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West PJ, Thomson K, Billingsley P, Pruess T, Rueda C, Saunders GW, Smith MD, Metcalf CS, Wilcox KS. Spontaneous recurrent seizures in an intra-amygdala kainate microinjection model of temporal lobe epilepsy are differentially sensitive to antiseizure drugs. Exp Neurol 2022; 349:113954. [PMID: 34922908 PMCID: PMC8815304 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of novel antiseizure drugs (ASDs) that are effective in controlling pharmacoresistant spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) continues to represent a significant unmet clinical need. The Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) has undertaken efforts to address this need by adopting animal models that represent the salient features of human pharmacoresistant epilepsy and employing these models for preclinical testing of investigational ASDs. One such model that has garnered increased interest in recent years is the mouse variant of the Intra-Amygdala Kainate (IAK) microinjection model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). In establishing a version of this model, several methodological variables were evaluated for their effect(s) on pertinent quantitative endpoints. Although administration of a benzodiazepine 40 min after kainate (KA) induced status epilepticus (SE) is commonly used to improve survival, data presented here demonstrates similar outcomes (mortality, hippocampal damage, latency periods, and 90-day SRS natural history) between mice given midazolam and those that were not. Using a version of this model that did not interrupt SE with a benzodiazepine, a 90-day natural history study was performed and survival, latency periods, SRS frequencies and durations, and SRS clustering data were quantified. Finally, an important step towards model adoption is to assess the sensitivities or resistances of SRSs to a panel of approved and clinically used ASDs. Accordingly, the following ASDs were evaluated for their effects on SRSs in these mice: phenytoin (20 mg/kg, b.i.d.), carbamazepine (30 mg/kg, t.i.d.), valproate (240 mg/kg, t.i.d.), diazepam (4 mg/kg, b.i.d.), and phenobarbital (25 and 50 mg/kg, b.i.d.). Valproate, diazepam, and phenobarbital significantly attenuated SRS frequency relative to vehicle controls at doses devoid of observable adverse behavioral effects. Only diazepam significantly increased seizure freedom. Neither phenytoin nor carbamazepine significantly altered SRS frequency or freedom under these experimental conditions. These data demonstrate that SRSs in this IAK model of MTLE are pharmacoresistant to two representative sodium channel-inhibiting ASDs (phenytoin and carbamazepine) and partially sensitive to GABA receptor modulating ASDs (diazepam and phenobarbital) or a mixed-mechanism ASD (valproate). Accordingly, this model is being incorporated into the NINDS-funded ETSP testing platform for treatment resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J West
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Kyle Thomson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Peggy Billingsley
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Timothy Pruess
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carlos Rueda
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gerald W Saunders
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Misty D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Pirozzi F, Lee B, Horsley N, Burkardt DD, Dobyns WB, Graham JM, Dentici ML, Cesario C, Schallner J, Porrmann J, Di Donato N, Sanchez-Lara PA, Mirzaa GM. Proximal variants in CCND2 associated with microcephaly, short stature, and developmental delay: A case series and review of inverse brain growth phenotypes. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2719-2738. [PMID: 34087052 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D2 (CCND2) is a critical cell cycle regulator and key member of the cyclin D2-CDK4 (DC) complex. De novo variants of CCND2 clustering in the distal part of the protein have been identified as pathogenic causes of brain overgrowth (megalencephaly, MEG) and severe cortical malformations in children including the megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndrome. Megalencephaly-associated CCND2 variants are localized to the terminal exon and result in accumulation of degradation-resistant protein. We identified five individuals from three unrelated families with novel variants in the proximal region of CCND2 associated with microcephaly, mildly simplified cortical gyral pattern, symmetric short stature, and mild developmental delay. Identified variants include de novo frameshift variants and a dominantly inherited stop-gain variant segregating with the phenotype. This is the first reported association between proximal CCND2 variants and microcephaly, to our knowledge. This series expands the phenotypic spectrum of CCND2-related disorders and suggests that distinct classes of CCND2 variants are associated with reciprocal effects on human brain growth (microcephaly and megalencephaly due to possible loss or gain of protein function, respectively), adding to the growing paradigm of inverse phenotypes due to dysregulation of key brain growth genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Pirozzi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benson Lee
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicole Horsley
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deepika D Burkardt
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John M Graham
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria L Dentici
- Medical Genetics Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cesario
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jens Schallner
