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Pearson A, Koprivica M, Eisenbaum M, Ortiz C, Browning M, Vincennie T, Tinsley C, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J. PPARγ activation ameliorates cognitive impairment and chronic microglial activation in the aftermath of r-mTBI. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:194. [PMID: 39097742 PMCID: PMC11297749 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation and microglial activation are key mediators of the secondary injury cascades and cognitive impairment that follow exposure to repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is expressed on microglia and brain resident myeloid cell types and their signaling plays a major anti-inflammatory role in modulating microglial responses. At chronic timepoints following injury, constitutive PPARγ signaling is thought to be dysregulated, thus releasing the inhibitory brakes on chronically activated microglia. Increasing evidence suggests that thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of compounds approved from the treatment of diabetes mellitus, effectively reduce neuroinflammation and chronic microglial activation by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). The present study used a closed-head r-mTBI model to investigate the influence of the TZD Pioglitazone on cognitive function and neuroinflammation in the aftermath of r-mTBI exposure. We revealed that Pioglitazone treatment attenuated spatial learning and memory impairments at 6 months post-injury and reduced the expression of reactive microglia and astrocyte markers in the cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. We then examined whether Pioglitazone treatment altered inflammatory signaling mechanisms in isolated microglia and confirmed downregulation of proinflammatory transcription factors and cytokine levels. To further investigate microglial-specific mechanisms underlying PPARγ-mediated neuroprotection, we generated a novel tamoxifen-inducible microglial-specific PPARγ overexpression mouse line and examined its influence on microglial phenotype following injury. Using RNA sequencing, we revealed that PPARγ overexpression ameliorates microglial activation, promotes the activation of pathways associated with wound healing and tissue repair (such as: IL10, IL4 and NGF pathways), and inhibits the adoption of a disease-associated microglia-like (DAM-like) phenotype. This study provides insight into the role of PPARγ as a critical regulator of the neuroinflammatory cascade that follows r-mTBI in mice and demonstrates that the use of PPARγ agonists such as Pioglitazone and newer generation TZDs hold strong therapeutic potential to prevent the chronic neurodegenerative sequelae of r-mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pearson
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Milica Koprivica
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Max Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Camila Ortiz
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | | | - Tessa Vincennie
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Cooper Tinsley
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Zheng Y, Shao M, Zheng Y, Sun W, Qin S, Sun Z, Zhu L, Guan Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li L. PPARs in atherosclerosis: The spatial and temporal features from mechanism to druggable targets. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38555000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic and complex disease caused by lipid disorder, inflammation, and other factors. It is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, the chief cause of death globally. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are valuable anti-atherosclerosis targets that showcase multiple roles at different pathological stages of atherosclerosis and for cell types at different tissue sites. AIM OF REVIEW Considering the spatial and temporal characteristics of the pathological evolution of atherosclerosis, the roles and pharmacological and clinical studies of PPARs were summarized systematically and updated under different pathological stages and in different vascular cells of atherosclerosis. Moreover, selective PPAR modulators and PPAR-pan agonists can exert their synergistic effects meanwhile reducing the side effects, thereby providing novel insight into future drug development for precise spatial-temporal therapeutic strategy of anti-atherosclerosis targeting PPARs. KEY SCIENTIFIC Concepts of Review: Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of atherosclerosis, we have proposed the importance of stage- and cell type-dependent precision therapy. Initially, PPARs improve endothelial cells' dysfunction by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress and then regulate macrophages' lipid metabolism and polarization to improve fatty streak. Finally, PPARs reduce fibrous cap formation by suppressing the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, research on the cell type-specific mechanisms of PPARs can provide the foundation for space-time drug treatment. Moreover, pharmacological studies have demonstrated that several drugs or compounds can exert their effects by the activation of PPARs. Selective PPAR modulators (that specifically activate gene subsets of PPARs) can exert tissue and cell-specific effects. Furthermore, the dual- or pan-PPAR agonist could perform a better role in balancing efficacy and side effects. Therefore, research on cells/tissue-specific activation of PPARs and PPAR-pan agonists can provide the basis for precision therapy and drug development of PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyan Shao
