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Rumiantseva AS, Ageev AA, Ignatieva AN, Yakimova ME, Kharlamova DD, Martemyanov VV, Tokarev YS. Microsporidia-cypovirus interactions during simultaneous infection of the tree defoliator Dendrolimus sibiricus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 207:108199. [PMID: 39277164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The Siberian moth, Dendrolimus sibiricus is a dangerous forest defoliator, the number one pest of boreal forests in Asia. Search for effective and ecologically friendly control measures drives attention to microbial pathogens. Viruses and microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites widespread in insect populations causing either chronic or acute infections. Interactions of these pathogens vary from antagonistic to synergistic. The goal of the work was to test a recently discovered cytoplasmatic polyhedrosis virus (cypovirus) strain DsCPV-1 isolated from D.sibiricus, combined with a microsporidium, against D. sibiricus, by feeding the inoculum (viral polyhedral and microsporidian spores). Three different microsporidian parasites of lepidopterans were tested against D. sibiricus as monoinfection: Nosema bombycis from silkworm, N. pyrausta from corn borer, and Tubulinosema loxostegi from beet webworm. Nosema bombycis was the most virulent, with a median lethal time of 7 days in the first and second instars treated with 100,000 and 1 million spores/larva, respectively. Nosema bombycis (dose 100,000 spores/larva) was chosen to test it as mixed infection in combination with an extremely low dose of DsCPV-1 (1 polyhedron/larva) against two races of D. sibiricus second instar larvae (the fir-feeding race and the larch-feeding race). The mixed infection demonstrated the most prominent negative effect on larval lethal time and weight for the both tested races. Mixed infections showed a synergistic effect for the fir-feeding larvae but additive effect only for the larch feeding larvae. Both pathogens co-developed successfully in the larvae with equal ratio of producing inoculum. The combination of these entomopathogens is therefore promising for forest protection against the Siberian moth and could be the way to significantly decrease the amount of pathogens applied in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina S Rumiantseva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Aleksander A Ageev
- Center of Forest Pyrology, All-Russia Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Krupskoy 42, Krasnoyarsk 660062, Russia
| | - Anastasia N Ignatieva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Maria E Yakimova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; Department of Information Biology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str.1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Daria D Kharlamova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | | | - Yuri S Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
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Vitasse Y, Pohl N, Walde MG, Nadel H, Gossner MM, Baumgarten F. Feasting on the ordinary or starving for the exceptional in a warming climate: Phenological synchrony between spongy moth ( Lymantria dispar) and budburst of six European tree species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10928. [PMID: 38371870 PMCID: PMC10869895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming is affecting the phenological cycles of plants and animals, altering the complex synchronization that has co-evolved over thousands of years between interacting species and trophic levels. Here, we examined how warmer winter conditions affect the timing of budburst in six common European trees and the hatching of a generalist leaf-feeding insect, the spongy moth Lymantria dispar, whose fitness depends on the synchrony between egg hatch and leaf emergence of the host tree. We applied four different temperature treatments to L. dispar eggs and twig cuttings, that mimicked warmer winters and reduced chilling temperatures that are necessary for insect diapause and bud dormancy release, using heated open-top chambers (ambient or +3.5°C), and heated greenhouses (maintained at >6°C or >10°C). In addition, we conducted preference and performance tests to determine which tree species the larvae prefer and benefit from the most. Budburst success and twig survival were highest for all tree species at ambient temperature conditions, whereas it declined under elevated winter temperature for Tilia cordata and Acer pseudoplatanus, likely due to a lack of chilling. While L. dispar egg hatch coincided with budburst in most tree species within 10 days under ambient conditions, it coincided with budburst only in Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, and, to a lesser extent, Ulmus glabra under warmer conditions. With further warming, we, therefore, expect an increasing mismatch in trees with high chilling requirements, such as Fagus sylvatica and A. pseudoplatanus, but still good synchronization with trees having low chilling requirements, such as Q. robur and C. betulus. Surprisingly, first instar larvae preferred and gained weight faster when fed with leaves of F. sylvatica, while Q. robur ranked second. Our results suggest that spongy moth outbreaks are likely to persist in oak and hornbeam forests in western and central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nora Pohl
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesLommaSweden
