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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Waugh R, Hayden KA. Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2024; 50:101738. [PMID: 38850716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectification theory has been instrumental in better understanding risk for eating disorders, depression, and sexual dysfunction, with self-objectification and body shame as serial mediators leading to these outcomes. Although originally proposed to explain these mental health outcomes in heterosexual women, researchers have extended objectification theory to individuals of various ages, racial identities, and sexual and gender identities. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical peer-reviewed published research examining the relationship between the constructs of self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and body shame in adult, youth, and LGBTQ+ samples. Our search yielded 5200 results, of which 318 met inclusion criteria. Of the papers included in this review, 26 reported correlations with sexual and gender diverse samples, 43 reported correlations with youth samples, and 249 reported correlations with samples of general adults (non-sexual or gender minorities). The meta-analyses yielded significant, moderate, positive correlations between body dissatisfaction and self-objectification, and between body shame and self-objectification, for each of the sub-samples. The majority of samples were predominantly White and cisgender female, suggesting the need for additional research examining these constructs among racial and gender minority populations. Overall, the results of this review highlight the unique contributions of body shame and body dissatisfaction to self-objectifying behaviors, and identify the moderating role of race and gender in these interrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Saunders
- Psychology Convening Group, Ramapo College of New Jersey, 505 Ramapo Valley Rd, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA.
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Rachel Waugh
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Health Sciences Library, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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2
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Makarawung DJS, Boers MJ, van den Brink F, Monpellier VM, Woertman L, Mink van der Molen AB, Geenen R. The relationship of body image and weight: A cross-sectional observational study of a Dutch female sample. Clin Obes 2023; 13:e12569. [PMID: 36417999 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Body image concerns may play a role in weight changing behaviour. The objective of this study was to assess body image in different weight groups. Participants reported satisfaction with (AE) and investment in (AO) appearance, and the discrepancy between current and ideal body size (BS). These scores were compared between weight groups based on body-mass index (BMI) using analysis of variance. One-sample t-tests and Cohen's d effect sizes examined the magnitude of differences within each weight group relative to neutral midpoints of the scales; cluster analysis identified body image profiles. A total of 27 896 women were included in this study. AE scores were highest for people with underweight and normal weight, AO scores were highest for the underweight group and lowest in class III obesity, and BS scores were largest in the obese groups (all p < .001) Cluster analysis identified eight body image profiles. In people with obesity, the most prevalent profiles included a preference for a smaller body and low satisfaction with appearance, but differed in investment in appearance (low vs. high). Most people with underweight were allocated to profiles showing high investment in their appearance, preference of a larger body, but differences in satisfaction with appearance (neutral vs. high). While people with a higher BMI have on average more body image concerns, different body image profiles exist in all weight groups. Future research should examine whether and which individuals in terms of body image profile may benefit more from weight interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J S Makarawung
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Mijke J Boers
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Valerie M Monpellier
- Nederlandse Obesitas Kliniek (Dutch Obesity Clinic), Huis ter Heide, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Woertman
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rinie Geenen
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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McCarthy PA, Meyer T, Back MD, Morina N. How we compare: A new approach to assess aspects of the comparison process for appearance-based standards and their associations with individual differences in wellbeing and personality measures. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280072. [PMID: 36630441 PMCID: PMC9833549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel approach to assess habitual comparison processes, while distinguishing between different types of comparison standards. Several comparison theories (e.g., social) suggest that self-evaluations use different standards to inform self-perception and are associated with wellbeing and personality. We developed the Comparison Standards Scale for Appearance (CSS-A) to examine self-reported engagement with social, temporal, criteria-based, dimensional, and counterfactual comparisons for upward and downward standards in relation to appearance. The scale was completed by three hundred participants online alongside measures of appearance schemas, social comparison evaluations, depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, physical self-concept, narcissism, and perfectionism. The CSS-A was found to reliably assess individual differences in upward and downward comparison frequency and affective impact for multiple comparison standards. In line with theory, CSS-A upward comparisons were more frequent than downward comparisons and coincided with negative (versus positive) affective impact. Comparison intensity (i.e., comparison frequency × discrepancy) predicted negative and positive affective impact for upward and downward comparisons, respectively. This relationship was partially mediated by appearance concern for upward comparisons (a composite of appearance schemas and physical self-concept), yet moderated by negativity for downward comparisons (a composite of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem). We offer a framework for measuring the comparison process that warrants further research on underlying comparison processes, for which the CSS(-A) and experience sampling methods should serve as useful tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mitja D. Back