- Department of Neuropediatrics, School of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph Porrmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Evaluation of the ameliorative effects of oral administration of metformin on epileptogenesis in the temporal lobe epilepsy model in rats. Life Sci 2020; 257:118066. [PMID: 32652135 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis is necessary to target the best therapeutic interventions in epilepsy. Recently, it has been postulated that metformin, an old antidiabetic oral drug, has anti-seizure properties mostly due to its antioxidant activities. This study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of metformin on the progression of epilepsy in the temporal lobe epilepsy model in rats. MAIN METHODS Temporal lobe Epilepsy was induced by intracerebroventricular microinjection of kainic acid. Metformin was orally administered for two weeks before induction of epilepsy. Anti-epileptogenic activity of metformin was evaluated by intracranial electroencepholography (IEEG) recording to detect spontaneous seizures, mossy fiber sprouting by Timm staining, neurogenesis by BrdU staining. KEY FINDINGS Oral administration of metformin prior to kainite-induced status epilepticus blocked the variant characterizations of epileptogenesis like neuronal cell death, aberrant neurogenesis, mossy fiber sprouting, and spontaneous seizures. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that metformin has potential anti-epileptogenic properties in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Gonzalez-Reyes LE, Chiang CC, Zhang M, Johnson J, Arrillaga-Tamez M, Couturier NH, Reddy N, Starikov L, Capadona JR, Kottmann AH, Durand DM. Sonic Hedgehog is expressed by hilar mossy cells and regulates cellular survival and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17402. [PMID: 31758070 PMCID: PMC6874678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a multifunctional signaling protein governing pattern formation, proliferation and cell survival during embryogenesis. In the adult brain, Shh has neurotrophic function and is implicated in hippocampal neurogenesis but the cellular source of Shh in the hippocampus remains ill defined. Here, we utilize a gene expression tracer allele of Shh (Shh-nlacZ) which allowed the identification of a subpopulation of hilar neurons known as mossy cells (MCs) as a prominent and dynamic source of Shh within the dentate gyrus. AAV-Cre mediated ablation of Shh in the adult dentate gyrus led to a marked degeneration of MCs. Conversely, chemical stimulation of hippocampal neurons using the epileptogenic agent kainic acid (KA) increased the number of Shh+ MCs indicating that the expression of Shh by MCs confers a survival advantage during the response to excitotoxic insults. In addition, ablation of Shh in the adult dentate gyrus led to increased neural precursor cell proliferation and their migration into the subgranular cell layer demonstrating that MCs-generated Shh is a key modulator of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Gonzalez-Reyes
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, L. Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Rehab. R&D, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Chia-Chu Chiang
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Manuel Arrillaga-Tamez
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas H Couturier
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Neha Reddy
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Lev Starikov
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine at City College of New York and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, L. Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Rehab. R&D, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Andreas H Kottmann
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine at City College of New York and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Dominique M Durand
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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5
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Gan J, Huang L, Qu Y, Luo R, Cai Q, Zhao F, Mu D. Expression and functional analysis of lncRNAs in the hippocampus of immature rats with status epilepticus. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:149-159. [PMID: 31738000 PMCID: PMC6933385 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression at various levels. However, to date, the expression profile of lncRNAs in status epilepticus (SE) was unclear. In our study, the expression profile of lncRNAs was investigated by high-throughput sequencing based on a lithium/pilocarpine-induced SE model in immature rats. Furthermore, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to construct co-expression networks and establish functions of the identified hub lncRNAs in SE. The functional role of a hub lncRNA (NONRATT010788.2) in SE was investigated in an in vitro model. Our results indicated that 7082 lncRNAs (3522 up-regulated and 3560 down-regulated), which are involved in cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, angiogenesis and autophagy, were dysregulated in the hippocampus of immature rats with SE. Additionally, WGCNA identified 667 up-regulated hub lncRNAs in turquoise module that were involved in apoptosis, inflammatory responses and angiogenesis via regulation of HIF-1, p53 and chemokine signalling pathways and via inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels. Knockdown of an identified hub lncRNA (NONRATT010788.2) inhibited neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Taken together, our study is the first to demonstrate the expression profile and potential function of lncRNAs in the hippocampus of immature rats with SE. The defined hub lncRNAs may participate in the pathogenesis of SE via lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Bielefeld P, Durá I, Danielewicz J, Lucassen P, Baekelandt V, Abrous D, Encinas J, Fitzsimons C. Insult-induced aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis: Functional consequences and possible therapeutic strategies. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Beamer EH, Jurado-Arjona J, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Morgan J, Reschke CR, Kenny A, de Leo G, Olivos-Oré LA, Arribas-Blázquez M, Madden SF, Merchán-Rubira J, Delanty N, Farrell MA, O'Brien DF, Avila J, Diaz-Hernandez M, Miras-Portugal MT, Artalejo AR, Hernandez F, Henshall DC, Engel T. MicroRNA-22 Controls Aberrant Neurogenesis and Changes in Neuronal Morphology After Status Epilepticus. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:442. [PMID: 30618601 PMCID: PMC6298134 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged seizures (status epilepticus, SE) may drive hippocampal dysfunction and epileptogenesis, at least partly, through an elevation in neurogenesis, dysregulation of migration and aberrant dendritic arborization of newly-formed neurons. MicroRNA-22 was recently found to protect against the development of epileptic foci, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the contribution of microRNA-22 to SE-induced aberrant adult neurogenesis. SE was induced by intraamygdala microinjection of kainic acid (KA) to model unilateral hippocampal neuropathology in mice. MicroRNA-22 expression was suppressed using specific oligonucleotide inhibitors (antagomir-22) and newly-formed neurons were visualized using the thymidine analog iodo-deoxyuridine (IdU) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing retrovirus to visualize the dendritic tree and synaptic spines. Using this approach, we quantified differences in the rate of neurogenesis and migration, the structure of the apical dendritic tree and density and morphology of dendritic spines in newly-formed neurons.SE resulted in an increased rate of hippocampal neurogenesis, including within the undamaged contralateral dentate gyrus (DG). Newly-formed neurons underwent aberrant migration, both within the granule cell layer and into ectopic sites. Inhibition of microRNA-22 exacerbated these changes. The dendritic diameter and the density and average volume of dendritic spines were unaffected by SE, but these parameters were all elevated in mice in which microRNA-22 was suppressed. MicroRNA-22 inhibition also reduced the length and complexity of the dendritic tree, independently of SE. These data indicate that microRNA-22 is an important regulator of morphogenesis of newly-formed neurons in adults and plays a role in supressing aberrant neurogenesis associated with SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Beamer
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeronimo Jurado-Arjona
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan Kenny
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gioacchino de Leo
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luis A Olivos-Oré
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Arribas-Blázquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen F Madden
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jesús Merchán-Rubira
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Norman Delanty
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland.,Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Jesus Avila
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Diaz-Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio R Artalejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
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Filipkowski RK, Kaczmarek L. Severely impaired adult brain neurogenesis in cyclin D2 knock-out mice produces very limited phenotypic changes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:63-67. [PMID: 28433461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new neurons being produced in the brains of adult mammals (adult brain neurogenesis) began a quest to determine the function(s) of these cells. Major hypotheses in the field have assumed that these neurons play pivotal role, in particular, in learning and memory phenomena, mood control, and epileptogenesis. In our studies summarized herein, we used cyclin D2 knockout (KO) mice, as we have shown that cyclin D2 is the key factor in adult brain neurogenesis and thus its lack produces profound impairment of the process. On the other hand, developmental neurogenesis responsible for the brain formation depends only slightly on cyclin D2, as the mutants display minor structural abnormalities, such as smaller hippocampus and more severe disturbances in the structure of the olfactory bulbs. Surprisingly, the studies have revealed that cyclin D2 KO mice did not show major deficits in several behavioral paradigms assessing hippocampal learning and memory. Furthermore, missing adult brain neurogenesis affected neither action of antidepressants, nor epileptogenesis. On the other hand, minor deficits observed in cyclin D2 KO mice in fine tuning of cognitive functions, species-typical behaviors and alcohol consumption might be explained by a reduced hippocampal size and/or other developmentally driven brain impairments observed in these mutant mice. In aggregate, surprisingly, missing almost entirely adult brain neurogenesis produces only very limited behavioral phenotype that could be attributed to the consequences of the development-dependent minor brain abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Filipkowski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Cipriani R, Chara JC, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Matute C. Effects of FTY720 on brain neurogenic niches in vitro and after kainic acid-induced injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:147. [PMID: 28738875 PMCID: PMC5525223 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya™) is an oral, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-passing drug approved as immunomodulatory treatment for relapsing-remitting form of the multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, FTY720 exerts several effects in the central nervous system (CNS), ranging from neuroprotection to reduction of neuroinflammation. However, the neurogenic and oligodendrogenic potential of FTY720 has been poorly investigated. In this study, we assessed the effect of FTY720 on the production of new neurons and oligodendrocytes from neural stem/precursor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from the young rat subventricular zone (SVZ) were exposed to FTY720 (10, 100 nM), and their differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes was measured using immunofluorescence for anti-β-III tubulin or CNPase (2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase) as markers of mature neurons or oligodendrocytes, respectively. In addition, intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of kainic acid (KA; 0.5 μg/2 μl) in Sprague-Dawley rats was used as an in vivo model of neuronal death and inflammation. FTY720 was applied icv (1 μg/2 μl), together with KA, plus intraperitoneally (ip; 1 mg/kg) 24 h before, and daily, until sacrifice 8 days after KA injection. To visualize cell proliferation in the hippocampus and in white matter regions, rats were administered 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 100 mg/kg, ip injected every 2 days. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on rat brain slices to measure the production of new neuronal precursors (doublecortin/DCX+ cells) and new oligodendrocytes precursors (proteoglycan/NG2+ cells). Results In this study, we observed that FTY720 increased postnatal NSCs differentiation into both neurons and oligodendrocytes in vitro. In turn, in adult animals, FTY720 enhanced the percentage of BrdU+ cells coexpressing DCX marker, both in basal (FTY720 alone) and in neurodegenerative (FTY720 + KA) conditions. However, FTY720 had only a partial effect on proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) population in vivo. Conclusions FTY720 promotes neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in vitro under basal conditions. In addition, it increases the generation of neuroblasts and oligodendrocytes after excitotoxic brain injury. This suggests that FTY720 has the potential to activate the neurogenic niche and thus favour tissue repair after lesion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0922-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Cipriani
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red (CIBERNED), Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Chara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red (CIBERNED), Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Matute
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red (CIBERNED), Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), E-48940, Leioa, Spain
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10
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Łukawski K, Andres-Mach M, Czuczwar M, Łuszczki JJ, Kruszyński K, Czuczwar SJ. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and preclinical approach to antiepileptogenic therapies. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:284-293. [PMID: 29477036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of epilepsy is estimated 5-10 per 1000 population and around 70% of patients with epilepsy can be sufficiently controlled by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Epileptogenesis is the process responsible for converting normal into an epileptic brain and mechanisms responsible include among others: inflammation, neurodegeneration, neurogenesis, neural reorganization and plasticity. Some AEDs may be antiepileptiogenic (diazepam, eslicarbazepine) but the correlation between neuroprotection and inhibition of epileptogenesis is not evident. Antiepileptogenic activity has been postulated for mTOR ligands, resveratrol and losartan. So far, clinical evidence gives some hope for levetiracetam as an AED inhibiting epileptogenesis in neurosurgical patients. Biomarkers for epileptogenesis are needed for the proper selection of patients for evaluation of potential antiepileptogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukawski
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland; Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosław Czuczwar
- 2nd Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarogniew J Łuszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland; Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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11
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Almeida Silva LF, Engel T, Reschke CR, Conroy RM, Langa E, Henshall DC. Distinct behavioral and epileptic phenotype differences in 129/P mice compared to C57BL/6 mice subject to intraamygdala kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:186-194. [PMID: 27744244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of status epilepticus are important tools to understand the pathogenesis of epileptic brain injury and evaluate potential seizure-suppressive, neuroprotective, and antiepileptogenic treatments. Focal elicitation of status epilepticus by intraamygdala kainic acid in mice produces unilateral hippocampal damage and the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures after a short latent period. The model has been characterized in C57BL/6, BALB/c, and SJL mice where strain-specific differences were found in the extent of hippocampal damage. 129/P mice are a common background strain for genetic models and may display unique characteristics in this model. We therefore compared responses to intraamygdala kainic acid between 129/P and C57BL/6 mice. Racine scale-scored convulsive behavior during status epilepticus was substantially lower in 129/P mice compared with that in C57BL/6 mice. Analysis of surface-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) showed differences between strains in several frequency bands; EEG total power was greater during ictal episodes while duration of seizures was slightly shorter in 129/P mice. Histological analysis revealed similar hippocampal injury between strains, with neuronal death mainly confined to the ipsilateral CA3 subfield. Expression of genes associated with gliosis and neuroinflammatory responses was also similar between strains after seizures. Video-EEG telemetry recordings showed that 129/P mice first display spontaneous seizures within a few days of status epilepticus similar to C57BL/6 mice. However, high mortality in 129/P mice prevented a quantitative comparison of the epileptic seizure phenotypes between strains. This study defined behavioral, EEG, and histopathologic features of this mouse strain in a model increasingly useful for the study of the genetic contribution to acquired epilepsy. Intraamygdala kainic acid in 129/P mice could serve as a model of nonconvulsive status epilepticus, but long-term assessments will require model adjustment to mitigate the severity of the emergent epileptic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Silva
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Ronan M Conroy
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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12
