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Salman M, Saraswat R. Intrusion of Arabian Sea high salinity water and monsoon-associated processes modulate planktic foraminiferal abundance and carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:24961-24985. [PMID: 38460041 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The unicellular calcareous planktic foraminifera sequester a significant portion of the carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean, thus burying the carbon in sediments for millions of years. The global warming and associated processes are likely to affect the planktic foraminiferal abundance and diversity. Therefore, their baseline distribution has to be documented and correlated with ambient parameters to assess its fate under different climate change scenarios. Here, we report an exceptionally high abundance of planktic foraminifera and thus large carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. The very high absolute abundance of planktic foraminifera in the Cauvery River basin is attributed to biannual productivity, warmer and saline waters. Globigerinita glutinata is the highest abundant species followed by Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerina bulloides. Globigerina bulloides is abundant on the shelf, where the upwelling is more frequent. The relative abundance of Globorotalia menardii is positively correlated with thermocline salinity and negatively correlated with thermocline temperature. Similarly, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globoquadrina conglomerata are negatively correlated with mixed layer as well as thermocline temperature and mixed layer salinity. Both these species are positively correlated with thermocline salinity. Globigerina falconensis is more abundant in the southernmost transect influenced by intense winter monsoon precipitation. We report that G. ruber prefers high saline and warmer waters with the highest abundance in the southernmost transect. From the foraminiferal distribution, it is evident that the temperature and salinity of the mixed layer as well as thermocline, food availability, and monsoon-associated processes affect the planktic foraminiferal abundance and thus carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. The changes in influx of southeastern Arabian Sea water will affect the planktic foraminiferal population and subsequent carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salman
- Micropaleontology Laboratory, Geological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India.
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Goa, India.
| | - Rajeev Saraswat
- Micropaleontology Laboratory, Geological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India
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2
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Spezzaferri S, Kucera M, Pearson PN, Wade BS, Rappo S, Poole CR, Morard R, Stalder C. Correction: Fossil and Genetic Evidence for the Polyphyletic Nature of the Planktonic Foraminifera "Globigerinoides", and Description of the New Genus Trilobatus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259924. [PMID: 34752506 PMCID: PMC8577738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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3
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Pliocene decoupling of equatorial Pacific temperature and pH gradients. Nature 2021; 598:457-461. [PMID: 34671138 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocean dynamics in the equatorial Pacific drive tropical climate patterns that affect marine and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. How this region will respond to global warming has profound implications for global climate, economic stability and ecosystem health. As a result, numerous studies have investigated equatorial Pacific dynamics during the Pliocene (5.3-2.6 million years ago) and late Miocene (around 6 million years ago) as an analogue for the future behaviour of the region under global warming1-12. Palaeoceanographic records from this time present an apparent paradox with proxy evidence of a reduced east-west sea surface temperature gradient along the equatorial Pacific1,3,7,8-indicative of reduced wind-driven upwelling-conflicting with evidence of enhanced biological productivity in the east Pacific13-15 that typically results from stronger upwelling. Here we reconcile these observations by providing new evidence for a radically different-from-modern circulation regime in the early Pliocene/late Miocene16 that results in older, more acidic and more nutrient-rich water reaching the equatorial Pacific. These results provide a mechanism for enhanced productivity in the early Pliocene/late Miocene east Pacific even in the presence of weaker wind-driven upwelling. Our findings shed new light on equatorial Pacific dynamics and help to constrain the potential changes they will undergo in the near future, given that the Earth is expected to reach Pliocene-like levels of warming in the next century.
