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Das A, Smith RJ, Andreadis ST. Harnessing the potential of monocytes/macrophages to regenerate tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:839-854. [PMID: 38742656 PMCID: PMC11218695 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-free tissue-engineered vascular grafts provide a promising alternative to treat cardiovascular disease, but timely endothelialization is essential for ensuring patency and proper functioning post-implantation. Recent studies from our lab showed that blood cells like monocytes (MCs) and macrophages (Mϕ) may contribute directly to cellularization and regeneration of bioengineered arteries in small and large animal models. While MCs and Mϕ are leucocytes that are part of the innate immune response, they share common developmental origins with endothelial cells (ECs) and are known to play crucial roles during vessel formation (angiogenesis) and vessel repair after inflammation/injury. They are highly plastic cells that polarize into pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes upon exposure to cytokines and differentiate into other cell types, including EC-like cells, in the presence of appropriate chemical and mechanical stimuli. This review focuses on the developmental origins of MCs and ECs; the role of MCs and Mϕ in vessel repair/regeneration during inflammation/injury; and the role of chemical signalling and mechanical forces in Mϕ inflammation that mediates vascular graft regeneration. We postulate that comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms will better inform the development of strategies to coax MCs/Mϕ into endothelializing the lumen and regenerate the smooth muscle layers of cell-free bioengineered arteries and veins that are designed to treat cardiovascular diseases and perhaps the native vasculature as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Das
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 908 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Randall J Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 332 Bonner Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1920, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 908 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 332 Bonner Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1920, USA
- Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 701 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE) Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 813 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
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2
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Zhang H, Rahman T, Lu S, Adam AP, Wan LQ. Helical vasculogenesis driven by cell chirality. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3582. [PMID: 38381835 PMCID: PMC10881055 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The cellular helical structure is well known for its crucial role in development and disease. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism governing this phenomenon remains largely unexplored, particularly in recapitulating it in well-controlled engineering systems. Leveraging advanced microfluidics, we present compelling evidence of the spontaneous emergence of helical endothelial tubes exhibiting robust right-handedness governed by inherent cell chirality. To strengthen our findings, we identify a consistent bias toward the same chirality in mouse vascular tissues. Manipulating endothelial cell chirality using small-molecule drugs produces a dose-dependent reversal of the handedness in engineered vessels, accompanied by non-monotonic changes in vascular permeability. Moreover, our three-dimensional cell vertex model provides biomechanical insights into the chiral morphogenesis process, highlighting the role of cellular torque and tissue fluidity in its regulation. Our study unravels an intriguing mechanism underlying vascular chiral morphogenesis, shedding light on the broader implications and distinctive perspectives of tubulogenesis within biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Shuhan Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alejandro Pablo Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Leo Q. Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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3
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Zhou HL, Jiang XZ, Ventikos Y. Role of blood flow in endothelial functionality: a review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1259280. [PMID: 37905167 PMCID: PMC10613523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1259280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells, located on the surface of blood vessel walls, are constantly stimulated by mechanical forces from the blood flow. The mechanical forces, i.e., fluid shear stress, induced by the blood flow play a pivotal role in controlling multiple physiological processes at the endothelium and in regulating various pathways that maintain homeostasis and vascular function. In this review, research looking at different blood fluid patterns and fluid shear stress in the circulation system is summarized, together with the interactions between the blood flow and the endothelial cells. This review also highlights the flow profile as a response to the configurational changes of the endothelial glycocalyx, which is less revisited in previous reviews. The role of endothelial glycocalyx in maintaining endothelium health and the strategies for the restoration of damaged endothelial glycocalyx are discussed from the perspective of the fluid shear stress. This review provides a new perspective regarding our understanding of the role that blood flow plays in regulating endothelial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Zhuo Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Jiang H, Yu Y, Liu J, Luan J, Wang Y, Ma Z. The Stress Phase Angle Measurement Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7597. [PMID: 37688052 PMCID: PMC10490597 DOI: 10.3390/s23177597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The stress phase angle (SPA), defined as the temporal phase angle between circumferential stress (CS) in the arterial wall and wall shear stress (WSS), is utilized to investigate the interactions between CS and WSS. SPA serves as an important parameter for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we proposed a novel method for measuring SPA using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The multi-M-mode scan strategy is adopted for interference spectrum acquisition. The phases of CS and WSS are extracted from the corresponding structural and flow velocity images of SD-OCT. The method is validated by measuring SPA in the outflow tract (OFT) of chick embryonic hearts and the common carotid artery of mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that OCT has been used for SPA measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhibo Zhu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huiwen Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jingmin Luan
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
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5
