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Slézia A, Hegedüs P, Rusina E, Lengyel K, Solari N, Kaszas A, Balázsfi D, Botzanowski B, Acerbo E, Missey F, Williamson A, Hangya B. Behavioral, neural and ultrastructural alterations in a graded-dose 6-OHDA mouse model of early-stage Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19478. [PMID: 37945922 PMCID: PMC10636184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying animal models furthers our understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology by providing tools to investigate detailed molecular, cellular and circuit functions. Different versions of the neurotoxin-based 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD have been widely used in rats. However, these models typically assess the result of extensive and definitive dopaminergic lesions that reflect a late stage of PD, leading to a paucity of studies and a consequential gap of knowledge regarding initial stages, in which early interventions would be possible. Additionally, the better availability of genetic tools increasingly shifts the focus of research from rats to mice, but few mouse PD models are available yet. To address these, we characterize here the behavioral, neuronal and ultrastructural features of a graded-dose unilateral, single-injection, striatal 6-OHDA model in mice, focusing on early-stage changes within the first two weeks of lesion induction. We observed early onset, dose-dependent impairments of overall locomotion without substantial deterioration of motor coordination. In accordance, histological evaluation demonstrated a partial, dose-dependent loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Furthermore, electron microscopic analysis revealed degenerative ultrastructural changes in SNc dopaminergic neurons. Our results show that mild ultrastructural and cellular degradation of dopaminergic neurons of the SNc can lead to certain motor deficits shortly after unilateral striatal lesions, suggesting that a unilateral dose-dependent intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion protocol can serve as a successful model of the early stages of Parkinson's disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slézia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institut de Neurosciences Des Systèmes, INSERM UMR S 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Panna Hegedüs
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Evgeniia Rusina
- Institut de Neurosciences Des Systèmes, INSERM UMR S 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Katalin Lengyel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nicola Solari
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kaszas
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Diána Balázsfi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boris Botzanowski
- Institut de Neurosciences Des Systèmes, INSERM UMR S 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emma Acerbo
- Institut de Neurosciences Des Systèmes, INSERM UMR S 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Florian Missey
- Institut de Neurosciences Des Systèmes, INSERM UMR S 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Adam Williamson
- Institut de Neurosciences Des Systèmes, INSERM UMR S 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary.
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Lefevre MC, Kaszas A, Dijk G, Baca M, Baudino O, Marchiori B, Kergoat L, Moreau D, Debarbieux F, O'Connor RP. Flexible Organic Electronic Devices for Pulsed Electric Field Therapy of Glioblastoma. J Vis Exp 2022. [DOI: 10.3791/63527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Dijk G, Kaszas A, Pas J, O’Connor RP. Fabrication and in vivo 2-photon microscopy validation of transparent PEDOT:PSS microelectrode arrays. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:90. [PMID: 36051746 PMCID: PMC9424218 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transparent microelectrode arrays enable simultaneous electrical recording and optical imaging of neuronal networks in the brain. Electrodes made of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) are transparent; however, device fabrication necessitates specific processes to avoid deterioration of the organic material. Here, we present an innovative fabrication scheme for a neural probe that consists of transparent PEDOT:PSS electrodes and demonstrate its compatibility with 2-photon microscopy. The electrodes show suitable impedance to record local field potentials from the cortex of mice and sufficient transparency to visualize GCaMP6f-expressing neurons underneath the PEDOT:PSS features. The results validate the performance of the neural probe, which paves the way to study the complex dynamics of in vivo neuronal activity with both a high spatial and temporal resolution to better understand the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwin Dijk
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Department of Bioelectronics, Gardanne, 13541 France
- Panaxium SAS, Aix-en-Provence, 13100 France
| | - Attila Kaszas
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Department of Bioelectronics, Gardanne, 13541 France
| | - Jolien Pas
- Panaxium SAS, Aix-en-Provence, 13100 France
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Kaszas A, Szalay G, Slézia A, Bojdán A, Vanzetta I, Hangya B, Rózsa B, O'Connor R, Moreau D. Two-photon GCaMP6f imaging of infrared neural stimulation evoked calcium signals in mouse cortical neurons in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9775. [PMID: 33963220 PMCID: PMC8105372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation is a promising tool for stimulating the brain because it can be used to excite with high spatial precision without the need of delivering or inserting any exogenous agent into the tissue. Very few studies have explored its use in the brain, as most investigations have focused on sensory or motor nerve stimulation. Using intravital calcium imaging with the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f, here we show that the application of infrared neural stimulation induces intracellular calcium signals in Layer 2/3 neurons in mouse cortex in vivo. The number of neurons exhibiting infrared-induced calcium response as well as the amplitude of those signals are shown to be both increasing with the energy density applied. By studying as well the spatial extent of the stimulation, we show that reproducibility of the stimulation is achieved mainly in the central part of the infrared beam path. Stimulating in vivo at such a degree of precision and without any exogenous chromophores enables multiple applications, from mapping the brain's connectome to applications in systems neuroscience and the development of new therapeutic tools for investigating the pathological brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kaszas
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Gergely Szalay
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Andrea Slézia
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Bojdán
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Ivo Vanzetta
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Two-Photon Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Rodney O'Connor
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - David Moreau
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France.