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4
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Rustic GT, Polissar PJ, Ravelo AC, DeMenocal P. Relationship between individual chamber and whole shell Mg/Ca ratios in Trilobatus sacculifer and implications for individual foraminifera palaeoceanographic reconstructions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:463. [PMID: 33432102 PMCID: PMC7801486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precisely targeted measurements of trace elements using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) reveal inter-chamber heterogeneities in specimens of the planktic foraminifer Trilobatus (Globigerinoides) sacculifer. We find that Mg/Ca ratios in the final growth chamber are generally lower compared to previous growth chambers, but final chamber Mg/Ca is elevated in one of thirteen sample intervals. Differences in distributions of Mg/Ca values from separate growth chambers are observed, occurring most often at lower Mg/Ca values, suggesting that single-chamber measurements may not be reflective of the specimen’s integrated Mg/Ca. We compared LA-ICPMS Mg/Ca values to paired, same-individual Mg/Ca measured via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to assess their correspondence. Paired LA-ICPMS and ICP-OES Mg/Ca show a maximum correlation coefficient of R = 0.92 (p < 0.05) achieved by applying a weighted average of the last and penultimate growth chambers. Population distributions of paired Mg/Ca values are identical under this weighting. These findings demonstrate that multi-chamber LA-ICPMS measurements can approximate entire specimen Mg/Ca, and is thus representative of the integrated conditions experienced during the specimen’s lifespan. This correspondence between LA-ICPMS and ICP-OES data links these methods and demonstrates that both generate Mg/Ca values suitable for individual foraminifera palaeoceanographic reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Rustic
- Department of Geology, School of Earth and Environment, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA. .,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 19604, USA.
| | - Pratigya J Polissar
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Ana Christina Ravelo
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Peter DeMenocal
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 19604, USA.,Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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5
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Sosdian SM, Babila TL, Greenop R, Foster GL, Lear CH. Ocean Carbon Storage across the middle Miocene: a new interpretation for the Monterey Event. Nat Commun 2020; 11:134. [PMID: 31919344 PMCID: PMC6952451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO, 14-17 Ma) was ~3-4 °C warmer than present, similar to estimates for 2100. Coincident with the MCO is the Monterey positive carbon isotope (δ13C) excursion, with oceans more depleted in 12C relative to 13C than any time in the past 50 Myrs. The long-standing Monterey Hypothesis uses this excursion to invoke massive marine organic carbon burial and draw-down of atmospheric CO2 as a cause for the subsequent Miocene Climate Transition and Antarctic glaciation. However, this hypothesis cannot explain the multi-Myr lag between the δ13C excursion and global cooling. We use planktic foraminiferal B/Ca, δ11B, δ13C, and Mg/Ca to reconstruct surface ocean carbonate chemistry and temperature. We propose that the MCO was associated with elevated oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon caused by volcanic degassing, global warming, and sea-level rise. A key negative feedback of this warm climate was the organic carbon burial on drowned continental shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sosdian
- Cardiff University School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - T L Babila
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZA, UK
| | - R Greenop
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK
| | - G L Foster
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZA, UK
| | - C H Lear
- Cardiff University School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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6
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Zehady AK, Fordham BG, Ogg JG. Integrated species-phenon trees: visualizing infraspecific diversity within lineages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18968. [PMID: 31831804 PMCID: PMC6908663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented detail with which contemporary molecular phylogenetics are visualizing infraspecific relationships within living species and species complexes cannot as yet be reliably extended into deep time. Yet paleontological systematics has routinely dealt in (mainly) morphotaxa envisaged in various ways to have been components of past species lineages. Bridging these perspectives can only enrich both. We present a visualization tool that digitally depicts infraspecific diversity within species through deep time. Our integrated species-phenon tree merges ancestor-descendant trees for fossil morphotaxa (phena) into reconstructed phylogenies of lineages (species) by expanding the latter into "species boxes" and placing the phenon trees inside. A key programming strategy to overcome the lack of a simple overall parent-child hierarchy in the integrated tree has been the progressive population of a species-phenon relationship map which then provides the graphical footprint for the overarching species boxes. Our initial case has been limited to planktonic foraminfera via Aze & others' important macroevolutionary dataset. The tool could potentially be appropriated for other organisms, to detail other kinds of infraspecific granularity within lineages, or more generally to visualize two nested but loosely coupled trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Khan Zehady
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Barry G Fordham
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - James G Ogg
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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7
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Stainbank S, Kroon D, Rüggeberg A, Raddatz J, de Leau ES, Zhang M, Spezzaferri S. Controls on planktonic foraminifera apparent calcification depths for the northern equatorial Indian Ocean. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222299. [PMID: 31513624 PMCID: PMC6767952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the world’s oceans, regionally distinct ecological niches develop due to
