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Maternal Weight Gain during Pregnancy and the Developing Autonomic Nervous System-Possible Impact of GDM. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245220. [PMID: 36558379 PMCID: PMC9784678 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intrauterine environment is known to affect the offspring's long-term risk for obesity and diabetes. Previous data show that maternal metabolism and gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with fetal autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, which can be assessed with heart rate variability (HRV). We investigated whether this association is also present in 2-year-old children and addressed the impact of gestational diabetes (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the 2-year-old offspring of mothers who had undergone a 5-point, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. To assess HRV, a 10-minute ECG was recorded, and time domain and frequency domain parameters were analyzed. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance testing. RESULTS We examined 67 children (33 girls, 34 boys), 30 of whom were born to mothers with treated GDM and normoglycemic pregnancies (NGT), respectively. No differences were found between the groups with regard to birth weight, weight at the age of 2 years, and body fat content. We observed that GWG was associated with heart rate and HRV, indicating that children of mothers with low GWG had a lower parasympathetic tone. This association was detected in NGT-exposed-but not in GDM-exposed-children. HR and HRV correlated with body fat and fat-free mass in children from normoglycemic pregnancies only. CONCLUSION We found that the impact of maternal GWG on offspring ANS function was missing in the presence of treated GDM. The balance of the ANS was related to offspring body composition in children from NGT pregnancies only. Our results suggest that maternal weight gain during pregnancy has a critical impact on the developing ANS, which might be disturbed in the presence of GDM.
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Barthelemy JC, Pichot V, Hupin D, Berger M, Celle S, Mouhli L, Bäck M, Lacour JR, Roche F. Targeting autonomic nervous system as a biomarker of well-ageing in the prevention of stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:969352. [PMID: 36185479 PMCID: PMC9521604 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.969352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke prediction is a key health issue for preventive medicine. Atrial fibrillation (AF) detection is well established and the importance of obstructive sleep apneas (OSA) has emerged in recent years. Although autonomic nervous system (ANS) appears strongly implicated in stroke occurrence, this factor is more rarely considered. However, the consequences of decreased parasympathetic activity explored in large cohort studies through measurement of ANS activity indicate that an ability to improve its activity level and equilibrium may prevent stroke. In support of these observations, a compensatory neurostimulation has already proved beneficial on endothelium function. The available data on stroke predictions from ANS is based on many long-term stroke cohorts. These data underline the need of repeated ANS evaluation for the general population, in a medical environment, and remotely by emerging telemedicine digital tools. This would help uncovering the reasons behind the ANS imbalance that would need to be medically adjusted to decrease the risk of stroke. This ANS unbalance help to draw attention on clinical or non-clinical evidence, disclosing the vascular risk, as ANS activity integrates the cumulated risk from many factors of which most are modifiable, such as metabolic inadaptation in diabetes and obesity, sleep ventilatory disorders, hypertension, inflammation, and lack of physical activity. Treating these factors may determine ANS recovery through the appropriate management of these conditions. Natural aging also decreases ANS activity. ANS recovery will decrease global circulating inflammation, which will reinforce endothelial function and thus protect the vessels and the associated organs. ANS is the whistle-blower of vascular risk and the actor of vascular health. Such as, ANS should be regularly checked to help draw attention on vascular risk and help follow the improvements in response to our interventions. While today prediction of stroke relies on classical cardiovascular risk factors, adding autonomic biomarkers as HRV parameters may significantly increase the prediction of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Barthelemy
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Claude Barthelemy,
| | - Vincent Pichot
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - David Hupin
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
- Section of Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Berger
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
- Centre d’Investigation et de Recherche sur le Sommeil, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Celle
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Lytissia Mouhli
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Universitaire Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Section of Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-René Lacour
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
| | - Frederic Roche
- Physical Exercise and Clinical Physiology Department, CHU Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059 Santé Ingénierie Biologie, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
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Merabet N, Lucassen PJ, Crielaard L, Stronks K, Quax R, Sloot PMA, la Fleur SE, Nicolaou M. How exposure to chronic stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes: A complexity science approach. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100972. [PMID: 34929260 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress contributes to the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the underlying etiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Responses to stress are influenced by earlier experiences, sex, emotions and cognition, and involve a complex network of neurotransmitters and hormones, that affect multiple biological systems. In addition, the systems activated by stress can be altered by behavioral, metabolic and environmental factors. The impact of stress on metabolic health can thus be considered an emergent process, involving different types of interactions between multiple variables, that are driven by non-linear dynamics at different spatiotemporal scales. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of the links between chronic stress and T2D, we followed a complexity science approach to build a causal loop diagram (CLD) connecting the various mediators and processes involved in stress responses relevant for T2D pathogenesis. This CLD could help develop novel computational models and formulate new hypotheses regarding disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Merabet
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands; Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Loes Crielaard
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands
| | - Karien Stronks
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Quax
- Institute for Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands; Computational Science Lab, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M A Sloot
- Institute for Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands; Computational Science Lab, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands; National Centre of Cognitive Research, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism & Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Mary Nicolaou
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 GC, the Netherlands.
