1
|
Chen R, Wang S, Sun Y, Li H, Wan S, Lin F, Xu H. Comparison of Glyphosate-Degradation Ability of Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR4) Proteins in Maize, Soybean and Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043421. [PMID: 36834831 PMCID: PMC9966811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes that participate in the degradation or isolation of glyphosate in plants are promising, for they endow crops with herbicide tolerance with a low glyphosate residue. Recently, the aldo-keto reductase (AKR4) gene in Echinochloa colona (EcAKR4) was identified as a naturally evolved glyphosate-metabolism enzyme. Here, we compared the glyphosate-degradation ability of theAKR4 proteins from maize, soybean and rice, which belong to a clade containing EcAKR4 in the phylogenetic tree, by incubation of glyphosate with AKR proteins both in vivo and in vitro. The results indicated that, except for OsALR1, the other proteins were characterized as glyphosate-metabolism enzymes, with ZmAKR4 ranked the highest activity, and OsAKR4-1 and OsAKR4-2 exhibiting the highest activity among the AKR4 family in rice. Moreover, OsAKR4-1 was confirmed to endow glyphosate-tolerance at the plant level. Our study provides information on the mechanism underlying the glyphosate-degradation ability of AKR proteins in crops, which enables the development of glyphosate-resistant crops with a low glyphosate residue, mediated by AKRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fei Lin
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-20-85285127 (H.X.)
| | - Hanhong Xu
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-20-85285127 (H.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rai KK, Singh S, Rai R, Rai LC. Functional characterization of two WD40 family proteins, Alr0671 and All2352, from Anabaena PCC 7120 and deciphering their role in abiotic stress management. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:545-563. [PMID: 35997919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
WD40 domain-containing proteins are one of the eukaryotes' most ancient and ubiquitous protein families. Little is known about the presence and function of these proteins in cyanobacteria in general and Anabaena in particular. In silico analysis confirmed the presence of WD40 repeats. Gene expression analysis indicated that the transcript levels of both the target proteins were up-regulated up to 4 fold in Cd and drought and 2-3 fold in heat, salt, and UV-B stress. Using a fluorescent oxidative stress indicator, we showed that the recombinant proteins were scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) (4-5 fold) more efficiently than empty vectors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that the target proteins function as transcription factors after binding to the promoter sequences. The presence of kinase activity (2-4 fold) in the selected proteins indicated that these proteins could modulate the functions of other cellular proteins under stress conditions by inducing phosphorylation of specific amino acids. The chosen proteins also demonstrated interaction with Zn, Cd, and Cu (1.4-2.5 fold), which might stabilize the proteins' structure and biophysical functions under multiple abiotic stresses. The functionally characterized Alr0671 and All2352 proteins act as transcription factors and offer tolerance to agriculturally relevant abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ruchi Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - L C Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang W, Fu X, Wu W. Gene mining, codon optimization and analysis of binding mechanism of an aldo-keto reductase with high activity, better substrate specificity and excellent solvent tolerance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260787. [PMID: 34855894 PMCID: PMC8638942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of chiral alcohols has important value and high attention. Aldo–keto reductases (AKRs) mediated reduction of prochiral carbonyl compounds is an interesting way of synthesizing single enantiomers of chiral alcohols due to the high enantio-, chemo- and regioselectivity of the enzymes. However, relatively little research has been done on characterization and apply of AKRs to asymmetric synthesis of chiral alcohols. In this study, the AKR from Candida tropicalis MYA-3404 (C. tropicalis MYA-3404), was mined and characterized. The AKR shown wider optimum temperature and pH. The AKR exhibited varying degrees of catalytic activity for different substrates, suggesting that the AKR can catalyze a variety of substrates. It is worth mentioning that the AKR could catalytic reduction of keto compounds with benzene rings, such as cetophenone and phenoxyacetone. The AKR exhibited activity on N,N-dimethyl-3-keto-3-(2-thienyl)-1-propanamine (DKTP), a key intermediate for biosynthesis of the antidepressant drug duloxetine. Besides, the AKR still has high activity whether in a reaction system containing 10%-30% V/V organic solvent. What’s more, the AKR showed the strongest stability in six common organic solvents, DMSO, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, ethanol, and methanol. And, it retains more that 70% enzyme activity after 6 hours, suggesting that the AKR has strong solvent tolerance. Furthermore, the