| | - Manuel G. Walde
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Hannah Nadel
- United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Forest Pest Methods LaboratoryBuzzards BayMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Frederik Baumgarten
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Martemyanov VV, Akhanaev YB, Belousova IA, Pavlusin SV, Yakimova ME, Kharlamova DD, Ageev AA, Golovina AN, Astapenko SA, Kolosov AV, Ananko GG, Taranov OS, Shvalov AN, Bodnev SA, Ershov NI, Grushevaya IV, Timofeyev MA, Tokarev YS. A New Cypovirus-1 Strain as a Promising Agent for Lepidopteran Pest Control. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0385522. [PMID: 37154690 PMCID: PMC10269911 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03855-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Now more than ever researchers provide more and more evidence that it is necessary to develop an ecologically friendly approach to pest control. This is reflected in a sharp increase in the value of the biological insecticide market in recent decades. In our study, we found a virus strain belonging to the genus Cypovirus (Reoviridae); the strain was isolated from Dendrolimus sibiricus, possessing attractive features as a candidate for mass production of biological agents for lepidopteran-pest control. We describe the morphological, molecular, and ecological features of the new Cypovirus strain. This strain was found to be highly virulent to D. sibiricus (the half-lethal dose is 25 occlusion bodies per second-instar larva) and to have a relatively wide host range (infecting representatives of five families of Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Sphingidae, Pieridae, Noctuidae, and Lasiocampidae). The virus strain showed a strong interaction with a nontoxic adjuvant (optical brightener), which decreased the lethal dose for both main and alternative hosts, decreased lethal time, and may expand the host range. Moreover, we demonstrated that the insecticidal features were preserved after passaging through the most economically suitable host. By providing strong arguments for the possible use of this strain in pest control, we call on virologists, pest control specialists, and molecular biologists to give more attention to the Cypovirus genus, which may lead to new insights in the field of pest control research and may provide significant advantages to compare with baculoviruses and Bacillus thuringiensis products which are nowadays main source of bioinsecticides. IMPORTANCE In this article, we describe a newly discovered cypovirus strain that displays features ideally suited for the development of a modern biological insecticide: high potency, relatively broad host range, true regulating effect, flexible production (possibility to choose host species for production), interaction with enhancing adjuvants, and ecologically friendly. Based on an alignment of CPV genomes, we suggest that the enhanced host range of this new strain is the sequence of evolutionary events that occurred after coinfections involving different CPV species within the same host. These findings suggest that we need to positively reconsider CPVs as prospective agents as biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy B. Akhanaev
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Pavlusin
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maria E. Yakimova
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Information Biology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Daria D. Kharlamova
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Ageev
- Center of Forest Pyrology, Development of Forest Ecosystem Conservation, Forest Protection and Regeneration Technologies, branch of All-Russia Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anna N. Golovina
- Center of Forest Pyrology, Development of Forest Ecosystem Conservation, Forest Protection and Regeneration Technologies, branch of All-Russia Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Astapenko
- Center of Forest Pyrology, Development of Forest Ecosystem Conservation, Forest Protection and Regeneration Technologies, branch of All-Russia Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Kolosov
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Grigory G. Ananko
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Oleg S. Taranov
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Shvalov
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Bodnev
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | | | - Inna V. Grushevaya
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin – St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Yuri S. Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin – St. Petersburg, Russia