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nexhmedin Morina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zhang L, Li JL, Guo LL, Xu G, Yang L, Wang C, Yuan T, Zhang D, Li J, Lei Y, Sun L, Li X, Hua Y, Che H, Liu H. Weight changes and the incidence of depressive symptom in the middle-aged and older adults: findings from the Chinese nationwide cohort study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2282. [PMID: 36474202 PMCID: PMC9724314 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies, predominantly in Western individuals, have reported weight gain or weight loss are related to the increased depressive symptoms at all ages, but no study of depressive symptoms has examined its relation to actual (not just self-reported) weight changes in the middle-aged and older adults. Evidence of the relationship in older Asian individuals remains sparse. The study aimed to examine the relationship between weight changes and incidence of depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older Asians. METHOD Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which included 17,284 adults aged 45 years. Participants were followed every two years using a face-to-face, computer-aided personal interview (CAPI) and structured questionnaire. We excluded participants with no follow-up data. The numbers of individuals who completed both the baseline and follow-up surveys were 3118 for the short-term (two years from 2011-2013) and the long-term (four years from 2011-2015). Additionally, to associate weight change with subsequent depressive symptoms, we also included 2472 participants without depressive symptom in 2013 and observed the incidence of depressive symptom in 2015 (subsequent term from 2013-2015). Finally, weight changes were classified as loss > -3%, stable-3-3%, gain3-6%, gain6-9%, and gain > 9%. Multivariable-adjusted cox regression in the study were used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) of each weight change category. RESULTS The incidence of depressive symptoms was 20.72% in the 2011-2013, 27.04% in the 2011-2015, and 23.02% in 2013-2015. Weight loss > 3% for all intervals was associated with higher depressive symptoms than stable weight during the 2011-2013 [1.305(1.031,1.651)] among the total populations. When stratified by sex, the results in males and females were different from those in the total population [females:1.389(0.997, 1.935); males:1.263(0.902, 1.767)]. Weight loss > 3% for intervals was associated with higher depressive symptoms than stable weight during the 2013-2015[1.643(1.140, 2.368)] among the males and its effect was also stronger for the total in 2011-2013. Moreover, there was no significant association between weight gain and incident depressive symptom, and no significant interaction effect in terms of the sex*weight changes. CONCLUSION Our findings could inform health promotion interventions to body-weight management aimed at improving the health of the middle-aged and older adults, particularly in the total people with short-term weight loss and males with subsequent term weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-long Li
- grid.440734.00000 0001 0707 0296Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry in Hebei Province, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei-lei Guo
- grid.454145.50000 0000 9860 0426Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, No.40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Xu
- grid.454145.50000 0000 9860 0426Department of Radiotherapy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 28, Section 2, Chongqing Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Congzhi Wang
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Yuan
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxiao Lei
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Sun
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Hua
- Rehabilitation Nursing, School of Nursing, Wanna Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengying Che
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Department of Nursing, Yijishan Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Zheshan West Road, Yijishan District, Wuhu City, Anhui Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Student Health Center, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province People’s Republic of China
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Orthorexia nervosa and its association with narcissism in fitness center users. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2155-2163. [PMID: 35103950 PMCID: PMC8804367 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is an eating behavior where patients obsessively try to reach health through "purity" of food. Narcissism is a personality trait characterized with the self-belief of grandiosity, importance and need of appreciation. Both of these conditions are connected through self-image in way of reaching perfection through health and body image, whereas one of the ways for reaching it is exercising. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate ON and its possible association with narcissism in fitness center users. METHODS The study included 1017 fitness center users and three questionnaires were used for the assessment: general information, ORTO-R and Narcissistic personality inventory-13 (NPI-13). RESULTS There was a significant negative correlation (r = - 0.467, p < 0.001) between the ORTO-R score and the NPI-13 score. Comparison of the ORTO-R score between different durations of using a fitness center showed statistically significant differences (H = 134.72, p < 0.001). The subjects who are using the fitness center for less than 1 year have the highest ORTO-R score, while those who are using it 1-3 years have the lowest ORTO-R score. Moreover, multiple linear regression showed that ORTO-R score retained significant association with NPI-13 (β ± SE, - 0.416 ± 0.026, p < 0.001) and the duration of using a fitness center (0.576 ± 0.068, p < 0.001) after model adjustment for age and BMI. CONCLUSION These results are implying that fitness center users could possibly be vulnerable of developing ON and that there is a strong association between ON and narcissism in this population. However, future larger-scale longitudinal studies are needed to address these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional survey-based study.