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de Graaf MNS, Vivas A, Kasi DG, van den Hil FE, van den Berg A, van der Meer AD, Mummery CL, Orlova VV. Multiplexed fluidic circuit board for controlled perfusion of 3D blood vessels-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 23:168-181. [PMID: 36484766 PMCID: PMC9764810 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) blood vessels-on-a-chip (VoC) models integrate the biological complexity of vessel walls with dynamic microenvironmental cues, such as wall shear stress (WSS) and circumferential strain (CS). However, these parameters are difficult to control and are often poorly reproducible due to the high intrinsic diameter variation of individual 3D-VoCs. As a result, the throughput of current 3D systems is one-channel-at-a-time. Here, we developed a fluidic circuit board (FCB) for simultaneous perfusion of up to twelve 3D-VoCs using a single set of control parameters. By designing the internal hydraulic resistances in the FCB appropriately, it was possible to provide a pre-set WSS to all connected 3D-VoCs, despite significant variation in lumen diameters. Using this FCB, we found that variation of CS or WSS induce morphological changes to human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) and conclude that control of these parameters using a FCB is necessary to study 3D-VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mees N S de Graaf
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Aisen Vivas
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dhanesh G Kasi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francijna E van den Hil
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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6
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Nooraeen A, Ghalichi F, Taghizadeh H, Guidoin R. Probing the possibility of lesion formation/progression in vicinity of a primary atherosclerotic plaque: A fluid-solid interaction study and angiographic evidences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3605. [PMID: 35481668 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that certain locations in the arterial tree, such as coronary and cerebral arteries, are more prevalent to plaque formation. Endothelial activation and consequent plaque development are attributed to local hemodynamic parameters such as wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT), and stress phase angle. After a certain level of plaque progression, these hemodynamic parameters are disturbed before and after the plaque. In the current study, it is hypothesized that the vicinity of a primary lesion is susceptible for further degeneration and second plaque formation. A fluid-solid interaction (FSI) model of the coronary artery with different levels of asymmetric constriction, is simulated and the trend of hemodynamic parameters were studied in both of the plaque side (PS) and the opposite wall (facing the plaque [PF]). Also, a novel factor is introduced that can identify the high-risk regions associated with WSS oscillations to negative values. Our results indicate that when more than half of the artery is constricted, the downstream of the plaque is highly exposed to endothelial pathogenesis the PS, such that negative WSS, and as well, critical values of OSI and RRT, that is, -1.2 Pa, 0.42 and 6.5 s, respectively arise in this region. PS endothelial cells in this region exposed to the highest risk of atherosclerosis based on the proposed index (3 out of 3). As well, three cases of angiographic images are provided that confirms existence of secondary lesion close to the primary one as predicted by our computational simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nooraeen
- Tissue Mechanics Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzan Ghalichi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Taghizadeh
- Tissue Mechanics Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Robert Guidoin
- Department of Surgery, Université Laval and Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Geometry and Flow Properties Affect the Phase Shift between Pressure and Shear Stress Waves in Blood Vessels. FLUIDS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids6110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The phase shift between pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) has been associated with vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysms. The present study aims to understand the effects of geometry and flow properties on the phase shift under the stiff wall assumption, using an immersed-boundary-lattice-Boltzmann method. For pulsatile flow in a straight pipe, the phase shift is known to increase with the Womersley number, but is independent of the flow speed (or the Reynolds number). For a complex geometry, such as a curved pipe, however, we find that the phase shift develops a strong dependence on the geometry and Reynolds number. We observed that the phase shift at the inner bend of the curved vessel and in the aneurysm dome is larger than that in a straight pipe. Moreover, the geometry affects the connection between the phase shift and other WSS-related metrics, such as time-averaged WSS (TAWSS). For straight and curved blood vessels, the phase shift behaves qualitatively similarly to and can thus be represented by the TAWSS, which is a widely used hemodynamic index. However, these observables significantly differ in other geometries, such as in aneurysms. In such cases, one needs to consider the phase shift as an independent quantity that may carry additional valuable information compared to well-established metrics.
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8
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Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching in Arteriogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910585. [PMID: 34638923 PMCID: PMC8508942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriogenesis is one of the primary physiological means by which the circulatory collateral system restores blood flow after significant arterial occlusion in peripheral arterial disease patients. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in collateral arteries and respond to altered blood flow and inflammatory conditions after an arterial occlusion by switching their phenotype between quiescent contractile and proliferative synthetic states. Maintaining the contractile state of VSMC is required for collateral vascular function to regulate blood vessel tone and blood flow during arteriogenesis, whereas synthetic SMCs are crucial in the growth and remodeling of the collateral media layer to establish more stable conduit arteries. Timely VSMC phenotype switching requires a set of coordinated actions of molecular and cellular mediators to result in an expansive remodeling of collaterals that restores the blood flow effectively into downstream ischemic tissues. This review overviews the role of VSMC phenotypic switching in the physiological arteriogenesis process and how the VSMC phenotype is affected by the primary triggers of arteriogenesis such as blood flow hemodynamic forces and inflammation. Better understanding the role of VSMC phenotype switching during arteriogenesis can identify novel therapeutic strategies to enhance revascularization in peripheral arterial disease.