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Lazarević J, Milanović S, Šešlija Jovanović D, Janković-Tomanić M. Temperature- and Diet-Induced Plasticity of Growth and Digestive Enzymes Activity in Spongy Moth Larvae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050821. [PMID: 37238690 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and food quality are the most important environmental factors determining the performance of herbivorous insects. The objective of our study was to evaluate the responses of the spongy moth (formerly known as the gypsy moth) [Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)] to simultaneous variation in these two factors. From hatching to the fourth instar, larvae were exposed to three temperatures (19 °C, 23 °C, and 28 °C) and fed four artificial diets that differed in protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) content. Within each temperature regime, the effects of the nutrient content (P+C) and ratio (P:C) on development duration, larval mass, growth rate, and activities of digestive proteases, carbohydrases, and lipase were examined. It was found that temperature and food quality had a significant effect on the fitness-related traits and digestive physiology of the larvae. The greatest mass and highest growth rate were obtained at 28 °C on a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet. A homeostatic increase in activity was observed for total protease, trypsin, and amylase in response to low substrate levels in the diet. A significant modulation of overall enzyme activities in response to 28 °C was detected only with a low diet quality. A decrease in the nutrient content and P:C ratio only affected the coordination of enzyme activities at 28 °C, as indicated by the significantly altered correlation matrices. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that variation in fitness traits in response to different rearing conditions could be explained by variation in digestion. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of digestive enzymes in post-ingestive nutrient balancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelica Lazarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Milanović
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemĕdĕlská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Darka Šešlija Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Janković-Tomanić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Economics of a Feeding Budget: A Case of Diversity of Host Plants for Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera) Feeding on Leaves and Needles. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Relationships were analyzed among the energy-related characteristics of feed consumption by caterpillars of the spongy moth (also known as gypsy moth) Lymantria dispar L., survival of individuals, and fecundity of females depending on the species of a host plant. An optimization model of feed consumption was used for the calculations. In this model, efficiency of consumption depends on two parameters: efficiency of metabolic degradation of feed and efficiency of caterpillar biomass synthesis. Experiments were conducted regarding the feeding of caterpillars on the leaves of silver birch Betula pendula Roth. and needles of Siberian larch Larix sibirica Ldb. and Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L. On the basis of the results of experiments, “costs” of the feed for females and males were calculated, the consumption efficiency of different types of feed was found, and the relationship between efficiency of feed consumption and female fecundity was determined. The proposed approach can be employed to assess feeding efficiency of insects in various habitats.
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6
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Adachi-Fukunaga S, Nakabayashi Y, Tokuda M. Transgenerational changes in pod maturation phenology and seed traits of Glycine soja infested by the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263904. [PMID: 35235584 PMCID: PMC8890626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land plants have diverse defenses against herbivores. In some cases, plant response to insect herbivory may be chronological and even transgenerational. Feeding by various stink bugs, such as the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), induce physiological changes in soybean, called as green stem syndrome, which are characterized by delayed senescence in stems, leaves, and pods. To investigate the plant response to the bean bug feeding in the infested generation and its offspring, we studied the effects of R. pedestris infestation on Glycine soja, the ancestral wild species of soybean. Field surveys revealed that the occurrence of the autumn R. pedestris generation coincided with G. soja pod maturation in both lowland and mountainous sites. Following infestation by R. pedestris, pod maturation was significantly delayed in G. soja. When G. soja seeds obtained from infested and non-infested plants were cultivated, the progeny of infested plants exhibited much earlier pod maturation and larger-sized seed production than that of control plants, indicating that R. pedestris feeding induced transgenerational changes. Because earlier seed maturity results in asynchrony with occurrence of R. pedestris, the transgenerational changes in plant phenology are considered to be an adaptive transgenerational and chronological defense for the plant against feeding by the stink bug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Adachi-Fukunaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yui Nakabayashi
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokuda
