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Hurwitz SJ, De R, LeCher JC, Downs-Bowen JA, Goh SL, Zandi K, McBrayer T, Amblard F, Patel D, Kohler JJ, Bhasin M, Dobosh BS, Sukhatme V, Tirouvanziam RM, Schinazi RF. Why Certain Repurposed Drugs Are Unlikely to Be Effective Antivirals to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:651. [PMID: 38675992 PMCID: PMC11053489 DOI: 10.3390/v16040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Most repurposed drugs have proved ineffective for treating COVID-19. We evaluated median effective and toxic concentrations (EC50, CC50) of 49 drugs, mostly from previous clinical trials, in Vero cells. Ratios of reported unbound peak plasma concentrations, (Cmax)/EC50, were used to predict the potential in vivo efficacy. The 20 drugs with the highest ratios were retested in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells, and their CC50 was determined in an expanded panel of cell lines. Many of the 20 drugs with the highest ratios were inactive in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells. Antivirals effective in controlled clinical trials had unbound Cmax/EC50 ≥ 6.8 in Calu-3 or Caco-2 cells. EC50 of nucleoside analogs were cell dependent. This approach and earlier availability of more relevant cultures could have reduced the number of unwarranted clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn J. Hurwitz
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Ramyani De
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Julia C. LeCher
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Jessica A. Downs-Bowen
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Shu Ling Goh
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Tamara McBrayer
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - James J. Kohler
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Brian S. Dobosh
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Vikas Sukhatme
- Morningside Center for Innovative and Affordable Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Rabindra M. Tirouvanziam
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
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Unger-Manhart N, Morokutti-Kurz M, Zieglmayer PU, Lemell P, Savli M, Zieglmayer R, Prieschl-Grassauer E. Carrageenan-Containing Nasal Spray Alleviates Allergic Symptoms in Participants with Grass Pollen Allergy: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:419-428. [PMID: 38333020 PMCID: PMC10850985 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s447359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nonpharmacological, barrier-forming nasal sprays are used to manage symptoms of allergic rhinitis. We aim to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Callergin (investigational product, IP), a nasal spray containing barrier-forming iota-carrageenan, in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods In this randomized, controlled, crossover trial, adults with grass pollen allergy underwent a treatment sequence with IP, VisAlpin (comparator product, CP), and no treatment in random order. Treatment blocks consisted in prophylactic administration of the assigned treatment or no treatment, followed by a 3-hr allergen exposure, and were separated by a washout period of 7 days. Primary endpoint was a mean change from baseline in "Total Nasal Symptom Score" (TNSS, sum of rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, and congestion scores) over 3 hr, recorded every 15 min during the challenge period. Results A total of 42 participants underwent randomization. Exposure to grass pollen for 3 hr induced a notable TNSS increase from baseline in all participants at all times. Mean TNSS change from baseline over 3 hr was lower when participants received IP compared to no treatment, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (untreated 6.96 ± 2.30; IP 6.59 ± 1.93; difference 0.37 points [95% CI (confidence interval) -0.17 to 0.91]; p=0.170). In a post-hoc analysis, mean TNSS at 3 hr was significantly reduced after IP treatment compared to no treatment (untreated 8.29 ± 2.64; IP 7.70 ± 2.56; difference 0.60 points [95% CI -0.10 to 1.29] p=0.028). While all individual nasal symptoms contributed to this effect, rhinorrhea (p=0.013) and congestion (p=0.076) contributed most. Consistently, nasal secretion weight was slightly reduced with IP treatment (p=0.119). IP was safe and well-tolerated, with similar incidence of adverse events across treatment groups. Conclusion Prophylactic treatment with the iota-carrageenan nasal spray IP is safe, well-tolerated, and alleviates nasal allergy symptoms in adults with grass pollen-induced AR. Trial Registration NCT04531358.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petra U Zieglmayer
- Vienna Challenge Chamber, Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center for Allergology and Immunology, Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Markus Savli
- Biostatistik & Consulting GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
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Panggabean JA, Adiguna SP, Rahmawati SI, Ahmadi P, Zainuddin EN, Bayu A, Putra MY. Antiviral Activities of Algal-Based Sulfated Polysaccharides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041178. [PMID: 35208968 PMCID: PMC8874489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An antiviral agent is urgently needed based on the high probability of the emergence and re-emergence of future viral disease, highlighted by the recent global COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence may be seen in the discovery of the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and recently discovered Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. The need for strategies besides testing and isolation, social distancing, and vaccine development is clear. One of the strategies includes searching for an antiviral agent that provides effective results without toxicity, which is well-presented by significant results for carrageenan nasal spray in providing efficacy against human coronavirus-infected patients. As the primary producer of sulfated polysaccharides, marine plants, including macro- and microalgae, offer versatility in culture, production, and post-isolation development in obtaining the needed antiviral agent. Therefore, this review will describe an attempt to highlight the search for practical and safe antiviral agents from algal-based sulfated polysaccharides and to unveil their features for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ardhianto Panggabean
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (J.A.P.); (S.P.A.)