protein sequences of the AKR and its homology were compared, and a 3D model of the AKR docking with coenzyme NADPH were constructed. And the important catalytic and binding sites were identified to explore the binding mechanism of the enzyme and its coenzyme. These properties, predominant organic solvents resistance and extensive substrate spectrum, of the AKR making it has potential applications in the pharmaceutical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weiliang Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Concepcion JCT, Kaundun SS, Morris JA, Hutchings S, Strom SA, Lygin AV, Riechers DE. Resistance to a nonselective 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicide via novel reduction-dehydration-glutathione conjugation in Amaranthus tuberculatus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2089-2105. [PMID: 34480751 PMCID: PMC9292532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides is a threat in controlling waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) in the USA. We investigated resistance mechanisms to syncarpic acid-3 (SA3), a nonselective, noncommercial HPPD-inhibiting herbicide metabolically robust to Phase I oxidation, in multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) waterhemp populations (SIR and NEB) and HPPD inhibitor-sensitive populations (ACR and SEN). Dose-response experiments with SA3 provided ED50 -based resistant : sensitive ratios of at least 18-fold. Metabolism experiments quantifying parent SA3 remaining in excised leaves during a time course indicated MHR populations displayed faster rates of SA3 metabolism compared to HPPD inhibitor-sensitive populations. SA3 metabolites were identified via LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics in whole plants. A Phase I metabolite, likely generated by cytochrome P450-mediated alkyl hydroxylation, was detected but was not associated with resistance. A Phase I metabolite consistent with ketone reduction followed by water elimination was detected, creating a putative α,β-unsaturated carbonyl resembling a Michael acceptor site. A Phase II glutathione-SA3 conjugate was associated with resistance. Our results revealed a novel reduction-dehydration-GSH conjugation detoxification mechanism. SA3 metabolism in MHR waterhemp is thus atypical compared to commercial HPPD-inhibiting herbicides. This previously uncharacterized detoxification mechanism presents a unique opportunity for future biorational design by blocking known sites of herbicide metabolism in weeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv S. Kaundun
- Herbicide BioscienceSyngentaJealott’s Hill International Research CentreBracknell,RG42 6EYUK
| | - James A. Morris
- Herbicide BioscienceSyngentaJealott’s Hill International Research CentreBracknell,RG42 6EYUK
| | - Sarah‐Jane Hutchings
- Herbicide BioscienceSyngentaJealott’s Hill International Research CentreBracknell,RG42 6EYUK
| | - Seth A. Strom
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Anatoli V. Lygin
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Dean E. Riechers
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rai R, Singh S, Rai KK, Raj A, Sriwastaw S, Rai LC. Regulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in cyanobacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:353-372. [PMID: 34700048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is common consequence of abiotic stress in plants as well as cyanobacteria caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an inevitable product of respiration and photosynthetic electron transport. ROS act as signalling molecule at low concentration however, when its production exceeds the endurance capacity of antioxidative defence system, the organisms suffer oxidative stress. A highly toxic metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG) is also produced in cyanobacteria in response to various abiotic stresses which consequently augment the ensuing oxidative damage. Taking recourse to the common lineage of eukaryotic plants and cyanobacteria, it would be worthwhile to explore the regulatory role of glyoxalase system and antioxidative defense mechanism in combating abiotic stress in cyanobacteria. This review provides comprehensive information on the complete glyoxalase system (GlyI, GlyII and GlyIII) in cyanobacteria. Furthermore, it elucidates the recent understanding regarding the production of ROS and MG, noteworthy link between intracellular MG and ROS and its detoxification via synchronization of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and glyoxalase systems using glutathione (GSH) as common co-factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Alka Raj
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sonam Sriwastaw