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Ku L, Newby C, Moldes O, Zaroff CM, Wu AMS. The values you endorse set the body you see: The protective effect of intrinsic life goals on men's body dissatisfaction. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:393-404. [PMID: 35353913 PMCID: PMC9545441 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mass media portrayal of a muscular body type ideal has been increasingly tied to men's body image dissatisfaction. We examined the role of self-determination theory's intrinsic life goals within this body image ideal and its potential as a moderator of this dissatisfaction. We first tested the moderating effect of intrinsic life goals on the link between magazine consumption and body image dissatisfaction via an online questionnaire (Study 1; N = 826), then experimentally manipulated these goals and exposure to images of muscular male models (Study 2; N = 150). A robust protective effect of intrinsic goals on body image satisfaction was observed - the relationship between magazine consumption and body image dissatisfaction was only significant among individuals with a lower level of intrinsic life goal orientation. When participants' intrinsic goals were momentarily heightened, they reported significantly less body image dissatisfaction, compared to those not receiving a strengthening of these goals. The results are the first to find a protective effect of intrinsic life goals on men's body image, and have important implications for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Ku
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Charis Newby
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Olaya Moldes
- Department of Marketing and Strategy, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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7
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Wang R, Gan Y, Wang X, Li J, Lipowska M, Izydorczyk B, Guo S, Lipowski M, Yang Y, Fan H. The Mediating Effect of Negative Appearance Evaluation on the Relationship Between Eating Attitudes and Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:776842. [PMID: 35370824 PMCID: PMC8964953 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.776842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body-image disturbance and eating disorders are significant physical and mental health problems in China. Attitudes toward the body are thought to work in conjunction with other established risk factors for dietary pathology, which include body dissatisfaction, dieting, and negative effects. Negative appearance evaluation may be valuable for extending our understanding of measuring factors and potential causal relationships associated with body image and eating problems. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between negative appearance evaluation and a combination of eating attitudes and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance and the mediating effect of negative appearance evaluation on the relationship between eating attitudes and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. METHODS We invited 339 Chinese adults to undergo the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale (FNAES), and the Sociocultural Attitudes toward Appearance (SATAQ-3) scale, and used AMOS 24.0 for model construction and mediating effects testing. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between EAT-26 scores and FNAES (p < 0.001) and SATAQ-3 scores (p < 0.001), and all dimensions except internalization general were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between FNAES and SATAQ-3 scores for all dimensions (p < 0. 01). There was no significant direct effect of eating attitude on sociocultural attitude toward appearance; however, there was a significant mediating effect of fear of negative appearance evaluation. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that negative appearance evaluation fully mediates the relationship between eating attitudes and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. An individual's attitude toward eating affects negative body perceptions and thus their perception of their own body shape. Our exploration of the specific effects of eating attitudes on body perception provides a psychological basis for guidance and developing interventions regarding attitudes toward the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohang Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Youteng Gan
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianye Li
- Department of Psychology, Gdañsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Psychology, Gdañsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Department of Psychology, Gdañsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yin Yang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Fan
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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8