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Speer KE, McKune AJ, Telford RM, Semple S, Naumovski N, Olive LS, Telford RD. Heart rate variability improves in 3-5-year-old children following a 6-month physical activity-based intervention: the Active Early Learning (AEL) cluster randomised controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:1-9. [PMID: 34432989 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) measurement provides non-invasive assessment of autonomic stability and cardiometabolic disease risk. Insufficient physical activity in early childhood may contribute to negative cardiometabolic health. The Active Early Learning (AEL) study was a 6-month randomised controlled trial investigating the effects of a physical activity-based program incorporating movement within the daily curriculum of preschool children. The current study assessed the effects of the AEL intervention on HRV as a measure of cardiac vagal control. Children aged between 3-5 years and enrolled in a preschool with an attendance of ≥15 children were eligible. Physical activity was recorded using an Actigraph wGT3x accelerometer worn at the waist of participants over 3 consecutive days. A Polar H10 chest strap measured HRV with the HF-band and RMSSD representing cardiac vagal control. After 6 months of the AEL trial, linear mixed model analyses revealed a significant intervention effect for increased HF (p = 0.044). The control group did not demonstrate changes in cardiac vagal control after the intervention ceased. Independent of age, sex, physical activity and BMI, the AEL study elicited significant improvements in the cardiac vagal control of participants who received the intervention. Findings highlight the importance of investigating HRV for assessing the cardiometabolic health in young children. ANZCTR trial registration number: ACTRN12619000638134. Novelty: The AEL curriculum improved child HRV independent of age, sex, physical activity and BMI. Heart rate and RR intervals did not demonstrate changes for the intervention and control groups. Multivariate programs for developing physical competence, confidence, knowledge and motivation may improve child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Speer
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Rohan M Telford
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stuart Semple
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Lisa S Olive
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard D Telford
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Association between Metabolic Syndrome Components and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080699. [PMID: 34439932 PMCID: PMC8389259 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The clustering of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors is becoming more prevalent in young people (up to the age of 19 years) leading to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases in early adulthood. The impact of MetS risk factors on cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) or vice versa have been noted to track from childhood to pre-adolescence and adolescence. Understating associations in this age group may help improve the clinical outcomes of the MetS, even when MetS symptoms are not visible. Potential damage from each individual MetS component and the ability to predict early cardiac damage or upcoming cardiovascular events is very important. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the associations between CAM and MetS risk factors individually to verify which MetS risk components were significantly correlated with which heart rate variability (HRV) indices before or at the onset of the MetS among young people. The purpose of this review was to outline the importance of potentially screening HRV indices in young people even with only one MetS risk factor, as a pre-indicator for early cardiovascular risk stratification. Cross-sectional studies that examined the relationship of MetS risk factors with HRV indices were searched using four databases including PubMed, the Cochrane clinical trials library, Medline and the Web of Science. Correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and random effects meta-analyses of the association between MetS risk factors with HRV indices were performed. Our results propose that lipid profiles including high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TGs), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) are associated with CAM in young people up to the age of 19 years. The use of HRV indices to predict future MetS risk, and relationships with individual risk factors including HDL, BP, WC and TGs, were established. Furthermore, arterial pressure, respiration, stress and physical activity must be taken into consideration for future studies along with CAM related to young people (up to the age of 19 years), and it is recommended to explore further the associations reported here, as CAM is not the only determinant of neurovisceral regulation. Abstract Background: the clustering of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors is becoming more prevalent in children, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases in early adulthood. The impact of MetS risk factors on cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) or vice versa has been noted to track from childhood to pre-adolescence and adolescence. Understating associations in this age group may help to improve the clinical outcomes of the MetS, even when MetS symptoms are not visible. Potential damage from each individual MetS component and the ability to predict early cardiac damage or upcoming cardiovascular events is very important. