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She JW, Young CM, Chou SJ, Wu YR, Lin YT, Huang TY, Shen MY, Chen CY, Yang YP, Chien Y, Ayalew H, Liao WH, Tung YC, Shyue JJ, Chiou SH, Yu HH. Gradient conducting polymer surfaces with netrin-1-conjugation promote axon guidance and neuron transmission of human iPSC-derived retinal ganglion cells. Biomaterials 2025; 313:122770. [PMID: 39226653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in utilizing human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, the delivery and integration of hiPSCs into target tissues remain significant challenges, particularly in the context of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) restoration. In this study, we introduce a promising avenue for providing directional guidance to regenerated cells in the retina. First, we developed a technique for construction of gradient interfaces based on functionalized conductive polymers, which could be applied with various functionalized ehthylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers. Using a tree-shaped channel encapsulated with a thin PDMS and a specially designed electrochemical chamber, gradient flow generation could be converted into a functionalized-PEDOT gradient film by cyclic voltammetry. The characteristics of the successfully fabricated gradient flow and surface were analyzed using fluorescent labels, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Remarkably, hiPSC-RGCs seeded on PEDOT exhibited improvements in neurite outgrowth, axon guidance and neuronal electrophysiology measurements. These results suggest that our novel gradient PEDOT may be used with hiPSC-based technologies as a potential biomedical engineering scaffold for functional restoration of RGCs in retinal degenerative diseases and optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei She
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science & Technology Program, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Road, East District, 300, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Mei Young
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jie Chou
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - You-Ren Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yang Huang
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mo-Yuan Shen
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hailemichael Ayalew
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Liao
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan; Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Hua Yu
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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2
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Mofakham S, Robertson J, Lubin N, Cleri NA, Mikell CB. An Unpredictable Brain Is a Conscious, Responsive Brain. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1643-1652. [PMID: 38579270 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injuries typically result in loss of consciousness or coma. In deeply comatose patients with traumatic brain injury, cortical dynamics become simple, repetitive, and predictable. We review evidence that this low-complexity, high-predictability state results from a passive cortical state, represented by a stable repetitive attractor, that hinders the flexible formation of neuronal ensembles necessary for conscious experience. Our data and those from other groups support the hypothesis that this cortical passive state is because of the loss of thalamocortical input. We identify the unpredictability and complexity of cortical dynamics captured by local field potential as a sign of recovery from this passive coma attractor. In this Perspective article, we discuss how these electrophysiological biomarkers of the recovery of consciousness could inform the design of closed-loop stimulation paradigms to treat disorders of consciousness.
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Storm JF, Klink PC, Aru J, Senn W, Goebel R, Pigorini A, Avanzini P, Vanduffel W, Roelfsema PR, Massimini M, Larkum ME, Pennartz CMA. An integrative, multiscale view on neural theories of consciousness. Neuron 2024; 112:1531-1552. [PMID: 38447578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
How is conscious experience related to material brain processes? A variety of theories aiming to answer this age-old question have emerged from the recent surge in consciousness research, and some are now hotly debated. Although most researchers have so far focused on the development and validation of their preferred theory in relative isolation, this article, written by a group of scientists representing different theories, takes an alternative approach. Noting that various theories often try to explain different aspects or mechanistic levels of consciousness, we argue that the theories do not necessarily contradict each other. Instead, several of them may converge on fundamental neuronal mechanisms and be partly compatible and complementary, so that multiple theories can simultaneously contribute to our understanding. Here, we consider unifying, integration-oriented approaches that have so far been largely neglected, seeking to combine valuable elements from various theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan F Storm
- The Brain Signaling Group, Division of Physiology, IMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Domus Medica, Sognsvannsveien 9, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - P Christiaan Klink
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Visual Brain Therapy, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Walter Senn
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Pigorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuro and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Pieter R Roelfsema
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Visual Brain Therapy, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcello Massimini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20157, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan 20122, Italy; Azrieli Program in Brain, Mind and Consciousness, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Neurocure Center for Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands; Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Arnts H, Tewarie P, van Erp W, Schuurman R, Boon LI, Pennartz CMA, Stam CJ, Hillebrand A, van den Munckhof P. Deep brain stimulation of the central thalamus restores arousal and motivation in a zolpidem-responsive patient with akinetic mutism after severe brain injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2950. [PMID: 38316863 PMCID: PMC10844373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
After severe brain injury, zolpidem is known to cause spectacular, often short-lived, restorations of brain functions in a small subgroup of patients. Previously, we showed that these zolpidem-induced neurological recoveries can be paralleled by significant changes in functional connectivity throughout the brain. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical intervention known to modulate functional connectivity in a wide variety of neurological disorders. In this study, we used DBS to restore arousal and motivation in a zolpidem-responsive patient with severe brain injury and a concomitant disorder of diminished motivation, more than 10 years after surviving hypoxic ischemia. We found that DBS of the central thalamus, targeted at the centromedian-parafascicular complex, immediately restored arousal and was able to transition the patient from a state of deep sleep to full wakefulness. Moreover, DBS was associated with temporary restoration of communication and ability to walk and eat in an otherwise wheelchair-bound and mute patient. With the use of magnetoencephalography (MEG), we revealed that DBS was generally associated with a marked decrease in aberrantly high levels of functional connectivity throughout the brain, mimicking the effects of zolpidem. These results imply that 'pathological hyperconnectivity' after severe brain injury can be associated with reduced arousal and behavioral performance and that DBS is able to modulate connectivity towards a 'healthier baseline' with lower synchronization, and, can restore functional brain networks long after severe brain injury. The presence of hyperconnectivity after brain injury may be a possible future marker for a patient's responsiveness for restorative interventions, such as DBS, and suggests that lower degrees of overall brain synchronization may be conducive to cognition and behavioral responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisse Arnts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Prejaas Tewarie
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Systems and Network Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn van Erp
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Centre for Family Medicine, Geriatric Care and Public Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Accolade Zorg, Bosch en Duin, The Netherlands
- Libra Rehabilitation & Audiology, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Schuurman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard I Boon
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Systems and Network Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Systems and Network Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hillebrand
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Systems and Network Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pepijn van den Munckhof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Eto K, Cheung DL, Nabekura J. Sensory Processing of Cutaneous Temperature in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1461:127-137. [PMID: 39289278 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-4584-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Thermal perception is critical for sensing environmental temperature, keeping body temperature consistent, and avoiding thermal danger. Central to thermal perception is the detection of cutaneous (skin) temperature information by the peripheral nerves and its transmission to the spinal cord, thalamus, and downstream cortical areas including the insular cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and secondary somatosensory cortex. Although much is still unknown about this process, advances in technology have enabled significant progress to be made in recent years.This chapter summarizes our current understanding of how the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and brain process cutaneous temperature information to give rise to conscious thermal perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Eto
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Dennis Lawrence Cheung
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Okazaki, Japan
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6
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Stanis N, Khateeb K, Zhou J, Wang RK, Yazdan-Shahmorad A. Protocol to study ischemic stroke by photothrombotic lesioning in the cortex of non-human primates. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102496. [PMID: 37573501 PMCID: PMC10448414 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurorehabilitation strategies for ischemic stroke have shown promise for functional recovery, yet minimal tools are available to study rehabilitation techniques in non-human primates (NHPs). Here, we present a protocol to study rehabilitation techniques in NHPs using a photothrombotic technique, a form of optical focal lesioning. We also describe steps for simultaneous neurophysiological recording and in vivo validation through vascular flow imaging. This interface can examine emerging neurorehabilitation strategies in the post-stroke environment in NHPs that are evolutionarily close to humans. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Khateeb et al. (2022).6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Stanis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Karam Khateeb
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasmine Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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7
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Case SL, Lin R, Thibault O. Age- and sex-dependent alterations in primary somatosensory cortex neuronal calcium network dynamics during locomotion. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13898. [PMID: 37269157 PMCID: PMC10410056 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the calcium (Ca2+ ) hypothesis of brain aging has provided clear evidence that hippocampal neuronal Ca2+ dysregulation is a key biomarker of aging. Age-dependent Ca2+ -mediated changes in intrinsic excitability, synaptic plasticity, and activity have helped identify some of the mechanisms engaged in memory and cognitive decline based on work done mostly at the single-cell level and in the slice preparation. Recently, our lab identified age- and Ca2+ -related neuronal network dysregulation in the cortex of the anesthetized animal. Still, investigations in the awake animal are needed to test the generalizability of the Ca2+ hypothesis of brain aging. Here, we used in vigilo two-photon imaging in ambulating mice, to image GCaMP8f in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), during ambulation and at rest. We investigated aging- and sex-related changes in neuronal networks in the C56BL/6J mouse. Following imaging, gait behavior was characterized to test for changes in locomotor stability. During ambulation, in both young adult and aged mice, an increase in network connectivity and synchronicity was noted. An age-dependent increase in synchronicity was seen in ambulating aged males only. Additionally, females displayed increases in the number of active neurons, Ca2+ transients, and neuronal activity compared to males, particularly during ambulation. These results suggest S1 Ca2+ dynamics and network synchronicity are likely contributors of locomotor stability. We believe this work raises awareness of age- and sex-dependent alterations in S1 neuronal networks, perhaps underlying the increase in falls with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami L. Case
