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Wang H, Kim SJ, Lei Y, Wang S, Wang H, Huang H, Zhang H, Tsung A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:235. [PMID: 39300084 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), crucial in immune defense mechanisms, are renowned for their propensity to expel decondensed chromatin embedded with inflammatory proteins. Our comprehension of NETs in pathogen clearance, immune regulation and disease pathogenesis, has grown significantly in recent years. NETs are not only pivotal in the context of infections but also exhibit significant involvement in sterile inflammation. Evidence suggests that excessive accumulation of NETs can result in vessel occlusion, tissue damage, and prolonged inflammatory responses, thereby contributing to the progression and exacerbation of various pathological states. Nevertheless, NETs exhibit dual functionalities in certain pathological contexts. While NETs may act as autoantigens, aggregated NET complexes can function as inflammatory mediators by degrading proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The delineation of molecules and signaling pathways governing NET formation aids in refining our appreciation of NETs' role in immune homeostasis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, metabolic dysregulation, and cancer. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the multifaceted roles of NETs in both homeostasis and disease, whilst discussing their potential as therapeutic targets. Our aim is to enhance the understanding of the intricate functions of NETs across the spectrum from physiology to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Susan J Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Conejeros I, Velásquez ZD, Rojas-Barón L, Espinosa G, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. The CAMKK/AMPK Pathway Contributes to Besnoitia besnoiti-Induced NETosis in Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8442. [PMID: 39126009 PMCID: PMC11313139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite and the causal agent of bovine besnoitiosis. Bovine besnoitiosis has a considerable economic impact in Africa and Asia due to reduced milk production, abortions, and bull infertility. In Europe, bovine besnoitiosis is classified as an emerging disease. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are one of the most abundant leukocytes in cattle blood and amongst the first immunological responders toward invading pathogens. In the case of B. besnoiti, bovine PMN produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and show increased autophagic activities upon exposure to tachyzoite stages. In that context, the general processes of NETosis and autophagy were previously reported as associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Here, we study the role of AMPK in B. besnoiti tachyzoite-induced NET formation, thereby expanding the analysis to both upstream proteins, such as the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK), and downstream signaling and effector molecules, such as the autophagy-related proteins ULK-1 and Beclin-1. Current data revealed early AMPK activation (<30 min) in both B. besnoiti-exposed and AMPK activator (AICAR)-treated bovine PMN. This finding correlated with upstream responses on the level of CAMKK activation. Moreover, these reactions were accompanied by an augmented autophagic activity, as represented by enhanced expression of ULK-1 but not of Beclin-1. Referring to neutrophil effector functions, AICAR treatments induced both AMPK phosphorylation and NET formation, without affecting cell viability. In B. besnoiti tachyzoite-exposed PMN, AICAR treatments failed to affect oxidative responses, but led to enhanced NET formation, thereby indicating that AMPK and autophagic activation synergize with B. besnoiti-driven NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (Z.D.V.); (L.R.-B.); (G.E.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
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3
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Ding J, Xu N, Wang J, He Y, Wang X, Liu M, Liu X. Plancitoxin-1 mediates extracellular trap evasion by the parasitic helminth Trichinella spiralis. BMC Biol 2024; 22:158. [PMID: 39075478 PMCID: PMC11287892 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a parasitic helminth that causes a globally prevalent neglected zoonotic disease, and worms at different developmental stages (muscle larvae, adult worms, newborn larvae) induce immune attack at different infection sites, causing serious harm to host health. Several innate immune cells release extracellular traps (ETs) to entrap and kill most pathogens that invade the body. In response, some unicellular pathogens have evolved a strategy to escape capture by ETs through the secretion of nucleases, but few related studies have investigated multicellular helminths. RESULTS In the present study, we observed that ETs from neutrophils capture adult worms of T. spiralis, while ETs from macrophages trap muscle larvae and newborn larvae, and ETs had a killing effect on parasites in vitro. To defend against this immune attack, T. spiralis secretes plancitoxin-1, a DNase II-like protein, to degrade ETs and escape capture, which is essential for the survival of T. spiralis in the host. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these findings demonstrate that T. spiralis escapes ET-mediated capture by secreting deoxyribonuclease as a potential conserved immune evasion mechanism, and plancitoxin-1 could be used as a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yushu He
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Neutrophils versus Protozoan Parasites: Plasmodium, Trichomonas, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Entameoba. Microorganisms 2024; 12:827. [PMID: 38674770 PMCID: PMC11051968 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant polymorphonuclear granular leukocytes in human blood and are an essential part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are efficient cells that eliminate pathogenic bacteria and fungi, but their role in dealing with protozoan parasitic infections remains controversial. At sites of protozoan parasite infections, a large number of infiltrating neutrophils is observed, suggesting that neutrophils are important cells for controlling the infection. Yet, in most cases, there is also a strong inflammatory response that can provoke tissue damage. Diseases like malaria, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and amoebiasis affect millions of people globally. In this review, we summarize these protozoan diseases and describe the novel view on how neutrophils are involved in protection from these parasites. Also, we present recent evidence that neutrophils play a double role in these infections participating both in control of the parasite and in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Jin Z, Jin Q, Chen M, Liu W, Hong H, Jiang Y, Gao X, Qian Y, Wang Z, Liu Q, Wei Z. Toxoplasma gondii-induced neutrophil extracellular traps are relevant to glycolysis, TLR2, and TLR4 MAPK signaling pathway in goats. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:34. [PMID: 38087003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) exhibits a significantly high prevalence of infection in goats, leading to adverse consequences such as abortion and stillbirth in ewes, thereby posing a substantial challenge to the goat farming industry. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been shown to capture T. gondii in goats; however, the precise mechanisms underlying NET release in goats remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of our research was to elucidate the involved mechanism. We assessed the cytotoxicity of T. gondii on neutrophils using CCK-8 assay, visualized the structure of T. gondii-induced goat NETs through immunofluorescence, quantified ROS release during T. gondii-induced NET formation using fluorescence microplate analysis, and employed inhibitors targeting TLR 2, TLR4, NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2, and P38 MAPK signaling pathways as well as glycolysis to dissect the mechanisms underlying T. gondii-induced NET release. Within 1 h, T. gondii did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity towards neutrophils in our findings. The formation of typical NET structures induced by T. gondii involved DNA, citrullinated histone 3 (citH3), and neutrophil elastase (NE). Additionally, T. gondii significantly stimulated the release of NETs in goats. The process was accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated through NADPH oxidase, p38, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Inhibition of these pathways resulted in a decrease in NET release. Moreover, inhibition of TLR 2, TLR4, and glycolysis also led to a reduction in T. gondii-induced NET release. Overall, our study demonstrates that T. gondii can induce characteristic NET structures and elucidates the involvement of various mechanisms including TLR2/TLR4 signaling pathway activation, NADPH oxidase activity modulation via ROS production regulation through p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and glycolysis regulation during the innate immune response against T. gondii infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zha Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyi Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrong Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Qian
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zedong Wang
- Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, International Center of Future Science, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Koh CC, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. Balancing the functions of DNA extracellular traps in intracellular parasite infections: implications for host defense, disease pathology and therapy. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:450. [PMID: 37474501 PMCID: PMC10359321 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The release of DNA to the extracellular milieu is a biological process referred to as etosis, which is involved in both physiological and pathological functions. Although the release of DNA extracellular traps (ETs) was initially attributed to innate immune cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages, recent studies have shown that T cells, as well as non-immune cells, are capable of releasing ETs. These structures were described primarily for their potential to trap and kill pathogens, presenting an important strategy of host defense. Intriguingly, these functions have been associated with intracellular pathogens such as the parasites Leishmania sp. and Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agents of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively. These are two devastating tropical diseases that lead to thousands of deaths every year. In an apparent contradiction, ETs can also induce and amplify inflammation, which may lead to worsening disease pathology. This has prompted the concept of targeting ETs' release as a means of controlling tissue destruction to treat human diseases. What is the best approach to prevent disease severity: inducing ETs to kill pathogens or preventing their release? In this Perspective article, we will discuss the importance of understanding ETs released by different cell types and the need to balance their potentially complementary functions. In addition, we will explore other functions of ETs and their translational applications to benefit individuals infected with intracellular parasites and other pathogens. Ultimately, a better understanding of the role of ETs in disease pathogenesis will provide valuable insights into developing novel therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cattoni Koh