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Izghirean N, Waidacher C, Kittinger C, Chyba M, Koraimann G, Pertschy B, Zarfel G. Effects of Ribosomal Protein S10 Flexible Loop Mutations on Tetracycline and Tigecycline Susceptibility of Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663835. [PMID: 34220749 PMCID: PMC8249722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tigecycline is a tetracycline derivative that is being used as an antibiotic of last resort. Both tigecycline and tetracycline bind to the small (30S) ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation. Target mutations leading to resistance to these antibiotics have been identified both in the 16S ribosomal RNA and in ribosomal proteins S3 and S10 (encoded by the rpsJ gene). Several different mutations in the S10 flexible loop tip residue valine 57 (V57) have been observed in tigecycline-resistant Escherichia coli isolates. However, the role of these mutations in E. coli has not yet been characterized in a defined genetic background. In this study, we chromosomally integrated 10 different rpsJ mutations into E. coli, resulting in different exchanges or a deletion of S10 V57, and investigated the effects of the mutations on growth and tigecycline/tetracycline resistance. While one exchange, V57K, decreased the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (Etest) to tetracycline to 0.75 μg/ml (compared to 2 μg/ml in the parent strain) and hence resulted in hypersensitivity to tetracycline, most exchanges, including the ones reported previously in resistant isolates (V57L, V57D, and V57I) resulted in slightly increased MICs to tigecycline and tetracycline. The strongest increase was observed for the V57L mutant, with a MIC (Etest) to tigecycline of 0.5 μg/ml (compared to 0.125 μg/ml in the parent strain) and a MIC to tetracycline of 4.0 μg/ml. Nevertheless, none of these exchanges increased the MIC to the extent observed in previously described clinical tigecycline-resistant isolates. We conclude that, next to S10 mutations, additional mutations are necessary in order to reach high-level tigecycline resistance in E. coli. In addition, our data reveal that mutants carrying S10 V57 exchanges or deletion display growth defects and, in most cases, also thermosensitivity. The defects are particularly strong in the V57 deletion mutant, which is additionally cold-sensitive. We hypothesize that the S10 loop tip residue is critical for the correct functioning of S10. Both the S10 flexible loop and tigecycline are in contact with helix h31 of the 16S rRNA. We speculate that exchanges or deletion of V57 alter the positioning of h31, thereby influencing both tigecycline binding and S10 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Izghirean
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Waidacher
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Kittinger
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Chyba
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Biotech Campus Tulln, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Tulln, Austria
| | - Günther Koraimann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte Pertschy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zarfel
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Current insights into the microbial degradation for butachlor: strains, metabolic pathways, and molecular mechanisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4369-4381. [PMID: 34021814 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide butachlor has been used in huge quantities worldwide, affecting various environmental systems. Butachlor residues have been detected in soil, water, and organisms, and have been shown to be toxic to these non-target organisms. This paper briefly summarizes the toxic effects of butachlor on aquatic and terrestrial animals, including humans, and proposes the necessity of its removal from the environment. Due to long-term exposure, some animals, plants, and microorganisms have developed resistance toward butachlor, indicating that the toxicity of this herbicide can be reduced. Furthermore, we can consider removing butachlor residues from the environment by using such butachlor-resistant organisms. In particular, microbial degradation methods have attracted much attention, with about 30 kinds of butachlor-degrading microorganisms have been found, such as Fusarium solani, Novosphingobium chloroacetimidivorans, Chaetomium globosum, Pseudomonas putida, Sphingomonas chloroacetimidivorans, and Rhodococcus sp. The metabolites and degradation pathways of butachlor have been investigated. In addition, enzymes associated with butachlor degradation have been identified, including CndC1 (ferredoxin), Red1 (reductase), FdX1 (ferredoxin), FdX2 (ferredoxin), Dbo (debutoxylase), and catechol 1,2 dioxygenase. However, few reviews have focused on the microbial degradation and molecular mechanisms of butachlor. This review explores the biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms of butachlor biodegradation in depth in order to provide new ideas for repairing butachlor-contaminated environments. KEY POINTS: • Biodegradation is a powerful tool for the removal of butachlor. • Dechlorination plays a key role in the degradation of butachlor. • Possible biochemical pathways of butachlor in the environment are described.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Li F, Liu J, Ji C, Wu H. Transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiling unravel the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity pathway induced by triphenyl phosphate (TPP). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111126. [PMID: 32823070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) has been found in various environmental media and in biota suggesting widespread human exposure. However, there is still insufficient information on the hepatotoxicity mechanisms of health risk exposed to TPP. In this study, TPP could induce human normal liver cell (L02) apoptosis, injury cell ultrastructure and elevate the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The integrated multi-omic (transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) analysis was used to further investigate the mechanisms. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that TPP exposure markedly affected cell apoptosis, oncogene activation, REDOX homeostasis, DNA damage and repair. Additionally, proteomic analysis found that the related proteins associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, metabolism and membrane structure were affected. And metabolomic analysis verified that the related metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid and protein metabolism, were also significantly disrupted. Based on the multi-omic results, a hypothesized network was constructed to discover the key molecular events in response to TPP and illustrate the mechanism of TPP-induced hepatotoxicity in L02 cells. Therefore, molecular responses could be elucidated at multiple biological levels, and multi-omic analysis could provide scientific tools for exploring potential mechanisms of toxicity and chemical risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Jialin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
All4894 encoding a novel fasciclin (FAS-1 domain) protein of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 revealed the presence of a thermostable β-glucosidase. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
McElroy JS, Hall ND. Echinochloa colona with Reported Resistance to Glyphosate Conferred by Aldo-Keto Reductase Also Contains a Pro-106-Thr EPSPS Target Site Mutation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:447-450. [PMID: 32317362 PMCID: PMC7271784 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Echinochloa with resistance to glyphosate also contains an unreported Pro-106-Thr EPSPS target-site mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Scott McElroy
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Nathan D Hall
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Songsiriritthigul C, Narawongsanont R, Tantitadapitak C, Guan HH, Chen CJ. Structure-function study of AKR4C14, an aldo-keto reductase from Thai jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. KDML105). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:472-483. [PMID: 32355043 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320004313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are NADPH/NADP+-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes that metabolize an aldehyde/ketone to the corresponding alcohol. AKR4C14 from rice exhibits a much higher efficiency in metabolizing malondialdehyde (MDA) than do the Arabidopsis enzymes AKR4C8 and AKR4C9, despite sharing greater than 60% amino-acid sequence identity. This study confirms the role of rice AKR4C14 in the detoxification of methylglyoxal and MDA, and demonstrates that the endogenous contents of both aldehydes in transgenic Arabidopsis ectopically expressing AKR4C14 are significantly lower than their levels in the wild type. The apo structure of indica rice AKR4C14 was also determined in the absence of the cofactor, revealing the stabilized open conformation. This is the first crystal structure in AKR subfamily 4C from rice to be observed in the apo form (without bound NADP+). The refined AKR4C14 structure reveals a stabilized open conformation of loop B, suggesting the initial phase prior to cofactor binding. Based on the X-ray crystal structure, the substrate- and cofactor-binding pockets of AKR4C14 are formed by loops A, B, C and β1α1. Moreover, the residues Ser211 and Asn220 on loop B are proposed as the hinge residues that are responsible for conformational alteration while the cofactor binds. The open conformation of loop B is proposed to involve Phe216 pointing out from the cofactor-binding site and the opening of the safety belt. Structural comparison with other AKRs in subfamily 4C emphasizes the role of the substrate-channel wall, consisting of Trp24, Trp115, Tyr206, Phe216, Leu291 and Phe295, in substrate discrimination. In particular, Leu291 could contribute greatly to substrate selectivity, explaining the preference of AKR4C14 for its straight-chain aldehyde substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chomphunuch Songsiriritthigul
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rawint Narawongsanont
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Pahonyothin Road, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Tantitadapitak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Pahonyothin Road, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