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Yu H, Kang D, Whang M, Kim T, Kim J. A Microfluidic Model Artery for Studying the Mechanobiology of Endothelial Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100508. [PMID: 34297476 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent vascular mechanobiology studies find that endothelial cells (ECs) convert multiple mechanical forces into functional responses in a nonadditive way, suggesting that signaling pathways such as those regulating cytoskeleton may be shared among the processes of converting individual forces. However, previous in vitro EC-culture platforms are inherent with extraneous mechanical components, which may saturate or insufficiently activate the shared signaling pathways and accordingly, may misguide EC mechanobiological responses being investigated. Here, a more physiologically relevant model artery is reported that accurately reproduces most of the mechanical forces found in vivo, which can be individually varied in any combination to pathological levels to achieve diseased states. Arterial geometries of normal and diseased states are also realized. By mimicking mechanical microenvironments of early-stage atherosclerosis, it is demonstrated that the elevated levels of the different types of stress experienced by ECs strongly correlate with the disruption of barrier integrity, suggesting that boundaries of an initial lesion could be sites for efficient disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Whang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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Dessalles CA, Leclech C, Castagnino A, Barakat AI. Integration of substrate- and flow-derived stresses in endothelial cell mechanobiology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:764. [PMID: 34155305 PMCID: PMC8217569 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining all blood vessels are subjected to large mechanical stresses that regulate their structure and function in health and disease. Here, we review EC responses to substrate-derived biophysical cues, namely topography, curvature, and stiffness, as well as to flow-derived stresses, notably shear stress, pressure, and tensile stresses. Because these mechanical cues in vivo are coupled and are exerted simultaneously on ECs, we also review the effects of multiple cues and describe burgeoning in vitro approaches for elucidating how ECs integrate and interpret various mechanical stimuli. We conclude by highlighting key open questions and upcoming challenges in the field of EC mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Dessalles
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Leclech
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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11
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Ahmadpour-B M, Nooraeen A, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Taghizadeh H. Contribution of atherosclerotic plaque location and severity to the near-wall hemodynamics of the carotid bifurcation: an experimental study and FSI modeling. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1069-1085. [PMID: 33609192 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelial injury that is related to abnormal values of hemodynamic parameters such as wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI) and stress phase angle (SPA), which are more common in arterial bifurcations due to the complex structure. An experimental model of human carotid bifurcation with accurate geometrical and mechanical features was set up, and using realistic pulsatile flow rates, the inlet and outlet pressure pulses were measured for normal and stenosed models with 40% and 80% severities at common carotid (CCA), internal carotid (ICA) and external carotid (ECA) arteries. Based on the obtained experimental data, fluid-structure models were developed to obtain WSS, OSI, and SPA and evaluate pathological consequences at different locations. Mild severity had minor impact, however, inducing severe 80% stenosis in each branch led to considerable localized changes of hemodynamic parameters both in the stenosis site and other locations. This included sharp increases in WSS values accompanied by very low values close to zero before and after the peaks. Severe stenosis not only caused significant changes in the local artery, but also in other branches. OSI and SPA were less sensitive to stenosis, although high peaks were observed on bifurcation site for the stenosis at ECA. The interconnection of arteries at carotid bifurcation results in altered pressure/flow patterns in all branches when a stenosis is applied in any site. Such effect confirms pathological findings that atherosclerotic plaques are observed simultaneously in different carotid branches, although with different degrees of plaque growth and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Ahmadpour-B
- Cardiovascular Engineering Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nooraeen
- Tissue Mechanics Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tafazzoli-Shadpour
- Cardiovascular Engineering Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hadi Taghizadeh
- Tissue Mechanics Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
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12
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Teng Z, Wang S, Tokgoz A, Taviani V, Bird J, Sadat U, Huang Y, Patterson AJ, Figg N, Graves MJ, Gillard JH. Study on the association of wall shear stress and vessel structural stress with atherosclerosis: An experimental animal study. Atherosclerosis 2021; 320:38-46. [PMID: 33524908 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Artery is subject to wall shear stress (WSS) and vessel structural stress (VSS) simultaneously. This study is designed to explore the role of VSS in development of atherosclerosis. METHODS Silastic collars were deployed on the carotid to create two constrictions on 13 rabbits for a distinct mechanical environment at the constriction. MRI was performed to visualize arteries' configuration. Animals with high fat (n = 9; Model-group) and normal diet (n = 4; Control-group) were sacrificed after 16 weeks. 3D fluid-structure interaction analysis was performed to quantify WSS and VSS simultaneously. RESULTS Twenty plaques were found in Model-group and 3 in Control-group. In Model-group, 8 plaques located proximally to the first constriction (Region-1, close to the heart) and 7 distally to the second (Region-2, close to the head) and 5 plaques were found on the contralateral side of 3 rabbits. Plaques at Region-1 tended to be bigger than those at Region-2 and the macrophage density at these locations was comparable. Minimum time-averaged WSS (TAWSS) in Region-1 was significantly higher than that in Region-2, and both maximum oscillatory shear index (OSI) and particle relative residence time (RRT) were significantly lower. Peak and mean VSS in Region-1 were significantly higher than those in Region-2. Correlation analyses indicated that low TAWSS, high OSI and RRT were only associated with plaque in Region-2, while lesions in Region-1 were only associated with high VSS. Moreover, only VSS was associated with wall thickness of plaque-free regions in both regions. CONCLUSIONS VSS might contribute to the initialization and development of atherosclerosis solely or in combination with WSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhao Teng
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aziz Tokgoz
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Taviani
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Bird
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Sadat
- Cambridge Vascular Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Huang
- EPSRC Centre for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Multimodal Clinical Imaging, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Patterson
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Figg
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan H Gillard