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Belousova I, Pavlushin S, Subbotina A, Rudneva N, Martemyanov V. Sex Specificity in Innate Immunity of Insect Larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6449196. [PMID: 34865031 PMCID: PMC8644026 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity of insects has been widely studied. Although the effect of sex on insect immunity has been extensively discussed, differences in immunity between the sexes of larvae insects remain largely unstudied. Studying larval sex differences in immunity may provide valuable information about the mechanisms underlying the insect immune system, which, in turn, can be valuable for the development and improvement of pest management. Here we compared the antibacterial activity in both the midgut tissue and cell-free hemolymph of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) females and males at the larval stage without and after a challenge by entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. We also evaluated the sex-specific mortality of L. dispar induced by B. thuringiensis infection. We find that antibacterial activity in the midgut is activated by infection, but only in females. Thus, sex differences in immunity can have important effects even before sexual differentiation at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Belousova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Sergey Pavlushin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Anna Subbotina
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Natalya Rudneva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Martemyanov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Ave. 31, Krasnoyarsk 660037, Russia
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8
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Morse DH. Rapid phenological change differs across four trophic levels over 15 years. Oecologia 2021; 196:577-587. [PMID: 33999268 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The success of consumers often depends on synchronizing with their resources; however, recent climate change has affected the phenology of many species, resulting in mismatches and leading to community-wide changes. Field studies chronicling both the dynamics and behavior of four trophic levels seldom run for more than a few years, thereby bringing into question the longer term trajectories of these phenological shifts at multiple levels. Do these shifts between trophic levels remain constant over time, or do they continue to move apart? To address these questions, in 2004, I initiated a long-term study of the phenological relationships of two ferns, a host caterpillar (and its moth), its principal primary parasitoid wasp, and hyperparasitoid wasp. The study involves only a few species at each level, but they make up nearly all the members of the community. Ferns emerged progressively earlier in the spring, at rates exceeding one day per year, while moths eclosed roughly 0.6 days earlier per year, the primary parasitoid at 0.8 days earlier per year, and the hyperparasitoid fluctuated widely. Each of these changes fostered significant mismatches. Year-to-year changes of the moth and primary parasitoid varied much more than those of the ferns. In each instance, dates of last eclosions moved earlier more rapidly than did early eclosion dates, truncating their seasons. The extremely rapid, though variable, changes in phenology of the various trophic levels follow the unprecedentedly rapid temperature increase of the immediately adjacent Gulf of Maine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglass H Morse
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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Kononchuk AG, Martemyanov VV, Ignatieva AN, Belousova IA, Inoue MN, Tokarev YS. Susceptibility of the Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) to Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050447. [PMID: 34068897 PMCID: PMC8156337 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Microsporidia are widespread insect pathogens and a single species may infect different hosts. Nosema pyrausta from the corn borer was tested against the gypsy moth. Thirty days after larvae were fed with spores, infection was established in the salivary glands and fat body of pupae and prepupae. Up to 10% of insects became infected. The gypsy moth can be referred to as a resistant host of N. pyrausta. Abstract The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a notorious forest defoliator, and various pathogens are known to act as natural regulators of its population density. As a widespread herbivore with a broad range of inhabited areas and host plants, it is potentially exposed to parasitic microorganisms from other insect hosts. In the present paper, we determined the susceptibility of gypsy moth larvae to the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta from the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Gypsy moth samples from two localities of Western Siberia were used. N. pyrausta developed infections in the salivary gland and adipose tissue of gypsy moth prepupae and pupae, forming spore masses after 30 days of alimentary exposure to the second instar larvae. Among the experimental groups, the infection levels ranged from 0 to 9.5%. Effects of a covert baculovirus infection, phenylthiourea pretreatment and feeding insects on an artificial diet versus natural foliage were not significant in terms of microsporidia prevalence levels. Thus, L. dispar showed a low level of susceptibility to a non-specific microsporidium. It can be referred to as a resistant model host and not an appropriate substitute host for laboratory propagation of the microsporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G. Kononchuk
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.K.); (A.N.I.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (I.A.B.)