- Morphology Dept, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Gollob
- National Institute for Science & Technology in Tropical Diseases - INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Morphology Dept, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- National Institute for Science & Technology in Tropical Diseases - INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Omar M, Abdelal H. NETosis in Parasitic Infections: A Puzzle That Remains Unsolved. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108975. [PMID: 37240321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the key players in the innate immune system, being weaponized with numerous strategies to eliminate pathogens. The production of extracellular traps is one of the effector mechanisms operated by neutrophils in a process called NETosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are complex webs of extracellular DNA studded with histones and cytoplasmic granular proteins. Since their first description in 2004, NETs have been widely investigated in different infectious processes. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi have been shown to induce the generation of NETs. Knowledge is only beginning to emerge about the participation of DNA webs in the host's battle against parasitic infections. Referring to helminthic infections, we ought to look beyond the scope of confining the roles of NETs solely to parasitic ensnarement or immobilization. Hence, this review provides detailed insights into the less-explored activities of NETs against invading helminths. In addition, most of the studies that have addressed the implications of NETs in protozoan infections have chiefly focused on their protective side, either through trapping or killing. Challenging this belief, we propose several limitations regarding protozoan-NETs interaction. One of many is the duality in the functional responses of NETs, in which both the positive and pathological aspects seem to be closely intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Omar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdelal
- LIS: Cross-National Data Center, Maison des Sciences Humaines, Esch-Belval, L-4366 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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8
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Macaluso G, Grippi F, Di Bella S, Blanda V, Gucciardi F, Torina A, Guercio A, Cannella V. A Review on the Immunological Response against Trypanosoma cruzi. Pathogens 2023; 12:282. [PMID: 36839554 PMCID: PMC9964664 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a chronic systemic infection transmitted by Trypanosoma cruzi. Its life cycle consists of different stages in vector insects and host mammals. Trypanosoma cruzi strains cause different clinical manifestations of Chagas disease alongside geographic differences in morbidity and mortality. Natural killer cells provide the cytokine interferon-gamma in the initial phases of T. cruzi infection. Phagocytes secrete cytokines that promote inflammation and activation of other cells involved in defence. Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages modulate the adaptive immune response, and B lymphocytes activate an effective humoral immune response to T. cruzi. This review focuses on the main immune mechanisms acting during T. cruzi infection, on the strategies activated by the pathogen against the host cells, on the processes involved in inflammasome and virulence factors and on the new strategies for preventing, controlling and treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Hernández-Huerta MT, Pérez-Campos Mayoral E, Matias Cervantes CA, Pérez-Campos E. Re. Re.: "Immunothrombotic dysregulation in Chagas disease and COVID19: a comparative study of anticoagulation". Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:361-362. [PMID: 35829869 PMCID: PMC9277605 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Re. Re.: "Immunothrombotic dysregulation in Chagas disease (CD) and COVID-19: a comparative study of anticoagulation": In the commentary on our paper, Hasslocher-Moreno made the point that indeterminate and digestive forms are not related to thromboembolic events, only thrombogenic alterations occur in CD with cardiopathy, however there is indirect evidence related to thombotic alterations, such as cerebral thrombosis. Our assertion is based on previous data discussed in this letter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, 68020 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, 68020 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT Oaxaca, 68030 Oaxaca, Mexico ,Laboratorio de Patología Clínica “Dr. Eduardo Pérez Ortega”, 68000 Oaxaca, Mexico
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de Jesus Gonzalez-Contreras F, Zarate X. Neutrophil extracellular traps: Modulation mechanisms by pathogens. Cell Immunol 2022; 382:104640. [PMID: 36413806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, as innate effector cells, play an essential role in the containment and elimination of pathogens. Among the main neutrophil mechanisms use for these processes is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of decondensed DNA decorated with various cytoplasmic proteins. NETs' principal role is the trapping and elimination of infectious agents; therefore, the formation of NETs is regulated by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses through different mechanisms: the presence of virulence factors (adhered or secreted), microbial load, size of the microorganism, and even due to other immune cells activation (mainly platelets). This review summarizes the significant aspects that contribute to NETs modulation by pathogens and their components, and the effect NETs have on these pathogens as a cellular defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
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11
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Aggio JB, Porto BN, Duarte dos Santos CN, Mosimann ALP, Wowk PF. Human Neutrophils Present Mild Activation by Zika Virus But Reduce the Infection of Susceptible Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:784443. [PMID: 35747137 PMCID: PMC9210994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.784443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) has highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of virus-host interactions in order to pave the way for the development of antiviral therapies. The present work aimed to address the response of neutrophils during ZIKV infection. Neutrophils are important effector cells in innate immunity implicated in the host’s response to neurotropic arboviruses. Our results indicate that human neutrophils were not permissive to Asian or African ZIKV strain replication. In fact, after stimulation with ZIKV, neutrophils were mild primed against the virus as evaluated through CD11b and CD62L modulation, secretion of inflammatory cytokines and granule content, production of reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps formation. Overall, neutrophils did not affect ZIKV infectivity. Moreover, in vitro ZIKV infection of primary innate immune cells did not trigger neutrophil migration. However, neutrophils co-cultured with ZIKV susceptible cell lineages resulted in lower cell infection frequencies, possibly due to cell-to-cell contact. In vivo, neutrophil depletion in immunocompetent mice did not affect ZIKV spreading to the draining lymph nodes. The data suggest that human neutrophils do not play an antiviral role against ZIKV per se, but these cells might participate in an infected environment shaping the ZIKV infection in other target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bernardi Aggio
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Nery Porto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pryscilla Fanini Wowk, ; Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann,
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pryscilla Fanini Wowk, ; Ana Luiza Pamplona Mosimann,
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12
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Hasheminasab SS, Conejeros I, D. Velásquez Z, Borggrefe T, Gärtner U, Kamena F, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. ATP Purinergic Receptor P2X1-Dependent Suicidal NETosis Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum under Physioxia Conditions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030442. [PMID: 35336816 PMCID: PMC8945010 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic intestinal disease that affects humans, wildlife, and neonatal cattle, caused by Cryptosporidium parvum. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), also known as suicidal NETosis, are a powerful and ancient innate effector mechanism by which polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) battle parasitic organisms like protozoa and helminths. Here, C. parvum oocysts and live sporozoites were utilized to examine suicidal NETosis in exposed bovine PMN under both 5% O2 (physiological conditions within small intestinal tract) and 21% O2 (normal hyperoxic conditions in research facilities). Both sporozoites and oocysts induced suicidal NETosis in exposed PMN under physioxia (5% O2) and hyperoxia (21% O2). Besides, C. parvum-induced suicidal NETosis was affirmed by total break of PMN, co-localization of extracellular DNA decorated with pan-histones (H1A, H2A/H2B, H3, H4) and neutrophil elastase (NE) by means of confocal- and immunofluorescence microscopy investigations. C. parvum-triggered NETs entrapped sporozoites and impeded sporozoite egress from oocysts covered by released NETs, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Live cell 3D-holotomographic microscopy analysis visualized early parasite-induced PMN morphological changes, such as the formation of membrane protrusions towards C. parvum while undergoing NETosis. Significant reduction of C. parvum-induced suicidal NETosis was measured after PMN treatments with purinergic receptor P2X1 inhibitor NF449, under both oxygen circumstances, this receptor was found to play a critical role in the induction of NETs, indicating its importance. Similarly, inhibition of PMN glycolysis via 2-deoxy glucose treatments resulted in a reduction of C. parvum-triggered suicidal NETosis but not significantly. Extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) were not increased in C. parvum-exposed cells, according to measurements of PMN energetic state. Treatments with inhibitors of plasma membrane monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) of lactate failed to significantly reduce C. parvum-mediated NET extrusion. Concerning Notch signaling, no significant reduction was detected after PMN treatments with two specific Notch inhibitors, i.e., DAPT and compound E. Overall, we here describe for the first time the pivotal role of ATP purinergic receptor P2X1 in C. parvum-mediated suicidal NETosis under physioxia (5% O2) and its anti-cryptosporidial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sajjad Hasheminasab
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (Z.D.V.); (A.T.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-1781012564
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (Z.D.V.); (A.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Zahady D. Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (Z.D.V.); (A.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Tilman Borggrefe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Laboratory for Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (Z.D.V.); (A.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (Z.D.V.); (A.T.); (C.H.)