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Morris G, Puri BK, Olive L, Carvalho A, Berk M, Walder K, Gustad LT, Maes M. Endothelial dysfunction in neuroprogressive disorders-causes and suggested treatments. BMC Med 2020; 18:305. [PMID: 33070778 PMCID: PMC7570030 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01749-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential routes whereby systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may drive the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, even in an environment of low cholesterol, are examined. MAIN TEXT Key molecular players involved in the regulation of endothelial cell function are described, including PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, VEGFRs, SFK, Rho GEF TRIO, RAC-1, ITAM, SHP-2, MAPK/ERK, STAT-3, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, eNOS, nitric oxide, miRNAs, KLF-4 and KLF-2. The key roles of platelet activation, xanthene oxidase and myeloperoxidase in the genesis of endothelial cell dysfunction and activation are detailed. The following roles of circulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of endothelial cell dysfunction are then described: paracrine signalling by circulating hydrogen peroxide, inhibition of eNOS and increased levels of mitochondrial ROS, including compromised mitochondrial dynamics, loss of calcium ion homeostasis and inactivation of SIRT-1-mediated signalling pathways. Next, loss of cellular redox homeostasis is considered, including further aspects of the roles of hydrogen peroxide signalling, the pathological consequences of elevated NF-κB, compromised S-nitrosylation and the development of hypernitrosylation and increased transcription of atherogenic miRNAs. These molecular aspects are then applied to neuroprogressive disorders by considering the following potential generators of endothelial dysfunction and activation in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: NF-κB; platelet activation; atherogenic miRs; myeloperoxidase; xanthene oxidase and uric acid; and inflammation, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Finally, on the basis of the above molecular mechanisms, details are given of potential treatment options for mitigating endothelial cell dysfunction and activation in neuroprogressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Olive
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Andre Carvalho
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ken Walder
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lise Tuset Gustad
- Department of Circulation and medical imaging, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger Hospital, Levanger, Norway
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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14
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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15
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Meza D, Musmacker B, Steadman E, Stransky T, Rubenstein DA, Yin W. Endothelial Cell Biomechanical Responses are Dependent on Both Fluid Shear Stress and Tensile Strain. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:311-325. [PMID: 31719917 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The goal of this study was to investigate how concurrent shear stress and tensile strain affect endothelial cell biomechanical responses. Methods Human coronary artery endothelial cells were exposed to concurrent pulsatile shear stress and cyclic tensile strain in a programmable shearing and stretching device. Three shear stress-tensile strain conditions were used: (1) pulsatile shear stress at 1 Pa and cyclic tensile strain at 7%, simulating normal stress/strain conditions in a healthy coronary artery; (2) shear stress at 3.7 Pa and tensile strain at 3%, simulating pathological stress/strain conditions near a stenosis; (3) shear stress at 0.7 Pa and tensile strain at 5%, simulating pathological stress/strain conditions in a recirculation zone. Cell morphology was quantified using immunofluorescence microscopy. Cell surface PECAM-1 phosphorylation, ICAM-1 expression, ERK1/2 and NF-κB activation were measured using ELISA or Western blot. Results Simultaneous stimulation from pulsatile shear stress and cyclic tensile strain induced a significant increase in cell area, compared to that induced by shear stress or tensile strain alone. The combined stimulation caused significant increases in PECAM-1 phosphorylation. The combined stimulation also significantly enhanced EC surface ICAM-1 expression (compared to that under shear stress alone) and transcriptional factor NF-κB activation (compared to that under control conditions). Conclusion Pulsatile shear stress and cyclic tensile strain could induce increased but not synergistic effect on endothelial cell morphology or activation. The combined mechanical stimulation can be relayed from cell membrane to nucleus. Therefore, to better understand how mechanical conditions affect endothelial cell mechanotransduction and cardiovascular disease development, both shear stress and tensile strain need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Meza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Bryan Musmacker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Elisabeth Steadman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Thomas Stransky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - David A Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
- Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
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16
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Li Y, Corriveau M, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Ahmed A, Niemann D. Differences in Pressure Within the Sac of Human Ruptured and Nonruptured Cerebral Aneurysms. Neurosurgery 2019; 84:1261-1268. [PMID: 29741656 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodynamics plays a critical role in the development, growth, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. This data could be vital in determining individual aneurysm rupture risk and could facilitate our understanding of aneurysms. OBJECTIVE To present the largest prospective cross-sectional cohort study of intrasaccular pressure recordings of ruptured and nonruptured intracranial aneurysms and describe the hemodynamic differences that exist between ruptured and nonruptured aneurysms. METHODS During endovascular treatment, a standard 1.8-Fr 200 m length microcatheter was navigated into the dome of the aneurysm prior to coil embolization. With the microcatheter centralized within the dome of the aneurysm, an arterial pressure transducer was attached to the proximal end of the microcatheter to measure the stump pressure inside the aneurysm dome. RESULTS In 68 aneurysms (28 ruptured, 40 nonruptured), we observed that ruptured cerebral aneurysms had a lower systolic and mean arterial pressure compared to nonruptured cohort (P = .0008). Additionally, the pulse pressures within the dome of ruptured aneurysms were significantly more narrow than that of unruptured aneurysms (P = .0001). These findings suggest that there may be an inherent difference between ruptured and nonruptured aneurysms and such recordings obtained during routine digital subtraction angiography could potentially become a widely applied technique to augment risk stratification of aneurysms. CONCLUSION Our preliminary data present new evidence distinguishing ruptured from unruptured aneurysms that may have a critical role as a predictive parameter to stratify the natural history of nonruptured intracranial aneurysms and as a new avenue for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neuro Interventional Radiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Corriveau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neuro Interventional Radiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Beverly Aagaard-Kienitz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neuro Interventional Radiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Azam Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neuro Interventional Radiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David Niemann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neuro Interventional Radiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
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17
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Sánchez Puccini P, Briceño Triana JC. Visco-elasto-plastic modeling of small intestinal submucosa (SIS) for application as a vascular graft. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:386-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Liu H, Zhang SJ, Shao YF, Lu XH, Gu WD, Ni BI, Gu Q, Du JJ. Biomechanical characterization of a novel ring connector for sutureless aortic anastomosis. J Biomed Res 2018; 32:454-460. [PMID: 28963444 PMCID: PMC6283826 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20170011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The surgical treatment for aortic diseases remains a challenge for any cardiac surgeon. The use of sutureless ring connector in aortic anastomosis can simplify the procedure and shorten anastomosis time. Therefore, we developed a novel device for sutureless aortic anastomosis. A series of experiments were carried out for tensile and leakproof-capacity assessments to verify the feasibility of the ring connector by using fresh swine aorta samples. In in vivo test, the ring connector was implanted in 6 swine with follow-up of 6 months. Radiographic and pathological studies of the aorta were performed. In the tensile tests, the strength was 32.7±5.9 Newton (N) in the sutureless anastomosis group, compared with 73.3±12.5 N in the control group by traditional manual suture. In the leakproof-capacity assessment, no sign of either leakage or bursting was evident at 280 mmHg of internal pressure in the aorta samples. In in vivo tests, it took 9.47±0.3 minutes for the sutureless anastomosis, compared with 15.58±1.39 minutes for hand-sewn suturing. Insertion was easy and rapid. Radiographic and pathological studies were performed at first month, third month and sixth month after surgery, each time obtained from the two swine, showed patency of the anastomosis and no signs of stenosis, blood leakage, migration or pseudoaneurysm formation, except one paralyzed swine developed of thrombo-occlusion at the site of the sutureless anastomosis. The result indicates that this novel ring connector offers considerable promise for sutureless aortic anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shi-jiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yong-feng Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiao-hu Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei-dong Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Buq-ing Ni