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Ruei‐Lung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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8
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Dorman R, Bos JJ, Vinck MA, Marchesi P, Fiorilli J, Lorteije JAM, Reiten I, Bjaalie JG, Okun M, Pennartz CMA. Spike-based coupling between single neurons and populations across rat sensory cortices, perirhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8247-8264. [PMID: 37118890 PMCID: PMC10425201 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical computations require coordination of neuronal activity within and across multiple areas. We characterized spiking relationships within and between areas by quantifying coupling of single neurons to population firing patterns. Single-neuron population coupling (SNPC) was investigated using ensemble recordings from hippocampal CA1 region and somatosensory, visual, and perirhinal cortices. Within-area coupling was heterogeneous across structures, with area CA1 showing higher levels than neocortical regions. In contrast to known anatomical connectivity, between-area coupling showed strong firing coherence of sensory neocortices with CA1, but less with perirhinal cortex. Cells in sensory neocortices and CA1 showed positive correlations between within- and between-area coupling; these were weaker for perirhinal cortex. All four areas harbored broadcasting cells, connecting to multiple external areas, which was uncorrelated to within-area coupling strength. When examining correlations between SNPC and spatial coding, we found that, if such correlations were significant, they were negative. This result was consistent with an overall preservation of SNPC across different brain states, suggesting a strong dependence on intrinsic network connectivity. Overall, SNPC offers an important window on cell-to-population synchronization in multi-area networks. Instead of pointing to specific information-coding functions, our results indicate a primary function of SNPC in dynamically organizing communication in systems composed of multiple, interconnected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinder Dorman
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Bos
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6500 HC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin A Vinck
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Plank Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pietro Marchesi
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Fiorilli
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette A M Lorteije
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Reiten
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Okun
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Nebeling FC, Poll S, Justus LC, Steffen J, Keppler K, Mittag M, Fuhrmann M. Microglial motility is modulated by neuronal activity and correlates with dendritic spine plasticity in the hippocampus of awake mice. eLife 2023; 12:83176. [PMID: 36749020 PMCID: PMC9946443 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play a complex role in health and disease. They actively survey the brain parenchyma by physically interacting with other cells and structurally shaping the brain. Yet, the mechanisms underlying microglial motility and significance for synapse stability, especially in the hippocampus during adulthood, remain widely unresolved. Here, we investigated the effect of neuronal activity on microglial motility and the implications for the formation and survival of dendritic spines on hippocampal CA1 neurons in vivo. We used repetitive two-photon in vivo imaging in the hippocampus of awake and anesthetized mice to simultaneously study the motility of microglia and their interaction with dendritic spines. We found that CA3 to CA1 input is sufficient to modulate microglial process motility. Simultaneously, more dendritic spines emerged in mice after awake compared to anesthetized imaging. Interestingly, the rate of microglial contacts with individual dendritic spines and dendrites was associated with the stability, removal, and emergence of dendritic spines. These results suggest that microglia might sense neuronal activity via neurotransmitter release and actively participate in synaptic rewiring of the hippocampal neural network during adulthood. Further, this study has profound relevance for hippocampal learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Poll
- Neuroimmunology and Imaging Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
| | - Lena Christine Justus
- Neuroimmunology and Imaging Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
| | - Julia Steffen
- Neuroimmunology and Imaging Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
| | - Kevin Keppler
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
| | - Manuel Mittag
- Neuroimmunology and Imaging Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
| | - Martin Fuhrmann
- Neuroimmunology and Imaging Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
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Margalit SN, Golomb NG, Tsur O, Ben Yehoshua E, Raz A, Slovin H. Spatiotemporal patterns of population response in the visual cortex under isoflurane: from wakefulness to loss of consciousness. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5512-5529. [PMID: 35169840 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic drugs are widely used in medicine and research to mediate loss of consciousness (LOC). Isoflurane is a commonly used anesthetic drug; however, its effects on cortical sensory processing, in particular around LOC, are not well understood. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we measured visually evoked neuronal population response from the visual cortex in awake and anesthetized mice at 3 increasing concentrations of isoflurane, thus controlling the level of anesthesia from wakefulness to deep anesthesia. At low concentration of isoflurane, the effects on neuronal measures were minor relative to the awake condition. These effects augmented with increasing isoflurane concentration, while around LOC point, they showed abrupt and nonlinear changes. At the network level, we found that isoflurane decreased the stimulus-evoked intra-areal spatial spread of local neural activation, previously reported to be mediated by horizontal connections, and also reduced intra-areal synchronization of neuronal population. The synchronization between different visual areas decreased with higher isoflurane levels. Isoflurane reduced the population response amplitude and prolonged their latencies while higher visual areas showed increased vulnerability to isoflurane concentration. Our results uncover the changes in neural activity and synchronization at isoflurane concentrations leading to LOC and suggest reverse hierarchical shutdown of cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shany Nivinsky Margalit
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Neta Gery Golomb
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 3109601, Israel and The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Omer Tsur
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Eve Ben Yehoshua
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aeyal Raz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 3109601, Israel and The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hamutal Slovin
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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11
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Chini M, Pfeffer T, Hanganu-Opatz I. An increase of inhibition drives the developmental decorrelation of neural activity. eLife 2022; 11:78811. [PMID: 35975980 PMCID: PMC9448324 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout development, the brain transits from early highly synchronous activity patterns to a mature state with sparse and decorrelated neural activity, yet the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. The developmental transition has important functional consequences, as the latter state is thought to allow for more efficient storage, retrieval, and processing of information. Here, we show that, in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), neural activity during the first two postnatal weeks decorrelates following specific spatial patterns. This process is accompanied by a concomitant tilting of excitation-inhibition (E-I) ratio toward inhibition. Using optogenetic manipulations and neural network modeling, we show that the two phenomena are mechanistically linked, and that a relative increase of inhibition drives the decorrelation of neural activity. Accordingly, in mice mimicking the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, subtle alterations in E-I ratio are associated with specific impairments in the correlational structure of spike trains. Finally, capitalizing on EEG data from newborn babies, we show that an analogous developmental transition takes place also in the human brain. Thus, changes in E-I ratio control the (de)correlation of neural activity and, by these means, its developmental imbalance might contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Chini
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeffer
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ileana Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Hao X, Liu Q, Chan J, Li N, Shi X, Gu Y. Dark exposure can partly restore the disrupted cortical reliability Binocular visual experience drives the maturation of response variability and reliability in the visual cortex. iScience 2022; 25:104984. [PMID: 36105593 PMCID: PMC9465340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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13
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Lin RL, Frazier HN, Anderson KL, Case SL, Ghoweri AO, Thibault O. Sensitivity of the S1 neuronal calcium network to insulin and Bay-K 8644 in vivo: Relationship to gait, motivation, and aging processes. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13661. [PMID: 35717599 PMCID: PMC9282843 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hippocampal Ca2+ dysregulation is a critical component of cognitive decline in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease and is suggested to impact communication and excitability through the activation of a larger after hyperpolarization. However, few studies have tested for the presence of Ca2+ dysregulation in vivo, how it manifests, and whether it impacts network function across hundreds of neurons. Here, we tested for neuronal Ca2+ network dysregulation in vivo in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of anesthetized young and aged male Fisher 344 rats using single‐cell resolution techniques. Because S1 is involved in sensory discrimination and proprioception, we tested for alterations in ambulatory performance in the aged animal and investigated two potential pathways underlying these central aging‐ and Ca2+‐dependent changes. Compared to young, aged animals displayed increased overall activity and connectivity of the network as well as decreased ambulatory speed. In aged animals, intranasal insulin (INI) increased network synchronicity and ambulatory speed. Importantly, in young animals, delivery of the L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel modifier Bay‐K 8644 altered network properties, replicating some of the changes seen in the older animal. These results suggest that hippocampal Ca2+ dysregulation may be generalizable to other areas, such as S1, and might engage modalities that are associated with locomotor stability and motivation to ambulate. Further, given the safety profile of INI in the clinic and the evidence presented here showing that this central dysregulation is sensitive to insulin, we suggest that these processes can be targeted to potentially increase motivation and coordination while also reducing fall frequency with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Lung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hilaree N Frazier
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Katie L Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sami L Case
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Adam O Ghoweri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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14