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Macenczak L, Campbell S, Henley A. Moderating impact of narcissism on the link between contextual variables and perceptions of fairness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Mazurkiewicz N, Lipowski M, Krefta J, Lipowska M. "Better If They Laugh with Me than at Me": The Role of Humor in Coping with Obesity-Related Stigma in Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157974. [PMID: 34360266 PMCID: PMC8345701 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of perceived stigmatization in the relationship between humor styles and coping with stress among young women suffering from stigma due to obesity. In the 21st century, obesity is an increasing global health issue with many physical and mental consequences for obese women. As a chronic stigmatizing disease, it requires that the affected individuals cope with social consequences; women with obesity are more prone to such consequences than men. Humor fosters the breaking of stereotypes and alleviating the consequences of stigmatization. A total of 127 young adult women (age M = 25.74, SD = 2.73) participated in the study (n = 54 with overfat and n = 73 with healthy fat). Participants filled out the Humor Styles Questionnaire, Perceived Stigmatization Questionnaire, and the Brief COPE Scale. Anthropometric data were gathered using a body composition analyzer. Results indicate that, when perceiving hostile behaviors toward themselves and using humor as a coping strategy, women with overfat select maladaptive styles of humor (i.e., self-defeating and aggressive styles). Women with overfat were also more likely to use humor as a coping strategy in difficult situations. Furthermore, none of the participants were satisfied with their body mass. At the same time, among women without obesity, a lack of compliments was not treated as a problem, even if they had high body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Department of Psychology, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Krefta
- Creative Code Studio—Jarosław Krefta, 81-602 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Lipowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Psychological Risk Factors for the Development of Restrictive and Bulimic Eating Behaviors: A Polish and Vietnamese Comparison. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030910. [PMID: 33799636 PMCID: PMC8001869 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to identify psychological factors which are culture specific or common predictors for restrictive and bulimic behaviors towards eating for young women raised in different cultures. The study included 661 young women from Poland (n = 233) and Vietnam (n = 428). Subjects filled-in the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3) and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS), and body measurements were collected to calculate anthropometric indices. Women form Vietnam were less satisfied with their appearance than were their Polish peers, but Vietnamese showed a lower level of preoccupation with being overweight and fear of obesity. Intercultural differences indicate that Vietnamese women show greater intensities for psychological variables, connected with restrictive and bulimic eating behaviors, verified in the research model: low self-esteem, personal alienation, interpersonal insecurity, interpersonal alienation, emotional dysregulation, interoceptive deficits, perfectionism and asceticism, and anxiety.
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Mazurkiewicz N, Krefta J, Lipowska M. Attitudes Towards Appearance and Body-Related Stigma Among Young Women With Obesity and Psoriasis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:788439. [PMID: 34858238 PMCID: PMC8631861 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the subjective assessment of one's body image in the relationship between objective indices of appearance and perceived stigma in young women affected by obesity and psoriasis. These are chronic diseases that decrease one's physical attractiveness and are associated with stigmas related to body defects. A total of 188 women in early adulthood took part in the study (M = 25.58; SD = 2.90), including obese women (n = 54), women suffering from psoriasis (n = 57), and a control group (n = 77). The participants completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, Perceived Stigmatisation Questionnaire, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Anthropometric data were gathered using a body composition analyzer. Objective parameters of body shape were calculated (WHR and ICO). Subjective assessment of one's body and attitudes towards one's body were found to influence perceived stigma, independently of the condition causing the stigma and of the objective appearance of the participant. This study did not support the existence of a relationship between parameters regarding body shape and sense of stigma, even when subjective body assessment acted as a moderator. At the same time, body mass was a strong predictor of levels of perceived stigma. Women affected with obesity perceived a higher level of stigma than the other groups. The severity of psoriasis did not impact the perceived stigma. Moreover, women with psoriasis assessed their health-as a part of the assessment of their bodies-the highest, which may explain the lower perceived stigma in this group.