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qun Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun-jie Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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19
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Prevedello L, Michielin F, Balcon M, Savio E, Pavan P, Elvassore N. A Novel Microfluidic Platform for Biomechano-Stimulations on a Chip. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:231-242. [PMID: 30218223 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress has been proven to be an important factor interfering with many biological functions through mechano-sensitive elements within the cells. Despite the current interest in mechano-transduction, the development of suitable experimental tools is still characterized by the strife to design a compact device that allows high-magnification real-time imaging of the stretched cells, thus enabling to follow the dynamics of cellular response to mechanical stimulations. Here we present a microfluidic multi-layered chip that allows mechanical deformation of adherent cells maintaining a fixed focal plane, while allowing independent control of the soluble microenvironment. The device was optimized with the aid of FEM simulation and fully characterized in terms of mechanical deformation. Different cell lines were exposed to tunable mechanical strain, which results in continuous area deformation up to 20%. Thanks to the coupling of chemical glass etching, 2-dimensional deformation of a thin elastomeric membrane and microfluidic cell culture, the developed device allows a unique combination of cell mechanical stimulation, in line imaging and accurate control of cell culture microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Prevedello
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Michielin
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel Balcon
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Savio
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Piero Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy. .,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy. .,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. .,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Parikh V, Kadiwala J, Hidalgo Bastida A, Holt C, Sanami M, Miraftab M, Shakur R, Azzawi M. Small diameter helical vascular scaffolds support endothelial cell survival. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2598-2608. [PMID: 30172863 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an acute clinical need for small-diameter vascular grafts as a treatment option for cardiovascular disease. Here, we used an intelligent design system to recreate the natural structure and hemodynamics of small arteries. Nano-fibrous tubular scaffolds were fabricated from blends of polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin with inner helices to allow a near physiological spiral flow profile, using the electrospinning technique. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs) were seeded on the inner surface and their viability, distribution, gene expression of mechanosensitive and adhesion molecules compared to that in conventional scaffolds, under static and flow conditions. We show significant improvement in cell distribution in helical vs. conventional scaffolds (94% ± 9% vs. 82% ± 7.2%; P < 0.05) with improved responsiveness to shear stress and better ability to withhold physiological pressures. Our helical vascular scaffold provides an improved niche for EC growth and may be attractive as a potential small diameter vascular graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Parikh
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute for Materials Research and Innovation (IMRI), University of Bolton, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Juned Kadiwala
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Araida Hidalgo Bastida
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Holt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mohammad Sanami
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation (IMRI), University of Bolton, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohsen Miraftab
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation (IMRI), University of Bolton, Manchester, United Kingdom; Medical Device Consultants Limited, Wilmslow, UK
| | - Rameen Shakur
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - May Azzawi
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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21
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Sánchez PF, Brey EM, Briceño JC. Endothelialization mechanisms in vascular grafts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2164-2178. [PMID: 30079631 DOI: 10.1002/term.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide variety of tissue-engineered vascular grafts that are currently being developed, autologous vessels, such as the saphenous vein, are still the gold standard grafts for surgical treatment of vascular disease. Recently developed technologies have shown promising results in preclinical studies, but they still do not overcome the issues that native vessels present, and only a few have made the transition into clinical use. The endothelial lining is a key aspect for the success or failure of the grafts, especially on smaller diameter grafts (<5 mm). However, during the design and evaluation of the grafts, the mechanisms for the formation of this layer are not commonly examined. Therefore, a significant amount of established research might not be relevant to the clinical context, due to important differences that exist between the vascular regeneration mechanisms found in animal models and humans. This article reviews current knowledge about endothelialization mechanisms that have been so far identified: in vitro seeding, transanastomotic growth, transmural infiltration, and fallout endothelialization. Emphasis is placed on the models used for study of theses mechanisms and their effects on the development of tissue-engineering vascular conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo F Sánchez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eric M Brey
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois.,Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Juan Carlos Briceño
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Research Department, Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia
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22
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Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing: a Powerful Tool for Vascular Tissue Engineering and Endothelial Mechanobiology. High Throughput 2018; 7:ht7010005. [PMID: 29485616 PMCID: PMC5876531 DOI: 10.3390/ht7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among applicable high-throughput techniques in cardiovascular biology, whole-transcriptome sequencing is of particular use. By utilizing RNA that is isolated from virtually all cells and tissues, the entire transcriptome can be evaluated. In comparison with other high-throughput approaches, RNA sequencing is characterized by a relatively low-cost and large data output, which permits a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal variation in the gene expression profile. Both shear stress and cyclic strain exert hemodynamic force upon the arterial endothelium and are considered to be crucial determinants of endothelial physiology. Laminar blood flow results in a high shear stress that promotes atheroresistant endothelial phenotype, while a turbulent, oscillatory flow yields a pathologically low shear stress that disturbs endothelial homeostasis, making respective arterial segments prone to atherosclerosis. Severe atherosclerosis significantly impairs blood supply to the organs and frequently requires bypass surgery or an arterial replacement surgery that requires tissue-engineered vascular grafts. To provide insight into patterns of gene expression in endothelial cells in native or bioartificial arteries under different biomechanical conditions, this article discusses applications of whole-transcriptome sequencing in endothelial mechanobiology and vascular tissue engineering.
