter, while 6000 oocysts/L were registered in a single point. An average of 11,800 cysts/L were found in the sludge samples (n = 5). The combined system exhibited a removal efficiency of Giardia cysts of 1.8 ± 1.0 log removal. The C and BIV assemblages of Giardia were identified in the raw sewage while AII was found in the treated effluent sample. It was not possible to calculate the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the combined system. The combined system exhibited some potential as a suitable treatment for the removal of parasites from sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Mário Luiz Rodrigues Foco
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ortiz Pineda
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Meningher T, Boleslavsky D, Barshack I, Tabibian-Keissar H, Kohen R, Gur-Wahnon D, Ben-Dov IZ, Sidi Y, Avni D, Schwartz E. Giardia lamblia miRNAs as a new diagnostic tool for human giardiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007398. [PMID: 31206518 PMCID: PMC6597124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia lamblia is a very common cause of gastrointestinal symptoms worldwide. There are several methods for the diagnosis of Giardia infection, however none are ideal. We aim to find a new, microRNA-based method that will improve the currently available diagnostic methods for giardiasis. Methods Deep-sequence profiling of Giardia small-RNA revealed that miR5 and miR6 are highly expressed in Giardia. These miRNAs were tested by qRT-PCR in duodenal biopsies of patients with giardiasis who were positive by microscopic pathological evaluation. The gastric biopsies of the same patients served as negative control tissues. Additionally, these miRNAs were evaluated in stool samples of patients with proven giardiasis. Results All histologically proven duodenal biopsies of patients with Giardia infection were positive for Giardia miR5, with a mean threshold cycle (Ct) of 23.7, as well as for Giardia DNA qPCR (16S-like gene, mean Ct 26.3). Gastric biopsies which were tested as a control all were negative. Stool evaluation of miR6 in patients with giardiasis showed 90% specificity but only 66% sensitivity, and a lower accuracy rate was obtained with miR5. Conclusion Giardia miR5 testing in duodenal biopsies may be a new method for the diagnosis of giardiasis. It seems to be more sensitive when compared with testing for Giardia DNA by qPCR in duodenal biopsies. It will be important to investigate the contribution of routine Giardia miRNA testing in duodenal biopsies from patients with persistent abdominal symptoms Giardiasis is a major cause of diarrheal disease throughout the world. It is more common in areas with poor sanitation such as in many low-income countries, but it occurs in high-income countries as well. It is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the United States and it is endemic in other industrialized countries. The causative agent is the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia, and transmission is mainly by the fecal-oral route. The basic method of diagnosis is stool examination. It is usually found through stool microscopy examination which should be performed on fresh stool and repeated in 3 days. Despite some newer diagnostic methods, Giardia is still difficult to detect, often leading to misdiagnoses. In this study we show that using Giardia microRNA (miR5) as a marker for Giardia infection in duodenal biopsies may be a new method for diagnosis of giardiasis. It appears to be more sensitive than histological diagnosis and also more sensitive than Giardia DNA testing in duodenal biopsies. Interestingly, in our patients, duodenal biopsies were done for persistent abdominal symptoms and the finding of Giardia in their biopsy was unexpected. Thus, testing duodenal biopsies for Giardia miRNA in patients with persistent abdominal symptoms might contribute to diagnosis and prompt treatment for those with giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Meningher
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Molecular Laboratory for the Study of Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Tabibian-Keissar
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Refael Kohen
- Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Devorah Gur-Wahnon
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iddo Z. Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Sidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Avni
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Molecular Laboratory for the Study of Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail: , (DA); (ES)
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Molecular Laboratory for the Study of Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Geographic Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail: , (DA); (ES)