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Diuba AV, Samigullin DV, Kaszas A, Zonfrillo F, Malkov A, Petukhova E, Casini A, Arosio D, Esclapez M, Gross CT, Bregestovski P. CLARITY analysis of the Cl/pH sensor expression in the brain of transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2019; 439:181-194. [PMID: 31302264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded biosensors are widely used in cell biology for the non-invasive imaging of concentrations of ions or the activity of enzymes, to evaluate the distribution of small molecules, proteins and organelles, and to image protein interactions in living cells. These fluorescent molecules can be used either by transient expression in cultured cells or in entire organisms or through stable expression by producing transgenic animals characterized by genetically encoded and heritable biosensors. Using the mouse Thy1 mini-promoter, we generated a line of transgenic mice expressing a genetically encoded sensor for the simultaneous measurements of intracellular Cl- and pH. This construct, called ClopHensor, consists of a H+- and Cl--sensitive variant of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (E2GFP) fused with a red fluorescent protein (DsRedm). Stimulation of hippocampal Schaffer collaterals proved that the sensor is functionally active. To reveal the expression pattern of ClopHensor across the brain of Thy1::ClopHensor mice, we obtained transparent brain samples using the CLARITY method and imaged them with confocal and light-sheet microscopy. We then developed a semi-quantitative approach to identify brain structures with high intrinsic sensor fluorescence. This approach allowed us to assess cell morphology and track axonal projection, as well as to confirm E2GFP and DsRedm fluorescence colocalization. This analysis also provides a map of the brain areas suitable for non-invasive monitoring of intracellular Cl-/pH in normal and pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Honoring Ricardo Miledi - outstanding neuroscientist of XX-XXI centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Diuba
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Institut of System Neurosciences, 13005 Marseille, France; A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Samigullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111, Kazan, Russia; Department of Radiophotonics and microwave technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N.Tupolev, 420111, Kazan, Russia; Open Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University,420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Attila Kaszas
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Institut of System Neurosciences, 13005 Marseille, France; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix- Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Francesca Zonfrillo
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL-Rome, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, ITALY
| | - Anton Malkov
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Institut of System Neurosciences, 13005 Marseille, France; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Elena Petukhova
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan Medical State University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Daniele Arosio
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Monique Esclapez
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Institut of System Neurosciences, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Cornelius T Gross
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL-Rome, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, ITALY
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Institut of System Neurosciences, 13005 Marseille, France; Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan Medical State University, Kazan, Russia.