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12
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Perego G, Di Mattei VE. A New Framework for Narcissism in Health Psychology and Psycho-Oncology. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1182. [PMID: 32581968 PMCID: PMC7283603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Perego
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gaia Perego
| | - Valentina E. Di Mattei
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, Clinical and Health Psychology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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13
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Boursier V, Gioia F. Women's Pathological Narcissism and its Relationship with Social Appearance Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Body Shame. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 17:164-174. [PMID: 34908988 PMCID: PMC8662714 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention to personal appearance and observers' judgments are integral components of narcissism. However, empirical evidence focused on the association between grandiose/vulnerable traits of narcissism and social appearance anxieties is limited. Moreover, body shame represents a topic of debated interest in the field of narcissism and women's experience of self-consciousness. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the unexplored relationship between covert and overt facets of pathological narcissism and social appearance anxiety, analyzing the mediating role of objectified body shame. METHOD Pathological vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, social appearance anxiety and body shame were assessed in a convenience sample of 775 young women (M=24.1, SD=4.52). RESULTS Body shame fully mediated the association between pathological narcissism and social appearance anxiety, especially for vulnerable narcissists' women. CONCLUSIONS As expected, vulnerable narcissism had a positive association with social appearance anxieties, and body shame acted as a mediating risky factor. Moreover, as hypothesized and differently from recent findings, also overt narcissism was related to body shame and appearance anxieties. These findings suggest that feelings of shame are essential to deeper understand the narcissistic core features and outcomes. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
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14
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Bag S, Akbas F. The Impact of Obesity on Sexual Functions and Dyadic Consensus in Patients with Obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:308-312. [PMID: 32392432 DOI: 10.1089/met.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a chronic disease with several co-morbidities that increase morbidity and mortality and decrease quality of life. Psychopathologies are an important group of co-morbidities. In this study, it was aimed to search for the presence of depression and sexual dysfunction in patients with obesity, examine impact of obesity on marital adjustment, and highlight those important problems that are usually overlooked. Methods: Fifty patients who were seen in the obesity outpatient clinic in a random month as case group and gender-matched 50 healthy individuals as control group were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 and having a sexual partner. The exclusion criteria were having psychiatric/mental or any other chronic illness, using medication that would affect sexual functions, and alcohol/substance abuse. After recording the sociodemographic data, patients were asked to take three internationally validated questionnaires: The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Fifty patients with obesity as case group and 50 normal weight healthy persons as control group were included in the study. BMI and BDI score were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. DAS score was lower in the case group for consensus and affectional expression than the control group but there was no difference for satisfaction, cohesion, or total score between the groups. ASEX score was higher in the case group than in the control group. Conclusion: Patients with obesity have dyadic consensus problems with their partners. Their excessive weight causes distress and difficulty in expressing their feelings and usually results in marital problems and depression. Evaluation of the patient with a multidisciplinary approach in obesity centers will allow patients to be analyzed in every aspect of obesity including these issues and contribute to the success of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Bag
- Department of Psychiatry Clinic and University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Feray Akbas
- Department of Internal Medicine Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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15
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Izydorczyk B, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Lizińczyk S, Lipowska M. Socio-Cultural Standards Promoted by the Mass Media as Predictors of Restrictive and Bulimic Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:506. [PMID: 32581880 PMCID: PMC7283604 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research lacks in verifying the nature of the relationship between mass media pressure, body image, and the risk of unhealthy eating behaviors. This study aimed to investigate whether the internalization of sociocultural norms, perceived pressure or searching for information about body image promoted by the mass media directly affect restrictive and bulimic behavior toward eating, through the mediating role of body image and physical appearance variables. The research hypotheses were that (1, 2) body image, the pressure and the internalization of sociocultural norms are significant predictors of unhealthy eating behavior among women and men; and (3) the variables related to body image play the role of the mediating variable between the impact of socio-cultural