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the associations between CAM and MetS risk factors individually to verify which of the MetS risk components were significantly correlated with heart rate variability (HRV) indices before or at the onset of the MetS among young people. The purpose of this review was to outline the importance of potentially screening HRV indices in young people even with only one MetS risk factor, as a pre-indicator for early cardiovascular risk stratification. Methods: cross-sectional studies that examined the relationship of MetS risk factors with HRV indices were searched using four databases including PubMed, the Cochrane clinical trials library, Medline and the Web of Science. Correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and random effects meta-analyses of the association between MetS risk factors with HRV indices were performed. Results: out of 14 cross-sectional studies and one case-control study, 8 studies (10 data sets) provided association data for the meta-analysis. Our results indicated significant positive correlations for systolic blood pressure (SBP) (correlation coefficient 0.13 (95%CI: 0.06; 0.19), I2 = 47.26%) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (correlation coefficient 0.09 (95%CI: −0.01; 0.18), I2 = 0%) with a Low Frequency/High Frequency ratio (LF/HF). Significant negative correlations for waist circumference (WC) (correlation coefficient −0.12 (95%CI: −0.19; −0.04), I2 = 51.50%), Triglycerides (TGs) (correlation coefficient −0.09 (95%CI: −0.15; −0.02), I2 = 0%) and ≥2 MetS risk factors (correlation coefficient −0.10 (95%CI: −0.16; −0.03), I2 = 0%); with high frequency (HF) were revealed. Significant positive correlations for high density lipoprotein (HDL) (correlation coefficient 0.08 (95%CI: 0.05; 0.11), I2 = 0%) and significant negative correlations of ≥2 MetS risk (correlation coefficient −0.04 (95%CI: −0.12; 0.03), I2 = 0.0%) with low frequency (LF) were revealed. Significant negative correlations for TGs (correlation coefficient −0.09 (95%CI: −0.23; 0.05), I2 = 2.01%) with a mean square root of the sum of differences between mean time between two successive intervals (rMSSD) and significant positive correlation of HDL (correlation coefficient 0.09 (95%CI: −0.01; 0.19), I2 = 0.33%) with standard deviation of the time between two successive intervals (SDNN) were also revealed. An Egger’s test indicated that there was no obvious publication bias for any of the above relationships except for TGs and rMSSD. The significance level stipulated for the meta-analysis was p < 0.05. Conclusions: lipid profiles (HDL and TGs), WC and BP were associated with CAM in young people up to the age of 19 years. The use of HRV indices to predict future MetS risk, and relationships with individual risk factors including HDL, BP, WC and TGs, were established. Future studies related to young people (up to the age of 19 years) are recommended to explore the associations reported here further.
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Wiley CR, Pourmand V, Thayer JF, Williams DP. A Close Examination of the Use of Systolic Time Intervals in the Calculation of Impedance Derived Cardiac Autonomic Balance and Regulation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:625276. [PMID: 33994919 PMCID: PMC8119784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.625276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, impedance derived measures of cardiac autonomic balance (CAB) and regulation (CAR) are calculated using indices of heart rate variability (HRV) that primarily reflect parasympathetic nervous system activity (e.g., high-frequency HRV | HF-HRV) and pre-ejection period (PEP; a systolic time interval and measure of sympathetic activity). However, HF-HRV and PEP are considered measures of chronotropic and inotropic cardiac influence, respectively. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) is a systolic time interval that reflects sympathetic chronotropic influence, and therefore may be a more appropriate measure for calculating CAB and CAR compared to PEP. Thus, the current study evaluates both PEP and LVET in the calculation of CAB and CAR. Data from 158 healthy participants (mean age = 19.09 years old, SD = 1.84 years) were available for analyses. CAB and CAR values were calculated using both HF-HRV and the root mean square of successive differences, in addition to both PEP and LVET, in accordance with previously established guidelines. Analyses showed that correlations were significantly weaker between CAB and CAR calculated using LVET for both HF (z = 5.12, p < 0.001) and RMSSD (z = 5.26, p < 0.001) than with PEP. These data suggest that LVET, compared to PEP, provides better “autonomic space” as evidenced by a lack of correlation between CAB and CAR computed using LVET. We stress that future research consider calculating CAB and CAR using chronotropic measures for both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, as doing so may yield more accurate and independent measures of cardiac autonomic activity compared to a mixture of inotropic (i.e., PEP) and chronotropic (i.e., HF-HRV) measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R Wiley
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vida Pourmand
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, United States
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - DeWayne P Williams
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Daily physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, nutritional status, endothelial function, and autonomic modulation in school-age adolescents: A principal component analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 2021; 15:205-211. [PMID: 33903023 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the association between cardiorespiratory fitness, abdominal obesity, blood pressure, endothelial function, and autonomic modulation in school-age adolescents exhibiting different levels of habitual physical activity and nutritional status, through a multivariate statistical approach. METHODS 101 adolescents aged 15-18 years (54 females) underwent assessments of daily physical activity, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, reactive hyperemia, and heart rate variability. Based on BMI adjusted for age and sex (z-BMI), 21 adolescents were classified as 'overweight' (9 girls), and 9 as 'obese' (4 girls). The common variation between those variables was assessed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). RESULTS Main axis of common variation of outcomes analyzed defined four principal components (PCs) accounting for 69.7% of overall variance, related to 'abdominal obesity and blood pressure' (PC1; eigenvalue=2.76), 'cardiorespiratory fitness, endothelial function, and autonomic modulation' (PC2, eigenvalue=1.98), 'cardiorespiratory fitness' (PC3, eigenvalue=1.21), and 'sedentary behavior' (PC4, eigenvalue=1.02). Girls reported longer screen time and sedentary behavior than boys. Notwithstanding, in both sexes poorer cardiorespiratory fitness corresponded to lower reactive hyperemia and vagal modulation, irrespective of the nutritional status. Overall, adolescents classified as 'obese' and 'sedentary' exhibited poorer CRF concomitantly to autonomic and endothelial dysfunctions. CONCLUSION In school-age adolescents, endothelial and autonomic dysfunctions related to poor cardiorespiratory fitness, irrespective of the nutritional status and physical activity level. However, endothelial and autonomic dysfunctions were more prevalent among adolescents combining poor cardiorespiratory fitness, reduced levels of daily physical activity, and overweight/obesity.