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Leyden C, Brüggemann T, Debinski F, Simacek CA, Dehmelt FA, Arrenberg AB. Efficacy of Tricaine (MS-222) and Hypothermia as Anesthetic Agents for Blocking Sensorimotor Responses in Larval Zebrafish. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:864573. [PMID: 35419446 PMCID: PMC8996001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.864573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricaine, or MS-222, is the most commonly used chemical anesthetic in zebrafish research. It is thought to act via blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, though its mechanism of action, particularly at the neuronal level, is not yet fully understood. Here, we first characterized the effects of tricaine on both body balance and touch responses in freely swimming animals, before determining its effect on the neural activity underlying the optokinetic response at the level of motion perception, sensorimotor signaling and the generation of behavior in immobilized animals. We found that the standard dose for larvae (168 mg/L) induced loss of righting reflex within 30 seconds, which then recovered within 3 minutes. Optokinetic behavior recovered within 15 minutes. Calcium imaging showed that tricaine interferes with optokinetic behavior by interruption of the signals between the pretectum and hindbrain. The motion sensitivity indices of identified sensory neurons were unchanged in larvae exposed to tricaine, though fewer such neurons were detected, leaving a small population of active sensory neurons. We then compared tricaine with gradual cooling, a potential non-chemical alternative method of anesthesia. While neuronal tuning appeared to be affected in a similar manner during gradual cooling, gradual cooling induced a surge in calcium levels in both the pretectum and hindbrain. This calcium surge, alongside a drop in heartrate, is potentially associated with harmful changes in physiology and suggests that tricaine is a better anesthetic agent than gradual cooling for zebrafish laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leyden
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timo Brüggemann
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florentyna Debinski
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Clara A Simacek
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian A Dehmelt
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Aristides B Arrenberg
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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15
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Kasai M, Isa T. Effects of Light Isoflurane Anesthesia on Organization of Direction and Orientation Selectivity in the Superficial Layer of the Mouse Superior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2022; 42:619-630. [PMID: 34872926 PMCID: PMC8805619 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1196-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC) is the midbrain center for integrating visual and multimodal sensory information. Neurons in the SC exhibit direction and orientation selectivity. Recent studies reported that neurons with similar preferences formed clusters in the mouse SC (Ahmadlou and Heimel, 2015; Feinberg and Meister, 2015; de Malmazet et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020). However, it remains controversial as to how these clusters are organized within the SC (Inayat et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2021). Here, we found that different brain states (i.e., awake or anesthetized with isoflurane) changed the selectivity of individual SC neurons and organizations of the neuronal population in both male and female mice. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we examined both individual neuronal responses and the spatial patterns of their population responses. Under isoflurane anesthesia, orientation selectivity increased and a larger number of orientation-selective cells were observed when compared with the awake condition, whereas the proportions of direction-selective cells were similar in both conditions. Furthermore, direction- and orientation-selective cells located at closer positions showed more similar preferences, and cluster-like spatial patterns were enhanced. Inhibitory responses of direction-selective neurons were also reduced under isoflurane anesthesia. Thus, the changes in the spatial organization of response patterns were considered to be because of changes in the balance of excitation and inhibition, with excitation dominance, in the local circuits. These results provide new insights into the possibility that the functional organization of feature selectivity in the brain is affected by brain state.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent large-scale recording studies are changing our view of visual maps in the superior colliculus (SC), including findings of cluster-like localizations of direction- and orientation-selective neurons. However, results from several laboratories are conflicting regarding the presence of cluster-like organization. Here, we demonstrated that light isoflurane anesthesia affected the direction- and orientation-tuning properties in the mouse superficial SC and that their cluster-like localization pattern was enhanced by the anesthesia. Furthermore, the effect of anesthesia on direction selectivity appeared to be different in the excitatory and inhibitory populations in the SC. Our results suggest that the functional organization of direction and orientation selectivity might be regulated by the excitation-inhibition balance that depends on the brain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kasai
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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16
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Takado Y, Takuwa H, Sampei K, Urushihata T, Takahashi M, Shimojo M, Uchida S, Nitta N, Shibata S, Nagashima K, Ochi Y, Ono M, Maeda J, Tomita Y, Sahara N, Near J, Aoki I, Shibata K, Higuchi M. MRS-measured glutamate versus GABA reflects excitatory versus inhibitory neural activities in awake mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:197-212. [PMID: 34515548 PMCID: PMC8721779 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211045449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess if magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-measured Glutamate (Glu) and GABA reflect excitatory and inhibitory neural activities, respectively, we conducted MRS measurements along with two-photon mesoscopic imaging of calcium signals in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of living, unanesthetized mice. For monitoring stimulus-driven activations of a brain region, MRS signals and mesoscopic neural activities were measured during two consecutive sessions of 15-min prolonged sensory stimulations. In the first session, putative excitatory neuronal activities were increased, while inhibitory neuronal activities remained at the baseline level. In the second half, while excitatory neuronal activities remained elevated, inhibitory neuronal activities were significantly enhanced. We assessed regional neurochemical statuses by measuring MRS signals, which were overall in accordance with the neural activities, and neuronal activities and neurochemical statuses in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome under resting condition. Mesoscopic assessments showed that activities of inhibitory neurons in the cortex were diminished relative to wild-type mice in contrast to spared activities of excitatory neurons. Consistent with these observations, the Dravet model exhibited lower concentrations of GABA than wild-type controls. Collectively, the current investigations demonstrate that MRS-measured Glu and GABA can reflect spontaneous and stimulated activities of neurons producing and releasing these neurotransmitters in an awake condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Yuhei Takado, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Hiroyuki Takuwa, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sampei
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoko Uchida
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nitta
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagashima
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ochi
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jamie Near
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Shibata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory for Human Cognition and Learning, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Makoto Higuchi, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
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17
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Long-term dynamics of aberrant neuronal activity in awake Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1368. [PMID: 34876653 PMCID: PMC8651654 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with aberrant neuronal activity, which is believed to critically determine disease symptoms. How these activity alterations emerge, how stable they are over time, and whether cellular activity dynamics are affected by the amyloid plaque pathology remains incompletely understood. We here repeatedly recorded the activity from identified neurons in cortex of awake APPPS1 transgenic mice over four weeks during the early phase of plaque deposition using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. We found that aberrant activity during this stage largely persisted over the observation time. Novel highly active neurons slowly emerged from former intermediately active neurons. Furthermore, activity fluctuations were independent of plaque proximity, but aberrant activity was more likely to persist close to plaques. These results support the notion that neuronal network pathology observed in models of cerebral amyloidosis is the consequence of persistent single cell aberrant neuronal activity, a finding of potential diagnostic and therapeutic relevance for AD.
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18
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Oude Lohuis MN, Canton AC, Pennartz CMA, Olcese U. Higher Order Visual Areas Enhance Stimulus Responsiveness in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3269-3288. [PMID: 34849636 PMCID: PMC9340391 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, the various areas that surround the primary visual cortex (V1) in the mouse have been associated with many functions, ranging from higher order visual processing to decision-making. Recently, some studies have shown that higher order visual areas influence the activity of the primary visual cortex, refining its processing capabilities. Here, we studied how in vivo optogenetic inactivation of two higher order visual areas with different functional properties affects responses evoked by moving bars in the primary visual cortex. In contrast with the prevailing view, our results demonstrate that distinct higher order visual areas similarly modulate early visual processing. In particular, these areas enhance stimulus responsiveness in the primary visual cortex, by more strongly amplifying weaker compared with stronger sensory-evoked responses (for instance specifically amplifying responses to stimuli not moving along the direction preferred by individual neurons) and by facilitating responses to stimuli entering the receptive field of single neurons. Such enhancement, however, comes at the expense of orientation and direction selectivity, which increased when the selected higher order visual areas were inactivated. Thus, feedback from higher order visual areas selectively amplifies weak sensory-evoked V1 responses, which may enable more robust processing of visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs N Oude Lohuis
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Cervan Canton
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umberto Olcese
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Visual stimulation with blue wavelength light drives V1 effectively eliminating stray light contamination during two-photon calcium imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 362:109287. [PMID: 34256082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain visual circuits are often studied in vivo by imaging Ca2+ indicators with green-shifted emission spectra. Polychromatic white visual stimuli have a spectrum that partially overlaps indicators´ emission spectra, resulting in significant contamination of calcium signals. NEW METHOD To overcome light contamination problems we choose blue visual stimuli, having a spectral composition not overlapping with Ca2+ indicator´s emission spectrum. To compare visual responsiveness to blue and white stimuli we used electrophysiology (visual evoked potentials -VEPs) and 3D acousto-optic two-photon (2P) population Ca2+ imaging in mouse primary visual cortex (V1). RESULTS VEPs in response to blue and white stimuli had comparable peak amplitudes and latencies. Ca2+ imaging in a Thy1 GP4.3 line revealed that the populations of neurons responding to blue and white stimuli were largely overlapping, that their responses had similar amplitudes, and that functional response properties such as orientation and direction selectivities were also comparable. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Masking or shielding the microscope are often used to minimize the contamination of Ca2+ signal by white light, but they are time consuming, bulky and thus can limit experimental design, particularly in the more and more frequently used awake set-up. Blue stimuli not interfering with imaging allow to omit shielding. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results show that the selected blue light stimuli evoke responses comparable to those evoked by white stimuli in mouse V1. This will make complex designs of imaging experiments in behavioral set-ups easier, and facilitate the combination of Ca2+ imaging with electrophysiology and optogenetics.