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13
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Pastorek M, Dúbrava M, Celec P. On the Origin of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821007. [PMID: 35359960 PMCID: PMC8961727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing vaccination COVID-19 is a global healthcare problem because of the lack of an effective targeted therapy. In severe COVID-19 manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome, uncontrolled innate immune system activation results in cytokine deregulation, damage-associated molecular patterns release upon tissue damage and high occurrence of thrombotic events. These pathomechanisms are linked to neutrophil function and dysfunction, particularly increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). While the association of NETs and severity of COVID-19 has been shown and proved, the causes of NETs formation are unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize potential inducers of NETs formation in severe COVID-19 and to discuss potential treatment options targeting NETs formation of removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pastorek
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Dúbrava
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Zhang J, Sun Y, Zheng J. The State of Art of Extracellular Traps in Protozoan Infections (Review). Front Immunol 2022; 12:770246. [PMID: 34970259 PMCID: PMC8712655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasite infection causes severe diseases in humans and animals, leading to tremendous economic and medical pressure. Natural immunity is the first line of defence against parasitic infection. Currently, the role of natural host immunity in combatting parasitic infection is unclear, so further research on natural host immunity against parasites will provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of related parasitic diseases. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an important natural mechanism of immunity involving resistance to pathogens. When immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages are stimulated by external pathogens, they release a fibrous network structure, consisting mainly of DNA and protein, that can capture and kill a variety of extracellular pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we discuss the relevant recently reported data on ET formation induced by protozoan parasite infection, including the molecular mechanisms involved, and discuss the role of ETs in the occurrence and development of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Karnaushkina MA, Guryev AS, Mironov KO, Dunaeva EA, Korchagin VI, Bobkova OY, Vasilyeva IS, Kassina DV, Litvinova MM. Associations of Toll-like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with NETosis Activity as Prognostic Criteria for the Severity of Pneumonia. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:47-53. [PMID: 34603755 PMCID: PMC8482823 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.3.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the molecular genetic prognostic criteria for the severity of the course pneumonia based on the analysis of the association of genetic polymorphism in toll-like receptors with the severity of NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karnaushkina
- Professor, Department of Internal Diseases with a Course of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics named after Academician V.S. Moiseev; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - A S Guryev
- Senior Researcher, Research Laboratory; Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2-1 Schepkina St., Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - K O Mironov
- Head of the Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - E A Dunaeva
- Researcher, Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - V I Korchagin
- Researcher, Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - O Yu Bobkova
- PhD Student, Department of Hospital Therapy No.2; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I S Vasilyeva
- Assistant, Department of Hospital Therapy No.2; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D V Kassina
- Researcher, Research Laboratory; Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2-1 Schepkina St., Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - M M Litvinova
- Associate Professor, Department of Medical Genetics; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia; Geneticist, Center for Personalized Medicine; Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named after A.S. Loginov, Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Shosse Entuziastov, Moscow, 111123, Russia
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16
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Zhang K, Jiang N, Sang X, Feng Y, Chen R, Chen Q. Trypanosoma brucei Lipophosphoglycan Induces the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Reactive Oxygen Species Burst via Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713531. [PMID: 34394064 PMCID: PMC8355521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei brucei is the causative agent of African animal trypanosomosis, which mainly parasitizes the blood of the host. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a polymer anchored to the surface of the parasites, activates the host immune response. In this study, we revealed that T. brucei LPG stimulated neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and release the reactive oxygen species (ROS). We further analyzed the involvement of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and explored the activation of signaling pathway enzymes in response to LPG stimulation. During the stimulation of neutrophils by LPG, the blockade using anti-TLR2 and anti-TLR4 antibodies reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the release of DNA from the NETs, and the burst of ROS. Moreover, the addition of JNK inhibitor and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor exhibited similar effects. Our data suggest that T. brucei LPG activates the phosphorylation of JNK through TLR2 and TLR4 recognition, which causes the formation of NETs and the burst of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
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17
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The Immune System Throws Its Traps: Cells and Their Extracellular Traps in Disease and Protection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081891. [PMID: 34440659 PMCID: PMC8391883 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first formal description of the microbicidal activity of extracellular traps (ETs) containing DNA occurred in neutrophils in 2004. Since then, ETs have been identified in different populations of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Much of the knowledge has been obtained from in vitro or ex vivo studies; however, in vivo evaluations in experimental models and human biological materials have corroborated some of the results obtained. Two types of ETs have been described—suicidal and vital ETs, with or without the death of the producer cell. The studies showed that the same cell type may have more than one ETs formation mechanism and that different cells may have similar ETs formation mechanisms. ETs can act by controlling or promoting the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of various infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, thrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, among others. This review discusses the presence of ETs in neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and recent evidence of the presence of ETs in B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, due to recently collected information, the effect of ETs on COVID-19 is also discussed.
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18
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Casares-Marfil D, Guillen-Guio B, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Rodríguez-Pérez H, Kerick M, Jaimes-Campos MA, Díaz ML, Estupiñán E, Echeverría LE, González CI, Martin J, Flores C, Acosta-Herrera M. Admixture mapping analysis reveals differential genetic ancestry associated with Chagas disease susceptibility in the Colombian population. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2503-2512. [PMID: 34302177 PMCID: PMC8643504 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is an infection caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, endemic in Latino America. Leveraging the three-way admixture between Native American (AMR), European (EUR) and African (AFR) populations in Latin Americans, we aimed to better understand the genetic basis of Chagas disease by performing an admixture mapping study in a Colombian population. A two-stage study was conducted, and subjects were classified as seropositive and seronegative for T. cruzi. In stage 1, global and local ancestries were estimated using reference data from the 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP) and local ancestry associations were performed by logistic regression models. The AMR ancestry showed a protective association with Chagas disease within the Major Histocompatibility Complex region (OR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.66-0.83, lowest p-value = 4.53x10-8). The fine mapping assessment on imputed genotypes combining data from stage 1 and 2 from an independent Colombian cohort, revealed nominally associated variants in high linkage disequilibrium with the top signal (rs2032134, OR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.90-0.97, p-value = 3.54x10-4) in the previously associated locus. To assess ancestry-specific adaptive signals, a selective sweep scan in an AMR reference population from 1KGP together with an in silico functional analysis highlighted the Tripartite Motif family and the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes, with crucial role in the immune response against pathogens. Furthermore, these analyses emphasized the macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, as key players in the defense against T. cruzi. This first admixture mapping study in Chagas disease provided novel insights underlying the host immune response in the pathogenesis of this neglected disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Guillen-Guio
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jose M Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Héctor Rodríguez-Pérez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Martin Kerick
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Mayra A Jaimes-Campos
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Martha L Díaz
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elkyn Estupiñán
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.,Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Luis E Echeverría
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Clinic, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Clara I González
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Javier Martin
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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19
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New Insights on NETosis Induced by Entamoeba histolytica: Dependence on ROS from Amoebas and Extracellular MPO Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060974. [PMID: 34206992 PMCID: PMC8233886 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NETosis is a neutrophil process involving sequential steps from pathogen detection to the release of DNA harboring antimicrobial proteins, including the central generation of NADPH oxidase dependent or independent ROS. Previously, we reported that NETosis triggered by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites is independent of NADPH oxidase activity in neutrophils, but dependent on the viability of the parasites and no ROS source was identified. Here, we explored the possibility that E. histolytica trophozoites serve as the ROS source for NETosis. NET quantitation was performed using SYTOX® Green assay in the presence of selective inhibitors and scavengers. We observed that respiratory burst in neutrophils was inhibited by trophozoites in a dose dependent manner. Mitochondrial ROS was not also necessary, as the mitochondrial scavenger mitoTEMPO did not affect the process. Surprisingly, ROS-deficient amoebas obtained by pre-treatment with pyrocatechol were less likely to induce NETs. Additionally, we detected the presence of MPO on the cell surface of trophozoites after the interaction with neutrophils and found that luminol and isoluminol, intracellular and extracellular scavengers for MPO derived ROS reduced the amount of NET triggered by amoebas. These data suggest that ROS generated by trophozoites and processed by the extracellular MPO during the contact with neutrophils are required for E. histolytica induced NETosis.
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20
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Zhang K, Jiang N, Chen H, Zhang N, Sang X, Feng Y, Chen R, Chen Q. TatD DNases of African trypanosomes confer resistance to host neutrophil extracellular traps. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:621-632. [PMID: 33420923 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomatid parasites escape host acquired immune responses through periodic antigenic variation of their surface coat. In this study, we describe a mechanism by which the parasites counteract innate immune responses. Two TatD DNases were identified in each of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei. These DNases are bivalent metal-dependent endonucleases localized in the cytoplasm and flagella of the parasites that can also be secreted by the parasites. These enzymes possess conserved functional domains and have efficient DNA hydrolysis activity. Host neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induced by the parasites could be hydrolyzed by native and recombinant TatD DNases. NET disruption was prevented, and the survival rate of parasites was decreased, in the presence of the DNase inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid. These data suggest that trypanosomes can counteract host innate immune responses by active secretion of TatD DNases to degrade NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Naiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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21
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Apel F, Andreeva L, Knackstedt LS, Streeck R, Frese CK, Goosmann C, Hopfner KP, Zychlinsky A. The cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS recognizes neutrophil extracellular traps. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/673/eaax7942. [PMID: 33688080 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax7942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures consisting of chromatin and antimicrobial molecules that are released by neutrophils during a form of regulated cell death called NETosis. NETs trap invading pathogens, promote coagulation, and activate myeloid cells to produce type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines that regulate the immune system. Here, we showed that macrophages and other myeloid cells phagocytosed NETs. Once in phagosomes, NETs translocated to the cytosol, where the DNA backbones of these structures activated the innate immune sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and induced type I IFN production. The NET-associated serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE) mediated the activation of this pathway. We showed that NET induction in mice treated with the lectin concanavalin A, a model of autoimmune hepatitis, resulted in cGAS-dependent stimulation of an IFN response, suggesting that NETs activated cGAS in vivo. Thus, our findings suggest that cGAS is a sensor of NETs, mediating immune cell activation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Apel
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liudmila Andreeva
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lorenz Sebastian Knackstedt
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,T-Knife GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Streeck
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Karl Frese
- Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Lopes BRP, Ribeiro AG, Silva TF, Barbosa LV, Jesus TI, Matsuda BK, Costa MF, Toledo KA. Diagnosis and treatment of HEp-2 cells contaminated with mycoplasma. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:37-43. [PMID: 32321065 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.215721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of primary and cell cultures by mycoplasmas is one of the main economic and biological pitfalls in basic research, diagnosis and manufacture of biotechnological products. It is a common issue which may be difficult to conduct surveillance on. Mycoplasma presence may affect several physiological parameters of the cell, besides being considered an important source of inaccurate and/or non-reproducible scientific results. Each cell type presents characteristical symptoms, mainly morphological, that indicate a contamination by mycoplasma. HEp-2 cells originate from carcinoma of the larynx and are, therefore, part of the respiratory tract, which is one of mycoplasma habitats. Despite the importance these cells in several biological research (evaluation of cell proliferation and migration, apoptosis, antiviral and antitumor compounds), the alterations induced by mycoplasma contamination in HEp-2 cells have not yet been described. Here, we describe the progressive morphological alterations in culture of HEp-2 cells infected with mycoplasma, as well as the-diagnosis of the infection and its treatment. Mycoplasma contamination described within this work led to cytoplasm elongation, cell-to-cell spacing, thin plasma membrane projections, cytoplasmic vacuoles, fusion with neighboring cells, and, finally, cell death. Contamination was detected by fluorescence imaging (DAPI) and PCR reactions. The cultures were treated with BM-Cyclin antibiotic to eliminate contamination. The data presented here will be of relevance to researchers whose investigations involve cell culture, especially respiratory and HEp-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R P Lopes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - IBILCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, R. Cristovão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A G Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - IBILCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, R. Cristovão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - T F Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - L V Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - T I Jesus
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - B K Matsuda
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - M F Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - K A Toledo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, CEP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - IBILCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, R. Cristovão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
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23
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Muñoz-Caro T, Gibson AJ, Conejeros I, Werling D, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. The Role of TLR2 and TLR4 in Recognition and Uptake of the Apicomplexan Parasite Eimeria bovis and Their Effects on NET Formation. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020118. [PMID: 33498871 PMCID: PMC7912269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) constitutively express the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2 and TLR4 and have been shown to generate Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) upon exposure to Eimeria bovis. The present work investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in the recognition and uptake of E. bovis sporozoites, IL-8 production and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. METHODS TLR expression was performed by flow cytometric analysis on PMN exposed to live carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained sporozoites. Supernatants of PMN exposed to different E. bovis sporozoite preparations and antigens in the absence or presence of TLR antibodies were assessed for IL-8 secretion. Cells were exposed to sporozoite preparations and assessed for the activation of transcription factor NF-κB using a luciferase reporter assay. Immunofluorescence analysis was done to investigate TLR2 and TLR4 surface expression and NET formation on bovine PMN exposed to vital sporozoites. RESULTS we observed significantly increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression with a mean increase in expression that was greater for TLR2 than TLR4. This upregulation neither inhibited nor promoted sporozoite phagocytosis by bovine PMN. Live sporozoites together with anti-TLR2 mAb resulted in a significant enhancement of IL-8 production. NF-κB activation was more strongly induced in TLR2-HEK cells than in TLR4/MD2-HEK cells exposed to heat-killed sporozoites and antigens. Immunofluorescence analysis showed TLR-positive signals on the surface of PMN and concomitant NET formation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on E. bovis-induced concomitant TLR2 and TLR4 expression during bovine PMN-derived NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Amanda J. Gibson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (A.J.G.); (D.W.)