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Martins FDC, Ladeia WA, Toledo RDS, Garcia JL, Navarro IT, Freire RL. Surveillance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in sewage from an urban area in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:291-297. [PMID: 31188950 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Molecular characterization of these pathogens in sewage may provide insight on their occurrence and prevalence in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and treated sewage from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected every two weeks during a year. Samples were concentrated, then DNA was extracted and subjected to a nested PCR targeting the Giardia 18S rRNA gene and the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene. Species of Cryptosporidium were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). All raw sewage and 76% of the treated sewage were positive for Giardia; 84% of raw sewage samples and 8% of treated sewage were positive for Cryptosporidium. C. muris, C. hominis, C. baileyi, C. parvum and C. suis were detected in 100%, 19%, 9%, 9% and 4% of raw sewage, respectively. C. muris was the only species found in treated sewage. Multiple species of Cryptosporidium were present in 19.04% of the raw sewage. Treated sewage water can pose a threat to human health. The speciation of Cryptosporidium revealed the presence of non-common zoonotic species as C. suis and C. muris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Winni Alves Ladeia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | - João Luis Garcia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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Rehbein S, Klotz C, Ignatius R, Müller E, Aebischer A, Kohn B. Giardia duodenalisin small animals and their owners in Germany: A pilot study. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:117-124. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rehbein
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16); Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- MVZ Labor 28; Berlin Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Anton Aebischer
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16); Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite. Int J Parasitol 2018; 49:1-11. [PMID: 30391227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne zoonotic pathogens are a serious public health issue and result in significant global economic losses. Despite their importance to public health, epidemiological data on foodborne diseases including giardiasis caused by the enteric parasite, Giardia duodenalis, are lacking. This parasite is estimated to cause ∼28.2 million cases of diarrhoea each year due to contamination of food, but very few foodborne outbreaks have been documented due to the limitations of current detection as well as surveillance methods. The current method for the recovery of Giardia cysts from food matrices using immunomagnetic separation requires further standardisation and cost reduction before it can be widely used. It also should incorporate downstream molecular procedures for genotyping, and traceback and viability analyses. Foodborne giardiasis can be potentially controlled through improvements in national disease surveillance systems and the establishment of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point interventions across the food chain. Studies are needed to assess the true prevalence and public health impact of foodborne giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University PO Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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28
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Giardia duodenalis in the UK: current knowledge of risk factors and public health implications. Parasitology 2018; 146:413-424. [PMID: 30318029 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a ubiquitous flagellated protozoan parasite known to cause giardiasis throughout the world. Potential transmission vehicles for this zoonotic parasite are both water and food sources. As such consumption of water contaminated by feces, or food sources washed in contaminated water containing parasite cysts, may result in outbreaks. This creates local public health risks which can potentially cause widespread infection and long-term post-infection sequelae. This paper provides an up-to-date overview of G. duodenalis assemblages, sub-assemblages, hosts and locations identified. It also summarizes knowledge of potential infection/transmission routes covering water, food, person-to-person infection and zoonotic transmission from livestock and companion animals. Public health implications focused within the UK, based on epidemiological data, are discussed and recommendations for essential Giardia developments are highlighted.
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29
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Seguí R, Muñoz-Antoli C, Klisiowicz DR, Oishi CY, Köster PC, de Lucio A, Hernández-de-Mingo M, Puente P, Toledo R, Esteban JG, Carmena D. Prevalence of intestinal parasites, with emphasis on the molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp., in the Paranaguá Bay, Brazil: a community survey. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:490. [PMID: 30165880 PMCID: PMC6117969 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal protozoan parasites are major contributors to the global burden of gastrointestinal disease causing significant socioeconomic consequences. Children living in resource-poor settings with restricted access to water and sanitary services are particularly at risk of these infections. Methods A prospective, community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in Paraná (southern Brazil) between May 2015 and May 2016. A total of 766 stool samples were individually collected from volunteers (male/female ratio: 0.99; age range: 0–76 years) and used for investigating the presence of intestinal helminth and protozoan species by routine microscopic procedures including the Kato-Katz and modified Ritchie concentration methods and the Ziehl-Neelsen stain technique. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed microscopy-positive samples for Giardia duodenalis and the assemblages and sub-assemblages determined by multilocus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and β-giardin (bg) genes of the parasite. Identification of Blastocystis subtypes was carried out by amplification and sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) of this heterokont microorganism. Results Overall, 46.1% (353/766) of the participants were infected/colonised by at least one intestinal parasite/commensal species. Protozoan and helminth species were detected in 42.7% and 10.1% of the surveyed population, respectively. Blastocystis sp. (28.2%), Endolimax nana (14.9%), and Giardia duodenalis (11.0%) were the most prevalent species found among protozoans and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.0%), Trichuris trichiura (4.6%) and hookworms (1.0%) among helminths. A total of 38 G. duodenalis-positive samples were genotyped at gdh and bg markers, revealing the presence of the sub-assemblages AII (47.4%), AII/AIII (2.6%), BIII (5.3%), BIV (26.3%) and BIII/BIV (13.1%). Two samples (5.3%) were only identified as assemblage B. AII was predominantly found in females aged 5–9 years and was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting gastrointestinal symptoms. A total of 102 Blastocystis-positive samples were successfully subtyped at the SSU rRNA gene revealing the presence of ST1 (36.3%), ST2 (15.7%), ST3 (41.2%), ST4 (2.9%), ST6 (1.0%) and ST8 (2.9%). Conclusions Data presented here indicate that enteric parasites still represent a pressing health concern in Paraná, Brazil, probably due to sub-optimal water, sanitation and hygiene conditions. A mostly anthroponotic origin is suspected for G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3054-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Seguí
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Debora R Klisiowicz
- Department of Basic Pathology, Biological Sciences Area, Paraná Federal University, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 19031, Brazil
| | - Camila Y Oishi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Biological Sciences Area, Paraná Federal University, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 19031, Brazil
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández-de-Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Puente
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José G Esteban
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Valencia University, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis infecting rabbits in Ogun State, Nigeria. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:171-176. [PMID: 31014868 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a cosmopolitan gastrointestinal protozoal parasite that infects humans and various animals worldwide. To assess the zoonotic transmission potential of Giardia, molecular characterization is required. We are unaware of any report on the genotypes of Giardia infecting rabbits in Nigeria. Molecular detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis were conducted in a herd of adult Chinchilla rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) managed on the Teaching and Research farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta located in a southwestern state of Nigeria by analysis of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and beta-giardin (bg) genes. An overall prevalence of 72.3% (60/83) was recorded in the rabbits with no statistically significant (p > .05) influence of sex on the distribution of the infection in the herd. All the 19 isolates amplified at the four genetic loci were identified as G. duodenalis assemblage BIV by multiple alignment analysis of their consensus sequences. Novel nucleotide substitutions were identified in two isolates at the ssu rRNA locus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all ssu rRNA genotypes were closely related to G. duodenalis assemblage B of cattle and human origin. Findings of this study suggest that the rabbits harbour potentially zoonotic assemblage BIV that portends a high risk to students and staff of the University who are in regular contact with the animals.
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Pavanelli MF, Colli CM, Gomes ML, Góis MB, de Alcântara Nogueira de Melo G, de Almeida Araújo EJ, de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana D. Comparative study of effects of assemblages AII and BIV of Giardia duodenalis on mucosa and microbiota of the small intestine in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018. [PMID: 29514129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Giardiasis is one of the major causes of diarrhea worldwide and its symptoms vary in intensity, which can be attributed to different parasite assemblages. The goal of the present study was to compare the effects of infection caused by assemblages AII and BIV ofGiardia duodenalis on the response of the small intestine, microbiota, and behavioral parameters in mice. MAIN METHODS Swiss mice were infected with assemblages AII and BIV of G. duodenalis for 15 days. Leucometry, pain, intestinal microbiota and histological parameters of the duodenum and jejunum were evaluated in the experimental groups. KEY FINDINGS Both assemblages modified the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Infection with assemblage AII promoted leukocytosis, reflected by increasing number of polymorphonuclear cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and pain-related behavior, indicating that this was the more aggressive assemblage with regard to its effects on the intestinal mucosa and duodenum. SIGNIFICANCE The specific assemblage of the parasite is an important parameter that affects symptomatology in the host.