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Si Qin
- Lab of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Tseng V, Collum SD, Allawzi A, Crotty K, Yeligar S, Trammell A, Ryan Smith M, Kang BY, Sutliff RL, Ingram JL, Jyothula SSSK, Thandavarayan RA, Huang HJ, Nozik ES, Wagner EJ, Michael Hart C, Karmouty-Quintana H. 3'UTR shortening of HAS2 promotes hyaluronan hyper-synthesis and bioenergetic dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:53-75. [PMID: 35671866 PMCID: PMC9676077 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) comprises a diverse group of disorders that share a common pathway of pulmonary vascular remodeling leading to right ventricular failure. Development of anti-remodeling strategies is an emerging frontier in PH therapeutics that requires a greater understanding of the interactions between vascular wall cells and their extracellular matrices. The ubiquitous matrix glycan, hyaluronan (HA), is markedly elevated in lungs from patients and experimental models with PH. Herein, we identified HA synthase-2 (HAS2) in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) layer as a predominant locus of HA dysregulation. HA upregulation involves depletion of NUDT21, a master regulator of alternative polyadenylation, resulting in 3'UTR shortening and hyper-expression of HAS2. The ensuing increase of HAS2 and hyper-synthesis of HA promoted bioenergetic dysfunction of PASMC characterized by impaired mitochondrial oxidative capacity and a glycolytic shift. The resulting HA accumulation stimulated pro-remodeling phenotypes such as cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis-resistance, and stimulated pulmonary artery contractility. Transgenic mice, mimicking HAS2 hyper-synthesis in smooth muscle cells, developed spontaneous PH, whereas targeted deletion of HAS2 prevented experimental PH. Pharmacological blockade of HAS2 restored normal bioenergetics in PASMC, ameliorated cell remodeling phenotypes, and reversed experimental PH in vivo. In summary, our results uncover a novel mechanism of HA hyper-synthesis and downstream effects on pulmonary vascular cell metabolism and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tseng
- Respiratory Medicine, Ansible Health Mountain View, CA
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX
| | | | - Kathryn Crotty
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Samantha Yeligar
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Aaron Trammell
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - M Ryan Smith
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Atlanta, GA; Atlanta Veteran Affairs Health Care System Decatur, GA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Atlanta, GA; Atlanta Veteran Affairs Health Care System Decatur, GA
| | | | - Soma S S K Jyothula
- Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary & Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX; Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston TX, USA
| | | | - Howard J Huang
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston TX, USA
| | - Eva S Nozik
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics Aurora, CO
| | - Eric J Wagner
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY
| | - C Michael Hart
- Emory University Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Atlanta, GA; Atlanta Veteran Affairs Health Care System Decatur, GA.
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX; Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary & Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX.
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Daoud F, Arévalo Martinez M, Holmberg J, Alajbegovic A, Ali N, Rippe C, Swärd K, Albinsson S. YAP and TAZ in Vascular Smooth Muscle Confer Protection Against Hypertensive Vasculopathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:428-443. [PMID: 35196875 PMCID: PMC8939708 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension remains a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesize that appropriate mechanotransduction and contractile function in vascular smooth muscle cells are crucial to maintain vascular wall integrity. The Hippo pathway effectors YAP (yes-associated protein 1) and TAZ (WW domain containing transcription regulator 1) have been identified as mechanosensitive transcriptional coactivators. However, their role in vascular smooth muscle cell mechanotransduction has not been investigated in vivo. METHODS We performed physiological and molecular analyses utilizing an inducible smooth muscle-specific YAP/TAZ knockout mouse model. RESULTS Arteries lacking YAP/TAZ have reduced agonist-mediated contraction, decreased myogenic response, and attenuated stretch-induced transcriptional regulation of smooth muscle markers. Moreover, in established hypertension, YAP/TAZ knockout results in severe vascular lesions in small mesenteric arteries characterized by neointimal hyperplasia, elastin degradation, and adventitial thickening. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a protective role of YAP/TAZ against hypertensive vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Daoud
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (F.D., M.A.M., J.H., A.A., C.R., K.S., S.A.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Marycarmen Arévalo Martinez
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (F.D., M.A.M., J.H., A.A., C.R., K.S., S.A.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Johan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (F.D., M.A.M., J.H., A.A., C.R., K.S., S.A.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Azra Alajbegovic