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20
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Kaszas A, Szalay G, Slézia A, Bojdán A, Vanzetta I, Hangya B, Rózsa B, O'Connor R, Moreau D. Two-photon GCaMP6f imaging of infrared neural stimulation evoked calcium signals in mouse cortical neurons in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9775. [PMID: 33963220 PMCID: PMC8105372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation is a promising tool for stimulating the brain because it can be used to excite with high spatial precision without the need of delivering or inserting any exogenous agent into the tissue. Very few studies have explored its use in the brain, as most investigations have focused on sensory or motor nerve stimulation. Using intravital calcium imaging with the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f, here we show that the application of infrared neural stimulation induces intracellular calcium signals in Layer 2/3 neurons in mouse cortex in vivo. The number of neurons exhibiting infrared-induced calcium response as well as the amplitude of those signals are shown to be both increasing with the energy density applied. By studying as well the spatial extent of the stimulation, we show that reproducibility of the stimulation is achieved mainly in the central part of the infrared beam path. Stimulating in vivo at such a degree of precision and without any exogenous chromophores enables multiple applications, from mapping the brain's connectome to applications in systems neuroscience and the development of new therapeutic tools for investigating the pathological brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kaszas
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Gergely Szalay
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Andrea Slézia
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Bojdán
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Ivo Vanzetta
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Two-Photon Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Rodney O'Connor
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - David Moreau
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France.
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21
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Yang W, Chini M, Pöpplau JA, Formozov A, Dieter A, Piechocinski P, Rais C, Morellini F, Sporns O, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Wiegert JS. Anesthetics fragment hippocampal network activity, alter spine dynamics, and affect memory consolidation. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001146. [PMID: 33793545 PMCID: PMC8016109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is characterized by reversible loss of consciousness accompanied by transient amnesia. Yet, long-term memory impairment is an undesirable side effect. How different types of general anesthetics (GAs) affect the hippocampus, a brain region central to memory formation and consolidation, is poorly understood. Using extracellular recordings, chronic 2-photon imaging, and behavioral analysis, we monitor the effects of isoflurane (Iso), medetomidine/midazolam/fentanyl (MMF), and ketamine/xylazine (Keta/Xyl) on network activity and structural spine dynamics in the hippocampal CA1 area of adult mice. GAs robustly reduced spiking activity, decorrelated cellular ensembles, albeit with distinct activity signatures, and altered spine dynamics. CA1 network activity under all 3 anesthetics was different to natural sleep. Iso anesthesia most closely resembled unperturbed activity during wakefulness and sleep, and network alterations recovered more readily than with Keta/Xyl and MMF. Correspondingly, memory consolidation was impaired after exposure to Keta/Xyl and MMF, but not Iso. Thus, different anesthetics distinctly alter hippocampal network dynamics, synaptic connectivity, and memory consolidation, with implications for GA strategy appraisal in animal research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mattia Chini
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jastyn A. Pöpplau
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Formozov
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dieter
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Piechocinski
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Rais
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- Research Group Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Airborne fine particulate matter induces cognitive and emotional disorders in offspring mice exposed during pregnancy. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:578-591. [PMID: 36654428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gestational exposure to PM2.5 is associated with adverse postnatal outcomes. PM2.5 can enter alveoli by using intratracheal instillation, even penetrate through lung cells into the blood circulation. Subsequently, they are transferred across the placenta and fetal blood brain barrier, causing the adverse birth outcomes of offspring. This study demonstrated that the gestational exposure resulted in cognitive and emotional disorders in female offspring although the offspring were not exposed to PM2.5. Placental metabolic pathways modulated fetal brain development and played a pivotal role for maternal-placental-fetal interactions in the fetal programming of adult behavioral and mental disorders. Samples of fetus, offspring hippocampus and placenta from the mice exposed to PM2.5 were investigated using a comprehensive approach including mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and three-dimensional imaging. The exposure induced the neuro-degeneration in hippocampus, impairment of placental cytoarchitecture, and reprogramming of lipidome, which might affect the modulation of maternal-fetal cross-talk and result in the behavior disorders of offspring. The variation of spatial distribution of lipids was profoundly affected in dorsal pallium and hippocampal formation regions of fetal brain, offspring hippocampus, as well as labyrinth and junctional zones of placenta. The abundance alteration of lipid markers associated with neurodegenerative diseases was validated in transgenic mouse model with Alzheimer's disease and human cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Parkinson's disease. The finding could help with the selection of more suitable heterogeneous-related substructures targeting PM2.5 exposure and the exploration of PM2.5-induced toxicological effects on neurodegenerative diseases.
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23
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Pires J, Nelissen R, Mansvelder HD, Meredith RM. Spontaneous synchronous network activity in the neonatal development of mPFC in mice. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:207-225. [PMID: 33453138 PMCID: PMC8048581 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous Synchronous Network Activity (SSA) is a hallmark of neurodevelopment found in numerous central nervous system structures, including neocortex. SSA occurs during restricted developmental time‐windows, commonly referred to as critical periods in sensory neocortex. Although part of the neocortex, the critical period for SSA in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the underlying mechanisms for generation and propagation are unknown. Using Ca2+ imaging and whole‐cell patch‐clamp in an acute mPFC slice mouse model, the development of spontaneous activity and SSA was investigated at cellular and network levels during the two first postnatal weeks. The data revealed that developing mPFC neuronal networks are spontaneously active and exhibit SSA in the first two postnatal weeks, with peak synchronous activity at postnatal days (P)8–9. Networks remain active but are desynchronized by the end of this 2‐week period. SSA was driven by excitatory ionotropic glutamatergic transmission with a small contribution of excitatory GABAergic transmission at early time points. The neurohormone oxytocin desynchronized SSA in the first postnatal week only without affecting concurrent spontaneous activity. By the end of the second postnatal week, inhibiting GABAA receptors restored SSA. These findings point to the emergence of GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibition as a major factor in the termination of SSA in mouse mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johny Pires
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Nelissen
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rhiannon M Meredith
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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Lee H, Tanabe S, Wang S, Hudetz AG. Differential Effect of Anesthesia on Visual Cortex Neurons with Diverse Population Coupling. Neuroscience 2020; 458:108-119. [PMID: 33309966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cortical neurons display diverse firing patterns and synchronization properties. How anesthesia alters the firing response of different neuron groups relevant for sensory information processing is unclear. Here we investigated the graded effect of anesthesia on spontaneous and visual flash-induced spike activity of different neuron groups classified based on their spike waveform, firing rate, and population coupling (the extent neurons conform to population spikes). Single-unit activity was measured from multichannel extracellular recordings in deep layers of primary visual cortex of freely moving rats in wakefulness and at three concentrations of desflurane. Anesthesia generally decreased firing rate and increased population coupling and burstiness of neurons. Population coupling and firing rate became more correlated and the pairwise correlation between neurons became more predictable by their population coupling in anesthesia. During wakefulness, visual stimulation increased firing rate; this effect was the largest and the most prolonged in neurons that exhibited high population coupling and high firing rate. During anesthesia, the early increase in firing rate (20-150 ms post-stimulus) of these neurons was suppressed, their spike timing was delayed and split into two peaks. The late response (200-400 ms post-stimulus) of all neurons was also suppressed. We conclude that anesthesia alters the visual response of primarily high-firing highly coupled neurons, which may interfere with visual sensory processing. The increased association of population coupling and firing rate during anesthesia suggests a decrease in sensory information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonsoo Lee
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean Tanabe
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anthony G Hudetz
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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25
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Li R, Zhao Y, Shi J, Zhao C, Xie P, Huang W, Yong T, Cai Z. Effects of PM 2.5 exposure in utero on heart injury, histone acetylation and GATA4 expression in offspring mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127133. [PMID: 32454355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric fine particulate matter exposure (PM2.5) can increase the incidence and mortality of heart disease, and raise the risk of fetal congenital heart defect, which have recently drawn much attention. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to PM2.5 (approximately equivalent to 174 μg/m3) by intratracheal instillation during the gestation. After birth, 10 weeks old offspring mice were divided into four groups: male exposed group (ME), female exposed group (FE), male control group (MC), female control group (FC). The pathological injury, pro-inflammatory cytokines, histone acetylation levels, and expressions of GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) and downstream genes were investigated. The results showed that exposure to PM2.5 in utero increased pathological damage and TNF-α and IL-6 levels in hearts of offspring mice, and effects in ME were more serious than FE. Notably, GATA4 protein levels in hearts in ME were significantly lower than that of MC, accompanied by down-regulation of histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-p300 and up-regulation of histone deacetylase-SIRT3. As GATA4 downstream genes, ratios of β-MHC gene expression to α-MHC significantly raised in ME relative to the MC. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR assay found that binding levels of acetylated histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac) in GATA4 promoter region in the hearts of ME or FE were markedly decreased compared with their corresponding control groups. It suggested that maternal exposure to PM2.5 may cause cardiac injury in the offspring, heart damage of male mice was worse than female mice, in which process HAT-p300, H3K9ac, transcription factor GATA4 may play an important regulation role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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26