differences in water temperature, nutrients, food availability, predation and
light intensity. This results in differences in the vertical dispersion of
planktonic foraminifera on the global scale. Understanding the controls on these
modern-day distributions is important when using these organisms for
paleoceanographic reconstructions. As such, this study constrains modern depth
habitats for the northern equatorial Indian Ocean, for 14 planktonic
foraminiferal species (G. ruber,
G. elongatus, G.
pyramidalis, G.
rubescens, T. sacculifer,
G. siphonifera, G.
glutinata, N. dutertrei,
G. bulloides, G.
ungulata, P.
obliquiloculata, G.
menardii, G. hexagonus,
G. scitula) using stable isotopic
signatures (δ18O and δ13C) and Mg/Ca ratios. We evaluate
two aspects of inferred depth habitats: (1) the significance of the apparent
calcification depth (ACD) calculation method/equations and (2) regional
species-specific ACD controls. Through a comparison with five global,
(sub)tropical studies we found the choice of applied equation and
δ18Osw significant and an important consideration when
comparing with the published literature. The ACDs of the surface mixed layer and
thermocline species show a tight clustering between 73–109 m water depth
coinciding with the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). Furthermore, the ACDs for
the sub-thermocline species are positioned relative to secondary peaks in the
local primary production. We surmise that food source plays a key role in the
relative living depths for the majority of the investigated planktonic
foraminifera within this oligotrophic environment of the Maldives and elsewhere
in the tropical oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stainbank
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,
Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Dick Kroon
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Rüggeberg
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,
Switzerland
| | - Jacek Raddatz
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
- Frankfurt Isotope and Element Research Center (FIERCE), Goethe University
Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erica S. de Leau
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manlin Zhang
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Spezzaferri
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,
Switzerland
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8
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The breadth of climate change impacts on biological systems. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:107-113. [PMID: 33523145 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human activity is driving climate change. This is affecting and will affect many aspects of life on earth. The breadth of its impacts is very wide and covers human, animal and plant health, and also the planet's biodiversity and the services that deliver benefits to people from natural capital. Finding solutions to the challenge of climate change will require multidisciplinary action in which the life sciences have a major role to play as this issue of Emerging Topics in Life Sciences indicates. More process and mechanistic knowledge could underpin solutions or even provide early warning of impacts. Any solutions will need to be developed and deployed in ways that gain and maintain public support.