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Sitovskyi AM, Radchenko OV, Dmytruk VS, Andriichuk OY, Roda OB, Savchuk IV. Heart Rate Variability in 12- to 13-Year-Old Adolescents. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hodges EA, Propper CB, Estrem H, Schultz MB. Feeding During Infancy: Interpersonal Behavior, Physiology, and Obesity Risk. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2020; 14:185-191. [PMID: 34707686 PMCID: PMC8547759 DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infancy is a sensitive developmental period that presents both opportunities and challenges for caregivers to feed their infants in ways that support healthy growth and development. The capacity to eat in a way that supports energy (caloric) intake aligned with the body's physiologic need for growth and development appear to diminish in the years following infancy, but the reasons for this and whether this is developmentally typical are unclear. Feeding interactions that undermine infants' ability to regulate their intake in response to hunger and satiety are thought to confer risk for obesity in infancy and beyond. In this integrative review, we consider what we know about the emergence of self-regulation of behavior and emotion from both a behavioral and a physiological perspective. Then, we apply this information to our emerging understanding of how self-regulation of energy intake may be derailed through feeding interactions between caregivers and infants.
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Gentile C, Ditto B, Deschamps A, D'Antono B. Parasympathetic Response Patterns are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Older Women but Not Men. Ann Behav Med 2020; 53:515-526. [PMID: 30113625 PMCID: PMC6499413 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the role of physiological stress responses in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Purpose To examine whether patterns of autonomic response to psychological stress are associated with MetS and whether this association is moderated by sex Methods 1121 men and women (Mage = 65.3 ± 6.77 years) with and without coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent an anger recall stressor task. Heart rate and heart-rate variability (HRV; HF, LF/HF) were assessed. Clusters of participants showing similar patterns of response across baseline, stress, and recovery periods were created using ACECLUS and FASTCLUS in SAS. Logistic regressions included clusters and interaction between clusters and sex as independent variables, controlling for relevant covariates. ANCOVAs were conducted in secondary analyses utilizing a continuous composite representation of MetS. Results Men and women showing greater tonic and phasic HR elevations were more likely to meet MetS criteria (OR = 1.45, [95% CI = 1.02–2.07], p = .037). HF-HRV cluster interacted significantly with sex (p < .001) to predict MetS. In women, those with significant parasympathetic withdrawal to stress and poor recovery were more likely to have MetS than women with a more moderate response (OR = 2.56, [95% CI = 1.23–5.41], p = .013). Women who displayed stress-related parasympathetic activation were also at greater risk of MetS (OR = 2.30, [95% CI = 1.30–4.07], p = .004). Results using a continuous measure of MetS were generally consistent with these findings. Conclusion Among older participants with CAD or other noncardiovascular disease, hyperreactivity to stress was associated with greater prevalence of MetS, particularly in women. Consistent with emerging literature, women who showed blunting or activation of parasympathetic responses to stress were similarly at greater risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gentile
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Blaine Ditto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alain Deschamps
- Chief, Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bianca D'Antono
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Speer KE, Semple S, Naumovski N, McKune AJ. Heart rate variability for determining autonomic nervous system effects of lifestyle behaviors in early life: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2020; 217:112806. [PMID: 31954147 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unhealthy lifestyle negatively alters autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity as reflected by decreased heart rate variability (HRV), increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Research investigating the effect of modifiable lifestyle factors on ANS activity in young children is limited. Early identification of these risk factors is vital to improving long-term individual and public health outcomes. A systematic review was conducted to assess the effect of maternal or child modifiable lifestyle factors on child ANS activity. METHODS Following the 2009 PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases were searched from February 2018 - July 2019 for articles describing human trials between 1996 - 2019. Included studies examined ANS activity of children between 28 weeks gestational age - 6 years in relation to modifiable lifestyle CVD risk factors. RESULTS Twenty-six studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. Sixteen studies reported that modifiable lifestyle factors significantly influenced the HRV of children. Increased HRV was significantly associated with higher maternal zinc and omega-3 fatty acid intake, regular maternal aerobic exercise and a non-smoking environment. Child diet and body composition demonstrated some support for an association between these modifiable lifestyle factors and child HRV. CONCLUSION There is cross-sectional evidence supporting an association between maternal lifestyle factors and child HRV. Evidence is less supportive of a relationship between child modifiable lifestyle factors and child HRV. Monitoring the effects of lifestyle interventions on the ANS via HRV measurements of both mother and child may identify child CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Speer