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Betzel RF, Wood KC, Angeloni C, Neimark Geffen M, Bassett DS. Stability of spontaneous, correlated activity in mouse auditory cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007360. [PMID: 31815941 PMCID: PMC6968873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural systems can be modeled as complex networks in which neural elements are represented as nodes linked to one another through structural or functional connections. The resulting network can be analyzed using mathematical tools from network science and graph theory to quantify the system’s topological organization and to better understand its function. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to record spontaneous activity from the same set of cells in mouse auditory cortex over the course of several weeks. We reconstruct functional networks in which cells are linked to one another by edges weighted according to the correlation of their fluorescence traces. We show that the networks exhibit modular structure across multiple topological scales and that these multi-scale modules unfold as part of a hierarchy. We also show that, on average, network architecture becomes increasingly dissimilar over time, with similarity decaying monotonically with the distance (in time) between sessions. Finally, we show that a small fraction of cells maintain strongly-correlated activity over multiple days, forming a stable temporal core surrounded by a fluctuating and variable periphery. Our work indicates a framework for studying spontaneous activity measured by two-photon calcium imaging using computational methods and graphical models from network science. The methods are flexible and easily extended to additional datasets, opening the possibility of studying cellular level network organization of neural systems and how that organization is modulated by stimuli or altered in models of disease. Neurons coordinate their activity with one another, forming networks that help support adaptive, flexible behavior. Still, little is known about the organization of these networks at the cellular scale and their stability over time. Here, we reconstruct networks from calcium imaging data recorded in mouse primary auditory cortex. We show that these networks exhibit spatially constrained, hierarchical modular structure, which may facilitate specialized information processing. However, we show that connection weights and modular structure are also variable over time, changing on a timescale of days and adopting novel network configurations. Despite this, a small subset of neurons maintain their connections to one another and preserve their modular organization across time, forming a stable temporal core surrounded by a flexible periphery. These findings represent a conceptual bridge linking network analyses of macroscale and cellular-level neuroimaging data. They also represent a complementary approach to existing circuits- and systems-based interrogation of nervous system function, opening the door for deeper and more targeted analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Betzel
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.,Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: HNS, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher Angeloni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: HNS, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Neimark Geffen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: HNS, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fa, New Mexico, United States of America
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27
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Chen C, Song S. Differential cell-type dependent brain state modulations of sensory representations in the non-lemniscal mouse inferior colliculus. Commun Biol 2019; 2:356. [PMID: 31583287 PMCID: PMC6769006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory responses of the neocortex are strongly influenced by brain state changes. However, it remains unclear whether and how the sensory responses of the midbrain are affected. Here we addressed this issue by using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to monitor the spontaneous and sound-evoked activities in the mouse inferior colliculus (IC). We developed a method enabling us to image the first layer of non-lemniscal IC (IC shell L1) in awake behaving mice. Compared with the awake state, spectral tuning selectivity of excitatory neurons was decreased during isoflurane anesthesia. Calcium imaging in behaving animals revealed that activities of inhibitory neurons were highly correlated with locomotion. Compared with stationary periods, spectral tuning selectivity of excitatory neurons was increased during locomotion. Taken together, our studies reveal that neuronal activities in the IC shell L1 are brain state dependent, whereas the brain state modulates the excitatory and inhibitory neurons differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Chen
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Sen Song
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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28
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Kim YR, Kim CE, Yoon H, Kim SK, Kim SJ. S1 Employs Feature-Dependent Differential Selectivity of Single Cells and Distributed Patterns of Populations to Encode Mechanosensations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:132. [PMID: 31024261 PMCID: PMC6460949 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary somatosensory (S1) cortex plays an important role in the perception and discrimination of touch and pain mechanosensations. Conventionally, neurons in the somatosensory system including S1 cortex have been classified into low/high threshold (HT; non-nociceptive/nociceptive) or wide dynamic range (WDR; convergent) neurons by their electrophysiological responses to innocuous brush-stroke and noxious forceps-pinch stimuli. Besides this “noxiousness” (innocuous/noxious) feature, each stimulus also includes other stimulus features: “texture” (brush hairs/forceps-steel arm), “dynamics” (dynamic stroke/static press) and “intensity” (weak/strong). However, it remains unknown how S1 neurons inclusively process such diverse features of brushing and pinch at the single-cell and population levels. Using in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging in the layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse S1 cortex, we identified clearly separated response patterns of the S1 neural population with distinct tuning properties of individual cells to texture, dynamics and noxiousness features of cutaneous mechanical stimuli. Among cells other than broadly tuned neurons, the majority of the cells showed a highly selective response to the difference in texture, but low selectivity to the difference in dynamics or noxiousness. Between the two low selectivity features, the difference in dynamics was slightly more specific, yet both could be decoded using the response patterns of neural populations. In addition, more neurons are recruited and stronger Ca2+ responses are evoked as the intensity of forceps-pinch is gradually increased. Our results suggest that S1 neurons encode various features of mechanosensations with feature-dependent differential selectivity of single cells and distributed response patterns of populations. Moreover, we raise a caution about describing neurons by a single stimulus feature ignoring other aspects of the sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Rim Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Heera Yoon
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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29
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Glas A, Hübener M, Bonhoeffer T, Goltstein PM. Benchmarking miniaturized microscopy against two-photon calcium imaging using single-cell orientation tuning in mouse visual cortex. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214954. [PMID: 30947245 PMCID: PMC6448874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniaturized microscopes are lightweight imaging devices that allow optical recordings from neurons in freely moving animals over the course of weeks. Despite their ubiquitous use, individual neuronal responses measured with these microscopes have not been directly compared to those obtained with established in vivo imaging techniques such as bench-top two-photon microscopes. To achieve this, we performed calcium imaging in mouse primary visual cortex while presenting animals with drifting gratings. We identified the same neurons in image stacks acquired with both microscopy methods and quantified orientation tuning of individual neurons. The response amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio of calcium transients recorded upon visual stimulation were highly correlated between both microscopy methods, although influenced by neuropil contamination in miniaturized microscopy. Tuning properties, calculated for individual orientation tuned neurons, were strongly correlated between imaging techniques. Thus, neuronal tuning features measured with a miniaturized microscope are quantitatively similar to those obtained with a two-photon microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Glas
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark Hübener
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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30
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Xie P, Zhao C, Huang W, Yong T, Chung ACK, He K, Chen X, Cai Z. Prenatal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter induces dysregulations of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue in male offspring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1389-1397. [PMID: 30677905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to ambient fine particles (diameter < 0.25 μm, PM2.5) has been found to be associated with abnormal growth and development in offspring. However, the effects of PM2.5 on the lipid metabolism of adipose tissue in offspring are unclear. In the present study, we established a mouse model of prenatal exposure to PM2.5 by intratracheal instillation to pregnant C57BL/6 female mice with PM2.5 suspension or normal saline. We found that prenatal exposure to PM2.5 of a mouse model reduced body weight in adult male offspring after 6 weeks old. Histological analysis showed that the adipocyte size was significantly reduced in epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) in male offspring, but not in brown adipose tissue. The expression levels of genes related to fatty acid synthesis (ACC1, ACSL1) and oxidation (PPARα) in eWAT were also significantly decreased. In addition, downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) was also observed. Lipidomics analysis of eWAT demonstrated that prenatal exposure of PM2.5 reduced lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), sphingomyelins (SM), and ceramides (Cer), indicating that metabolic pathways, including SM-Cer signaling and glycerophospholipids remodeling, were disrupted. In summary, prenatal exposure to PM2.5 was associated with the dysregulations in lipid metabolism of eWAT and pro-inflammatory response in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ting Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Arthur C K Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaiwu He
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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31
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Hayashi A, Yoshida T, Ohki K. Cell Type Specific Representation of Vibro-tactile Stimuli in the Mouse Primary Somatosensory Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:109. [PMID: 30618647 PMCID: PMC6307530 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the processing of whisker deflections in the barrel area of the rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S1) has been studied extensively, how cutaneous vibro-tactile stimuli are processed in the rodent S1 outside the barrel area has not been fully examined. Particularly, the cell-type specific representation of multiple vibration frequencies in genetically identified inhibitory cells in the S1 has not been examined. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we examined the responses to vibration stimuli of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the S1 hind limb area of male and female mice. The excitatory cells showed relatively sharp selectivity to vibration stimuli, whereas the inhibitory cells exhibited less selectivity. The excitatory and inhibitory cells with different preferred stimuli were intermingled in a “salt and pepper” manner. Furthermore, the noise correlation tended to be especially strong in excitatory-inhibitory and inhibitory-inhibitory cell pairs that have similar stimulus selectivity. These results suggest that excitatory cells tend to represent specific stimulus information and work together with similarly tuned inhibitory cells as a functionally connected network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohki
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Studies (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Michelson NJ, Kozai TDY. Isoflurane and ketamine differentially influence spontaneous and evoked laminar electrophysiology in mouse V1. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2232-2245. [PMID: 30067128 PMCID: PMC6295540 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00299.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is ubiquitous in research and medicine, yet although the molecular mechanisms of anesthetics are well characterized, their ultimate influence on cortical electrophysiology remains unclear. Moreover, the influence that different anesthetics have on sensory cortexes at neuronal and ensemble scales is mostly unknown and represents an important gap in knowledge that has widespread relevance for neural sciences. To address this knowledge gap, this work explored the effects of isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine, two widely used anesthetic paradigms, on electrophysiological behavior in mouse primary visual cortex. First, multiunit activity and local field potentials were examined to understand how each anesthetic influences spontaneous activity. Then, the interlaminar relationships between populations of neurons at different cortical depths were studied to assess whether anesthetics influenced resting-state functional connectivity. Lastly, the spatiotemporal dynamics of visually evoked multiunit and local field potentials were examined to determine how each anesthetic alters communication of visual information. We found that isoflurane enhanced the rhythmicity of spontaneous ensemble activity at 10-40 Hz, which coincided with large increases in coherence between layer IV with superficial and deep layers. Ketamine preferentially increased local field potential power from 2 to 4 Hz, and the largest increases in coherence were observed between superficial and deep layers. Visually evoked responses across layers were diminished under isoflurane, and enhanced under ketamine anesthesia. These findings demonstrate that isoflurane and ketamine anesthesia differentially impact sensory processing in V1. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We directly compared electrophysiological responses in awake and anesthetized (isoflurane or ketamine) mice. We also proposed a method for quantifying and visualizing highly variable, evoked multiunit activity. Lastly, we observed distinct oscillatory responses to stimulus onset and offset in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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33
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Olcese U, Oude Lohuis MN, Pennartz CMA. Sensory Processing Across Conscious and Nonconscious Brain States: From Single Neurons to Distributed Networks for Inferential Representation. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:49. [PMID: 30364373 PMCID: PMC6193318 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is markedly different across brain states: it varies from desynchronized activity during wakefulness to the synchronous alternation between active and silent states characteristic of deep sleep. Surprisingly, limited attention has been paid to investigating how brain states affect sensory processing. While it was long assumed that the brain was mostly disconnected from external stimuli during sleep, an increasing number of studies indicates that sensory stimuli continue to be processed across all brain states-albeit differently. In this review article, we first discuss what constitutes a brain state. We argue that-next to global, behavioral states such as wakefulness and sleep-there is a concomitant need to distinguish bouts of oscillatory dynamics with specific global/local activity patterns and lasting for a few hundreds of milliseconds, as these can lead to the same sensory stimulus being either perceived or not. We define these short-lasting bouts as micro-states. We proceed to characterize how sensory-evoked neural responses vary between conscious and nonconscious states. We focus on two complementary aspects: neuronal ensembles and inter-areal communication. First, we review which features of ensemble activity are conducive to perception, and how these features vary across brain states. Properties such as heterogeneity, sparsity and synchronicity in neuronal ensembles will especially be considered as essential correlates of conscious processing. Second, we discuss how inter-areal communication varies across brain states and how this may affect brain operations and sensory processing. Finally, we discuss predictive coding (PC) and the concept of multi-level representations as a key framework for understanding conscious sensory processing. In this framework the brain implements conscious representations as inferences about world states across multiple representational levels. In this representational hierarchy, low-level inference may be carried out nonconsciously, whereas high levels integrate across different sensory modalities and larger spatial scales, correlating with conscious processing. This inferential framework is used to interpret several cellular and population-level findings in the context of brain states, and we briefly compare its implications to two other theories of consciousness. In conclusion, this review article, provides foundations to guide future studies aiming to uncover the mechanisms of sensory processing and perception across brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Olcese
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs N. Oude Lohuis
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Goltstein PM, Meijer GT, Pennartz CM. Conditioning sharpens the spatial representation of rewarded stimuli in mouse primary visual cortex. eLife 2018; 7:37683. [PMID: 30222107 PMCID: PMC6141231 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward is often employed as reinforcement in behavioral paradigms but it is unclear how the visuospatial aspect of a stimulus-reward association affects the cortical representation of visual space. Using a head-fixed paradigm, we conditioned mice to associate the same visual pattern in adjacent retinotopic regions with availability and absence of reward. Time-lapse intrinsic optical signal imaging under anesthesia showed that conditioning increased the spatial separation of mesoscale cortical representations of reward predicting- and non-reward predicting stimuli. Subsequent in vivo two-photon calcium imaging revealed that this improved separation correlated with enhanced population coding for retinotopic location, specifically for the trained orientation and spatially confined to the V1 region where rewarded and non-rewarded stimulus representations bordered. These results are corroborated by conditioning-induced differences in the correlation structure of population activity. Thus, the cortical representation of visual space is sharpened as consequence of associative stimulus-reward learning while the overall retinotopic map remains unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter M Goltstein
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido T Meijer
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cyriel Ma Pennartz
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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35
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Consciousness Regained: Disentangling Mechanisms, Brain Systems, and Behavioral Responses. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10882-10893. [PMID: 29118218 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1838-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How consciousness (experience) arises from and relates to material brain processes (the "mind-body problem") has been pondered by thinkers for centuries, and is regarded as among the deepest unsolved problems in science, with wide-ranging theoretical, clinical, and ethical implications. Until the last few decades, this was largely seen as a philosophical topic, but not widely accepted in mainstream neuroscience. Since the 1980s, however, novel methods and theoretical advances have yielded remarkable results, opening up the field for scientific and clinical progress. Since a seminal paper by Crick and Koch (1998) claimed that a science of consciousness should first search for its neural correlates (NCC), a variety of correlates have been suggested, including both content-specific NCCs, determining particular phenomenal components within an experience, and the full NCC, the neural substrates supporting entire conscious experiences. In this review, we present recent progress on theoretical, experimental, and clinical issues. Specifically, we (1) review methodological advances that are important for dissociating conscious experience from related enabling and executive functions, (2) suggest how critically reconsidering the role of the frontal cortex may further delineate NCCs, (3) advocate the need for general, objective, brain-based measures of the capacity for consciousness that are independent of sensory processing and executive functions, and (4) show how animal studies can reveal population and network phenomena of relevance for understanding mechanisms of consciousness.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn R. Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109
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37
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Sawada T, Petrov AA. The divisive normalization model of V1 neurons: a comprehensive comparison of physiological data and model predictions. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:3051-3091. [PMID: 28835531 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00821.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological responses of simple and complex cells in the primary visual cortex (V1) have been studied extensively and modeled at different levels. At the functional level, the divisive normalization model (DNM; Heeger DJ. Vis Neurosci 9: 181-197, 1992) has accounted for a wide range of single-cell recordings in terms of a combination of linear filtering, nonlinear rectification, and divisive normalization. We propose standardizing the formulation of the DNM and implementing it in software that takes static grayscale images as inputs and produces firing rate responses as outputs. We also review a comprehensive suite of 30 empirical phenomena and report a series of simulation experiments that qualitatively replicate dozens of key experiments with a standard parameter set consistent with physiological measurements. This systematic approach identifies novel falsifiable predictions of the DNM. We show how the model simultaneously satisfies the conflicting desiderata of flexibility and falsifiability. Our key idea is that, while adjustable parameters are needed to accommodate the diversity across neurons, they must be fixed for a given individual neuron. This requirement introduces falsifiable constraints when this single neuron is probed with multiple stimuli. We also present mathematical analyses and simulation experiments that explicate some of these constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamasa Sawada
- School of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; and
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38
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Audiovisual Modulation in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex Depends on Cross-Modal Stimulus Configuration and Congruency. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8783-8796. [PMID: 28821672 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0468-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory neocortex is a highly connected associative network that integrates information from multiple senses, even at the level of the primary sensory areas. Although a growing body of empirical evidence supports this view, the neural mechanisms of cross-modal integration in primary sensory areas, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), are still largely unknown. Using two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice, we show that the encoding of audiovisual stimuli in V1 neuronal populations is highly dependent on the features of the stimulus constituents. When the visual and auditory stimulus features were modulated at the same rate (i.e., temporally congruent), neurons responded with either an enhancement or suppression compared with unisensory visual stimuli, and their prevalence was balanced. Temporally incongruent tones or white-noise bursts included in audiovisual stimulus pairs resulted in predominant response suppression across the neuronal population. Visual contrast did not influence multisensory processing when the audiovisual stimulus pairs were congruent; however, when white-noise bursts were used, neurons generally showed response suppression when the visual stimulus contrast was high whereas this effect was absent when the visual contrast was low. Furthermore, a small fraction of V1 neurons, predominantly those located near the lateral border of V1, responded to sound alone. These results show that V1 is involved in the encoding of cross-modal interactions in a more versatile way than previously thought.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neural substrate of cross-modal integration is not limited to specialized cortical association areas but extends to primary sensory areas. Using two-photon imaging of large groups of neurons, we show that multisensory modulation of V1 populations is strongly determined by the individual and shared features of cross-modal stimulus constituents, such as contrast, frequency, congruency, and temporal structure. Congruent audiovisual stimulation resulted in a balanced pattern of response enhancement and suppression compared with unisensory visual stimuli, whereas incongruent or dissimilar stimuli at full contrast gave rise to a population dominated by response-suppressing neurons. Our results indicate that V1 dynamically integrates nonvisual sources of information while still attributing most of its resources to coding visual information.