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Rafael K, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Tiyo BT, Evangelista FF, Bezagio RC, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in vegetables cultivated with organic and chemical fertilizer from street markets and community vegetable gardens in a region of Southern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katyelle Rafael
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | - Ariella A Marchioro
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | | | - Bruna T Tiyo
- Postgraduate Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, UEM, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Evangelista
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | - Renata C Bezagio
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | - Ana L Falavigna-Guilherme
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM
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Genetic variability and transcontinental sharing of Giardia duodenalis infrapopulations determined by glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Acta Trop 2018; 177:146-156. [PMID: 29030042 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Microevolutionary data of Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblages is a prerequisite for determining the invasion zoonotic patterns of the parasite. To infer transmission patterns that could not be differentiated by the phenotypic features, a population genetic investigation is crucial for the elucidation of the genetic structure of G. duodenalis among the continents. Forty G. duodenalis positive fecal samples were collected from different foci of Northwest Iran. The specimens were subjected to Trichrome staining and sucrose gradient flotation. DNA samples were extracted, amplified, and sequenced by targeting glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. The global gdh sequences of sub-assemblages AII and BIV retrieved from NCBI GenBank were analyzed to estimate diversity indices, neutrality indices, and gene migration tests. Sequencing analyses indicated various levels of genetic variability of sub-assemblages AII and BIV among the five continents. Sub-assemblage BIV had greater genetic variability (haplotype diversity: 0.975; nucleotide diversity: 0.04246) than sub-assemblage AII. The statistical Fst value demonstrated that the genetic structure of sub-assemblages AII and BIV are moderately differentiated between European-American populations (Fst: 0.05352-0.15182), whereas a significant differentiation was not seen among other geographical population pairs. We conclude that a high gene flow of G. duodenalis sub-assemblages AII and BIV is unequivocally sharing among the continents. The current findings strengthen our knowledge to assess the evolutionary patterns of G. duodenalis in endemic foci of the world and it will become the basis of public health policy to control human giardiasis.
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Jian Y, Zhang X, Li X, Karanis G, Ma L, Karanis P. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in cattle and sheep from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), northwestern China. Vet Parasitol 2017; 250:40-44. [PMID: 29329622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an important intestinal protozoan parasite with a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock and wildlife. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of G. duodenalis infections among cattle and sheep in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA) and to assess the potential risk of the zoonotic transmission of this pathogen. A total of 454 stool specimens were collected and examined using the nested PCR method based on the G. duodenalis SSUrRNA gene fragment. Thirty-nine out of 389 cattle specimens examined were positive (10%) for the G. duodenalis infection. After the sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA gene, all detected G. duodenalis belong to assemblage E. No G. duodenalis infections were found in the 65 investigated samples from sheep. Our data therefore indicates that G. duodenalis is a common parasite in cattle in the QTPA, China and that cattle appear to be a reservoir of G. duodenalis for other animals and the environmental water supplies in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Liqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Center of Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases (CBID), Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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Coelho CH, Durigan M, Leal DAG, Schneider ADB, Franco RMB, Singer SM. Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: Systematic review of 20 years of publications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006005. [PMID: 29065126 PMCID: PMC5678545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Giardiasis is an intestinal infection that affects more than two hundred million people annually worldwide; it is caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis. In tropical countries and in low or middle-income settings, like Brazil, its prevalence can be high. There is currently no systematic review on the presence of G. duodenalis in patients, animals or water sources in Brazil. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to recommendations established by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). As databases for our searches, we have used PubMed, Embase, Scopus and the Brazilian database SciELO using the keywords «Giardia*» and «Brazil». RESULTS This systematic review identified research studies related to G. duodenalis in water, giardiasis in animals, prevalence of giardiasis across Brazilian regions, genotyping of strains isolated in humans, and giardiasis in indigenous populations. We also propose a network of G. duodenalis transmission in Brazil based on genotypes analyses. CONCLUSION This is the first time within the last twenty years that a review is being published on the occurrence of G. duodenalis in Brazil, addressing relevant issues such as prevalence, molecular epidemiology and analytical methods for parasite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriano de Bernardi Schneider