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarskiy Rabochiy av. 31, 660037 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia N. Ignatieva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.K.); (A.N.I.)
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Maki N. Inoue
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 3 Chome-8-1 Harumicho, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan;
| | - Yuri S. Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.K.); (A.N.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-8123772923; Fax: +7-8124704110
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Akhanaev YB, Belousova IA, Lebedeva DA, Pavlushin SV, Martemyanov VV. A Comparison of the Vertical Transmission of High- and Low-Virulence Nucleopolyhedrovirus Strains in Lymantria Dispar L. INSECTS 2020; 11:E455. [PMID: 32698315 PMCID: PMC7411610 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Baculoviruses can persist in insect host organisms after infection and may be vertically transmitted to the next generation, in which they may be reactivated. The goal of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the vertical transmission of high- and low-virulence strains and the subsequent reactivation of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) in the offspring of Lymantria dispar L. adults who survived after viral infection. As a result of parental infection, the fecundity of survived females, pupae weight, and fertility were significantly different compared to the untreated insects. However, differences in these parameters between high- and low-virulence strains were not observed. The prevalence of virus strains in the offspring measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction also did not differ. When the larvae reached the fourth instar, they were starved to activate the vertically transmitted virus. The frequency of virus activation in the experiment was not dependent on the virulence of the virus strains. These results are helpful for understanding the strategy of virus survival in nature and for the selection of the most effective strains with transgenerational effects in the years following pest treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy B. Akhanaev
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Darya A. Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Sergey V. Pavlushin
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoiarskii rabochii av. 31, Krasnoyarsk 630091, Russia
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11
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Kurenshchikov DK, Martemyanov VV, Imranova EL. Features of the Far Eastern Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Population Outbreak. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425520020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Glupov V, Martemyanov V, Kryukov V. Insect parasites in multicomponent systems and development of new bioinsecticides. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20201800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable and dynamic interactions among plants, herbivorous insects, parasites and associated microbes are formed in natural habitats. The study of these interactions in multicomponent models is required to develop integrated methods for the management of insect pest populations. In this work, we summarize our studies on the influence of different factors, such as hygrothermal conditions, host development, host microbiota, plant quality, and concomitant infections, on interactions between insects and their parasites, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasitoids. Some approaches for developing complex products for biocontrol are also discussed. For example, the use of natural compounds with immunosuppressive effects may enhance the efficacy of microbial agents toward pest insects.
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13
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Phytochemical Shift from Condensed Tannins to Flavonoids in Transgenic Betula pendula Decreases Consumption and Growth but Improves Growth Efficiency of Epirrita autumnata Larvae. J Chem Ecol 2019; 46:217-231. [PMID: 31879865 PMCID: PMC7056695 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite active research, antiherbivore activity of specific plant phenolics remains largely unresolved. We constructed silver birch (Betula pendula) lines with modified phenolic metabolism to study the effects of foliar flavonoids and condensed tannins on consumption and growth of larvae of a generalist herbivore, the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata). We conducted a feeding experiment using birch lines in which expression of dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) or anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) had been decreased by RNA interference. Modification-specific effects on plant phenolics, nutrients and phenotype, and on larval consumption and growth were analyzed using uni- and multivariate methods. Inhibiting DFR expression increased the concentration of flavonoids at the expense of condensed tannins, and silencing DFR and ANR decreased leaf and plant size. E. autumnata larvae consumed on average 82% less of DFRi plants than of unmodified controls, suggesting that flavonoids or glandular trichomes deter larval feeding. However, larval growth efficiency was highest on low-tannin DFRi plants, indicating that condensed tannins (or their monomers) are physiologically more harmful than non-tannin flavonoids for E. autumnata larvae. Our results show that genetic manipulation of the flavonoid pathway in plants can effectively be used to produce altered phenolic profiles required for elucidating the roles of low-molecular weight phenolics and condensed tannins in plant–herbivore relationships, and suggest that phenolic secondary metabolites participate in regulation of plant growth.