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Lee S, Meyer JF, Park J, Smirnakis SM. Visually Driven Neuropil Activity and Information Encoding in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:50. [PMID: 28785207 PMCID: PMC5519560 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neuropil modulations recorded by calcium imaging reflect the activity of large aggregates of axo-dendritic processes and synaptic compartments from a large number of neurons. The organization of this activity impacts neuronal firing but is not well understood. Here we used in vivo 2-photon imaging with Oregon Green Bapta (OGB) and GCaMP6s to study neuropil visual responses to moving gratings in layer 2/3 of mouse area V1. We found neuropil responses to be strongly modulated and more reliable than neighboring somatic activity. Furthermore, stimulus independent modulations in neuropil activity, i.e., noise correlations, were highly coherent across the cortical surface, up to distances of at least 200 μm. Pairwise neuropil-to-neuropil-patch noise correlation strength was much higher than cell-to-cell noise correlation strength and depended strongly on brain state, decreasing in quiet wakefulness relative to light anesthesia. The profile of neuropil noise correlation strength decreased gently with distance, dropping by ~11% at a distance of 200 μm. This was comparatively slower than the profile of cell-to-cell noise correlations, which dropped by ~23% at 200 μm. Interestingly, in spite of the “salt & pepper” organization of orientation and direction encoding across mouse V1 neurons, populations of neuropil patches, even of moderately large size (radius ~100 μm), showed high accuracy for discriminating perpendicularly moving gratings. This was commensurate to the accuracy of corresponding cell populations. The dynamic, stimulus dependent, nature of neuropil activity further underscores the need to carefully separate neuropil from cell soma activity in contemporary imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's HospitalBoston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States
| | - Jochen F Meyer
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, United States
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, United States
| | - Stelios M Smirnakis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's HospitalBoston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States.,Veterans Administration HospitalBoston, MA, United States
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Visual Stimulus Detection Correlates with the Consistency of Temporal Sequences within Stereotyped Events of V1 Neuronal Population Activity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8624-40. [PMID: 27535910 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0853-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sensory information about the world is translated into rate codes, such that modulations in mean spiking activity of neurons relate to differences in stimulus features. More recently, it has been proposed that also temporal properties of activity, such as assembly formation and sequential population activation, are important for understanding the relation between neuronal activity and behavioral output. These phenomena appear to be robust properties of neural circuits, but their relevance for perceptual judgments, such as the behavioral detection of stimuli, remains to be tested. Studying neuronal activity with two-photon calcium imaging in primary visual cortex of mice performing a go/no-go visual detection task, we found that assemblies (i.e., configurations of neuronal group activity) reliably recur, as defined using Ward-method clustering. However, population activation events with a recurring configuration of core neurons did not appear to serve a particular function in the coding of orientation or the detection of stimuli. Instead, we found that, regardless of whether the population event showed a recurring or nonrecurring configuration of neurons, the sequence of cluster activation was correlated with the detection of stimuli. Moreover, each neuron showed a preferred temporal position of activation within population events, which was robust despite varying neuronal participation. Furthermore, the timing of neuronal activity within such a sequence was more consistent when a stimulus was detected (hits) than when it remained unreported (misses). Our data indicate that neural processing of information related to visual detection behavior depends on the temporal positioning of individual and group-wise cell activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Temporally coactive neurons have been hypothesized to form functional assemblies that might subserve different functions in the brain, but many of these proposed functions have not yet been experimentally tested. We used two-photon calcium imaging in V1 of mice performing a stimulus detection task to study the relation of assembly activity to the behavioral detection of visual stimuli. We found that the presence of recurring assemblies per se was not correlated with behavior, and these assemblies did not appear to serve a function in the coding of stimulus orientation. Instead, we found that activity in V1 is characterized by population events of varying membership, within which the consistency of the temporal sequence of neuronal activation is correlated with stimulus detection.
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41
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Spike-Based Functional Connectivity in Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus: Loss of Global Connectivity Is Coupled to Preservation of Local Connectivity During Non-REM Sleep. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7676-92. [PMID: 27445145 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4201-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Behavioral states are commonly considered global phenomena with homogeneous neural determinants. However, recent studies indicate that behavioral states modulate spiking activity with neuron-level specificity as a function of brain area, neuronal subtype, and preceding history. Although functional connectivity also strongly depends on behavioral state at a mesoscopic level and is globally weaker in non-REM (NREM) sleep and anesthesia than wakefulness, it is unknown how neuronal communication is modulated at the cellular level. We hypothesize that, as for neuronal activity, the influence of behavioral states on neuronal coupling strongly depends on type, location, and preceding history of involved neurons. Here, we applied nonlinear, information-theoretical measures of functional connectivity to ensemble recordings with single-cell resolution to quantify neuronal communication in the neocortex and hippocampus of rats during wakefulness and sleep. Although functional connectivity (measured in terms of coordination between firing rate fluctuations) was globally stronger in wakefulness than in NREM sleep (with distinct traits for cortical and hippocampal areas), the drop observed during NREM sleep was mainly determined by a loss of inter-areal connectivity between excitatory neurons. Conversely, local (intra-area) connectivity and long-range (inter-areal) coupling between interneurons were preserved during NREM sleep. Furthermore, neuronal networks that were either modulated or not by a behavioral task remained segregated during quiet wakefulness and NREM sleep. These results show that the drop in functional connectivity during wake-sleep transitions globally holds true at the cellular level, but confine this change mainly to long-range coupling between excitatory neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Studies performed at a mesoscopic level of analysis have shown that communication between cortical areas is disrupted in non-REM sleep and anesthesia. However, the neuronal determinants of this phenomenon are not known. Here, we applied nonlinear, information-theoretical measures of functional coupling to multi-area tetrode recordings from freely moving rats to investigate whether and how brain state modulates coordination between individual neurons. We found that the previously observed drop in functional connectivity during non-REM (NREM) sleep can be explained by a decrease in coupling between excitatory neurons located in distinct brain areas. Conversely, intra-area communication and coupling between interneurons are preserved. Our results provide significant new insights into the neuron-level mechanisms responsible for the loss of consciousness occurring in NREM sleep.