standards of body image promoted by the mass media and unhealthy eating behavior. The sample comprised 514 Polish men and women, aged 16 to 63 old (men M=24.35; SD=13.53; women M=24.77; SD=7.61), with average Body Mass Index (BMI). Assessment comprised the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Scale (SATAQ-3), Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI 3), The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ-AS), and the author's survey questionnaire. The descriptive and comparative statistics, and a path analysis (structural equations modeling) were applied. The statistical analysis showed that the variables related to body image do not play the role of intermediary variables. The pressure of sociocultural standards of body image and physical appearance had the strongest and most direct effect on the development of restrictive eating behavior and appeared to negatively affect body image in women. The search of information on body image in the mass media had the strongest and most direct impact on the development of bulimic eating behavior among women. However, only the global internalization of sociocultural standards of body image and physical appearance had a significant and direct effect on the development of bulimic eating behavior in men. Moreover, the internalization of athletic body shape standards had the strongest and most positive impact on some aspects of body image in this group. No sociocultural variables showed a direct impact on restrictive behavior among studied men. BMI had a positive and direct impact on individual body part satisfaction. These results may help improve prevention of eating disorders and dysfunctional eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadetta Izydorczyk
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Lizińczyk
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
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16
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Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism as Predictors of the Tendency to Objectify Other People. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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The Body as an Object of Stigmatization in Cultures of Guilt and Shame: A Polish-Vietnamese Comparison. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162814. [PMID: 31394769 PMCID: PMC6719203 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine cross-cultural differences in body stigmatization between the individualistic Christian culture of guilt (Poland) and the collectivistic Buddhist/Confucian culture of honor and shame (Vietnam). The study included 1290 university students from Poland (n = 586) and Vietnam (n = 704). Subjects filled in the body esteem scale and the perceived stigmatization questionnaire, and body measurements were collected to calculate anthropometric indices. Participants from Vietnam were less satisfied with their appearance than their Polish peers. Men in both countries assessed themselves more favorably. No anthropometric index predicted body esteem in Vietnamese women, while only indices related to fat levels were predictors in Polish women. Men with a V-shaped body assessed themselves as stronger and as having a better physical condition. A possible explanation of the observed cross-cultural differences is that interdependent self-construal makes young adults in collectivistic societies more susceptible to criticism, and the Confucian values of modesty and shame lead to them not perceiving their bodies as sexual objects. The Christian sense of guilt does not influence the perception of sexuality. Absence of friendly behavior mediated the relation between anthropometric indices and body esteem in both cultures.
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18
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Dryden C, Anderson J. The dark triad, trait-based self-objectification, and body image concerns in young women. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Jin SV, Ryu E, Muqaddam A. Dieting 2.0!: Moderating effects of Instagrammers' body image and Instafame on other Instagrammers’ dieting intention. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Carrotte E, Anderson J. Risk Factor or Protective Feature? The Roles of Grandiose and Hypersensitive Narcissism in Explaining the Relationship between Self-Objectification and Body Image Concerns. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Obara-Gołębiowska M, Brycz H, Lipowska M, Lipowski M. The Role of Motivation to Reduce Obesity among Elderly People: Response to Priming Temptation in Obese Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020244. [PMID: 29389858 PMCID: PMC5858313 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The risk of obesity-related disorders is increased among the elderly, so changing eating habits can be an important element of prevention. The main aim of this article is to consider whether looking at pictures that present either fattening food or healthy food may motivate elderly people to change their nutrition habits. Might priming different kinds of food influence the attractiveness of the food for people in late adulthood undergoing obesity therapy? Based on priming theories, we analysed the effects of the conscious processing of stimuli associated with dietary habits in individuals aged with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². Our experiments confirmed the influence of a higher-priority goal of "slimming" on the perception and internalization of nutrition-related stimuli. In response to such stimuli, individuals who are actively involved in weight reduction and health-oriented programs use strategies for resisting temptation and to effectively "slim". We present our findings in the context of their theoretical background and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Obara-Gołębiowska