- Centre of Excellence in Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Wales SY23 3FD, UK
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (A.J.G.); (D.W.)
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Duarte de Almeida V, da Câmara EBL, Castro MAA, Pimenta SMP, Hernandes BLT, Paiva DCC, Andrade CM, do Nascimento EGC, Fernandes TAAM, Andrade MF. Neutrophils from patients with the cardiac clinical form of Chagas disease release less NETs than neutrophils from healthy individuals. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12821. [PMID: 33449376 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease (CD) is a global health concern with approximately 12 000 deaths per year worldwide. In the chronic phase, about 30% of patients develop the cardiac clinical form, which presents symptoms associated with the presence of inflammatory cells in the cardiac tissue. Neutrophils are inflammatory cells able to modulate the chronic immune response against pathogens. These cells are capable of interacting with Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of CD, and perform several effector functions, such as NET release. However, few studies have been carried out to investigate the role of these cells in the disease. AIMS To investigate the release of NETs by neutrophils from CD patients by measuring the amount of DNA and elastase released. METHODS AND RESULTS Measurement of DNA release by neutrophils from chronic CD patients presenting the indeterminate (IND group; n = 18) and cardiac (CARD group; n = 15) clinical forms and nonchagasic subjects (n = 18) stimulated with soluble antigen of T. cruzi was quantified using the Quant-iT™ PicoGreen® dsDNA assay kit. Patients from CARD group release less DNA (117.3 ± 21.85 ng/mL; *P = .0131) than neutrophils from control (177.7 ± 58.41 ng/mL). Elastase enzyme degranulation was measured using the substrate N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val p-nitroanilide (SAAVNA). Absorbance values of elastase degranulation activity showed that only cells from healthy individuals presented a high release profile of elastase. Also, we found a negative correlation between DNA released concentration and risk of death (r = -.6574; *P = .0173); the lower the neutrophil DNA release from chagasic patients with cardiac event, the higher the risk of death. CONCLUSION These preliminary data show that patients with the cardiac form of CD release less NETs than nonchagasic individuals, raising the possibility that lower release of NETs enhances risk of death in CD patients with cardiac events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Duarte de Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B L da Câmara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Augusto A Castro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Suyane Maria P Pimenta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Bruna Luiza T Hernandes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Dayane Carla C Paiva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Cléber M Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Ellany G C do Nascimento
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Thales Allyrio A M Fernandes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Micássio F Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
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25
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Peixoto R, Silva LMR, López-Osório S, Zhou E, Gärtner U, Conejeros I, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Fasciola hepatica induces weak NETosis and low production of intra- and extracellular ROS in exposed bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103787. [PMID: 32791176 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a worldwide distributed zoonotic disease, leading to hepatitis in humans and livestock. Newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) of F. hepatica are the first invasive stages to encounter leukocytes of host innate immune system in vivo. Among leukocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant granulocytes of blood system and first ones to migrate into infection sites. PMN are able to cast neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), also known as NETosis, consisting of nuclear DNA, decorated with histones, enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, which can entrap and eventually kill invasive parasites. Given that only few large parasitic helminths have been identified as potent NETosis inducers, here we studied for first time whether different F. hepatica stages can also trigger NETosis. Therefore, isolated bovine PMN were co-cultured with viable F. hepatica-NEJ, -metacercariae, -eggs and soluble antigen (FhAg). Interestingly, all stages failed to induce considerable levels of NETosis as detected by immunofluorescence- and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. NEJ remained motile until the end of incubation period. In line, NETosis quantification via nuclear area expansion (NAE) analysis revealed NEJ as weak NETosis inducers. However, bovine PMN frequently displaced towards motile NEJ and were found attached to NEJ surfaces. Functional PMN chemotaxis assays using vital F. hepatica-NEJ revealed a slight increase of PMN migration when compared to non-exposed controls. Additional experiments on intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production revealed that soluble FhAg failed to induce ROS production of exposed PMN. Finally, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR), extracellular acidification rates (ERAC) and proton production rates (PPR) were not significantly increased in FhAg-stimulated PMN. In summary, data suggest that F. hepatica might effectively evade PMN activation and NETosis by secreting parasite-specific molecules to either resolve NETs or to impair NETosis signaling pathways. We call for future molecular analysis not only on F. hepatica-derived NETosis modulation but also on its possible role in fasciolosis-associated pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Peixoto
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara López-Osório
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; CIBAV Research Group, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ershun Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Human Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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26
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Pérez D, Muñoz-Caro T, Silva LMR, Muñoz MC, Molina JM, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Ruiz A. Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae casts NOX-independent NETosis and induces enhanced IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2 and iNOS gene transcription in caprine PMN. Exp Parasitol 2020; 220:108034. [PMID: 33188795 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae represents a highly pathogenic coccidian parasite causing severe haemorrhagic typhlocolitis in goat kids worldwide. NETosis was recently described as an efficient defense mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) acting against different parasites in vitro and in vivo. In vitro interactions of caprine PMN with parasitic stages of E. ninakohlyakimovae (i. e. oocysts and sporozoites) as well as soluble oocyst antigens (SOA) were analyzed at different ratios, concentrations and time spans. Extracellular DNA staining was used to illustrate classical molecules induced during caprine NETosis [i. e. histones (H3) and neutrophil elastase (NE)] via antibody-based immunofluorescence analyses. Functional inhibitor treatments with DPI and DNase I were applied to unveil role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and characterize DNA-backbone composition of E. ninakohlyakimovae-triggered caprine NETosis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)- and immunofluorescence-analyses demonstrated that caprine PMN underwent NETosis upon contact with sporozoites and oocysts of E. ninakohlyakimovae, ensnaring filaments which firmly entrapped parasites. Detailed co-localization studies of E. ninakohlyakimovae-induced caprine NETosis revealed presence of PMN-derived DNA being adorned with nuclear H3 and NE corroborating molecular characteristics of NETosis. E. ninakohlyakoimovae-induced caprine NETosis was found to be NOX-independent since DPI inhibition led to a slight decrease of NETosis. Exposure of caprine PMN to vital E. ninakohlyakimovae sporozoites as well as SOA resulted in up-regulation of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2 and iNOS gene transcription in stimulated PMN. Since vital E. ninakohlyakimovae-sporozoites induced caprine NETosis, this effective entrapment mechanism might reduce initial sporozoite epithelial host cell invasion during goat coccidiosis ultimately resulting in less macromeront formation and reduced merozoites I production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pérez
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - T Muñoz-Caro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
| | - L M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - M C Muñoz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - J M Molina
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
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27