| | - Hong Hsiang Guan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chun Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chatterjee A, Singh S, Rai R, Rai S, Rai L. Functional Characterization of Alr0765, A Hypothetical Protein from Anabaena PCC 7120 Involved in Cellular Energy Status Sensing, Iron Acquisition and Abiotic Stress Management in E. coli Using Molecular, Biochemical and Computational Approaches. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:295-310. [PMID: 33071622 PMCID: PMC7521041 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200424181239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria are excellent model to understand the basic metabolic processes taking place in response to abiotic stress. The present study involves the characterization of a hypothetical protein Alr0765 of Anabaena PCC7120 comprising the CBS-CP12 domain and deciphering its role in abiotic stress tolerance. METHODS Molecular cloning, heterologous expression and protein purification using affinity chromatography were performed to obtain native purified protein Alr0765. The energy sensing property of Alr0765 was inferred from its binding affinity with different ligand molecules as analyzed by FTIR and TNP-ATP binding assay. AAS and real time-PCR were applied to evaluate the iron acquisition property and cyclic voltammetry was employed to check the redox sensitivity of the target protein. Transcript levels under different abiotic stresses, as well as spot assay, CFU count, ROS level and cellular H2O2 level, were used to show the potential role of Alr0765 in abiotic stress tolerance. In-silico analysis of Alr0765 included molecular function probability analysis, multiple sequence analysis, protein domain and motif finding, secondary structure analysis, protein-ligand interaction, homologous modeling, model refinement and verification and molecular docking was performed with COFACTOR, PROMALS-3D, InterProScan, MEME, TheaDomEx, COACH, Swiss modeller, Modrefiner, PROCHECK, ERRAT, MolProbity, ProSA, TM-align, and Discovery studio, respectively. RESULTS Transcript levels of alr0765 significantly increased by 20, 13, 15, 14.8, 12, 7, 6 and 2.5 fold when Anabaena PCC7120 treated with LC50 dose of heat, arsenic, cadmium, butachlor, salt, mannitol (drought), UV-B, and methyl viologen respectively, with respect to control (untreated). Heterologous expression resulted in 23KDa protein observed on the SDS-PAGE. Immunoblotting and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, followed by MASCOT search analysis, confirmed the identity of the protein and ESI/MS revealed that the purified protein was a dimer. Binding possibility of Alr0765 with ATP was observed with an almost 6-fold increment in relative fluorescence during TNP-ATP binding assay with a λ max of 538 nm. FTIR spectra revealed modification in protein confirmation upon binding of Alr0765 with ATP, ADP, AMP and NADH. A 10-fold higher accumulation of iron was observed in digests of E. coli with recombinant vector after induction as compared to control, which affirms the iron acquisition property of the protein. Moreover, the generation of the redox potential of 146 mV by Alr0765 suggested its probable role in maintaining the redox status of the cell under environmental constraints. As per CFU count recombinant, E. coli BL21 cells showed about 14.7, 7.3, 6.9, 1.9, 3 and 4.9 fold higher number of colonies under heat, cadmium (CdCl2), arsenic (Na3AsO4), salt (NaCl), UV-B and drought (mannitol) respectively compared to pET21a harboring E. coli BL21 cells. Deterioration in the cellular ROS level and total cellular H2O2 concentration validated the stress tolerance ability of Alr0765. In-silico analysis unraveled novel findings and attested experimental findings in determining the role of Alr0765. CONCLUSION Alr0765 is a novel CBS-CP12 domain protein that maintains cellular energy level and iron homeostasis which provides tolerance against multiple abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antra Chatterjee
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Ruchi Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shweta Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - L.C. Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pan L, Yu Q, Han H, Mao L, Nyporko A, Fan L, Bai L, Powles S. Aldo-keto Reductase Metabolizes Glyphosate and Confers Glyphosate Resistance in Echinochloa colona. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1519-1534. [PMID: 31551360 PMCID: PMC6878027 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide in the world, controls a wide range of plant species, mainly because plants have little capacity to metabolize (detoxify) glyphosate. Massive glyphosate use has led to world-wide evolution of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weed species, including the economically damaging grass weed Echinochloa colona An Australian population of E colona has evolved resistance to glyphosate with unknown mechanisms that do not involve the glyphosate target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-P synthase. GR and glyphosate-susceptible (S) lines were isolated from this population and used for resistance gene discovery. RNA sequencing analysis and phenotype/genotype validation experiments revealed that one aldo-keto reductase (AKR) contig had higher expression and higher resultant AKR activity in GR than S plants. Two full-length AKR (EcAKR4-1 and EcAKR4-2) complementary DNA transcripts were cloned with identical sequences between the GR and S plants but were upregulated in the GR plants. Rice (Oryza sativa) calli and seedlings overexpressing EcAKR4-1 and displaying increased AKR activity were resistant to glyphosate. EcAKR4-1 expressed in Escherichia coli can metabolize glyphosate to produce aminomethylphosphonic acid and glyoxylate. Consistent with these results, GR E colona plants exhibited enhanced capacity for detoxifying glyphosate into aminomethylphosphonic acid and glyoxylate. Structural modeling predicted that glyphosate binds to EcAKR4-1 for oxidation, and metabolomics analysis of EcAKR4-1 transgenic rice seedlings revealed possible redox pathways involved in glyphosate metabolism. Our study provides direct experimental evidence of the evolution of a plant AKR that metabolizes glyphosate and thereby confers glyphosate resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Science, Changsha, 410125, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Australia, Western Australia 6009