- Department of Psychology of Development and Education, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn Prawocheńskiego 13, 10-447 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Hanna Brycz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Lipowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Department of Health Psychology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
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Narcissism and selfie-posting behavior: the mediating role of body satisfaction and the moderating role of attitude toward selfie-posting behavior. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Children's Awareness of Healthy Behaviours - validity of Beauty & Health and Dietary Knowledge & Habits Scales. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2018. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2018.74688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nazik H, Nazik S, Gul FC. Body Image, Self-esteem, and Quality of Life in Patients with Psoriasis. Indian Dermatol Online J 2017; 8:343-346. [PMID: 28979867 PMCID: PMC5621194 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_503_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that may affect the visible areas of body. Hence, the quality of life, self-esteem, and body image can be affected in psoriasis patients. Objectives: We aimed in the present study to assess the effects of psoriasis on the quality of life, self-esteem, and body image. Materials and Methods: The study included 92 patients with psoriasis, along with 98 control participants. The sociodemographic characteristics of the patients were assessed, their Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores were calculated to determine the clinical severity of the psoriasis, and the values were recorded. In addition, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Body Image Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale results were evaluated. Results: When the control and psoriasis groups were evaluated regarding the DLQI, self-esteem, and body image, quality of life was found to be more negatively affected in the psoriasis group than the controls, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001), and self-esteem (P < 0.001) and body image (P < 0.001) were found to be significantly lower. Educational status significantly affected self-esteem (P < 0.001) and body image (P = 0.021), however, quality of life was not significantly affected by this parameter (P = 0.345). PASI was positively correlated with the quality of life (r = 0.703) and self-esteem (r = 0.448), however, it was negatively correlated with the body image (r = −0.423). Conclusions: Psoriasis may negatively affect quality of life, self-esteem, and body image, and may also cause psychosocial problems. An assessment of new approaches on this issue may contribute to developments in the treatment of and rehabilitation from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Nazik
- Department of Dermatology, Bingol State Hospital, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Nazik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bingol Maternity and Children's Hospital, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Feride C Gul
- Department of Dermatology, Elazig Education and Training Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
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25
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Gender differences in body-esteem among seniors: Beauty and health considerations. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 67:160-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Weinberger NA, Kersting A, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck-Sikorski C. Body Dissatisfaction in Individuals with Obesity Compared to Normal-Weight Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obes Facts 2016; 9:424-441. [PMID: 28013298 PMCID: PMC5644896 DOI: 10.1159/000454837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dissatisfaction has been identified as a psychological correlate of obesity that is related to disordered eating, poor self-esteem, and depression. However, not all individuals with obesity are equally vulnerable to these correlates, and 'normative discontent' is present in individuals with normal weight, too. In this light, the complex relationship of body image and individual weight status seems like a worthwhile direction of research inquiry. As such, this review aims to systematically explore the degree of body dissatisfaction in individuals with obesity compared to normal-weight individuals. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted. All quantitative studies of adult samples reporting results regarding differences in body dissatisfaction between individuals with normal weight and obesity were included. RESULTS 17 articles were found. Across studies, individuals with obesity reported higher body dissatisfaction than normal-weight individuals (questionnaires: d = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.63-1.16, p < 0.001; silhouette scales: d = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.57-2.25, p < 0.001). Meta-regression revealed a significant association of female gender and higher body dissatisfaction (b = 0.60, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The findings underline the severity of body dissatisfaction among individuals with obesity and especially among women. Future research recommendations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha-Alexandra Weinberger
- Leipzig University Hospital, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences SRH Gera, Gera, Germany
- *Natascha-Alexandra Weinberger, University of Applied Sciences SRH Gera, Neue Straße 28–30, 07548 Gera, Germany,
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi G. Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Luck-Sikorski
- Leipzig University Hospital, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences SRH Gera, Gera, Germany
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Swami V, Cass L, Waseem M, Furham A. What is the relationship between facets of narcissism and women's body image? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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