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Morard R, Vollmar NM, Greco M, Kucera M. Unassigned diversity of planktonic foraminifera from environmental sequencing revealed as known but neglected species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213936. [PMID: 30897140 PMCID: PMC6428320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most research on extant planktonic foraminifera has been directed towards larger species (>0.150 mm) which can be easily manipulated, counted and yield enough calcite for geochemical analyses. This has drawn attention towards the macroperforate clade and created an impression of their numerical and ecological dominance. Drawing such conclusions from the study of such “giants” is a dangerous path. There were times in the evolutionary history of planktonic foraminifera when all species were smaller than 0.1 mm and indeed numerous small taxa, mainly from the microperforate clade, have been formally described from the modern plankton. The significance of these small, obscure and neglected species is poorly characterized and their relationship to the newly discovered hyperabundant but uncharacterized lineages of planktonic foraminifera in metabarcoding datasets is unknown. To determine, who is hiding in the metabarcoding datasets, we carried out an extensive sequencing of 18S rDNA targeted at small and obscure species. The sequences of the newly characterized small and obscure taxa match many of the previously uncharacterized lineages found in metabarcoding data. This indicates that most of the modern diversity in planktonic foraminifera has been taxonomically captured, but the role of the small and neglected taxa has been severely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Morard
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nele M. Vollmar
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mattia Greco
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michal Kucera
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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10
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Fordham BG, Aze T, Haller C, Zehady AK, Pearson PN, Ogg JG, Wade BS. Future-proofing the Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera phylogeny of Aze & others (2011). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204625. [PMID: 30379910 PMCID: PMC6209145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique macroevolutionary dataset of Aze & others has been transferred onto the TimeScale Creator visualisation platform while, as much as practicable, preserving the original unrevised content of its morphospecies and lineage evolutionary trees. This is a "Corrected Version" (not a revision), which can serve as an on-going historical case example because it is now updatable with future time scales. Both macroevolutionary and biostratigraphic communities are now equipped with an enduring phylogenetic database of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminiferal morphospecies and lineages for which both graphics and content can be visualised together. Key to maintaining the currency of the trees has been specification of time scales for sources of stratigraphic ranges; these scales then locate the range dates within the calibration series. Some ranges or their sources have undergone mostly minor corrections or amendments. Links between lineage and morphospecies trees have been introduced to improve consistency and transparency in timing within the trees. Also, Aze & others' dual employment of morphospecies and lineage concepts is further elaborated here, given misunderstandings that have ensued. Features displayed on the trees include options for line styles for additional categories for range extensions or degrees of support for ancestor-descendant proposals; these have been applied to a small number of instances as an encouragement to capture more nuanced data in the future. In addition to labeling of eco- and morpho-groups on both trees, genus labels can be attached to the morphospecies tree to warn of polyphyletic morphogenera, and the lineage codes have been decoded to ease their recognition. However, it is the mouse-over pop-ups that provide the greatest opportunity to embed supporting information in the trees. They include details for stratigraphic ranges and their recalibration steps, positions relative to the standard planktonic-foraminiferal zonation, and applications as datums, as well as mutual listings between morphospecies and lineages which ease the tracing of their interrelated contents. The elaboration of the original dataset has been captured in a relational database, which can be considered a resource in itself, and, through queries and programming, serves to generate the TimeScale Creator datapacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G. Fordham
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tracy Aze
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Haller
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Khan Zehady
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Pearson
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James G. Ogg
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bridget S. Wade
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Siccha M, Kucera M. ForCenS, a curated database of planktonic foraminifera census counts in marine surface sediment samples. Sci Data 2017; 4:170109. [PMID: 28829434 PMCID: PMC5566098 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Census counts of marine microfossils in surface sediments represent an invaluable resource for paleoceanography and for the investigation of macroecological processes. A prerequisite for such applications is the provision of data syntheses for individual microfossil groups. Specific to such syntheses is the necessity of taxonomical harmonisation across the constituent datasets, coupled with dereplication of previous compilations. Both of these aspects require expert knowledge, but with increasing number of records involved in such syntheses, the application of expert knowledge via manual curation is not feasible. Here we present a synthesis of planktonic foraminifera census counts in surface sediment samples, which is taxonomically harmonised, dereplicated and treated for numerical and other inconsistencies. The data treatment is implemented as an objective and largely automated pipeline, allowing us to reduce the initial 6,984 records to 4,205 counts from unique sites and informative technical or true replicates. We provide the final product and document the procedure, which can be easily adopted for other microfossil data syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Siccha