| | - Qin Yu
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Australia, Western Australia 6009
| | - Heping Han
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Australia, Western Australia 6009
| | - Lingfeng Mao
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang University-Xuan Gu Agricultural Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Alex Nyporko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine 01033
| | - LongJiang Fan
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang University-Xuan Gu Agricultural Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Science, Changsha, 410125, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Stephen Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Australia, Western Australia 6009
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rai S, Rai R, Singh PK, Rai LC. Alr2321, a multiple stress inducible glyoxalase I of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 detoxifies methylglyoxal and reactive species oxygen. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105238. [PMID: 31301544 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses enhance the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which consequently leads to toxic methylglyoxal (MG) production. Glyoxalases (GlyI & GlyII) catalyze the conversion of toxic MG into non-toxic lactic acid but their properties and functions have been overlooked in cyanobacteria. This is the first attempt to conduct a genome-wide analysis of GlyI protein (PF00903) from Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Out of total nine GlyI domain possessing proteins, only three (Alr2321, Alr4469, All1022) harbour conserve His/Glu/His/Glu metal binding site at their homologous position and are deficient in conserved region specific for Zn2+ dependent members. Their biochemical, structural and functional characterization revealed that only Alr2321 is a homodimeric Ni2+ dependent active GlyI with catalytic efficiency 11.7 × 106 M-1 s-1. It has also been found that Alr2321 is activated by various divalent metal ions and has maximum GlyI activity with Ni2+ followed by Co2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+ and no activity with Zn2+. Moreover, the expression of alr2321 was found to be maximally up-regulated under heat (19 fold) followed by cadmium, desiccation, arsenic, salinity and UV-B stresses. BL21/pGEX-5X2-alr2321 showed improved growth under various abiotic stresses as compared to BL21/pGEX-5X2 by increased scavenging of intracellular MG and ROS levels. Taken together, these results suggest noteworthy links between intracellular MG and ROS, its detoxification by Alr2321, a member of GlyI family of Anabaena sp. PCC7120, in relation to abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ruchi Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular and biochemical characterization of All0580 as a methylglyoxal detoxifying glyoxalase II of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 that confers abiotic stress tolerance in E. coli. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:981-993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Sen S, Rai R, Chatterjee A, Rai S, Yadav S, Agrawal C, Rai LC. Molecular characterization of two novel proteins All1122 and Alr0750 of Anabaena PCC 7120 conferring tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in Escherichia coli. Gene 2019; 685:230-241. [PMID: 30448320 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In- silico and functional genomics approaches have been used to determine cellular functions of two hypothetical proteins All1122 and Alr0750 of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Motif analysis and multiple sequence alignment predicted them as typical α/β ATP binding universal stress family protein-A (UspA) with G-(2×)-G-(9×)-G(S/T) as conserved motif. qRT-PCR data under UV-B, NaCl, heat, As, CdCl2, mannitol and methyl viologen registered approximately 1.4 to 4.3 fold induction of all1122 and alr0750 thus confirming their multiple abiotic stress tolerance potential. The recombinant E. coli (BL21) cells harboring All1122 and Alr0750 showed 12-41% and 23-41% better growth respectively over wild type control under said abiotic stresses thus revalidating their stress coping ability. Functional complementation on heterologous expression in UspA mutant E. coli strain LN29MG1655 (ΔuspA::Kan) attested their UspA family membership. This study tempted us to suggest that recombinant Anabaena PCC 7120 over expressing all1122 and alr0750 might contribute to the nitrogen economy in paddy fields experiencing array of abiotic stresses including drought and nutrient limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sen