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Sya’ban Putra Adiguna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (J.A.P.); (S.P.A.)
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Siti Irma Rahmawati
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Peni Ahmadi
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (E.N.Z.); (A.B.); (M.Y.P.)
| | - Elmi Nurhaidah Zainuddin
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Center of Excellent for Development and Utilization of Seaweed, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (E.N.Z.); (A.B.); (M.Y.P.)
| | - Asep Bayu
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (E.N.Z.); (A.B.); (M.Y.P.)
| | - Masteria Yunovilsa Putra
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (E.N.Z.); (A.B.); (M.Y.P.)
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Fröba M, Große M, Setz C, Rauch P, Auth J, Spanaus L, Münch J, Ruetalo N, Schindler M, Morokutti-Kurz M, Graf P, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Grassauer A, Schubert U. Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413202. [PMID: 34947999 PMCID: PMC8709357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread around the world and remains a major public health threat. Vaccine inefficiency, vaccination breakthroughs and lack of supply, especially in developing countries, as well as the fact that a non-negligible part of the population either refuse vaccination or cannot be vaccinated due to age, pre-existing illness or non-response to existing vaccines intensify this issue. This might also contribute to the emergence of new variants, being more efficiently transmitted, more virulent and more capable of escaping naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. Hence, the need of effective and viable prevention options to reduce viral transmission is of outmost importance. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of iota-, lambda- and kappa-carrageenan, sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweed, on SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and the spreading variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Carrageenans as part of broadly used nasal and mouth sprays as well as lozenges have the potential of first line defense to inhibit the infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we demonstrate by using a SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles (SSPL) system and patient-isolated SARS-CoV-2 VOCs to infect transgenic A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 and Calu-3 human lung cells that all three carrageenan types exert antiviral activity. Iota-carrageenan exhibits antiviral activity with comparable IC50 values against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and the VOCs. Altogether, these results indicate that iota-carrageenan might be effective for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections independent of the present and potentially future variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fröba
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Maximilian Große
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Christian Setz
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Pia Rauch
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Janina Auth
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucas Spanaus
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.R.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Philipp Graf
- Marinomed Biotech AG, A-2100 Korneuburg, Austria; (M.M.-K.); (P.G.); (E.P.-G.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Andreas Grassauer
- Marinomed Biotech AG, A-2100 Korneuburg, Austria; (M.M.-K.); (P.G.); (E.P.-G.); (A.G.)