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14
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Martemyanov V, Bykov R, Demenkova M, Gninenko Y, Romancev S, Bolonin I, Mazunin I, Belousova I, Akhanaev Y, Pavlushin S, Krasnoperova P, Ilinsky Y. Genetic evidence of broad spreading of Lymantria dispar in the West Siberian Plain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220954. [PMID: 31430316 PMCID: PMC6701763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. 1758 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is one of the most dangerous forest pests of the Holarctic region. Outbreaks of gypsy moth populations lead to significant defoliation of local forests. Within the vast territory of the West Siberian Plain, we noted the outbreak front movement in the north-east direction with a speed 100-200 km per year. The reason for the outbreak's movement is still unclear because L. dispar females are characterised by limited flight ability, which is not enough to support that movement per se. Herein, we analysed the mtDNA divergence pattern among L. dispar populations collected from the vast territory of the West Siberian Plain to determine the boundaries of populations and reveal the effect of the outbreak's front movement on mtDNA patterns of populations. The 590-bp region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of the mitochondrial genome was sequenced for 220 specimens that were collected from 18 localities along a transect line (~ 1400 km). Our results clearly show that the gypsy moth populations of the vast Siberian territory are not subdivided. This result can be explained by extensive genetic exchange among local populations. Taking into account that the flight ability of L. dispar females is rather limited, we suggest that spreading occurs through ballooning of early instar larvae. This hypothesis was confirmed by the coincidence of the outbreaks' movement direction with that of the dominant winds, complemented by the observation of ballooned larvae far from a forest edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Martemyanov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- * E-mail: (VM); (YL)
| | - Roman Bykov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marya Demenkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuri Gninenko
- All-Russian Research Institute for Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Pushkino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Ivan Bolonin
- FSI "Russian Centre of Forest Health", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilia Mazunin
- Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
- Center for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - Irina Belousova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuri Akhanaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Pavlushin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Yury Ilinsky
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
- All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Bykovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia
- * E-mail: (VM); (YL)
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15
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Keena MA, Shi J. Effects of Temperature on First Instar Lymantria (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Survival and Development With and Without Food. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:655-666. [PMID: 30953071 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymantria dispar L. and Lymantria monacha (L.) are Eurasian pests that have the potential for accidental introduction via trade into other world areas. Establishment of first instars of Lymantria depends on larvae surviving long enough to disperse and finding suitable hosts. The survival and development of newly hatched Lymantria larvae from nine geographic populations at seven temperatures (1-30°C) held without food, with summer foliage of a preferred or conifer host was determined. There was considerable variation both within and among the Lymantria populations in the survival of larvae at different temperatures when held with and without food. Without food survival declined from about a month at 5°C to a few days at 30°C, following a typical enzymatic kinetic rate function. At 1°C larval survival was less than at 5°C likely because the larvae were susceptible to freezing. Larvae from the one L. monacha population fed and gained weight on the summer foliage, particularly on the conifer, at 10-15°C but < 20% survived for 14 d at 20-30°C. The newly hatched L. dispar larvae from all eight populations fed (at 10-30°C) and developed (at 15-30°C) on the summer foliage of one or both of the hosts. This suggests that they may be able to find adequate food for establishment even if hatch is not synchronous with bud break in the invaded habitat. Survival on the conifer was highest for one Chinese and two European populations of L. dispar, suggesting the ability to utilize conifers is population and not subspecies specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A Keena
- Department of Agriculture, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, CT
| | - Juan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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16