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra, (ACT,) Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, (ACT,) Australia.
| | - Stuart Semple
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra, (ACT,) Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, (ACT,) Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, (ACT,) Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra, (ACT,) Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, (ACT,) Australia; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences/ University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, (KwaZulu-Natal,) South Africa
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12
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Leppänen MH, Haapala EA, Veijalainen A, Seppälä S, Oliveira RS, Lintu N, Laitinen T, Tarvainen MP, Lakka TA. Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability in 6- to 8-year-old children: The PANIC Study. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:251-258. [PMID: 31855297 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability (HRV) in children are unclear. We examined associations of cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV variables in 6- to 8-year-olds. METHODS The participants were a population-based sample of 443 children participating in baseline measurements of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children trial. Cardiometabolic risk factors included waist circumference (WC), insulin, glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). CRS was calculated as WC + insulin + glucose + triglycerides - HDL cholesterol + the mean of SBP and DBP. HRV variables (SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF, Mean RR) were measured using 5-minute electrocardiography at rest and analyzed using the Kubios HRV software. In this cross-sectional study, associations of CRS and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV were investigated using linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and peak height velocity. RESULTS CRS was negatively associated with RMSSD, HF, Mean RR (P value < .05) and positively with LF/HF (P value = .005). Insulin was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, and Mean RR (P value < .05) and positively with LF/HF (P value = .008). SBP was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, and Mean RR (P value < .05). DBP was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, and Mean RR (P value < .05). WC, glucose, triglycerides, or HDL cholesterol were not associated with HRV variables. CONCLUSIONS Higher CRS, insulin, and blood pressure were associated with smaller HRV, mainly indicating lower parasympathetic activity, in young children. This knowledge may help improving the clinical management of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases since childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja H Leppänen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aapo Veijalainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santeri Seppälä
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ricardo S Oliveira
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika P Tarvainen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Speer KE, Semple S, Naumovski N, McKune AJ. Measuring Heart Rate Variability Using Commercially Available Devices in Healthy Children: A Validity and Reliability Study. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:390-404. [PMID: 34542492 PMCID: PMC8314243 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is an accepted method for determining autonomic nervous system activity and cardiovascular risk in various populations. This study assessed the validity and reliability of a commercially available finger photoplethysmography (PPG) system for measuring pediatric HRV in a real-world setting. Sixteen healthy children (4.06 ± 0.58 years) were recruited. The PPG system was compared to the Polar H10 heart rate (HR) sensor validated against ECG (gold standard) for HRV measurement. Seated short-term resting R-R intervals were recorded simultaneously using both systems. Recordings were performed on 3 days at the participants’ school. Paired t-tests, effect sizes and Bland–Altman analyses determined the validity of the PPG system. The relative and absolute reliability of both systems were calculated. No HRV parameters were valid for the PPG system. Polar H10 yielded moderate (0.50–0.75) to good (0.75–0.90) relative reliability with R-R intervals and the standard deviation of instantaneous and continuous R-R variability ratio showing the best results (ICCs = 0.84). Polar H10 displayed better absolute reliability with the root mean square of successive differences, R-R intervals and HR showing the lowest values (TEM% < 12%). The use of the Polar H10 and not the PPG system is encouraged for HRV measurement of young children in an educational real-world setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Speer
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia; (S.S.); (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Stuart Semple
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia; (S.S.); (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia;
| | - Andrew J. McKune
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia; (S.S.); (A.J.M.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra (ACT) 2617, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences/University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, (KwaZulu-Natal), South Africa
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14