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-26478
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Wu W, Zhou D, Xuan R, Zhou J, Liu J, Chen J, Han H, Niu T, Li X, Chen H, Wang F. λ-carrageenan exacerbates Citrobacter rodentium-induced infectious colitis in mice by targeting gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105940. [PMID: 34666171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For nearly half a century, the scientific community has been unable to agree upon the safety profile of carrageenan (CGN), a ubiquitous food additive. Little is known about the mechanisms by which consumption of CGN aggravates the etiopathogenesis of murine colitis. However, analyses of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity have provided a breakthrough in explaining the synergistic effect of CGN upon colitis. In Citrobacter rodentium-induced infectious murine colitis, inflammation and the clinical severity of gut tissue were aggravated in the presence of λ-CGN. Using fecal transplantation and germ-free mice experiments, we evaluated the role of intestinal microbiota on the pro-inflammatory effect of λ-CGN. Mice with high dietary λ-CGN consumption showed altered colonic microbiota composition that resulted in degradation of the colonic mucus layer, a raised fecal LPS level, and a decrease in the presence of bacterially derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mucus layer defects and altered fecal LPS and SCFA levels could be reproduced in germ-free mice by fecal transplantation from CGN-H-fed mice, but not from germ-free CGN-H-fed mice. Our results confirm that λ-CGN may create an environment that favors inflammation by altering gut microbiota composition and gut bacterial metabolism. The present study provides evidence that the "gut microbiota-barrier axis" could be an alternative target for ameliorating the colitis promoting effect of λ-CGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Rongrong Xuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jingwangwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Tingting Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China.
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Bansal S, Jonsson CB, Taylor SL, Figueroa JM, Dugour AV, Palacios C, Vega JC. Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259943. [PMID: 34797868 PMCID: PMC8604354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Last year observed a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection affecting millions of individuals worldwide. There is an urgent unmet need to provide an easily producible and affordable medicine to prevent transmission and provide early treatment for this disease. Since the nasal cavity and the rhinopharynx are the sites of initial replication of SARS-CoV-2, a nasal spray may be an effective option to target SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we tested the antiviral action of three candidate nasal spray formulations against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. We determined that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 μg/mL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The concentrations of iota-carrageenan with activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro may be easily achieved through the application of nasal sprays as commonly used in several countries. Recently a double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that iota-carrageenan in isotonic sodium chloride reduces ca. five times the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in health care personnel. Further, xylitol at a concentration of 50 mg/mL (ca. 329 mM) was found to exert some antiviral action, though this preliminary finding needs further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bansal
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Juan Manuel Figueroa
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Vanesa Dugour
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Palacios
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio César Vega
- Department of Research and Development, Amcyte Pharma Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Hemilä H, Chalker E. Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00810. [PMID: 34128358 PMCID: PMC8204093 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this individual patient data meta-analysis we examined datasets of two randomized placebo-controlled trials which investigated the effect of nasal carrageenan separately on children and adults. In both trials, iota-carrageenan was administered nasally three times per day for 7 days for patients with the common cold and follow-up lasted for 21 days. We used Cox regression to estimate the effect of carrageenan on recovery rate. We also used quantile regression to calculate the effect of carrageenan on colds of differing lengths. Nasal carrageenan increased the recovery rate from all colds by 54% (95% CI 15%-105%; p = .003). The increase in recovery rate was 139% for coronavirus infections, 119% for influenza A infections, and 70% for rhinovirus infections. The mean duration of all colds in the placebo groups of the first four quintiles were 4.0, 6.8, 8.8, and 13.7 days, respectively. The fifth quintile contained patients with censored data. The 13.7-day colds were shortened by 3.8 days (28% reduction), and 8.8-day colds by 1.3 days (15% reduction). Carrageenan had no meaningful effect on shorter colds. In the placebo group, 21 patients had colds lasting over 20 days, compared with six patients in the carrageenan group, which corresponds to a 71% (p = .003) reduction in the risk of longer colds. Given that carrageenan has an effect on diverse virus groups, and effects at the clinical level on two old coronaviruses, it seems plausible that carrageenan may have an effect on COVID-19. Further research on nasal iota-carrageenan is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Hemilä
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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8