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ruchi Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Antra Chatterjee
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shweta Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shivam Yadav
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Chhavi Agrawal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manzano R, Jiménez-Peñalver P, Esteban E. Synergic use of chemical and ecotoxicological tools for evaluating multi-contaminated soils amended with iron oxides-rich materials. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:251-258. [PMID: 28359991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Abandoned waste piles from ancient mining activities are potential hot spots for the pollution of the surrounding areas. A pot experiment was carried out to check the potential toxicity of the dumping material present in one of these scenarios, and several amendments were tested to attenuate the spread of the contamination events. The waste material had an acid pH and a large total concentration of As and Cu. A dose-response experiment was performed with this material following OCDE 208 test. A proportion 90:10 uncontaminated soil: dumping material (% w/w) was selected for the following experiment, in order to surpass the amount of dumping material that caused 50% reduction in plant growth. Pots were filled with the 90:10 mixture, planted with seeds of Brassica napus and amended with the following materials: three iron oxides of Bayoxide® E33 series, iron (II) sulphate in combination with de-inking paper sludge (Fe+PS), iron oxide-rich rolling mill scale (ROL) and iron oxide-rich cement waste (CEM). Amendment effectiveness evaluation was based on chemical and biological assays: extractable trace element concentration, soil enzymatic activities, inhibition of light emission of V. fischeri and Anabaena sp., B. napus L. fresh weight and screening test for emergence of B. napus L. seedlings. Amendments E33HCF and Fe+PS were the most effective in reducing extractable As and Zn concentration. B. napus weight and dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities were positively increased with the two above mentioned treatments but they triggered more toxic effects for V. fischeri luminescence. E33P treatment was the only in which the EC50 was higher than in the control. Anabaena sp. was less sensitive than V. fischeri as its luminescence was not hampered by any treatment. Trace element concentration did not significantly affect the failure in seed emergence. E33HCF and Fe+PS could act as proper amendments as they decreased extractable As and Zn. Further, plant fresh weight, enzymatic activities and some of the bioassays identified the latter treatments as the best ones among those tested here to this type of multi-contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Manzano
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 15, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Peñalver
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola, d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elvira Esteban
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 15, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Identification and functional characterization of four novel aldo/keto reductases in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by integrating wet lab with in silico approaches. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 17:413-425. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
19
|
Singh PK, Shrivastava AK, Singh S, Rai R, Chatterjee A, Rai LC. Alr2954 of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 with ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase activity bestows abiotic stress tolerance in Escherichia coli. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 17:39-52. [PMID: 27778111 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In silico derived properties on experimental validation revealed that hypothetical protein Alr2954 of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 is ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, which belongs to nudix hydrolase superfamily. Presence of ADP-ribose binding site was attested by ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase activity (K m 44.71 ± 8.043 mM, V max 7.128 ± 0.417 μmol min-1 mg protein-1, and K cat/K m 9.438 × 104 μM-1 min-1). Besides ADP-ribose, the enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed various nucleoside phosphatases such as 8-oxo-dGDP, 8-oxo-dADP, 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-dATP, GDP-mannose, ADP-glucose, and NADH. qRT-PCR analysis of alr2954 showed significant expression under different abiotic stresses reconfirming its role in stress tolerance. Thus, Alr2954 qualifies to be a member of nudix hydrolase superfamily, which serves as ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase and assists in multiple abiotic stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Alok Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Vranasi, 221005, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ruchi Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Antra Chatterjee
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|