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Kamel M, Smith BT, Wahi G, Carsley S, Birken CS, Anderson LN. Continuous cardiometabolic risk score definitions in early childhood: a scoping review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1688-1699. [PMID: 30223304 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in young children has been measured using various approaches, including a continuous summary score that incorporates components such as adiposity, lipids, metabolic factors and blood pressure. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to comprehensively review definitions of continuous CMR scores in children <10 years of age. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of four scientific databases up to June 2016. Inclusion criteria were children <10 years of age and report of a continuous CMR score. RESULTS Ninety-one articles were included. Most studies were published from 2007 to 2016 (96%). Nearly all continuous CMR scores (90%) were calculated using the sum or the mean of z-scores, and many articles age-standardized and sex-standardized components within their own population. The mean number of variables included in the risk scores was 5 with a range of 3-11. The most commonly included score components were waist circumference (52%), triglycerides (87%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (67%), glucose (43%) and systolic blood pressure (52%). IMPORTANCE Continuous CMR scores are emerging frequently in the child health literature and are calculated using numerous methods with diverse components. This heterogeneity limits comparability across studies. A harmonized definition of CMR in childhood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamel
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - B T Smith
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Wahi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Carsley
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C S Birken
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L N Anderson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Hu MX, Penninx BW, de Geus EJ, Lamers F, Kuan DCH, Wright AG, Marsland AL, Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Gianaros PJ. Associations of immunometabolic risk factors with symptoms of depression and anxiety: The role of cardiac vagal activity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:493-503. [PMID: 29920329 PMCID: PMC7066576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined 1) the cross-sectional relationships between symptoms of depression/anxiety and immunometabolic risk factors, and 2) whether these relationships might be explained in part by cardiac vagal activity. METHODS Data were drawn from the Adult Health and Behavior registries (n = 1785), comprised of community dwelling adults (52.8% women, aged 30-54). Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and anxious symptoms with the Trait Anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Immunometabolic risk factors included fasting levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin, as well as blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6. Measures of cardiac autonomic activity were high- and low-frequency indicators of heart rate variability (HRV), standard deviation of normal-to-normal R-R intervals, and the mean of absolute and successive differences in R-R intervals. RESULTS Higher BDI-II scores, in contrast to CES-D and STAI-T scores, were associated with increased immunometabolic risk and decreased HRV, especially HRV likely reflecting cardiac vagal activity. Decreased HRV was also associated with increased immunometabolic risk. Structural equation models indicated that BDI-II scores may relate to immunometabolic risk via cardiac vagal activity (indirect effect: β = .012, p = .046) or to vagal activity via immunometabolic risk (indirect effect: β = -.015, p = .021). CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms, as measured by the BDI-II, but not anxious symptoms, were related to elevated levels of immunometabolic risk factors and low cardiac vagal activity. The latter may exhibit bidirectional influences on one another in a meditational framework. Future longitudinal, intervention, an nonhuman animal work is needed to elucidate the precise and mechanistic pathways linking depressive symptoms to immune, metabolic, and autonomic parameters of physiology that predispose to cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy X. Hu
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Corresponding author at: Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (M.X. Hu)
| | - Brenda W.J.H. Penninx
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J.C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Lamers
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dora C.-H. Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Aidan G.C. Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anna L. Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew F. Muldoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, United States
| | - Stephen B. Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Effect of excessive infant crying on resting BP, HRV and cardiac autonomic control in childhood. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197508. [PMID: 29851997 PMCID: PMC5979019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Early life stress has been shown to influence the developing autonomic nervous system. Stressors in infancy may program the autonomic nervous system resting state set point, affecting cardiovascular function in later life. Excessive crying may be an indicator of increased stress arousal in infancy. We hypothesized that excessive infant crying is related to altered cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and increased blood pressure at age 5–6 years. Methods In the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, excessive crying, maternal burden of infant care and maternal aggressive behavior in the 13th week after birth (range 11–16 weeks) were reported using questionnaires. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability and indicators of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity (sympathetic drive by pre-ejection period, parasympathetic drive by respiratory sinus arrhythmia) were measured at age 5–6 years during rest. Inclusion criteria were singleton birth, term-born, and no reported congenital or cardiovascular problems (N = 2153 included). Results Excessive crying (2.8%) was not associated with resting heart rate, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia nor with blood pressure at age 5–6 years. Conclusions Excessive infant crying as an indicator of increased stress arousal does not seem to be related to resting activity of the autonomic nervous system or blood pressure at age 5–6. Potential associations may become visible under stressed conditions.