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Álvarez-Viñas M, Souto S, Flórez-Fernández N, Torres MD, Bandín I, Domínguez H. Antiviral Activity of Carrageenans and Processing Implications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:437. [PMID: 34436276 PMCID: PMC8400836 DOI: 10.3390/md19080437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan and carrageenan oligosaccharides are red seaweed sulfated carbohydrates with well-known antiviral properties, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. They also exhibit other interesting biological properties and can be used to prepare different drug delivery systems for controlled administration. The most active forms are λ-, ι-, and κ-carrageenans, the degree and sulfation position being determined in their properties. They can be obtained from sustainable worldwide available resources and the influence of manufacturing on composition, structure, and antiviral properties should be considered. This review presents a survey of the antiviral properties of carrageenan in relation to the processing conditions, particularly those assisted by intensification technologies during the extraction stage, and discusses the possibility of further chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Álvarez-Viñas
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Sandra Souto
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Maria Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
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9
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Alsaidi S, Cornejal N, Mahoney O, Melo C, Verma N, Bonnaire T, Chang T, O’Keefe BR, Sailer J, Zydowsky TM, Teleshova N, Romero JAF. Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080418. [PMID: 34436255 PMCID: PMC8400000 DOI: 10.3390/md19080418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 182 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 4 million deaths have been reported to date around the world. It is essential to identify broad-spectrum antiviral agents that may prevent or treat infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but also by other coronaviruses that may jump the species barrier in the future. We evaluated the antiviral selectivity of griffithsin and sulfated and non-sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 using a cytotoxicity assay and a cell-based pseudoviral model. The half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) were determined for each compound, using a dose-response-inhibition analysis on GraphPad Prism v9.0.2 software (San Diego, CA, USA). The therapeutic index (TI = CC50/EC50) was calculated for each compound. The potential synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effect of different compound combinations was determined by CalcuSyn v1 software (Biosoft, Cambridge, UK), which estimated the combination index (CI) values. Iota and lambda carrageenan showed the most potent antiviral activity (EC50 between 3.2 and 7.5 µg/mL). Carrageenan and griffithsin combinations exhibited synergistic activity (EC50 between 0.2 and 3.8 µg/mL; combination index <1), including against recent SARS-CoV-2 mutations. The griffithsin and carrageenan combination is a promising candidate to prevent or treat infections by SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Alsaidi
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Nadjet Cornejal
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Center for Achievement in Science Education, Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA
| | - Oneil Mahoney
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
| | - Claudia Melo
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Center for Achievement in Science Education, Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA
| | - Neeharika Verma
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Thierry Bonnaire
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Theresa Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Barry R. O’Keefe
- Natural Products Branch, Molecular Targets Program, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - James Sailer
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - José A. Fernández Romero
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Correspondence:
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Jabeen M, Dutot M, Fagon R, Verrier B, Monge C. Seaweed Sulfated Polysaccharides against Respiratory Viral Infections. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:733. [PMID: 34065660 PMCID: PMC8156470 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite massive advancements in the virology field, no specific treatment exists for most respiratory viral infections. Approved therapies against respiratory viruses rely almost exclusively on synthetic drugs that have potential side effects, restricting their use. This review aims to present natural marine sulfated polysaccharides possessing promising antiviral activity against respiratory viruses that could be a safe alternative to synthetic broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. The antiviral properties of marine sulfated polysaccharides are presented according to their mechanism of action on different types and strains of respiratory viruses, and the potential limits of their use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Jabeen
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France;
| | - Mélody Dutot
- Recherche & Développement, Yslab, 29000 Quimper, France; (M.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Roxane Fagon
- Recherche & Développement, Yslab, 29000 Quimper, France; (M.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France;
| | - Claire Monge
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France;
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11
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Mehta PP, Dhapte-Pawar VS. Novel and Evolving Therapies for COVID-19 Related Pulmonary Complications . Am J Med Sci 2021; 361:557-566. [PMID: 33640363 PMCID: PMC7906517 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most crucial threat, the world has ever witnessed. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of this disease pandemic. The World Health Organization has confirmed the continuing epidemic as a worldwide public health crisis. Presently, the research on COVID-19 is even in the primitive stage. Studies on unveiling the natural route of COVID-19 infection and related pathophysiology, the biology of pulmonary airways pose a more rational restorative approach in the management of COVID-19. Thus, based on the existing facts, we methodically reviewed the efforts put forth by various research institutes, pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology firms in pulmonary delivery to prevent and control the COVID-19. This article would be valuable for the healthcare community, which is efficiently dealing with the SARS-CoV-2 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush P Mehta
- Department of Quality Assurance Technique, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune - 38, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vividha S Dhapte-Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune - 38, Maharashtra, India.