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Steven M. Singer
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States
of America
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Faria CP, Zanini GM, Dias GS, da Silva S, Sousa MDC. New multilocus genotypes of Giardia lamblia human isolates. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:128-137. [PMID: 28669825 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is considered a species complex, whose members show little differences in their morphology, but have remarkable genetic variability. The aim of this study was to identify inter- and intra-assemblage genetic variation in G. lamblia among patients in Rio de Janeiro. The parasitological study was performed on faeces, and DNA was extracted from the samples which tested positive for G. lamblia. The genetic assemblages and subtypes were determined via multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using β-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase and glutamate dehydrogenase gene loci. Fourteen assemblage A samples were successfully genotyped at the three MLST loci (bg/tpi/gdh). Two previously identified multilocus genotypes were found (AII-1 and AII-4), and two novel multilocus genotypes are proposed (AII-8, profile A2/A2/A4; AII-9, profile A3/A2/A2). Sequence analysis showed that assemblage B isolates have a higher nucleotide variation than those from assemblage A. Novel assemblage B sequences are described and most (66.7%) have heterogeneous nucleotides, which prevent the definition of multilocus genotypes. This is the first time that MLST has been used to characterise G. lamblia isolates in human clinical samples from Rio de Janeiro. In addition, MLST has enabled the detection of novel subtypes in both assemblages and the description of two novel multilocus genotypes in assemblage A. This study provides new insights into the genetic diversity of assemblage A and shows that MLST should be used to characterise G. lamblia both in Brazil and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Graziela Maria Zanini
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Sidnei da Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Elmberg J, Berg C, Lerner H, Waldenström J, Hessel R. Potential disease transmission from wild geese and swans to livestock, poultry and humans: a review of the scientific literature from a One Health perspective. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017; 7:1300450. [PMID: 28567210 PMCID: PMC5443079 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1300450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more herbivorous waterfowl (swans and geese) close to humans, livestock and poultry than ever before. This creates widespread conflict with agriculture and other human interests, but also debate about the role of swans and geese as potential vectors of disease of relevance for human and animal health. Using a One Health perspective, we provide the first comprehensive review of the scientific literature about the most relevant viral, bacterial, and unicellular pathogens occurring in wild geese and swans. Research thus far suggests that these birds may play a role in transmission of avian influenza virus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, at present there is no evidence that geese and swans play a role in transmission of Newcastle disease, duck plague, West Nile virus, Vibrio, Yersinia, Clostridium, Chlamydophila, and Borrelia. Finally, based on present knowledge it is not possible to say if geese and swans play a role in transmission of Escherichia coli, Pasteurella, Helicobacter, Brachyspira, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Microsporidia. This is largely due to changes in classification and taxonomy, rapid development of identification methods and lack of knowledge about host specificity. Previous research tends to overrate the role of geese and swans as disease vectors; we do not find any evidence that they are significant transmitters to humans or livestock of any of the pathogens considered in this review. Nevertheless, it is wise to keep poultry and livestock separated from small volume waters used by many wild waterfowl, but there is no need to discourage livestock grazing in nature reserves or pastures where geese and swans are present. Under some circumstances it is warranted to discourage swans and geese from using wastewater ponds, drinking water reservoirs, and public beaches. Intensified screening of swans and geese for AIV, West Nile virus and anatid herpesvirus is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Elmberg
- Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Berg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lerner
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Hessel
- Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
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de Souza CZ, Rafael K, Sanders AP, Tiyo BT, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Gomes ML, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. An alternative method to recover Toxoplasma gondii from greenery and fruits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2016; 26:600-5. [PMID: 27604245 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2016.1227960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are an important form of contamination with a high dispersion in the environment, but their detection is still a challenge. This study evaluated the recovery of oocysts from strawberries and crisphead lettuce. Samples (250 g of strawberries or one head of lettuce) were experimentally inoculated with 10, 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) T. gondii oocysts, by two separate processes, spot dripping and immersion. Then, 50 g of each sample was washed, filtered through a cellulose ester membrane, and concentrated by centrifugation. Three aliquots were taken for DNA extraction in a direct way, after freeze-thaw (FT) cycles or ultrasound (US), followed by PCR (B22-B23 and Tox4-Tox5 primers). The T. gondii DNA was amplified with the primers B22-B23 in all samples contaminated by dripping and when DNA extraction was carried out after FT or US. These techniques may be useful in epidemiological surveillance in the control of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zangari de Souza