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Akhanaev YB, Belousova IA, Ershov NI, Nakai M, Martemyanov VV, Glupov VV. Comparison of tolerance to sunlight between spatially distant and genetically different strains of Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189992. [PMID: 29261790 PMCID: PMC5738102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are a family of insect-specific pathogenic viruses can persist outside for long periods through the formation of occlusion bodies. In spite of this ability, the UV of sunlight is an essential factor that limits the survival of baculoviruses outside the host. In the current study, we compared the UV tolerance of two strains of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV), which were isolated in spatially different regions (LdMNPV-27/0 in Western Siberia (Russia) and LdMNPV-45/0 in North America (USA)) and dramatically differ in their potency. We exposed the studied strains to sunlight in an open area for 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 hours and later perorally inoculated host larvae with the same doses of virus (5x105) and with doses leading to same effect (LD90). We observed that strain LdMNPV-45/0, which previously showed high virulence against L. dispar larvae, was more sensitive to UV irradiation (estimated as the relative rate of inactivation (r, h -1) and as the half-life of the virus (τ1/2, h)) compared to LdMNPV-27/0. Exposure to sunlight induced a significant delay of LdMNPV-45/0-induced pathogenesis already after 0.25 h of sunlight exposure, while for LdMNPV-27/0 this delay was occurred only after 2 h exposure in spite of used concentrations. We also compared the sequences of the main structural proteins of the studied strains as UV light contributes not only to genome damage in viruses but also to structural protein damage. The most prominent genetic difference between the structural proteins of the strains was related to the loss of the virus enhancin factor-1 (vef-1) gene in the LdMNPV-27/0 strain. Thus initially highly potent viral strain (such as LdMNPV-45/0) is not recommend to use in the regions (or forest stand density) with high UV load. The role of virus enhancin factor-1 in baculovirus tolerance to UV needs for following studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy B. Akhanaev
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nikita I. Ershov
- Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktor V. Glupov
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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17
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Kasianov NS, Belousova IA, Pavlushin SV, Dubovskiy IM, Podgwaite JD, Martemyanov VV, Bakhvalov SA. The activity of phenoloxidase in haemolymph plasma is not a predictor of Lymantria dispar resistance to its baculovirus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183940. [PMID: 28854240 PMCID: PMC5576713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host innate immunity is one of the factors that determines the resistance of insects to their entomopathogens. In the research reported here we studied whether or not phenoloxidase (PO), a key enzyme in the melanogenesis component of humoral immunity of insects, plays a role in the protection of Lymantria dispar larvae from infection by L. dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. We studied two types of viral infection: overt and covert. The following lines of investigation were tested: i) the intravital individual estimation of baseline PO activity in haemolymph plasma followed by virus challenging; ii) the specific inhibition of PO activity in vivo by peroral treatment of infected larvae with phenylthiourea (PTU), a competitive inhibitor of PO; iii) the evaluation of PO activity in the haemolymph plasma after larval starvation. Starvation is a stress that activates the covert infection to an overt form. All of these experiments did not show a relationship between PO activity in haemolymph plasma of L. dispar larvae and larval susceptibility to baculovirus. Moreover, starvation-induced activation of covert viral infection to an overt form occurred in 70 percent of virus-carrying larvae against the background of a dramatic increase of PO activity in haemolymph plasma in the insects studied. Our conclusion is that in L. dispar larvae PO activity is not a predictor of host resistance to baculovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S. Kasianov
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural science, Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Pavlushin
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animal SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - John D. Podgwaite
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, CT, United States of America
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Bakhvalov
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animal SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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18