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Michal Kucera
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, Bremen 28359, Germany
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12
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Wang XL, Planavsky NJ, Hull PM, Tripati AE, Zou HJ, Elder L, Henehan M. Chromium isotopic composition of core-top planktonic foraminifera. GEOBIOLOGY 2017; 15:51-64. [PMID: 27392225 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chromium isotope system (53 Cr/52 Cr expressed as δ53 Cr relative to NIST SRM 979) is potentially a powerful proxy for the redox state of the ocean-atmosphere system, but a lack of temporally continuous, well-calibrated archives has limited its application to date. Marine carbonates could potentially serve as a common and continuous Cr isotope archive. Here, we present the first evaluation of planktonic foraminiferal calcite as an archive of seawater δ53 Cr. We show that single foraminiferal species from globally distributed core tops yielded variable δ53 Cr, ranging from 0.1‰ to 2.5‰. These values do not match with the existing measurements of seawater δ53 Cr. Further, within a single core-top, species with similar water column distributions (i.e., depth habitats) yielded variable δ53 Cr values. In addition, mixed layer and thermocline species do not consistently exhibit decreasing trends in δ53 Cr as expected based on current understanding of Cr cycling in the ocean. These observations suggest that either seawater δ53 Cr is more heterogeneous than previously thought or that there is significant and species-dependent Cr isotope fractionation during foraminiferal calcification. Given that the δ53 Cr variability is comparable to that observed in geological samples throughout Earth's history, interpreting planktonic foraminiferal δ53 Cr without calibrating modern foraminifera further, and without additional seawater measurements, would lead to erroneous conclusions. Our core-top survey clearly indicates that planktonic foraminifera are not a straightforward δ53 Cr archive and should not be used to study marine redox evolution without additional study. It likewise cautions against the use of δ53 Cr in bulk carbonate or other biogenic archives pending further work on vital effects and the geographic heterogeneity of the Cr isotope composition of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Wang
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - P M Hull
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A E Tripati
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Université de Brest, Plouzané, France
| | - H J Zou
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L Elder
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Hsiang AY, Elder LE, Hull PM. Towards a morphological metric of assemblage dynamics in the fossil record: a test case using planktonic foraminifera. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150227. [PMID: 26977067 PMCID: PMC4810820 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With a glance, even the novice naturalist can tell you something about the ecology of a given ecosystem. This is because the morphology of individuals reflects their evolutionary history and ecology, and imparts a distinct ‘look’ to communities—making it possible to immediately discern between deserts and forests, or coral reefs and abyssal plains. Once quantified, morphology can provide a common metric for characterizing communities across space and time and, if measured rapidly, serve as a powerful tool for quantifying biotic dynamics. Here, we present and test a new high-throughput approach for analysing community shape in the fossil record using semi-three-dimensional (3D) morphometrics from vertically stacked images (light microscopic or photogrammetric). We assess the potential informativeness of community morphology in a first analysis of the relationship between 3D morphology, ecology and phylogeny in 16 extant species of planktonic foraminifera—an abundant group in the marine fossil record—and in a preliminary comparison of four assemblages from the North Atlantic. In the species examined, phylogenetic relatedness was most closely correlated with ecology, with all three ecological traits examined (depth habitat, symbiont ecology and biogeography) showing significant phylogenetic signal. By contrast, morphological trees (based on 3D shape similarity) were relatively distantly related to both ecology and phylogeny. Although improvements are needed to realize the full utility of community morphometrics, our approach already provides robust volumetric measurements of assemblage size, a key ecological characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Y Hsiang
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Leanne E Elder
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Pincelli M Hull
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
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14