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Mojoli A, Gonçalves BS, Temerozo JR, Cister-Alves B, Geddes V, Herlinger A, Aguiar RS, Pilotto JH, Saraiva EM, Bou-Habib DC. Neutrophil extracellular traps from healthy donors and HIV-1-infected individuals restrict HIV-1 production in macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19603. [PMID: 33177532 PMCID: PMC7658358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils release extracellular traps (NETs) after interaction with microorganisms and physiological or synthetic products. NETs consist of decondensed chromatin complexed with proteins, some of them with microbicidal properties. Because NETs can modulate the functioning of HIV-1 target cells, we aimed to verify whether they modify HIV-1 replication in macrophages. We found that exposure of HIV-1-infected macrophages to NETs resulted in significant inhibition of viral replication. The NET anti-HIV-1 action was independent of other soluble factors released by the activated neutrophils, but otherwise dependent on the molecular integrity of NETs, since NET-treatment with protease or DNase abolished this effect. NETs induced macrophage production of the anti-HIV-1 β-chemokines Rantes and MIP-1β, and reduced the levels of integrated HIV-1 DNA in the macrophage genome, which may explain the decreased virus production by infected macrophages. Moreover, the residual virions released by NET-treated HIV-1-infected macrophages lost infectivity. In addition, elevated levels of DNA-elastase complexes were detected in the plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals, and neutrophils from these patients released NETs, which also inhibited HIV-1 replication in in vitro infected macrophages. Our results reveal that NETs may function as an innate immunity mechanism able to restrain HIV-1 production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Mojoli
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara Simonson Gonçalves
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Jairo R Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cister-Alves
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Victor Geddes
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alice Herlinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Pilotto
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira M Saraiva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Leishmaniasis, Department of Immunology, Paulo de Goes Institute of Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco D/D1-44, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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28
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De Alba-Alvarado M, Bucio-Torres MI, Zenteno E, Sampedro-Carrillo E, Hernández-Lopez M, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Torres-Gutiérrez E, Guevara-Gomez Y, Guerrero-Alquicira R, Cabrera-Bravo M, Salazar-Schettino PM. Response to Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in a Murine Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:568745. [PMID: 33134353 PMCID: PMC7572856 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.568745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopathy is a common, irreversible manifestation of the chronic phase of Chagas disease; however, there is controversy as to how the causes for progression from the acute to the chronic phase are defined. In this work, the presence of the parasite is correlated with the occurrence of cell infiltration and fibrosis in cardiac tissues, as well as IgG detection and disease progression in a murine model. Fifty CD1 mice were infected intraperitoneally with Trypanosoma cruzi, while 30 control were administered with saline solution. Parasitemia levels were determined, and IgG titers were quantified by ELISA. At different times, randomly selected mice were euthanized, and the heart was recovered. Cardiac tissue slides were stained with HE and Masson trichrome stain. A significant increase in parasitemia levels was observed after 15 days post-infection (dpi), with a maximum of 4.1 × 106 parasites on 33 dpi, ending on 43 dpi; amastigote nests were observed on 15–62 dpi. Histological analysis revealed lymphocytic infiltration and fibrotic lesions from 8 dpi until the end of the study, on 100 dpi. The presence of plasma cells in the myocardium observed on 40–60 dpi, accompanied by seropositivity to ELISA on 40–100 dpi, was regarded as the hallmark of the transition phase. Meanwhile, the chronic phase, characterized by the absence of amastigotes, presence of cell infiltration, fibrotic lesions, and seropositivity, started on 62 dpi. A strong correlation between parasitemia and the presence of amastigote nests was found (r2 = 0.930), while correlation between the presence of fibrosis and of amastigote nests was weak (r2 = 0.306), and that between fibrosis and lymphocyte infiltration on 100 dpi was strong (r2 = 0.899). The murine model is suitable to study Chagas disease, since it can reproduce the chronic and acute phases of the human disease. The acute phase was determined to occur on 1–60 dpi, while the chronic phase starts on 62 dpi, and fibrotic damage is a consequence of the continuous inflammatory infiltration; on the other hand, fibrosis was determined to start on the acute phase, being more apparent in the chronic phase, when Chagas disease-related cardiopathy is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Alba-Alvarado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Sampedro-Carrillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Hernández-Lopez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olivia Reynoso-Ducoing
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elia Torres-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Guevara-Gomez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel Guerrero-Alquicira
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Grob D, Conejeros I, Velásquez ZD, Preußer C, Gärtner U, Alarcón P, Burgos RA, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Trypanosoma brucei brucei Induces Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Activation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Release. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559561. [PMID: 33193328 PMCID: PMC7649812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei brucei trypomastigotes are classical blood parasites of cattle, these stages might become potential targets for circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). We here investigated NETs extrusion and related oxygen consumption in bovine PMN exposed to motile T. b. brucei trypomastigotes in vitro. Parasite exposure induced PMN activation as detected by enhanced oxygen consumption rates (OCR), extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), and production of total and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that co-cultivation of bovine PMN with motile trypomastigotes resulted in NETs formation within 120 min of exposure. T. b. brucei-induced NETs were confirmed by confocal microscopy demonstrating co-localization of extruded DNA with neutrophil elastase (NE) and nuclear histones. Immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that trypomastigotes induced different phenotypes of NETs in bovine PMN, such as aggregated NETs (aggNETs), spread NETs (sprNETs), and diffuse NETs (diffNETs) with aggNETs being the most abundant ones. Furthermore, live cell 3D-holotomographic microscopy unveiled detailed morphological changes during the NETotic process. Quantification of T. b. brucei-induced NETs formation was estimated by DNA and nuclear area analysis (DANA) and confirmed enhanced NETs formation in response to trypomastigote stages. Formation of NETs does not result in a decrease of T. b. brucei viability, but a decrease of 26% in the number of motile parasites. Referring the involved signaling pathways, trypomastigote-induced NETs formation seems to be purinergic-dependent, since inhibition via NF449 treatment resulted in a significant reduction of T. b. brucei-triggered DNA extrusion. Overall, future studies will have to analyze whether the formation of aggNETs indeed plays a role in the outcome of clinical disease and bovine African trypanosomiasis-related immunopathological disorders, such as increased intravascular coagulopathy and vascular permeability, often reported to occur in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grob
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Garcia FB, Cabral AD, Fuhlendorf MM, da Cruz GF, Dos Santos JV, Ferreira GC, de Rezende BRC, Santana CM, Puzer L, Sasaki SD, Garcia W, Sperança MA. Functional and structural characterization of an ecotin-like serine protease inhibitor from Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:459-466. [PMID: 32084472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ecotin, a serine peptidase inhibitor (ISP), discovered in Escherichia coli, inhibit a wide range of trypsin-like serine peptidases, protecting microorganisms from the host's immune response. In eukaryotes, ISPs encoding genes were found only in Trypanosomatidae protozoa, including the genus Trypanosoma, which harbors Trypanosoma cruzi, the ethiological agent of Chagas' disease. T. cruzi encodes the ISP2 Trypanosomatidae orthologous, which in Leishmania species present inhibitory activity on mammalian proteases from S1A family suggesting its role in vertebrate-host-parasite interactions. In this study, the structural and biochemical characterization of the recombinant T. cruzi ISP2 (rTcISP2), produced in E. coli was purified in soluble form and analyzed by circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, native electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, low X-ray scattering and homology modeling. The obtained data revealed that rTcISP2 was biologically active and forms homodimers in solution. Furthermore, inhibitory activity of rTcISP2 against human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is the highest among ISP2 orthologous from bacteria and trypanosomatids. The role of NE to control T. cruzi parasites through modulation of cellular and humoral innate immune responses in vertebrate hosts, make TcISP2 a key molecular component for parasite infection efficiency, providing a useful basis for investigation of host-parasite interactions and the potential of TcISP2 for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Baena Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Aline Diniz Cabral
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Max Mario Fuhlendorf
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Geomar Feitosa da Cruz
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Juliete Vitorino Dos Santos
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Graziele Cristina Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Bernard Robin Carneiro de Rezende
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Carla Moreira Santana
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Daishi Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Márcia Aparecida Sperança
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Acturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil.