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12
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Application of marine natural products in drug research. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 35:116058. [PMID: 33588288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New diseases are emerging as the environment changes, so drug manufacturers are always on the lookout for new resources to develop effective and safe drugs. In recent years, many bioactive substances have been produced in the marine environment, which represents an alternative resource for new drugs used to combat major diseases such as cancer or inflammation. Many marine-derived medicinal substances are in preclinical or early stage of clinical development, and some marine drugs have been put on the market, such as ET743 (Yondelis®). This review presents the sources, activities, mechanisms of action and syntheses of bioactive substances based on marine natural products in clinical trials and on the market, which is helpful to understand the progress of drug research by application of marine natural products.
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13
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Bichiri D, Rente AR, Jesus Â. Safety and efficacy of iota-carrageenan nasal spray in treatment and prevention of the common cold. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:28-34. [PMID: 33629045 PMCID: PMC7880062 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common cold is one of the most frequent viral infections in humans. Although benign, its symptoms result in economic burden and can lead to severe or even fatal complications in children, elderly and groups with comorbidities. The main purpose of the treatment is the relief of symptoms; however, the medication is often associated with adverse effects. Iota-carrageenan is a polysaccharide that reveals antiviral activity by binding to viruses, inhibiting its replications and, consequently, its viral propagation. This systematic review of the literature aims to compare the effectiveness of an iota-carrageenan nasal spray to placebo. This systematic review was conducted through research in Cochrane Database, PubMed, Science Direct, SpringerLink, Oxford Journals, Elsevier, ClinicalKey, Wiley Online Library, Embase databases, in order to collect randomized and controlled clinical trials. In total, the research provided four articles regarding clinical trials for comparing iota-carrageenan nasal spray with placebo. The results show it has potent antiviral activity compared to placebo and a favorable safety profile. Although further research is needed, the concept of a physical barrier capable of reducing viral penetration of epithelial cells in the nasal mucosa is appealing, and could lead to alternative approaches, with positive impact on global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bichiri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Rita Rente
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Jesus
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Stathis C, Victoria N, Loomis K, Nguyen SA, Eggers M, Septimus E, Safdar N. Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:119-130. [PMID: 33464122 PMCID: PMC7842245 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of nasal sprays and gargles with antiviral properties suggests that a number of commonly used antiseptics including povidone-iodine, Listerine®, iota-carrageenan and chlorhexidine should be studied in clinical trials to mitigate both the progression and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Several of these antiseptics have demonstrated the ability to cut the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 by 3-4 log10 in 15-30 s in vitro. In addition, hypertonic saline targets viral replication by increasing hypochlorous acid inside the cell. A number of clinical trials are in process to study these interventions both for prevention of transmission, prophylaxis after exposure, and to diminish progression by reduction of viral load in the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Maren Eggers
- Prof Dr G Enders MVZ Laboratory & Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases, Stuttgart, BW 70193, Germany
| | - Edward Septimus
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School & the Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA & The William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53726, USA
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15
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Pacheco-Quito EM, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD. Carrageenan: Drug Delivery Systems and Other Biomedical Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E583. [PMID: 33238488 PMCID: PMC7700686 DOI: 10.3390/md18110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine resources are today a renewable source of various compounds, such as polysaccharides, that are used in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and food fields. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on carrageenan-based biomaterials due to their multifunctional qualities, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, in addition to bioactive attributes, such as their antiviral, antibacterial, antihyperlipidemic, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulating properties. They have been applied in pharmaceutical formulations as both their bioactive and physicochemical properties make them suitable biomaterials for drug delivery, and recently for the development of tissue engineering. This article provides a review of recent research on the various types of carrageenan-based biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (M.-D.V.)