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23
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Durka MJ, Wong IH, Kallmes DF, Pasalic D, Mut F, Jagani M, Blanco PJ, Cebral JR, Robertson AM. A data-driven approach for addressing the lack of flow waveform data in studies of cerebral arterial flow in older adults. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:015006. [PMID: 29205172 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa9f46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood flow waveforms-essential data for hemodynamic modeling-are often in practice unavailable to researchers. The objectives of this work were to assess the variability among the waveforms for a clinically relevant older population, and develop data-based methods for addressing the missing waveform data for hemodynamic studies. APPROACH We analyzed 272 flow waveforms from the internal carotid arteries of older patients (73 ± 13 yr) with moderate cardiovascular disease, and used these data to develop methods to guide new approaches for hemodynamic studies. MAIN RESULTS Profound variations in waveform parameters were found within the aged population that were not seen in published data for young subjects. Common features in the aged population relative to the young included a larger systole-to-diastole flow rate ratio, increased flow during late systole, and absence of a dicrotic notch. Eight waveforms were identified that collectively represent the range of waveforms in the older population. A relationship between waveform shape and flow rate was obtained that, in conjunction with equations relating flow rate to diameter, can be used to provide individualized waveforms for patient-specific geometries. The dependence of flow rate on diameter was statistically different between male and female patients. SIGNIFICANCE It was shown that a single archetypal waveform cannot well-represent the diverse waveforms found within an aged population, although this approach is frequently used in studies of flow in the cerebral vasculature. Motivated by these results, we provided a set of eight waveforms that can be used to assess the hemodynamic uncertainty associated with the lack of patient-specific waveform data. We also provided a methodology for generating individualized waveforms when patient gender, age, and cardiovascular disease state are known. These data-driven approaches can be used to devise more relevant in vitro or in silico intra-cranial hemodynamic studies for older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Durka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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24
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Souilhol C, Harmsen MC, Evans PC, Krenning G. Endothelial–mesenchymal transition in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:565-577. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Bachmann BJ, Giampietro C, Bayram A, Stefopoulos G, Michos C, Graeber G, Falk MV, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A. Honeycomb-structured metasurfaces for the adaptive nesting of endothelial cells under hemodynamic loads. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:2726-2737. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The thrombogenicity of artificial materials comprising ventricular assist devices (VADs) limits their long-term integration in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Johann Bachmann
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Adem Bayram
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Georgios Stefopoulos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Christos Michos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Gustav Graeber
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Med Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
- German Heart Institute Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering
- ETH Zurich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
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26
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Sinha R, Verdonschot N, Koopman B, Rouwkema J. Tuning Cell and Tissue Development by Combining Multiple Mechanical Signals. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:494-504. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sinha
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Verdonschot
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Koopman
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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27
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Mina SG, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. The role of shear stress and altered tissue properties on endothelial to mesenchymal transformation and tumor-endothelial cell interaction. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:044104. [PMID: 28798857 PMCID: PMC5533495 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor development is influenced by stromal cells in aspects including invasion, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Activated fibroblasts are one group of stromal cells involved in cancer metastasis, and one source of activated fibroblasts is endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT). EndMT begins when the endothelial cells delaminate from the cell monolayer, lose cell-cell contacts, lose endothelial markers such as vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin), gain mesenchymal markers like alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and acquire mesenchymal cell-like properties. A three-dimensional (3D) culture microfluidic device was developed for investigating the role of steady low shear stress (1 dyne/cm2) and altered extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and stiffness on EndMT. Shear stresses resulting from fluid flow within tumor tissue are relevant to both cancer metastasis and treatment effectiveness. Low and oscillatory shear stress rates have been shown to enhance the invasion of metastatic cancer cells through specific changes in actin and tubulin remodeling. The 3D ECM within the device was composed of type I collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. An increase in collagen and GAGs has been observed in the solid tumor microenvironment and has been correlated with poor prognosis in many different cancer types. In this study, it was found that ECM composition and low shear stress upregulated EndMT, including upregulation of mesenchymal-like markers (α-SMA and Snail) and downregulated endothelial marker protein and gene expression (VE-cadherin). Furthermore, this novel model was utilized to investigate the role of EndMT in breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Cancer cell spheroids were embedded within the 3D ECM of the microfluidic device. The results using this device show for the first time that the breast cancer spheroid size is dependent on shear stress and that the cancer cell migration rate, distance, and proliferation are induced by EndMT-derived activated fibroblasts. This model can be used to explore new therapeutics in a tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Mina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
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28
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Bachmann BJ, Bernardi L, Loosli C, Marschewski J, Perrini M, Ehrbar M, Ermanni P, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A, Mazza E. A Novel Bioreactor System for the Assessment of Endothelialization on Deformable Surfaces. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38861. [PMID: 27941901 PMCID: PMC5150819 DOI: 10.1038/srep38861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a living protective layer at the luminal surface of cardiovascular devices, composed of an autologous functional endothelium, represents the ideal solution to life-threatening, implant-related complications in cardiovascular patients. The initial evaluation of engineering strategies fostering endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation as well as the long-term tissue homeostasis requires in vitro testing in environmental model systems able to recapitulate the hemodynamic conditions experienced at the blood-to-device interface of implants as well as the substrate deformation. Here, we introduce the design and validation of a novel bioreactor system which enables the long-term conditioning of human endothelial cells interacting with artificial materials under dynamic combinations of flow-generated wall shear stress and wall deformation. The wall shear stress and wall deformation values obtained encompass both the physiological and supraphysiological range. They are determined through separate actuation systems which are controlled based on validated computational models. In addition, we demonstrate the good optical conductivity of the system permitting online monitoring of cell activities through live-cell imaging as well as standard biochemical post-processing. Altogether, the bioreactor system defines an unprecedented testing hub for potential strategies toward the endothelialization or re-endothelialization of target substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn J. Bachmann