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Slezia A, Proctor CM, Kaszas A, Malliaras GG, Williamson A. Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31157762 DOI: 10.3791/59268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders which affects millions of people worldwide. Although treatment with medication is helpful in 70% of the cases, serious side effects affect the quality of life of patients. Moreover, a high percentage of epileptic patients are drug resistant; in their case, neurosurgery or neurostimulation are necessary. Therefore, the major goal of epilepsy research is to discover new therapies which are either capable of curing epilepsy without side effects or preventing recurrent seizures in drug-resistant patients. Neuroengineering provides new approaches by using novel strategies and technologies to find better solutions to cure epileptic patients at risk. As a demonstration of a novel experimental protocol in an acute mouse model of epilepsy, a direct in situ electrophoretic drug delivery system is used. Namely, a neural probe incorporating a microfluidic ion pump (µFIP) for on-demand drug delivery and simultaneous recording of local neural activity is implanted and demonstrated to be capable of controlling 4-aminopyridine-induced (4AP-induced) seizure-like event (SLE) activity. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration is kept in the physiological range by the precise control of GABA delivery to reach an antiepileptic effect in the seizure focus but not to cause overinhibition-induced rebound bursts. The method allows both the detection of pathological activity and intervention to stop seizures by delivering inhibitory neurotransmitters directly to the epileptic focus with precise spatiotemporal control. As a result of the developments to the experimental method, SLEs can be induced in a highly localized manner that allows seizure control by the precisely tuned GABA delivery at the seizure onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slezia
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS); Neuroengineering Research Group, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge; Department of Bioelectronics, Centre Microélectronique de Provence - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (CMP-EMSE)
| | - Attila Kaszas
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS); Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7289 & Aix- Marseille Université
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge; Department of Bioelectronics, Centre Microélectronique de Provence - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (CMP-EMSE)
| | - Adam Williamson
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS); Neuroengineering Research Group, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged;
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Pas J, Rutz AL, Quilichini PP, Slézia A, Ghestem A, Kaszas A, Donahue MJ, Curto VF, O’Connor RP, Bernard C, Williamson A, Malliaras GG. A bilayered PVA/PLGA-bioresorbable shuttle to improve the implantation of flexible neural probes. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:065001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aadc1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Proctor CM, Slézia A, Kaszas A, Ghestem A, del Agua I, Pappa AM, Bernard C, Williamson A, Malliaras GG. Electrophoretic drug delivery for seizure control. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaau1291. [PMID: 30167463 PMCID: PMC6114990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of intractable neurological disorders necessitates novel therapeutic solutions. We demonstrate the utility of direct in situ electrophoretic drug delivery to treat neurological disorders. We present a neural probe incorporating a microfluidic ion pump (μFIP) for on-demand drug delivery and electrodes for recording local neural activity. The μFIP works by electrophoretically pumping ions across an ion exchange membrane and thereby delivers only the drug of interest and not the solvent. This "dry" delivery enables precise drug release into the brain region with negligible local pressure increase. The therapeutic potential of the μFIP probe is tested in a rodent model of epilepsy. The μFIP probe can detect pathological activity and then intervene to stop seizures by delivering inhibitory neurotransmitters directly to the seizure source. We anticipate that further tailored engineering of the μFIP platform will enable additional applications in neural interfacing and the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Proctor
- Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Andrea Slézia
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, UMR_S 1106, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Attila Kaszas
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, UMR_S 1106, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Ghestem
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, UMR_S 1106, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Isabel del Agua
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, UMR_S 1106, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Adam Williamson
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, UMR_S 1106, 13005 Marseille, France
- Corresponding author. (G.G.M.); (A.W.)
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, 13541 Gardanne, France
- Corresponding author. (G.G.M.); (A.W.)
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Williamson A, Ferro M, Leleux P, Ismailova E, Kaszas A, Doublet T, Quilichini P, Rivnay J, Rózsa B, Katona G, Bernard C, Malliaras GG. Localized Neuron Stimulation with Organic Electrochemical Transistors on Delaminating Depth Probes. Adv Mater 2015; 27:4405-4410. [PMID: 26129730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors are integrated on depth probes to achieve localized electrical stimulation of neurons. The probes feature a mechanical delamination process which leaves only a 4 μm thick film with embedded transistors inside the brain. This considerably reduces probe invasiveness and correspondingly improves future brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Williamson
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, 13005 Marseille, France, Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Pierre Leleux
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
- Microvitae Technologies, Hôtel Technologique, Europarc Sainte Victoire Bât 6 Route de Valbrillant, 13590, Meyreuil, France
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Attila Kaszas
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, 13005 Marseille, France, Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Doublet
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, 13005 Marseille, France, Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Quilichini
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, 13005 Marseille, France, Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Str. 43, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
- The Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Prater Str. 50, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Katona
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Str. 43, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, 13005 Marseille, France, Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
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