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42
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Lensjø KK, Lepperød ME, Dick G, Hafting T, Fyhn M. Removal of Perineuronal Nets Unlocks Juvenile Plasticity Through Network Mechanisms of Decreased Inhibition and Increased Gamma Activity. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1269-1283. [PMID: 28039374 PMCID: PMC6596863 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2504-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures mainly enwrapping parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons. The assembly of PNNs coincides with the end of the period of heightened visual cortex plasticity in juveniles, whereas removal of PNNs in adults reopens for plasticity. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. We have used chronic electrophysiological recordings to investigate accompanying electrophysiological changes to activity-dependent plasticity and we report on novel mechanisms involved in both induced and critical period plasticity. By inducing activity-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex of adult rats while recording single unit and population activity, we demonstrate that PNN removal alters the balance between inhibitory and excitatory spiking activity directly. Without PNNs, inhibitory activity was reduced, whereas spiking variability was increased as predicted in a simulation with a Brunel neural network. Together with a shift in ocular dominance and large effects on unit activity during the first 48 h of monocular deprivation (MD), we show that PNN removal resets the neural network to an immature, juvenile state. Furthermore, in PNN-depleted adults as well as in juveniles, MD caused an immediate potentiation of gamma activity, suggesting a novel mechanism initiating activity-dependent plasticity and driving the rapid changes in unit activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Emerging evidence suggests a role for perineuronal nets (PNNs) in learning and regulation of plasticity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we used chronic in vivo extracellular recordings to investigate how removal of PNNs opens for plasticity and how activity-dependent plasticity affects neural activity over time. PNN removal caused reduced inhibitory activity and reset the network to a juvenile state. Experimentally induced activity-dependent plasticity by monocular deprivation caused rapid changes in single unit activity and a remarkable potentiation of gamma oscillations. Our results demonstrate how PNNs may be involved directly in stabilizing the neural network. Moreover, the immediate potentiation of gamma activity after plasticity onset points to potential new mechanisms for the initiation of activity-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kinden Lensjø
- Department of Biosciences
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikkel Elle Lepperød
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, and
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Torkel Hafting
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, and
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Fyhn
- Department of Biosciences,
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
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43
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Activation of Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons in Both Retina and Primary Visual Cortex Improves the Feature-Selectivity of Primary Visual Cortex Neurons. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:255-263. [PMID: 28074441 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies using either viral or transgenic mouse models have shown different results on whether the activation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in the primary visual cortex (V1) improves the orientation- and direction-selectivity of V1 neurons. Although this discrepancy was thoroughly discussed in a follow-up communication, the issue of using different models to express ChR2 in V1 was not mentioned. We found that ChR2 was expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and V1 neurons in ChR2fl/+; PV-Cre mice. Our results showed that the activation of PV+ RGCs using white drifting gratings alone significantly decreased the firing rates of V1 neurons and improved their direction- and orientation-selectivity. Long-duration activation of PV+ interneurons in V1 further enhanced the feature-selectivity of V1 neurons in anesthetized mice, confirming the conclusions from previous findings. These results suggest that the activation of both PV+ RGCs and V1 neurons improves feature-selectivity in mice.
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Nicotinic receptors in mouse prefrontal cortex modulate ultraslow fluctuations related to conscious processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14823-14828. [PMID: 27911815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614417113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive processes, including access to consciousness. The PFC receives significant cholinergic innervation and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) contribute greatly to the effects of acetylcholine signaling. Using in vivo two-photon imaging of both awake and anesthetized mice, we recorded spontaneous, ongoing neuronal activity in layer II/III in the PFC of WT mice and mice deleted for different nAChR subunits. As in humans, this activity is characterized by synchronous ultraslow fluctuations and neuronal synchronicity is disrupted by light general anesthesia. Both the α7 and β2 nAChR subunits play an important role in the generation of ultraslow fluctuations that occur to a different extent during quiet wakefulness and light general anesthesia. The β2 subunit is specifically required for synchronized activity patterns. Furthermore, chronic application of mecamylamine, an antagonist of nAChRs, disrupts the generation of ultraslow fluctuations. Our findings provide new insight into the ongoing spontaneous activity in the awake and anesthetized state, and the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the orchestration of cognitive functions.
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45
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Abstract
Intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISI) is a rapid and noninvasive method for observing brain activity in vivo over a large area of the cortex. Here we describe our protocol for mapping retinotopy to identify mouse visual cortical areas using ISI. First, surgery is performed to attach a head frame to the mouse skull (∼1 h). The next day, intrinsic activity across the visual cortex is recorded during the presentation of a full-field drifting bar in the horizontal and vertical directions (∼2 h). Horizontal and vertical retinotopic maps are generated by analyzing the response of each pixel during the period of the stimulus. Last, an algorithm uses these retinotopic maps to compute the visual field sign and coverage, and automatically construct visual borders without human input. Compared with conventional retinotopic mapping with episodic presentation of adjacent stimuli, a continuous, periodic stimulus is more resistant to biological artifacts. Furthermore, unlike manual hand-drawn approaches, we present a method for automatically segmenting visual areas, even in the small mouse cortex. This relatively simple procedure and accompanying open-source code can be implemented with minimal surgical and computational experience, and is useful to any laboratory wishing to target visual cortical areas in this increasingly valuable model system.
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46
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Lissek T, Obenhaus HA, Ditzel DAW, Nagai T, Miyawaki A, Sprengel R, Hasan MT. General Anesthetic Conditions Induce Network Synchrony and Disrupt Sensory Processing in the Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:64. [PMID: 27147963 PMCID: PMC4830828 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics are commonly used in animal models to study how sensory signals are represented in the brain. Here, we used two-photon (2P) calcium activity imaging with cellular resolution to investigate how neuronal activity in layer 2/3 of the mouse barrel cortex is modified under the influence of different concentrations of chemically distinct general anesthetics. Our results show that a high isoflurane dose induces synchrony in local neuronal networks and these cortical activity patterns closely resemble those observed in EEG recordings under deep anesthesia. Moreover, ketamine and urethane also induced similar activity patterns. While investigating the effects of deep isoflurane anesthesia on whisker and auditory evoked responses in the barrel cortex, we found that dedicated spatial regions for sensory signal processing become disrupted. We propose that our isoflurane-2P imaging paradigm can serve as an attractive model system to dissect cellular and molecular mechanisms that induce the anesthetic state, and it might also provide important insight into sleep-like brain states and consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lissek
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical ResearchHeidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Horst A Obenhaus
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Désirée A W Ditzel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical ResearchHeidelberg, Germany; Max Planck Research Group at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Laboratory for Nanosystems Physiology, Hokkaido University Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- RIKEN-Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics Saitama, Japan
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical ResearchHeidelberg, Germany; Max Planck Research Group at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Mazahir T Hasan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical ResearchHeidelberg, Germany; Molecular Neurobiology, Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charite-UniversitätsmedizinBerlin, Germany
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47
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Perrenoud Q, Pennartz CMA, Gentet LJ. Membrane Potential Dynamics of Spontaneous and Visually Evoked Gamma Activity in V1 of Awake Mice. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002383. [PMID: 26890123 PMCID: PMC4758619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical gamma activity (30–80 Hz) is believed to play important functions in neural computation and arises from the interplay of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV) and pyramidal cells (PYRs). However, the subthreshold dynamics underlying its emergence in the cortex of awake animals remain unclear. Here, we characterized the intracellular dynamics of PVs and PYRs during spontaneous and visually evoked gamma activity in layers 2/3 of V1 of awake mice using targeted patch-clamp recordings and synchronous local field potentials (LFPs). Strong gamma activity patterned in short bouts (one to three cycles), occurred when PVs and PYRs were depolarizing and entrained their membrane potential dynamics regardless of the presence of visual stimulation. PV firing phase locked unconditionally to gamma activity. However, PYRs only phase locked to visually evoked gamma bouts. Taken together, our results indicate that gamma activity corresponds to short pulses of correlated background synaptic activity synchronizing the output of cortical neurons depending on external sensory drive. Gamma activity, an important component of brain dynamics, is driven by synaptic background activity and synchronizes distinct cortical cell types differently depending on visual input. The neocortex is the main substrate of cognitive activity of the mammalian brain. During active wakefulness, it exhibits an oscillatory activity in the gamma range (30–80Hz), which is believed to play an important functional role and is altered in schizophrenic patients. Experimental studies have shown that gamma activity arises from the interaction of excitatory pyramidal neurons, the main neuronal type of the cortex, and local inhibitory neurons expressing the protein parvalbumin (PV). However, how these neuronal types behave during gamma activity remains largely unknown. Here, we recorded the intracellular activity of pyramidal and PV-expressing neurons in the visual cortex of awake mice while acquiring Local Field Potentials (LFPs)—extracellular voltage fluctuations within a small volume of the cortex—to monitor gamma activity. We found that gamma activity arises when PV-expressing neurons synchronize their output in response to a correlated input, reflecting the general activation of the local cortical network. This happens even in the absence of visual input. On the other hand, the output of pyramidal neurons only becomes entrained to gamma activity when the mice are exposed to visual stimulation. Thus, our results suggest that gamma activity synchronizes pyramidal neurons specifically when the cortex is engaged in processing external inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Perrenoud
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QP); (LJG)
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J. Gentet
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Team Waking, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028 – CNRS UMR5292 F-69008, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, F-69000, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (QP); (LJG)
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