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31
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Deslyper G, Holland CV, Colgan TJ, Carolan JC. The liver proteome in a mouse model for Ascaris suum resistance and susceptibility: evidence for an altered innate immune response. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:402. [PMID: 31412915 PMCID: PMC6693097 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 800 million people worldwide. Whereas most people only experience light worm burden, some people experience heavy worm burdens even after several rounds of chemotherapy, a phenomenon known as predisposition. Such heavy infections are associated with more severe symptoms and increased chronic morbidity. Methods In order to investigate potential mechanisms that may explain the observed predisposition, we infected mice with the porcine ascarid Ascaris suum using an established mouse model with two different mouse strains, where the C57BL/6J strain is more susceptible to infection and therefore a model for heavy infection and the CBA/Ca strain is more resistant and thus a model for light infection. At day 7 post-infection we investigated the liver proteome, using shotgun mass spectrometry, of both infected and control mice of each strain. Results We identified intrinsic differences, between the two mouse strains, in both oxidative phosphorylation proteins and proteins involved in retinol metabolism. Additionally, we found differences between the two mouse strains in activation of the complement system, where the CBA/Ca strain has higher protein abundances for lectin pathway proteins and the C57BL/6J strain has higher protein abundances for complement inhibiting proteins. The CBA/Ca strain had a higher abundance of proteins involved in the activation of the complement cascade via the lectin pathway. In contrast, the C57BL/6J strain demonstrated a higher abundance of proteins involved in arresting the complement pathway. Conclusions We observed clear differences between the two mouse strains both intrinsically and under infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3655-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Deslyper
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Celia V Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thomas J Colgan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - James C Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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32
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Nagajyothi JF, Weiss LM. Advances in understanding the role of adipose tissue and mitochondrial oxidative stress in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31354939 PMCID: PMC6652099 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19190.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, causes a latent infection that results in cardiomyopathy. Infection with this pathogen is a major socio-economic burden in areas of endemic infection throughout Latin America. The development of chagasic cardiomyopathy is dependent on the persistence of this parasite in host tissues. Pathogenesis of this cardiomyopathy is multifactorial and research indicates that it includes microvascular dysfunction, immune responses to host and parasite antigens, and various vasoactive and lipid mediators produced by both the host and parasite. It has been demonstrated that
T. cruzi persists in adipose tissue and uses fat as a nutritional niche in infected hosts. This chronic infection of adipose tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis and persistence of this infection and involves mitochondrial stress responses as well as the production of various anti-inflammatory adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines by both white and brown adipose tissue. The changes in diet in endemic regions of infection have resulted in an epidemic of obesity that has significant implications for the pathogenesis of
T. cruzi infection and the development of chagasic cardiomyopathy in infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Room 504 Forchheimer Building, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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33
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Zhou E, Conejeros I, Velásquez ZD, Muñoz-Caro T, Gärtner U, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Simultaneous and Positively Correlated NET Formation and Autophagy in Besnoitia besnoiti Tachyzoite-Exposed Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1131. [PMID: 31191523 PMCID: PMC6540735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that B. besnoiti tachyzoites infect host endothelial cells of vessels in vivo, they become potential targets for professional phagocytes [e.g., polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)] when in search for adequate host cells or in case of host cell lysis. It was recently reported that B. besnoiti-tachyzoites can efficiently be trapped by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by bovine PMN. So far, the potential role of autophagy in parasite-triggered NET formation is unclear. Thus, we here analyzed autophagosome formation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) in potentially NET-forming innate leukocytes being exposed to B. besnoiti tachyzoites. Blood was collected from healthy adult dairy cows, and bovine PMN were isolated via density gradient centrifugation. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed PMN to undergo NET formation upon contact with B. besnoiti tachyzoites. Nuclear area expansion (NAE) analysis and cell-free and anchored NETs quantification were performed in B. besnoiti-induced NET formation. Interestingly, tachyzoites of B. besnoiti additionally induced LC3B-related autophagosome formation in parallel to NET formation in bovine PMN. Notably, both rapamycin- and wortmannin-treatments failed to influence B. besnoiti-triggered NET formation and autophagosome formation. Also, isolated NETs fail to induce autophagy suggesting independence between both cellular processes. Finally, enhanced phosphorylation of AMP activated kinase α (AMPKα), a key regulator molecule of autophagy, was observed within the first minutes of interaction in tachyzoite-exposed PMN thereby emphasizing that B. besnoiti-triggered NET formation indeed occurs in parallel to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ershun Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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34
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Oualha R, Barhoumi M, Marzouki S, Harigua-Souiai E, Ben Ahmed M, Guizani I. Infection of Human Neutrophils With Leishmania infantum or Leishmania major Strains Triggers Activation and Differential Cytokines Release. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:153. [PMID: 31134162 PMCID: PMC6524560 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases, caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania (L.) genus. Although the principal host cells of the parasites are macrophages, neutrophils are the first cells rapidly recruited to the site of parasites inoculation, where they play an important role in the early recognition and elimination of the parasites. The nature of early interactions between neutrophils and Leishmania could influence the outcome of infection. Herein we aimed to evaluate whether different Leishmania strains, responsible for distinct clinical manifestations, could influence ex vivo functional activity of neutrophils. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from 14 healthy volunteers and the ex vivo infection of these cells was done with two L. infantum and one L. major strains. Infection parameters were determined and neutrophils activation was assessed by oxidative burst, degranulation, DNA release and apoptosis; cytokine production was measured by a multiplex flow cytometry analysis. Intracellular amastigotes were rescued to determine Leishmania strains survival. The results showed that L. infantum and L. major promastigotes similarly infected the neutrophils. Oxidative burst, neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase activity and apoptosis were significantly increased in infected neutrophils but with no differences between strains. The L. infantum-infected neutrophils induced more DNA release than those infected by L. major. Furthermore, Leishmania strains induced high amounts of IL-8 and stimulated the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β by human neutrophils. We observed that only one strain promoted IL-6 release by these neutrophils. The production of TNF-α was also differently induced by the parasites strains. All these results demonstrate that L. infantum and L. major strains were able to induce globally a similar ex vivo activation and apoptosis of neutrophils; however, they differentially triggered cytokines release from these cells. In addition, rescue of intracellular parasites indicated different survival rates further emphasizing on the influence of parasite strains within a species on the fate of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeh Oualha
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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35
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Fonseca Z, Uribe-Querol E, Díaz-Godínez C, Carrero JC, Rosales C. Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica, but not Entamoeba dispar, induce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1167-1181. [PMID: 30913315 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0818-309rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is an infection of global importance, caused by the eukaryotic parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Pathogenic E. histolytica is associated worldwide with over a million cases of amoebic dysentery, colitis, and amoebic liver abscess. In contrast, the nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar does not cause these diseases, although it is commonly found in the same areas as pathogenic amoeba. Entamoeba histolytica infection is usually associated with infiltrating neutrophils. These neutrophils appear to play a defensive role against this parasite, by mechanisms not completely understood. Recently, our group reported that neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) are produced in response to E. histolytica trophozoites. But, there is no information on whether nonpathogenic E. dispar can also induce NET formation. In this report, we explored the possibility that E. dispar leads to NET formation. Neutrophils were stimulated by E. histolytica trophozoites or by E. dispar trophozoites, and NET formation was assessed by video microscopy. NET induced by E. histolytica were important for trapping and killing amoebas. In contrast, E. dispar did not induce NET formation in any condition. Also E. dispar did not induce neutrophil degranulation or reactive oxygen species production. In addition, E. histolytica-induced NET formation required alive amoebas and it was inhibited by galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and lactose. These data show that only alive pathogenic E. histolytica activates neutrophils to produce NET, and suggest that recognition of the parasite involves a carbohydrate with an axial HO- group at carbon 4 of a hexose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayda Fonseca
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Díaz-Godínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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36
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Díaz-Godínez C, Carrero JC. The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180916. [PMID: 30498092 PMCID: PMC6328873 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA fibers associated with histones, enzymes from neutrophil granules and anti-microbial peptides. NETs are released in a process denominated NETosis, which involves sequential steps that culminate with the DNA extrusion. NETosis has been described as a new mechanism of innate immunity related to defense against different pathogens. The initial studies of NETs were carried out with bacteria and fungi, but currently a large variety of microorganisms capable of inducing NETs have been described including protozoan and helminth parasites. Nevertheless, we have little knowledge about how NETosis process is carried out in response to the parasites, and about its implication in the resolution of this kind of disease. In the best case, the NETs entrap and kill parasites in vitro, but in others, immobilize the parasites without affecting their viability. Moreover, insufficient studies on the NETs in animal models of infections that would help to define their role, and the association of NETs with chronic inflammatory pathologies such as those occurring in several parasitic infections have left open the possibility of NETs contributing to pathology instead of protection. In this review, we focus on the reported mechanisms that lead to NET release by protozoan and helminth parasites and the evidence that support the role of NETosis in the resolution or pathogenesis of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Díaz-Godínez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Julio C Carrero
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México D.F., México
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37
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Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Szuster-Ciesielska A. Glycoconjugates of Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa - are they similar in orchestrating the innate immune response? Innate Immun 2019; 25:73-96. [PMID: 30782045 PMCID: PMC6830889 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918821168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense that serves to limit infection. The invading microorganisms are detected by the innate immune system through germline-encoded PRRs. Different classes of PRRs, including TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, recognize distinct microbial components known collectively as PAMPs. Ligation of PAMPs with receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades, activating defense mechanisms. Despite the fact that Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa are phylogenetically distant organisms, they express glycoconjugates, namely bacterial LPS and protozoan GPI-anchored glycolipids, which share many structural and functional similarities. By activating/deactivating MAPK signaling and NF-κB, these ligands trigger general pro-/anti-inflammatory responses depending on the related patterns. They also use conservative strategies to subvert cell-autonomous defense systems of specialized immune cells. Signals triggered by Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa can interfere with host homeostasis and, depending on the type of microorganism, lead to hypersensitivity or silencing of the immune response. Activation of professional immune cells, through a ligand which triggers the opposite effect (antagonist versus agonist) appears to be a promising solution to restoring the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
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38
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Fei L, Zhengkai W, Weina J, Lili C, Yuhang G, Zhengtao Y, Jianhua L, Biao Y, Xichen Z, Pengtao G. Trichomonas vaginalis triggers the release of THP-1 extracellular traps. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:267-274. [PMID: 30426227 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for the prevalence of trichomoniasis, which may be one of the most epidemic nonviral sexually transmitted pathogens. Extracellular traps (ET) are a unique form of innate immunity against infection; they bind to and kill microorganisms. However, the effect of T. vaginalis on ET release in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 remains unclear. In the present study, the morphology of ET derived from THP-1 in response to T. vaginalis was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated ET entangling T. vaginalis. Then, the colocalization of histone (H3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) with DNA was observed via fluorescence confocal microscopy. Colocalization revealed the classic characteristics of DNA decorated with H3 and MPO. T. vaginalis significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and THP-1-derived ET. In addition, we measured the levels of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and the phosphorylation of the P38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways. The results indicated that the formation of ET induced by T. vaginalis was related to phosphorylation of the P38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways but not to LDH levels. These data confirmed the phenomenon of THP-1-derived ET being triggered by T. vaginalis in vitro; this process may play a pivotal role in innate immunity during defense against T. vaginalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Wei Zhengkai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jiang Weina