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Fenton IS, Pearson PN, Dunkley Jones T, Farnsworth A, Lunt DJ, Markwick P, Purvis A. The impact of Cenozoic cooling on assemblage diversity in planktonic foraminifera. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150224. [PMID: 26977064 PMCID: PMC4810817 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera (PF) (calcareous zooplankton) have arguably the most detailed fossil record of any group. The quality of this record allows models of environmental controls on macroecology, developed for Recent assemblages, to be tested on intervals with profoundly different climatic conditions. These analyses shed light on the role of long-term global cooling in establishing the modern latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)--one of the most powerful generalizations in biogeography and macroecology. Here, we test the transferability of environment-diversity models developed for modern PF assemblages to the Eocene epoch (approx. 56-34 Ma), a time of pronounced global warmth. Environmental variables from global climate models are combined with Recent environment-diversity models to predict Eocene richness gradients, which are then compared with observed patterns. The results indicate the modern LDG--lower richness towards the poles--developed through the Eocene. Three possible causes are suggested for the mismatch between statistical model predictions and data in the Early Eocene: the environmental estimates are inaccurate, the statistical model misses a relevant variable, or the intercorrelations among facets of diversity--e.g. richness, evenness, functional diversity--have changed over geological time. By the Late Eocene, environment-diversity relationships were much more similar to those found today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Fenton
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Paul N Pearson
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Tom Dunkley Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexander Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Paul Markwick
- Getech Group plc. Elmete Hall, Elmete Lane, Leeds LS8 2LJ, UK
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
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15
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Morard R, Escarguel G, Weiner AKM, André A, Douady CJ, Wade CM, Darling KF, Ujiié Y, Seears HA, Quillévéré F, de Garidel-Thoron T, de Vargas C, Kucera M. Nomenclature for the Nameless: A Proposal for an Integrative Molecular Taxonomy of Cryptic Diversity Exemplified by Planktonic Foraminifera. Syst Biol 2016; 65:925-40. [PMID: 27073250 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of biodiversity, biogeography, and ecological processes rely on the identification of "species" as biologically significant, natural units of evolution. In this context, morphotaxonomy only provides an adequate level of resolution if reproductive isolation matches morphological divergence. In many groups of organisms, morphologically defined species often disguise considerable genetic diversity, which may be indicative of the existence of cryptic species. The diversity hidden by morphological species can be disentangled through genetic surveys, which also provide access to data on the ecological distribution of genetically circumscribed units. These units can be identified by unique DNA sequence motifs and allow studies of evolutionary and ecological processes at different levels of divergence. However, the nomenclature of genetically circumscribed units within morphological species is not regulated and lacks stability. This represents a major obstacle to efforts to synthesize and communicate data on genetic diversity for multiple stakeholders. We have been confronted with such an obstacle in our work on planktonic foraminifera, where the stakeholder community is particularly diverse, involving geochemists, paleoceanographers, paleontologists, and biologists, and the lack of stable nomenclature beyond the level of formal morphospecies prevents effective transfer of knowledge. To circumvent this problem, we have designed a stable, reproducible, and flexible nomenclature system for genetically circumscribed units, analogous to the principles of a formal nomenclature system. Our system is based on the definition of unique DNA sequence motifs collocated within an individual, their typification (in analogy with holotypes), utilization of their hierarchical phylogenetic structure to define levels of divergence below that of the morphospecies, and a set of nomenclature rules assuring stability. The resulting molecular operational taxonomic units remain outside the domain of current nomenclature codes, but are linked to formal morphospecies as regulated by the codes. Subsequently, we show how this system can be applied to classify genetically defined units using the SSU rDNA marker in planktonic foraminifera and we highlight its potential use for other groups of organisms where similarly high levels of connectivity between molecular and formal taxonomies can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Morard
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany,
| | - Gilles Escarguel
- Université de Lyon; UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystémes Naturels et Anthropisés; Universiteì Lyon 1; ENTPE; CNRS; 6 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnes K M Weiner
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany, Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aurore André
- Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, Batiment 18, 51100 REIMS, France
| | - Christophe J Douady
- Université de Lyon; UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystémes Naturels et Anthropisés; Universiteì Lyon 1; ENTPE; CNRS; 6 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France, Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christopher M Wade
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kate F Darling
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK, School of Geography and GeoSciences, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Yurika Ujiié
- Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Asahi3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Heidi A Seears
- Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Frédéric Quillévéré
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thibault de Garidel-Thoron
- Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement de Géosciences de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, et Aix-Marseille Université, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, EPEP, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France, and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Michal Kucera
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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