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bernardi
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Loosli
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Marschewski
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Perrini
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Obstetrics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Obstetrics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ermanni
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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29
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Interaction between the Stress Phase Angle (SPA) and the Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI) Affects Endothelial Cell Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166569. [PMID: 27846267 PMCID: PMC5112904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic forces play an important role in the non-uniform distribution of atherosclerotic lesions. Endothelial cells are exposed simultaneously to fluid wall shear stress (WSS) and solid circumferential stress (CS). Due to variations in impedance (global factors) and geometric complexities (local factors) in the arterial circulation a time lag arises between these two forces that can be characterized by the temporal phase angle between CS and WSS (stress phase angle-SPA). Asynchronous flows (SPA close to -180°) that are most prominent in coronary arteries have been associated with localization of atherosclerosis. Reversing oscillatory flows characterized by an oscillatory shear index (OSI) that is great than zero are also associated with atherosclerosis localization. In this study we examined the relationship between asynchronous flows and reversing flows in altering the expression of 37 genes relevant to atherosclerosis development. In the case of reversing oscillatory flow, we observed that the asynchronous condition upregulated 8 genes compared to synchronous hemodynamics, most of them proatherogenic. Upregulation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFκB p65 was confirmed by western blot, and nuclear translocation of NFκB p65 was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. A comparative study between non-reversing flow and reversing flow found that in the case of synchronous hemodynamics, reversing flow altered the expression of 11 genes, while in the case of asynchronous hemodynamics, reversing flow altered the expression of 17 genes. Reversing flow significantly upregulated protein expression of NFκB p65 for both synchronous and asynchronous conditions. Nuclear translocation of NFκB p65 was confirmed for synchronous and asynchronous conditions in the presence of flow reversal. These data suggest that asynchronous hemodynamics and reversing flow can elicit proatherogenic responses in endothelial cells compared to synchronous hemodynamics without shear stress reversal, indicating that SPA as well as reversal flow (OSI) are important parameters characterizing arterial susceptibility to disease.
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30
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Disturbed Cyclical Stretch of Endothelial Cells Promotes Nuclear Expression of the Pro-Atherogenic Transcription Factor NF-κB. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:898-909. [PMID: 27796516 PMCID: PMC5362665 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of endothelial cells to low and multidirectional blood flow is known to promote a pro-atherogenic phenotype. The mechanics of the vessel wall is another important mechano-stimulus within the endothelial cell environment, but no study has examined whether changes in the magnitude and direction of cell stretch can be pro-atherogenic. Herein, we developed a custom cell stretching device to replicate the in vivo stretch environment of the endothelial cell and examined whether low and multidirectional stretch promote nuclear translocation of NF-κB. A fluid–structure interaction model of the device demonstrated a nearly uniform strain within the region of cell attachment and a negligible magnitude of shear stress due to cyclical stretching of the cells in media. Compared to normal cyclical stretch, a low magnitude of cyclical stretch or no stretch caused increased expression of nuclear NF-κB (p = 0.09 and p < 0.001, respectively). Multidirectional stretch also promoted significant nuclear NF-κB expression, comparable to the no stretch condition, which was statistically higher than the low (p < 0.001) and normal (p < 0.001) stretch conditions. This is the first study to show that stretch conditions analogous to atherogenic blood flow profiles can similarly promote a pro-atherogenic endothelial cell phenotype, which supports a role for disturbed vessel wall mechanics as a pathological cell stimulus in the development of advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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31
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Butler LM, Hallström BM, Fagerberg L, Pontén F, Uhlén M, Renné T, Odeberg J. Analysis of Body-wide Unfractionated Tissue Data to Identify a Core Human Endothelial Transcriptome. Cell Syst 2016; 3:287-301.e3. [PMID: 27641958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line blood vessels and regulate hemostasis, inflammation, and blood pressure. Proteins critical for these specialized functions tend to be predominantly expressed in endothelial cells across vascular beds. Here, we present a systems approach to identify a panel of human endothelial-enriched genes using global, body-wide transcriptomics data from 124 tissue samples from 32 organs. We identified known and unknown endothelial-enriched gene transcripts and used antibody-based profiling to confirm expression across vascular beds. The majority of identified transcripts could be detected in cultured endothelial cells from various vascular beds, and we observed maintenance of relative expression in early passage cells. In summary, we describe a widely applicable method to determine cell-type-specific transcriptome profiles in a whole-organism context, based on differential abundance across tissues. We identify potential vascular drug targets or endothelial biomarkers and highlight candidates for functional studies to increase understanding of the endothelium in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Marie Butler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Clinical Chemistry and Blood Coagulation, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Björn Mikael Hallström
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Clinical Chemistry and Blood Coagulation, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden; Coagulation Unit, Centre for Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Brown RA, Shantsila E, Varma C, Lip GYH. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diffuse obstructive coronary artery disease: the role of arterial stiffness, shear stress, monocyte subsets and circulating microparticles. Ann Med 2016; 48:444-455. [PMID: 27282244 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1190861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite falling age-adjusted mortality rates coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Advanced diffuse CAD is becoming an important entity of modern cardiology as more patients with historical revascularisation no longer have suitable anatomy for additional procedures. Advances in the treatment of diffuse obstructive CAD are hampered by a poor understanding of its development. Although the likelihood of developing clinically significant (obstructive) CAD is linked to traditional risk factors, the morphology of obstructive CAD among individuals is highly variable - some patients have diffuse stenotic disease, while others have a focal stenosis. This is challenging to explain in mechanistic terms as vascular endothelium is equally exposed to injury stimulants. Patients with diffuse disease are at high risk of adverse outcomes, particularly if unsuitable for revascularisation. We searched multiple electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database) and reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis relating to advanced diffuse CAD with particular focus on the role of endothelial shear stress, large artery stiffness, monocyte subsets and circulating microparticles. Key messages Although traditional CAD risk factors correlate strongly with disease severity, significant individual variation in disease morphology exists. Advanced, diffuse CAD is difficult to treat effectively and can significantly impair quality of life and increases mortality. The pathophysiology associated with the progression of CAD is the result of complex maladaptive interaction between the endothelium, cells of the immune system and patterns of blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Brown