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Cao Lili
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Gao Yuhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yang Zhengtao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Li Jianhua
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Biao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhang Xichen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Gong Pengtao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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de Andrade MF, de Almeida VD, de Souza LMS, Paiva DCC, Andrade CDM, de Medeiros Fernandes TAA. Involvement of neutrophils in Chagas disease pathology. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12593. [PMID: 30276823 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a public health problem in Latin America. The acute phase presents nonspecific symptoms and most patients recover from acute parasitemia and undergo a prolonged asymptomatic phase. Several years later, about 30% of infected individuals develop chronic cardiopathy with progressive cardiomegaly, arrhythmia, thromboembolic events and heart failure. These symptoms suggest a persistent association with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate and tissue, and cellular destruction in the heart muscle. Nevertheless, few research studies have attempted to understand the role of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, in establishing the pathology and progression of CD. Only recently have some studies been performed with this intention. Despite this effort, the role of neutrophils in CD is still considered controversial. This review discusses the morphological and functional characteristics of neutrophils that describes their participation in the establishment and progression of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, through the development of its effector functions, such as release of lithic components, production of oxidative agents and release of inflammatory mediators capable of modulating the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micássio Fernandes de Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Valéria Duarte de Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Lara Michelly Soares de Souza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Dayane Carla Costa Paiva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Cléber de Mesquita Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
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Acevedo GR, Girard MC, Gómez KA. The Unsolved Jigsaw Puzzle of the Immune Response in Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1929. [PMID: 30197647 PMCID: PMC6117404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with the different arms of the innate and adaptive host's immune response in a very complex and flowery manner. The history of host-parasite co-evolution has provided this protozoan with means of resisting, escaping or subverting the mechanisms of immunity and establishing a chronic infection. Despite many decades of research on the subject, the infection remains incurable, and the factors that steer chronic Chagas disease from an asymptomatic state to clinical onset are still unclear. As the relationship between T. cruzi and the host immune system is intricate, so is the amount and diversity of scientific knowledge on the matter. Many of the mechanisms of immunity are fairly well understood, but unveiling the factors that lead each of these to success or failure, within the coordinated response as a whole, requires further research. The intention behind this Review is to compile the available information on the different aspects of the immune response, with an emphasis on those phenomena that have been studied and confirmed in the human host. For ease of comprehension, it has been subdivided in sections that cover the main humoral and cell-mediated components involved therein. However, we also intend to underline that these elements are not independent, but function intimately and concertedly. Here, we summarize years of investigation carried out to unravel the puzzling interplay between the host and the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fonseca Z, Díaz-Godínez C, Mora N, Alemán OR, Uribe-Querol E, Carrero JC, Rosales C. Entamoeba histolytica Induce Signaling via Raf/MEK/ERK for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:226. [PMID: 30023352 PMCID: PMC6039748 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis, the disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica is the third leading cause of human deaths among parasite infections. E. histolytica was reported associated with around 100 million cases of amoebic dysentery, colitis and amoebic liver abscess that lead to almost 50,000 fatalities worldwide in 2010. E. histolytica infection is associated with the induction of inflammation characterized by a large number of infiltrating neutrophils. These neutrophils have been implicated in defense against this parasite, by mechanisms not completely described. The neutrophil antimicrobial mechanisms include phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Recently, our group reported that NETs are also produced in response to E. histolytica trophozoites. But, the mechanism for NETs induction remains unknown. In this report we explored the possibility that E. histolytica leads to NETs formation via a signaling pathway similar to the pathways activated by PMA or the Fc receptor FcγRIIIb. Neutrophils were stimulated by E. histolytica trophozoites and the effect of various pharmacological inhibitors on amoeba-induced NETs formation was assessed. Selective inhibitors of Raf, MEK, and NF-κB prevented E. histolytica-induced NET formation. In contrast, inhibitors of PKC, TAK1, and NADPH-oxidase did not block E. histolytica-induced NETs formation. E. histolytica induced phosphorylation of ERK in a Raf and MEK dependent manner. These data show that E. histolytica activates a signaling pathway to induce NETs formation, that involves Raf/MEK/ERK, but it is independent of PKC, TAK1, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, amoebas activate neutrophils via a different pathway from the pathways activated by PMA or the IgG receptor FcγRIIIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayda Fonseca
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Díaz-Godínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Mora
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar R Alemán
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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42
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Brinkmann V. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Second Decade. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:414-421. [PMID: 29909412 DOI: 10.1159/000489829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 15 years after the first description of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), our knowledge concerning this structure has expanded considerably. Initially, NETs were considered solely an elaborate function of the innate immune system to combat invading microorganisms. Successively it became clear that NETs have farther-reaching capabilities. They are involved in a series of pathophysiological mechanisms ranging from inflammation to thrombosis where they fulfill essential functions when produced at the right site and the right time but can have a serious impact when generation or clearance of NETs is inadequately controlled. This review provides a concise overview on the far-reaching functions of NETs in health and disease.
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Díaz-Godínez C, Fonseca Z, Néquiz M, Laclette JP, Rosales C, Carrero JC. Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites Induce a Rapid Non-classical NETosis Mechanism Independent of NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species and PAD4 Activity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:184. [PMID: 29922599 PMCID: PMC5996068 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA fibers decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins from cytoplasmic granules released into the extracellular space in a process denominated NETosis. The molecular pathways involved in NETosis have not been completely understood. Classical NETosis mechanisms involve the neutrophil elastase (NE) translocation to nucleus due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (NOX2) or the peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) activation in response to an increase in extracellular calcium influx; both mechanisms result in DNA decondensation. Previously, we reported that trophozoites and lipopeptidophosphoglycan from Entamoeba histolytica trigger NET release in human neutrophils. Here, we demonstrated in a quantitative manner that NETs were rapidly form upon treatment with amoebic trophozoites and involved both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). NETs formation depended on amoeba viability as heat-inactivated or paraformaldehyde-fixed amoebas were not able to induce NETs. Interestingly, ROS were not detected in neutrophils during their interaction with amoebas, which could explain why NOX2 inhibition using apocynin did not affect this NETosis. Surprisingly, whereas calcium chelation reduced NET release induced by amoebas, PAD4 inhibition by GSK484 failed to block DNA extrusion but, as expected, abolished NETosis induced by the calcium ionophore A23187. Additionally, NE translocation to the nucleus and serine-protease activity were necessary for NET release caused by amoeba. These data support the idea that E. histolytica trophozoites trigger NETosis by a rapid non-classical mechanism and that different mechanisms of NETs release exist depending on the stimuli used.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Díaz-Godínez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zayda Fonseca
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Néquiz
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Hospital General de México, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Carrero
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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de Buhr N, Bonilla MC, Jimenez-Soto M, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Dolz G. Extracellular Trap Formation in Response to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Granulocytes Isolated From Dogs and Common Opossums, Natural Reservoir Hosts. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:966. [PMID: 29867870 PMCID: PMC5962733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes mediate the first line of defense against infectious diseases in humans as well as animals and they are well known as multitasking cells. They can mediate antimicrobial activity by different strategies depending on the pathogen they encounter. Besides phagocytosis, a key strategy against extracellular pathogens is the formation of extracellular traps (ETs). Those ETs mainly consist of DNA decorated with antimicrobial components and mediate entrapment of various pathogens. In the last years, various studies described ET formation as response to bacteria, viruses and parasites e.g., Trypanosma (T.) cruzi. Nevertheless, it is not fully understood, if ET formation helps the immune system to eliminate intracellular parasites. The goal of this study was to analyze ET formation in response to the intracellular parasite Trypanosma (T.) cruzi by granulocytes derived from animals that serve as natural reservoir. Thus, we investigated the ET formation in two T. cruzi reservoirs, namely dogs as domestic animal and common opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) as wild animal. Granulocytes were harvested from fresh blood by density gradient centrifugation and afterwards incubated with T. cruzi. We conducted the analysis by determination of free DNA and immunofluorescence microscopy. Using both methods, we show that T. cruzi efficiently induces ET formation in granulocytes derived from common opossum as well as dog blood. Most ETs from both animal species as response to T. cruzi are decorated with the protease neutrophil elastase. Since T. cruzi is well known to circulate over years in both analyzed animals as reservoirs, it may be assumed that T. cruzi efficiently evades ET-mediated killing in those animals. Therefore, ETs may not play a major role in efficient elimination of the pathogen from the blood of dogs or common opossums as T. cruzi survives in niches of their body. The characterization of granulocytes in various animals and humans may be helpful to understand the anti-pathogenic capacity and overall role of ETs against zoonotic pathogens like T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marta C Bonilla
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gaby Dolz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Neutrophil extracellular traps possess anti-human respiratory syncytial virus activity: Possible interaction with the viral F protein. Virus Res 2018; 251:68-77. [PMID: 29621602 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the main etiological agents of diseases of the lower respiratory tract, and is often responsible for the hospitalization of children and the elderly. To date, treatments are only palliative and there is no vaccine available. The airways of patients infected with hRSV exhibit intense neutrophil infiltration, which is responsible for the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These are extracellular structures consisting of DNA associated with intracellular proteins, and are efficient in capturing and eliminating various microorganisms, including some viruses. hRSV induces the release of NETs into the lung tissue of infected individuals; however, the pathophysiological consequences of this event have not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to utilize in vitro and in silico assays to investigate the impact of NETs on hRSV infection. NETs, generated by neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), displayed long fragments of DNA and an electrophoretic profile suggestive of the presence of proteins that are classically associated with these structures (elastase, cathepsin G, myeloperoxidase, and histones). The presence of NETs (>2 μg/ml) in HEp-2 cell culture medium resulted in cellular cytotoxicity of less than 50%. Pre-incubation (1 h) of viral particles (multiplicity of infection (MOI) values of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0) with NETs (2-32 μg/ml) resulted in cellular protection from virus-induced death of HEp-2 cells. Concurrently, there was a reduction in the formation of syncytia, which is related to decreased viral spread in infected tissue. Results from western blotting and molecular docking, suggest interactions between F protein of the hRSV viral envelope and BPI (bactericidal permeability-increasing protein), a microbicidal member of NETs. Interactions occurred at sites important for the neutralization and coordination of the hRSV infection/replication process. Our results showed that the presence of NETs decreases hRSV-induced cellular damage, possibly by directly affecting viral particle capture and/or interfering with the fusion activity of the F protein. These findings broaden the understanding of the role of NETs during hRSV infection.