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Katyelle Rafael
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sanders
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Bruna Tiaki Tiyo
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ariella Andrade Marchioro
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Colli
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Falavigna-Guilherme
- a Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
- b Environmental Parasitology Laboratory , State University of Maringá (UEM) , Maringá , Brazil
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Marchioro AA, Tiyo BT, Colli CM, de Souza CZ, Garcia JL, Gomes ML, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. First Detection ofToxoplasma gondiiDNA in the Fresh Leafs of Vegetables in South America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:624-6. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariella A. Marchioro
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Bruna T. Tiyo
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M. Colli
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Carla Z. de Souza
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - João L. Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mônica L. Gomes
- Environmental and Food Parasitology Laboratory, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
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Faria CP, Zanini GM, Dias GS, da Silva S, Sousa MDC. Molecular Characterization of Giardia lamblia: First Report of Assemblage B in Human Isolates from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160762. [PMID: 27517469 PMCID: PMC4982690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high prevalence of giardiasis, the genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia has been poorly documented in Brazil and molecular epidemiology research has only been conducted in the last few years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different G. lamblia assemblages and detect mixed infections among patients with giardiasis. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The cross-section survey was conducted among patients attending the FIOCRUZ in Rio de Janeiro. In order to discriminate the genetic assemblages/sub-assemblages, G. lamblia isolates were characterized by PCR-RFLP and qPCR using four loci genes (bg, gdh, tpi and orfC4). Of the 65 positive samples, 41 (63.1%) were successfully amplified by nested-PCR of bg and gdh genes. Among them, 16 were typed as sub-assemblage AII, 7 as BIII, 4 as BIV and 8 as a mixture of BIII and BIV. After the analysis by qPCR assay, a total of 55 (84.6%) samples were amplified using at least one locus: bg gene was amplified in 38 (58.5%) samples, gdh in 41 (63.1%), tpi in 39 (60%), and orfC4 in 39 (60%). Multilocus genotyping results showed that 29 (52.7%) samples belonged to Assemblage A and 26 (47.3%) samples belonged to Assemblage B. In 2011 and 2012, 20 (74.1%) samples belonged to Assemblage A and 7 (25.9%) belonged to Assemblage B. In subsequent years (2013-2015) there was a predominance of Assemblage B, 19 (67.9%) versus 9 (32.1%) Assemblage A. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that Assemblage B of G. lamblia was reported in human clinical samples from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and is the first report about genetic characterization using four genes. The qPCR assemblage-specific showed no mixed infections by Assemblages A and B. A switch in genetic profile over the years was observed, firstly predominance of Assemblage A and lastly of Assemblage B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Graziela Maria Zanini
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sidnei da Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Simultaneous detection of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in food matrices and their persistence on basil leaves. Food Microbiol 2016; 57:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tiyo R, de Souza CZ, Arruda Piovesani AF, Tiyo BT, Colli CM, Marchioro AA, Gomes ML, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Predominance of Giardia duodenalis Assemblage AII in Fresh Leafy Vegetables from a Market in Southern Brazil. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1036-9. [PMID: 27296610 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the presence of Giardia duodenalis cysts and its genotypes in raw leafy vegetables sold in a Brazilian market. These products are different from those sold in most street markets because the producers themselves display and sell their products and rely on specialized technical and sanitary assistance. Vegetable and water samples were collected from 14 (80%) producers who cultivated vegetables that are typically consumed raw for sale at the market, obtained at the market and farms, respectively. A total of 128 samples of leafy greens (chives, parsley, cabbage, arugula, watercress, and chicory) and 14 water samples were analyzed by direct immunofluorescence and PCR techniques. The positive samples were genotyped (GHD gene) using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The analyses indicated that 16 (12.5%) of 128 samples were positive by PCR, while 1 (0.8%) of 128 samples were positive by immunofluorescence. Giardia cysts were not detected in the water samples obtained at the farms. The molecular technique revealed a genotype with zoonotic potential, which underscores the challenge in the control of giardiasis dissemination via the consumption of raw vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogerio Tiyo