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Duisembecov BA, Dubovskiy IM, Glupov VV. Effect of plant secondary metabolites on susceptibility of insects to entomopathogenic microorganisms. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425517030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Belousova IA, Martemyanov VV, Glupov VV. The role of rapid induced resistance of host plant in trophic interactions between Betula pendula, Lymantria dispar, and Bacillus thuringiensis. RUSS J ECOL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413617020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Plant-mediated effects on an insect-pathogen interaction vary with intraspecific genetic variation in plant defences. Oecologia 2017; 183:1121-1134. [PMID: 28144733 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are food-borne microbial pathogens that are ingested by insects on contaminated foliage. Oxidation of plant-derived phenolics, activated by insect feeding, can directly interfere with infections in the gut. Since phenolic oxidation is an important component of plant resistance against insects, baculoviruses are suggested to be incompatible with plant defences. However, plants among and within species invest differently in a myriad of chemical and physical defences. Therefore, we hypothesized that among eight soybean genotypes, some genotypes would be able to maintain both high resistance against an insect pest and high efficacy of a baculovirus. Soybean constitutive (non-induced) and jasmonic acid (JA)-induced (anti-herbivore response) resistance was measured against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (weight gain, leaf consumption and utilization). Indicators of phenolic oxidation were measured as foliar phenolic content and peroxidase activity. Levels of armyworm mortality inflicted by baculovirus (SfMNPV) did not vary among soybean genotypes when the virus was ingested with non-induced foliage. Ingestion of the virus on JA-induced foliage reduced armyworm mortality, relative to non-induced foliage, on some soybean genotypes. Baculovirus efficacy was lower when ingested with foliage that contained higher phenolic content and defensive properties that reduced armyworm weight gain and leaf utilization. However, soybean genotypes that defended the plant by reducing consumption rate and strongly deterred feeding upon JA-induction did not reduce baculovirus efficacy, indicating that these defences may be more compatible with baculoviruses to maximize plant protection. Differential compatibility of defence traits with the third trophic level highlights an important cost/trade-off associated with plant defence strategies.
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21
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Martemyanov VV, Belousova IA, Pavlushin SV, Dubovskiy IM, Ershov NI, Alikina TY, Kabilov MR, Glupov VV. Phenological asynchrony between host plant and gypsy moth reduces insect gut microbiota and susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7298-7310. [PMID: 28725398 PMCID: PMC5513265 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenological synchrony between the emergence of overwintering herbivorous insects and the budding of host plants is considered a crucial factor in the population dynamics of herbivores. However, the mechanisms driving the interactions between the host plant, herbivores, and their pathogens are often obscure. In the current study, an artificially induced phenological asynchrony was used to investigate how the asynchrony between silver birch Betula pendula and gypsy moth Lymantria dispar affects the immunity of the insect to bacteria, its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, and the diversity in its midgut microbiota. The lysozyme-like activity in both the midgut and hemolymph plasma and the nonspecific esterase activity and antimicrobial peptide gene expression in the midgut were studied in both noninfected and B. thuringiensis-infected larvae. Our results provide the first evidence that phenologically asynchronous larvae are less susceptible to B. thuringiensis infection than phenologically synchronous larvae, and our results show that these effects are related to the high basic levels and B. thuringiensis-induced levels of lysozyme-like activities. Moreover, a 16S rRNA analysis revealed that dramatic decreases in the diversity of the larval gut bacterial consortia occurred under the effect of asynchrony. Larvae infected with B. thuringiensis presented decreased microbiota diversity if the larvae were reared synchronously with the host plant but not if they were reared asynchronously. Our study demonstrates the significant effect of phenological asynchrony on innate immunity-mediated interactions between herbivores and entomopathogenic bacteria and highlights the role of nonpathogenic gut bacteria in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of Ecological ParasitologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Biological InstituteNational Research Tomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of Ecological ParasitologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Institute of BiologyIrkutsk State UniversityIrkutskRussia
| | - Sergey V. Pavlushin
- Laboratory of Ecological ParasitologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Insect PathologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Nikita I. Ershov
- Institute of Cytology and GeneticsSiberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Tatyana Y. Alikina
- Genomics Core FacilityInstitute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental MedicineSiberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Genomics Core FacilityInstitute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental MedicineSiberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Victor V. Glupov
- Laboratory of Insect PathologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
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22
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Dynamics of Biologically Active Compound Contents from Betula pendula Leaves During Early Leaf Development. Chem Nat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-016-1592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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