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16
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Hosseini SF, Rezaei M, McClements DJ. Bioactive functional ingredients from aquatic origin: a review of recent progress in marine-derived nutraceuticals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1242-1269. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1839855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fakhreddin Hosseini
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
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17
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Lee C. Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090435. [PMID: 32825645 PMCID: PMC7551811 DOI: 10.3390/md18090435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Different kinds of red algae are enriched with chemically diverse carbohydrates. In particular, a group of sulfated polysaccharides, which were isolated from the cell walls of red algae, gained a large amount of attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within that group, carrageenans (CGs) were expected to be the first clinically applicable microbicides that could prevent various viral infections due to their superior antiviral potency and desirable safety profiles in subclinical studies. However, their anticipated beneficial effects could not be validated in human studies. To assess the value of a second attempt at pharmacologically developing CGs as a new class of preventive microbicides, all preclinical and clinical development processes of CG-based microbicides need to be thoroughly re-evaluated. In this review, the in vitro toxicities; in vivo safety profiles; and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo antiviral activities of CGs are summarized according to the study volume of their target viruses, which include human immunodeficiency virus, herpesviruses, respiratory viruses, human papillomavirus, dengue virus, and other viruses along with a description of their antiviral modes of action and development of antiviral resistance. This evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of CGs will help provide future research directions that may lead to the successful development of CG-based antimicrobial prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea
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Hannan MA, Dash R, Haque MN, Mohibbullah M, Sohag AAM, Rahman MA, Uddin MJ, Alam M, Moon IS. Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Metabolites: Pharmacological Insights and Therapeutic Advances. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E347. [PMID: 32630301 PMCID: PMC7401253 DOI: 10.3390/md18070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond their significant contribution to the dietary and industrial supplies, marine algae are considered to be a potential source of some unique metabolites with diverse health benefits. The pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol homeostasis, protein clearance and anti-amyloidogenic potentials of algal metabolites endorse their protective efficacy against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis which are known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders and the associated complications after cerebral ischemia and brain injuries. As was evident in various preclinical studies, algal compounds conferred neuroprotection against a wide range of neurotoxic stressors, such as oxygen/glucose deprivation, hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, amyloid β, or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and, therefore, hold therapeutic promise for brain disorders. While a significant number of algal compounds with promising neuroprotective capacity have been identified over the last decades, a few of them have had access to clinical trials. However, the recent approval of an algal oligosaccharide, sodium oligomannate, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease enlightened the future of marine algae-based drug discovery. In this review, we briefly outline the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries for identifying the targets of pharmacological intervention, and then review the literature on the neuroprotective potentials of algal compounds along with the underlying pharmacological mechanism, and present an appraisal on the recent therapeutic advances. We also propose a rational strategy to facilitate algal metabolites-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Hannan
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Md. Nazmul Haque
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Mohibbullah
- Department of Fishing and Post Harvest Technology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
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19
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Dev Kumar G, Mishra A, Dunn L, Townsend A, Oguadinma IC, Bright KR, Gerba CP. Biocides and Novel Antimicrobial Agents for the Mitigation of Coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1351. [PMID: 32655532 PMCID: PMC7324725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In December, 2019, a highly infectious and rapidly spreading new pneumonia of unknown cause was reported to the Chinese WHO Country Office. A cluster of these cases had appeared in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei Province of China. These infections were found to be caused by a new coronavirus which was given the name "2019 novel coronavirus" (2019-nCoV). It was later renamed "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2," or SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses on February 11, 2020. It was named SARS-CoV-2 due to its close genetic similarity to the coronavirus which caused the SARS outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV-1). The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use. Specifically, we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Laurel Dunn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anna Townsend
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Kelly R. Bright
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Charles P. Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Abstract
Introduction:
The common cold syndrome of acute upper respiratory tract viral infection is the most common disease among mankind and is an extremely common illness in children. There is a great need for a safe and effective antiviral treatment with minimal side effects. The challenge in developing a treatment is the numerous and varied respiratory viruses that cause this common illness and the need for a treatment with good tolerability and safety.
Explanation:
All respiratory viruses must reach the cell surface by passing through respiratory fluid and mucus, and this common feature may allow for the development of antivirals that capture viruses during this transit.
This article discusses how large polyanionic molecules such as iota-carrageenan may trap positively charged respiratory viruses. Iota-carrageenan is a large polysaccharide molecule which is neither absorbed from the respiratory tract nor metabolised. It, therefore, does not have any pharmacological properties. Iota-carrageenan nasal spray has been shown to reduce the titres of respiratory viruses and to reduce the severity of symptoms in placebo-controlled clinical trials, including children and adults. The results of four clinical trials are presented.