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17
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Bjelakovic L, Vukovic V, Jovic M, Bankovic S, Kostic T, Radovanovic D, Pantelic S, Zivkovic M, Stojanovic S, Bjelakovic B. Heart rate recovery time in metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy obese children. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2017; 45:438-442. [PMID: 28885093 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2017.1376571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic dysfunction is an emerging non-traditional cardiovascular risk factor that correlates with obesity, components of metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness. As a simple and validated index of autonomic balance, heart rate recovery (HRR) has been reported as a useful biomarker for predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare HRR in metabolically healthy vs. metabolically unhealthy obese children. METHODS A total of 56 obese children of whom 31 had metabolic syndrome were examined. All the participants underwent the multistage submaximal cycle ergometer test and HRR was determined one minute after the test. RESULTS The HRR was significantly lower (18.9 ± 3.7) in a group of metabolically unhealthy obese children compared to metabolically healthy obese children (24 ± 4.1) p < 0.001. Logistic regression analysis showed that reduction in HRR was also influenced by higher BMI. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate the presence of the autonomic dysfunction as reflected by impaired heart rate recovery (HRR) in obese children with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Bjelakovic
- a Department of medical science, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education , University of Nis , Nis , Serbia
| | - Vladimir Vukovic
- b Department of Molecular Medicine , Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Marko Jovic
- c Medical faculty , University of Nis , Nis , Serbia
| | | | - Tomislav Kostic
- c Medical faculty , University of Nis , Nis , Serbia.,d Clinic of Cardiology , Clinical Center Nis , Nis , Serbia
| | - Dragan Radovanovic
- a Department of medical science, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education , University of Nis , Nis , Serbia
| | - Sasa Pantelic
- e Faculty of Sport and Physical Education , University of Nis , Nis , Serbia
| | - Mladen Zivkovic
- e Faculty of Sport and Physical Education , University of Nis , Nis , Serbia
| | - Sanja Stojanovic
- f Niska Banja, Medical Faculty University of Nis , Institute of cardiology , Nis , Serbia
| | - Bojko Bjelakovic
- c Medical faculty , University of Nis , Nis , Serbia.,g Clinic of Pediatrics , Clinical Center , Nis , Serbia
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18
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Buchhorn R, Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Eichholz H, Willaschek C, Thayer JF, Kaess M. A case series on the potential effect of omega-3-fatty acid supplementation on 24-h heart rate variability and its circadian variation in children with attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 10:135-139. [PMID: 28975530 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-017-0240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity (ADHD) in children is associated with decreased 24-h heart rate variability (HRV). Previous research has shown that supplementation of omega-3-fatty acid increases HRV. Here, we aimed to investigate whether the supplementation of omega-3-fatty acids would increase 24-h HRV in an uncontrolled case series of children with ADHD. HRV was recorded in 18 children and adolescents (age 13.35 ± 2.8 years) before and after omega-3 supplementation. Preliminary results indicate that omega-3 supplementation in children with AD(H)D may reduce mean heart rate and increase its variability. Future studies would do well to implement randomized, placebo-controlled designs with greater methodological rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Buchhorn
- Department of Paediatrics, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, 97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany.