- Faculdade Ingá, Maringá, Rodovia PR-317, 6114 CEP 87035-510 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carla Zangari de Souza
- State University of Maringá, Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Avenue Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-9000 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Flávia Arruda Piovesani
- State University of Maringá, Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Avenue Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-9000 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna Tiaki Tiyo
- State University of Maringá, Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Avenue Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-9000 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Colli
- State University of Maringá, Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Avenue Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-9000 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ariella Andrade Marchioro
- State University of Maringá, Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Avenue Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-9000 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Monica Lucia Gomes
- State University of Maringá, Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Avenue Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-9000 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Falavigna-Guilherme
- State University of Maringá, Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Avenue Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-9000 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Fava NMN, Soares RM, Scalia LAM, Cunha MJRD, Faria ESM, Cury MC. Molecular typing of canine Giardia duodenalis isolates from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2015; 161:1-5. [PMID: 26704664 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia) is a widespread intestinal parasite in mammals, including humans and pets worldwide. It should be considered a species complex and comprises eight assemblage (A-H). This works aimed to determine the genotypic variability among G. duodenalis isolates from dogs from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Fecal samples of 97 dogs, from 1-to-10 months old from 15 commercial kennels, were collected and analyzed by the zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique, to determine their positivity for G. duodenalis cysts. Cysts pellets were stored and submitted to PCR and nested-PCR reactions with gdh and tpi primers, and then sequencing. Among positive samples (n = 19), fragment amplifications of gdh and tpi genes was observed in 16 (84,2%) and 14 (73,6%), respectively. In total, 30 sequences were obtained. Sequencing analysis showed that for gdh, all isolates were identified as host-specific genotype D, and for tpi, besides host-specific genotype C, were also observed zoonotic genotypes A and B. This study provides, for the first time, current information about genetic characterization of G. duodenalis isolates found in dogs in Minas Gerais state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália M N Fava
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Soares
- University of Sao Paulo - College of Veterinarian Medicine Medicina, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 87 - Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana A M Scalia
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S M Faria
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Cury
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates in asymptomatic children attending daycare centre: evidence of high risk for anthroponotic transmission. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:1418-28. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYGiardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite infecting children attending daycare centres. This study aimed to verify Giardia occurrence and the genotypes of isolates infecting children aged 0–6 years and workers at a daycare centre in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The families of children who tested positive for Giardia, were asked to provide stool samples from household members and their dogs. Samples (123 children, 14 centre employees, 44 household members, 19 children after treatment, and 20 dogs) were examined for intestinal parasites using concentration methods. DNA extracted from all samples was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and the amplicons generated were used for multilocus sequence typing of beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Giardia was detected in 15·9% and 28·6% of the 220 samples by microscopy and PCR, respectively. Analysis of sequences retrieved from 29 isolates revealed both assemblages A (31%) and B (69%). Sub-assemblages AII, BIII and BIV were identified and the alignment of the bg, gdh and tpi sequences revealed the presence of some single nucleotide polymorphisms, especially in assemblage B sequences. The higher predominance of assemblage B and the identification of the AII type support the view that anthroponotic transmission appears to be an important route of transmission in environments that concentrate children at an age when poor hygiene practices make them more vulnerable to such infection.
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Colli CM, Bezagio RC, Nishi L, Ferreira ÉC, Falavigna-Guilherme AL, Gomes ML. Food handlers as a link in the chain of transmission ofGiardia duodenalisand other protozoa in public schools in southern Brazil: Table 1. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:601-3. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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