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Mahmoud R, Wainwright SR, Chaiton JA, Lieblich SE, Galea LA. Ovarian hormones, but not fluoxetine, impart resilience within a chronic unpredictable stress model in middle-aged female rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:278-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Cattani AA, Allene C, Seifert V, Rosenow F, Henshall DC, Freiman TM. Involvement of microRNAs in epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1015-26. [PMID: 27207608 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients who have sustained brain injury or had developmental brain lesions present a non-negligible risk for developing delayed epilepsy. Finding therapeutic strategies to prevent development of epilepsy in at-risk patients represents a crucial medical challenge. Noncoding microRNA molecules (miRNAs) are promising candidates in this area. Indeed, deregulation of diverse brain-specific miRNAs has been observed in animal models of epilepsy as well as in patients with epilepsy, mostly in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Herein we review deregulated miRNAs reported in epilepsy with potential roles in key molecular and cellular processes underlying epileptogenesis, namely neuroinflammation, cell proliferation and differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and synaptic remodeling. We provide an up-to-date listing of miRNAs altered in epileptogenesis and assess recent functional studies that have interrogated their role in epilepsy. Last, we discuss potential applications of these findings for the future development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for antiepileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker Seifert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Epileptology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David C Henshall
- Physiology & Medical Physics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Vafadari B, Salamian A, Kaczmarek L. MMP-9 in translation: from molecule to brain physiology, pathology, and therapy. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:91-114. [PMID: 26525923 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a member of the metzincin family of mostly extracellularly operating proteases. Despite the fact that all of these enzymes might be target promiscuous, with largely overlapping catalogs of potential substrates, MMP-9 has recently emerged as a major and apparently unique player in brain physiology and pathology. The specificity of MMP-9 may arise from its very local and time-restricted actions, even when released in the brain from cells of various types, including neurons, glia, and leukocytes. In fact, the quantity of MMP-9 is very low in the naive brain, but it is markedly activated at the levels of enzymatic activity, protein abundance, and gene expression following various physiological stimuli and pathological insults. Neuronal MMP-9 participates in synaptic plasticity by controlling the shape of dendritic spines and function of excitatory synapses, thus playing a pivotal role in learning, memory, and cortical plasticity. When improperly unleashed, MMP-9 contributes to a large variety of brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain injury, stroke, neurodegeneration, pain, brain tumors, etc. The foremost mechanism of action of MMP-9 in brain disorders appears to be its involvement in immune/inflammation responses that are related to the enzyme's ability to process and activate various cytokines and chemokines, as well as its contribution to blood-brain barrier disruption, facilitating the extravasation of leukocytes into brain parenchyma. However, another emerging possibility (i.e., the control of MMP-9 over synaptic plasticity) should not be neglected. The translational potential of MMP-9 has already been recognized in both the diagnosis and treatment domains. The most striking translational aspect may be the discovery of MMP-9 up-regulation in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, quickly followed by human studies and promising clinical trials that have sought to inhibit MMP-9. With regard to diagnosis, suggestions have been made to use MMP-9 alone or combined with tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor as disease biomarkers. MMP-9, through cleavage of specific target proteins, plays a major role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation, and by those virtues contributes to brain physiology and a host of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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15
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Scharfman HE, Bernstein HL. Potential implications of a monosynaptic pathway from mossy cells to adult-born granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:112. [PMID: 26347618 PMCID: PMC4541026 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) is important to many aspects of hippocampal function, but there are many aspects of the DG that are incompletely understood. One example is the role of mossy cells (MCs), a major DG cell type that is glutamatergic and innervates the primary output cells of the DG, the granule cells (GCs). MCs innervate the GCs as well as local circuit neurons that make GABAergic synapses on GCs, so the net effect of MCs on GCs – and therefore the output of the DG – is unclear. Here we first review fundamental information about MCs and the current hypotheses for their role in the normal DG and in diseases that involve the DG. Then we review previously published data which suggest that MCs are a source of input to a subset of GCs that are born in adulthood (adult-born GCs). In addition, we discuss the evidence that adult-born GCs may support the normal inhibitory ‘gate’ functions of the DG, where the GCs are a filter or gate for information from the entorhinal cortical input to area CA3. The implications are then discussed in the context of seizures and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In TLE, it has been suggested that the DG inhibitory gate is weak or broken and MC loss leads to insufficient activation of inhibitory neurons, causing hyperexcitability. That idea was called the “dormant basket cell hypothesis.” Recent data suggest that loss of normal adult-born GCs may also cause disinhibition, and seizure susceptibility. Therefore, we propose a reconsideration of the dormant basket cell hypothesis with an intervening adult-born GC between the MC and basket cell and call this hypothesis the “dormant immature granule cell hypothesis.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Scharfman
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg NY, USA ; New York University Langone Medical Center, New York NY, USA
| | - Hannah L Bernstein
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg NY, USA ; New York University Langone Medical Center, New York NY, USA
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