| | - Julian Koenig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc N Jarczok
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Eichholz
- Department of Paediatrics, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, 97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Christian Willaschek
- Department of Paediatrics, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, 97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Kaess
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Herzig D, Eser P, Radtke T, Wenger A, Rusterholz T, Wilhelm M, Achermann P, Arhab A, Jenni OG, Kakebeeke TH, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Messerli-Bürgy N, Meyer AH, Munsch S, Puder JJ, Schmutz EA, Stülb K, Zysset AE, Kriemler S. Relation of Heart Rate and its Variability during Sleep with Age, Physical Activity, and Body Composition in Young Children. Front Physiol 2017; 8:109. [PMID: 28286485 PMCID: PMC5323426 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have claimed a positive effect of physical activity and body composition on vagal tone. In pediatric populations, there is a pronounced decrease in heart rate with age. While this decrease is often interpreted as an age-related increase in vagal tone, there is some evidence that it may be related to a decrease in intrinsic heart rate. This factor has not been taken into account in most previous studies. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between physical activity and/or body composition and heart rate variability (HRV) independently of the decline in heart rate in young children. Methods: Anthropometric measurements were taken in 309 children aged 2–6 years. Ambulatory electrocardiograms were collected over 14–18 h comprising a full night and accelerometry over 7 days. HRV was determined of three different night segments: (1) over 5 min during deep sleep identified automatically based on HRV characteristics; (2) during a 20 min segment starting 15 min after sleep onset; (3) over a 4-h segment between midnight and 4 a.m. Linear models were computed for HRV parameters with anthropometric and physical activity variables adjusted for heart rate and other confounding variables (e.g., age for physical activity models). Results: We found a decline in heart rate with increasing physical activity and decreasing skinfold thickness. HRV parameters decreased with increasing age, height, and weight in HR-adjusted regression models. These relationships were only found in segments of deep sleep detected automatically based on HRV or manually 15 min after sleep onset, but not in the 4-h segment with random sleep phases. Conclusions: Contrary to most previous studies, we found no increase of standard HRV parameters with age, however, when adjusted for heart rate, there was a significant decrease of HRV parameters with increasing age. Without knowing intrinsic heart rate correct interpretation of HRV in growing children is impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herzig
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Eser
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Wenger
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rusterholz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Amar Arhab
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja H Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Einat A Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stülb
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Annina E Zysset
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Hu MX, Lamers F, de Geus EJC, Penninx BWJH. Influences of lifestyle factors on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity over time. Prev Med 2017; 94:12-19. [PMID: 27836526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity, alcohol use and smoking might affect cardiovascular disease through modifying autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. We investigated: 1) whether there are consistent relationships between lifestyle factors and cardiac ANS activity over time, and 2) whether 2-year changes in lifestyle factors relate to 2-year changes in cardiac activity. Baseline (n=2618) and 2-year follow-up (n=2010) data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was combined. Baseline data was collected in the Netherlands from 2004-2007. Lifestyle factors were habitual physical activity, frequency of sport activities, alcohol use, and smoking. Indicators of cardiac activity were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP) (100min of registration). The results showed that high physical activity (-1.8beats/min compared to low activity), high frequency of sport activities ('couple of times/week': -2.5beats/min compared to 'almost never') and mild/moderate alcohol use (-1.2beats/min compared to non-drinking) were related to low HR. Heavy smoking was related to high HR (>30cigarettes/day: +5.1beats/min compared to non-smoking). High frequency of sport activities was associated with high RSA ('couple of times/week':+1.7ms compared to 'almost never') and moderate smoking with longer PEP (11-20cigarettes/day: +2.8ms compared to non-smoking). Associations were consistent across waves. Furthermore, 2-year change in frequency of sport activities and number of smoked cigarettes/day was accompanied by 2-year change in HR (β=-0.076 and β=0.101, respectively) and RSA (β=0.046 and β=-0.040, respectively). Our findings support consistent effects of lifestyle on HR and parasympathetic activity in the expected direction. Cardiac autonomic dysregulation may be partly mediating the relationship between lifestyle and subsequent cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Xian Hu
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hu MX, Lamers F, Hiles SA, Penninx BWJH, de Geus EJC. Basal autonomic activity, stress reactivity, and increases in metabolic syndrome components over time. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:119-26. [PMID: 27262344 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Basal autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has been linked to the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the role of ANS reactivity in response to stress remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine cross-sectionally and longitudinally to what extent ANS basal level and stress reactivity are related to MetS. DESIGN 2-year and 6-year data from a prospective cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. SETTING Participants were recruited from the general community, primary care, and mental health care organizations. PARTICIPANTS 1922 respondents (mean age=43.7years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Indicators of ANS functioning were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). ANS stress reactivity was measured during a cognitively challenging stressor and a personal-emotional stressor. MetS components included triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose and waist circumference. RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses indicated that higher basal HR, lower basal values of RSA and PEP, and higher RSA reactivity during cognitive challenge were related to less favorable values of almost all individual MetS components. Longitudinal analyses showed that higher basal HR and shorter basal PEP predicted 4-year increase in many MetS abnormalities. Higher RSA stress reactivity during cognitive challenge predicted 4-year increase in number of MetS components. CONCLUSION Higher basal sympathetic, lower basal parasympathetic activity, and increased parasympathetic withdrawal during stress are associated with multiple MetS components, and higher basal sympathetic activity predicts an increase in metabolic abnormalities over time. These findings support a role for ANS dysregulation in the risk for MetS and, consequently, the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy X Hu
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, AJ Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, AJ Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Hiles
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, AJ Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, AJ Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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