Conclusion:
Iota-carrageenan is a good candidate as a safe and effective non-specific antiviral treatment for common cold, and more research is justified on polyanionic molecules like carrageenans as antivirals.
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Abu-Galiyun E, Huleihel M, Levy-Ontman O. Antiviral bioactivity of renewable polysaccharides against Varicella Zoster. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3540-3549. [PMID: 31724465 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1691363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several effective treatments exist against Varicella zoster virus (VZV), resistant strains have emerged and the treatment is usually not definite and may have various undesired side effects. Thus, alternative treatment options are necessary. Here we studied the inhibitory effects of natural polysaccharides (PSs) obtained from renewable sources, varied by their structure and charge, on VZV infection in vitro, using a plaque assay. In terms of selectivity indices, almost all the tested PSs were very active; in the order of λ > ἰ > G > κ > P against VZV compared to Acyclovir as a reference drug and exhibited dose-dependent behavior. Our results, which showed a strong inhibition of VZV infection when the cells were treated with ἰ only at the time of infection or only post infection may indicate a multistep inhibitory effect. It seems that ἰ may block different stages of the virus replication cycle including early steps such as absorption and penetration to the host cells and also late steps after the penetration into the host cells. These results are part of an on-going research that highlights the PSs as potential novel nontoxic candidates that can be used against VZV, and contributes to the elucidation of their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Abu-Galiyun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Oshrat Levy-Ontman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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22
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Tanna B, Mishra A. Nutraceutical Potential of Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Bioactivity, Safety, and Toxicity. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:817-831. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Tanna
- Division of Biotechnology and PhycologyCSIR—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Inst. G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Biotechnology and PhycologyCSIR—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Inst. G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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23
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Graf C, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Egyed A, Koller C, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Morokutti-Kurz M. Development of a nasal spray containing xylometazoline hydrochloride and iota-carrageenan for the symptomatic relief of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis and sinusitis. Int J Gen Med 2018; 11:275-283. [PMID: 30013382 PMCID: PMC6037157 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s167123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xylometazoline hydrochloride (HCl) is a nasal decongestant that causes vasoconstriction in the nasal submucosa. It has been used for more than 50 years for the treatment of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis/sinusitis. Iota-carrageenan is effective against a broad variety of respiratory viruses, which are the most common cause of infections of the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, it is used as the active component in the antiviral nasal spray Coldamaris prophylactic (1.2 mg/mL iota-carrageenan in 0.5% NaCl) and other medical device nasal sprays that are approved and marketed in the EU. Recently, we developed a nasal spray formulation containing both xylometazoline HCl (0.05%) and iota-carrageenan (0.12%) that provides decongestion and antiviral protection of the nasal mucosa at the same time. RESULTS A set of in vitro experiments revealed that the vasoconstrictive properties of xylometazoline HCl and the antiviral effectiveness of iota-carrageenan against human rhinovirus (hRV) 1a, hRV8 and human coronavirus OC43 were maintained in the formulation containing these two compounds. Permeation experiments using bovine nasal mucosa showed that iota-carrageenan had no significant influence on the permeation of xylometazoline HCl. Finally, in the local tolerance and toxicity study, it was shown that the formulation was well tolerated at the application site with no occurrence of erythema or edema in the nostrils of all rabbits or any signs of toxicity in any of the organs and tissues inspected. CONCLUSION Investigations on compatibility of xylometazoline HCl and iota-carrageenan demonstrated that the substances do not influence each other, allowing both to fulfill their known specific clinical efficacy (xylometazoline HCl) and effectiveness (iota-carrageenan).