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Villagra-Blanco R, Silva L, Aguilella-Segura A, Arcenillas-Hernández I, Martínez-Carrasco C, Seipp A, Gärtner U, Ruiz de Ybañez R, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) do also cast neutrophil extracellular traps against the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2017; 6:287-294. [PMID: 28951834 PMCID: PMC5607148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures composed of nuclear DNA decorated with histones and cytoplasmic peptides which antiparasitic properties have not previously been investigated in cetaceans. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were isolated from healthy bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and stimulated with Neospora caninum tachyzoites and the NETs-agonist zymosan. In vitro interactions of PMN with the tachyzoites resulted in rapid extrusion of NETs. For the demonstration and quantification of cetacean NETs, extracellular DNA was stained by using either Sytox Orange® or Pico Green®. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence analyses demonstrated PMN-derived release of NETs upon exposure to tachyzoites of N. caninum. Co-localization studies of N. caninum induced cetacean NETs proved the presence of DNA adorned with histones (H1, H2A/H2B, H3, H4), neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pentraxin (PTX) confirming the molecular properties of mammalian NETosis. Dolphin-derived N. caninum-NETosis were efficiently suppressed by DNase I and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) treatments. Our results indicate that cetacean-derived NETs represent an ancient, conserved and relevant defense effector mechanism of the host innate immune system against N. caninum and probably other related neozoan parasites circulating in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Villagra-Blanco
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - L.M.R. Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - A. Aguilella-Segura
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I. Arcenillas-Hernández
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - C. Martínez-Carrasco
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. Seipp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - U. Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R. Ruiz de Ybañez
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C. Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune phagocytes that have a central role in immune defence. Our understanding of the role of neutrophils in pathogen clearance, immune regulation and disease pathology has advanced dramatically in recent years. Web-like chromatin structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been at the forefront of this renewed interest in neutrophil biology. The identification of molecules that modulate the release of NETs has helped to refine our view of the role of NETs in immune protection, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here, I discuss the key findings and concepts that have thus far shaped the field of NET biology.
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48
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Villagra-Blanco R, Silva LMR, Muñoz-Caro T, Yang Z, Li J, Gärtner U, Taubert A, Zhang X, Hermosilla C. Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Cast Neutrophil Extracellular Traps against the Abortive Parasite Neospora caninum. Front Immunol 2017; 8:606. [PMID: 28611772 PMCID: PMC5447047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum represents a relevant apicomplexan parasite causing severe reproductive disorders in cattle worldwide. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) generation was recently described as an efficient defense mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) acting against different parasites. In vitro interactions of bovine PMN with N. caninum were analyzed at different ratios and time spans. Extracellular DNA staining was used to illustrate the typical molecules of NETs [i.e., histones (H3), neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), pentraxin] via antibody-based immunofluorescence analyses. Functional inhibitor treatments were applied to reveal the role of several enzymes [NADPH oxidase (NOX), NE, MPO, PAD4], ATP-dependent P2Y2 receptor, store-operated Ca++entry (SOCE), CD11b receptor, ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK-mediated signaling pathway in tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. N. caninum tachyzoites triggered NETosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed NET structures being released by bovine PMN and entrapping tachyzoites. N. caninum-induced NET formation was found not to be NOX-, NE-, MPO-, PAD4-, ERK1/2-, and p38 MAP kinase-dependent process since inhibition of these enzymes led to a slight decrease of NET formation. CD11b was also identified as a neutrophil receptor being involved in NETosis. Furthermore, N. caninum-triggered NETosis depends on Ca++ influx as well as neutrophil metabolism since both the inhibition of SOCE and of P2Y2-mediated ATP uptake diminished NET formation. Host cell invasion assays indicated that PMN-derived NETosis hampered tachyzoites from active host cell invasion, thereby inhibiting further intracellular replication. NET formation represents an early and effective mechanism of response of the innate immune system, which might reduce initial infection rates during the acute phase of cattle neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Costa MF, Jesus TI, Lopes BRP, Angolini CFF, Montagnolli A, Gomes LDP, Pereira GS, Ruiz ALTG, Carvalho JE, Eberlin MN, dos Santos C, Toledo KA. Eugenia aurata and Eugenia punicifolia HBK inhibit inflammatory response by reducing neutrophil adhesion, degranulation and NET release. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:403. [PMID: 27770779 PMCID: PMC5075401 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eugenia spp. are used in popular medicine in the treatment of pain, diabetes, intestinal disorders and cough. The aim of the work is to evaluate, ex vivo and in vivo, the anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves of Eugenia aurata (EA) and Eugenia punicifolia HBK (EP) upon neutrophils. METHODS Ex vivo, isolated human neutrophils were sensitized by Eugenia extracts (0.1-1000 μg/mL) and stimulated by PMA. In these conditions, different neutrophil activities related to inflammatory process were measured: adhesion, degranulation and NET release. Neutrophil viability and tumor line cells were monitored. In vivo, neutrophil influx was evaluated by peritonitis model performed in mice pretreated with different concentrations of Eugenia extracts. Phytochemical profile was assessed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Ex vivo, EA and EP (1000 μg/mL) reduced cell adhesion and degranulation, respectively. NET release was inhibited by EA and EP. Anti-inflammatory activities occurred in the absence of cytotoxicity. In vivo, both EA as EP inhibited neutrophil migration. The phytochemical profile revealed that EA contains myricitrin, rutin, quinic acid and quercetin derivatives. EP presents gallic acid, quercetin derivatives, syringic acid, ellagic acid, monogalloyl-glucose, glycosyringic acid, mudanoside B, HHDP glucose isomer and digalloylglucose isomer. EA and EP inhibit neutrophil migration by different pathways. CONCLUSION Different chemical compositions may explain the anti-inflammatory effects described herein for EA and EP. Both extracts inhibit NET release but only EA reduces cell adhesion whereas EP decreases elastase secretion. This work contributes to the elucidation of cellular mechanisms related to the anti-inflammatory activity for leaves of E. aurata and E. punicifolia HBK.
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50
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Wolbachia endosymbionts induce neutrophil extracellular trap formation in human onchocerciasis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35559. [PMID: 27752109 PMCID: PMC5067710 DOI: 10.1038/srep35559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia, induce neutrophilic responses to the human helminth pathogen Onchocerca volvulus. The formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), has been implicated in anti-microbial defence, but has not been identified in human helminth infection. Here, we demonstrate NETs formation in human onchocerciasis. Extracellular NETs and neutrophils were visualised around O. volvulus in nodules excised from untreated patients but not in nodules from patients treated with the anti-Wolbachia drug, doxycycline. Whole Wolbachia or microspheres coated with a synthetic Wolbachia lipopeptide (WoLP) of the major nematode Wolbachia TLR2/6 ligand, peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein, induced NETosis in human neutrophils in vitro. TLR6 dependency of Wolbachia and WoLP NETosis was demonstrated using purified neutrophils from TLR6 deficient mice. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that NETosis occurs during natural human helminth infection and demonstrate a mechanism of NETosis induction via Wolbachia endobacteria and direct ligation of Wolbachia lipoprotein by neutrophil TLR2/6.
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