- a University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital , Birmingham , UK
| | - Eduard Shantsila
- a University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital , Birmingham , UK.,b Cardiology Department, City Hospital , Birmingham , UK
| | - Chetan Varma
- b Cardiology Department, City Hospital , Birmingham , UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- a University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital , Birmingham , UK.,b Cardiology Department, City Hospital , Birmingham , UK
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33
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Goktas S, Uslu FE, Kowalski WJ, Ermek E, Keller BB, Pekkan K. Time-Series Interactions of Gene Expression, Vascular Growth and Hemodynamics during Early Embryonic Arterial Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161611. [PMID: 27552150 PMCID: PMC4994943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hemodynamic forces within the embryo as biomechanical regulators for cardiovascular morphogenesis, growth, and remodeling is well supported through the experimental studies. Furthermore, clinical experience suggests that perturbed flow disrupts the normal vascular growth process as one etiology for congenital heart diseases (CHD) and for fetal adaptation to CHD. However, the relationships between hemodynamics, gene expression and embryonic vascular growth are poorly defined due to the lack of concurrent, sequential in vivo data. In this study, a long-term, time-lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging campaign was conducted to acquire simultaneous blood velocity, pulsatile micro-pressure and morphometric data for 3 consecutive early embryonic stages in the chick embryo. In conjunction with the in vivo growth and hemodynamics data, in vitro reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to track changes in transcript expression relevant to histogenesis and remodeling of the embryonic arterial wall. Our non-invasive extended OCT imaging technique for the microstructural data showed continuous vessel growth. OCT data coupled with the PIV technique revealed significant but intermitted increases in wall shear stress (WSS) between first and second assigned stages and a noticeable decrease afterwards. Growth rate, however, did not vary significantly throughout the embryonic period. Among all the genes studied, only the MMP-2 and CASP-3 expression levels remained unchanged during the time course. Concurrent relationships were obtained among the transcriptional modulation of the genes, vascular growth and hemodynamics-related changes. Further studies are indicated to determine cause and effect relationships and reversibility between mechanical and molecular regulation of vasculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Goktas
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fazil E. Uslu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - William J. Kowalski
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Erhan Ermek
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bradley B. Keller
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Kerem Pekkan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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34
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McCormick ME, Manduchi E, Witschey WRT, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Jiang YZ, Stoeckert CJ, Barker AJ, Markl M, Davies PF. Integrated Regional Cardiac Hemodynamic Imaging and RNA Sequencing Reveal Corresponding Heterogeneity of Ventricular Wall Shear Stress and Endocardial Transcriptome. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003170. [PMID: 27091183 PMCID: PMC4859290 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.003170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Unlike arteries, in which regionally distinct hemodynamics are associated with phenotypic heterogeneity, the relationships between endocardial endothelial cell phenotype and intraventricular flow remain largely unexplored. We investigated regional differences in left ventricular wall shear stress and their association with endocardial endothelial cell gene expression. Methods and Results Local wall shear stress was calculated from 4‐dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging in 3 distinct regions of human (n=8) and pig (n=5) left ventricle: base, adjacent to the outflow tract; midventricle; and apex. In both species, wall shear stress values were significantly lower in the apex and midventricle relative to the base; oscillatory shear index was elevated in the apex. RNA sequencing of the endocardial endothelial cell transcriptome in pig left ventricle (n=8) at a false discovery rate ≤10% identified 1051 genes differentially expressed between the base and the apex and 327 between the base and the midventricle; no differentially expressed genes were detected at this false discovery rate between the apex and the midventricle. Enrichment analyses identified apical upregulation of genes associated with translation initiation including mammalian target of rapamycin, and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 signaling. Genes of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation were also consistently upregulated in the left ventricular apex, as were tissue factor pathway inhibitor (mean 50‐fold) and prostacyclin synthase (5‐fold)—genes prominently associated with antithrombotic protection. Conclusions We report the first spatiotemporal measurements of wall shear stress within the left ventricle and linked regional hemodynamics to heterogeneity in ventricular endothelial gene expression, most notably to translation initiation and anticoagulation properties in the left ventricular apex, in which oscillatory shear index is increased and wall shear stress is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McCormick
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elisabetta Manduchi
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Walter R T Witschey
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert C Gorman
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph H Gorman
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christian J Stoeckert
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Peter F Davies
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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35
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Endothelial Plasticity: Shifting Phenotypes through Force Feedback. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9762959. [PMID: 26904133 PMCID: PMC4745942 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9762959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial lining of the vasculature is exposed to a large variety of biochemical and hemodynamic stimuli with different gradients throughout the vascular network. Adequate adaptation requires endothelial cells to be highly plastic, which is reflected by the remarkable heterogeneity of endothelial cells in tissues and organs. Hemodynamic forces such as fluid shear stress and cyclic strain are strong modulators of the endothelial phenotype and function. Although endothelial plasticity is essential during development and adult physiology, proatherogenic stimuli can induce adverse plasticity which contributes to disease. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), the hallmark of endothelial plasticity, was long thought to be restricted to embryonic development but has emerged as a pathologic process in a plethora of diseases. In this perspective we argue how shear stress and cyclic strain can modulate EndMT and discuss how this is reflected in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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