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Graf C, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Egyed A, Koller C, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Morokutti-Kurz M. Development of a nasal spray containing xylometazoline hydrochloride and iota-carrageenan for the symptomatic relief of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis and sinusitis. Int J Gen Med 2018. [PMID: 30013382 DOI: 10.2147/ijgms167123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xylometazoline hydrochloride (HCl) is a nasal decongestant that causes vasoconstriction in the nasal submucosa. It has been used for more than 50 years for the treatment of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis/sinusitis. Iota-carrageenan is effective against a broad variety of respiratory viruses, which are the most common cause of infections of the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, it is used as the active component in the antiviral nasal spray Coldamaris prophylactic (1.2 mg/mL iota-carrageenan in 0.5% NaCl) and other medical device nasal sprays that are approved and marketed in the EU. Recently, we developed a nasal spray formulation containing both xylometazoline HCl (0.05%) and iota-carrageenan (0.12%) that provides decongestion and antiviral protection of the nasal mucosa at the same time. RESULTS A set of in vitro experiments revealed that the vasoconstrictive properties of xylometazoline HCl and the antiviral effectiveness of iota-carrageenan against human rhinovirus (hRV) 1a, hRV8 and human coronavirus OC43 were maintained in the formulation containing these two compounds. Permeation experiments using bovine nasal mucosa showed that iota-carrageenan had no significant influence on the permeation of xylometazoline HCl. Finally, in the local tolerance and toxicity study, it was shown that the formulation was well tolerated at the application site with no occurrence of erythema or edema in the nostrils of all rabbits or any signs of toxicity in any of the organs and tissues inspected. CONCLUSION Investigations on compatibility of xylometazoline HCl and iota-carrageenan demonstrated that the substances do not influence each other, allowing both to fulfill their known specific clinical efficacy (xylometazoline HCl) and effectiveness (iota-carrageenan).
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κ-Carrageenan Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interleukin-8 Secretion by Stimulating the Bcl10-NF- κB Pathway in HT-29 Cells and Aggravates C. freundii-Induced Inflammation in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8634865. [PMID: 28163398 PMCID: PMC5253498 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8634865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The dietary usage of carrageenan as common food additive has increased observably over the last 50 years. But there is substantial controversy about its safety. Methods. We investigated whether the κ-carrageenan could enhance lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 expression by studying its actions on the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. The aggravating effect of κ-carrageenan on Citrobacter freundii DBS100-induced intestinal inflammation was also investigated in a mouse model. Results. Our data show that κ-carrageenan pretreatment promoted LPS-induced IL-8 expression in HT-29 cells. Although CD14, MD-2, and TLR4 were upregulated, the binding of LPS was not enhanced. However, the pathway of Bcl10-NF-κB was triggered. Interestingly, κ-carrageenan competitively blocked the binding of FITC-LPS. Furthermore, pretreatment with κ-carrageenan for one week previous to gavage with C. freundii DBS100 markedly aggravated weight loss, mortality, and colonic damage. The secretion of cytokines was unbalanced and the ratio of Tregs was decreased significantly. In addition, κ-carrageenan, together with C. freundii DBS100, enhanced the transcription and secretion of TLR4 and NF-κB. Conclusions. κ-Carrageenan can synergistically activate LPS-induced inflammatory through the Bcl10-NF-κB pathway, as indicated by its aggravation of C. freundii DBS100-induced colitis in mice. General Significance. Our results suggest that κ-carrageenan serves as a potential inflammatory agent that magnifies existing intestinal inflammation.
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Morokutti-Kurz M, König-Schuster M, Koller C, Graf C, Graf P, Kirchoff N, Reutterer B, Seifert JM, Unger H, Grassauer A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Nakowitsch S. The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128794. [PMID: 26053018 PMCID: PMC4459876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active antiviral polymer has huge potential for the treatment of respiratory infections. Thus, the combination of the specific anti-influenza drug Zanamivir together with carrageenan in a formulation suitable for intranasal application was evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show in-vitro that carrageenan and Zanamivir act synergistically against several influenza A virus strains (H1N1(09)pdm, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7). Moreover, we demonstrate in a lethal influenza model with a low pathogenic H7N7 virus (HA closely related to the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus) and a H1N1(09)pdm influenza virus in C57BL/6 mice that the combined use of both compounds significantly increases survival of infected animals in comparison with both mono-therapies or placebo. Remarkably, this benefit is maintained even when the treatment starts up to 72 hours post infection. CONCLUSION A nasal spray containing carrageenan and Zanamivir should therefore be tested for prevention and treatment of uncomplicated influenza in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Unger
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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