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (F.D., M.A.M., J.H., A.A., C.R., K.S., S.A.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Neserin Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (N.A.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (F.D., M.A.M., J.H., A.A., C.R., K.S., S.A.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (F.D., M.A.M., J.H., A.A., C.R., K.S., S.A.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Albinsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (F.D., M.A.M., J.H., A.A., C.R., K.S., S.A.), Lund University, Sweden
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5
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Alaaeddine RA, Elzahhar PA, AlZaim I, Abou-Kheir W, Belal ASF, El-Yazbi AF. The Emerging Role of COX-2, 15-LOX and PPARγ in Metabolic Diseases and Cancer: An Introduction to Novel Multi-target Directed Ligands (MTDLs). Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2260-2300. [PMID: 32867639 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200820173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an intertwining framework for the involvement of different inflammatory pathways in a common pathological background for a number of disorders. Of importance are pathways involving arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Both enzyme activities and their products are implicated in a range of pathophysiological processes encompassing metabolic impairment leading to adipose inflammation and the subsequent vascular and neurological disorders, in addition to various pro- and antitumorigenic effects. A further layer of complexity is encountered by the disparate, and often reciprocal, modulatory effect COX-2 and 15-LOX activities and metabolites exert on each other or on other cellular targets, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Thus, effective therapeutic intervention with such multifaceted disorders requires the simultaneous modulation of more than one target. Here, we describe the role of COX-2, 15-LOX, and PPARγ in cancer and complications of metabolic disorders, highlight the value of designing multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) modifying their activity, and summarizing the available literature regarding the rationale and feasibility of design and synthesis of these ligands together with their known biological effects. We speculate on the potential impact of MTDLs in these disorders as well as emphasize the need for structured future effort to translate these early results facilitating the adoption of these, and similar, molecules in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A Alaaeddine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Perihan A Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Gurung R, Choong AM, Woo CC, Foo R, Sorokin V. Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176334. [PMID: 32878347 PMCID: PMC7504666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) refers to the localized dilatation of the infra-renal aorta, in which the diameter exceeds 3.0 cm. Loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), vascular inflammation, and oxidative stress are hallmarks of AAA pathogenesis and contribute to the progressive thinning of the media and adventitia of the aortic wall. With increasing AAA diameter, and left untreated, aortic rupture ensues with high mortality. Collective evidence of recent genetic and epigenetic studies has shown that phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) towards dedifferentiation and proliferative state, which associate with the ECM remodeling of the vascular wall and accompanied with increased cell senescence and inflammation, is seen in in vitro and in vivo models of the disease. This review critically analyses existing publications on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the complex role of SMCs within the aortic wall in AAA formation and reflects the importance of SMCs plasticity in AAA formation. Although evidence from the wide variety of mouse models is convincing, how this knowledge is applied to human biology needs to be addressed urgently leveraging modern in vitro and in vivo experimental technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijan Gurung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (R.G.); (R.F.)
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Andrew Mark Choong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Chin Cheng Woo
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
| | - Roger Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (R.G.); (R.F.)
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Vitaly Sorokin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (A.M.C.); (C.C.W.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6779-5555
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an up-to-date understanding of how peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) exerts its cardioprotective effect in the vasculature through its activation of novel PPARγ target genes in endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. RECENT FINDINGS In vascular endothelial cells, PPARγ plays a protective role by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and preventing oxidative stress. RBP7 is a PPARγ target gene enriched in vascular endothelial cells, which is likely to form a positive feedback loop with PPARγ. In vascular smooth muscle cells, PPARγ antagonizes the renin-angiotensin system, maintains vascular integrity, suppresses vasoconstriction, and promotes vasodilation through distinct pathways. Rho-related BTB domain containing protein 1 (RhoBTB1) is a novel PPARγ gene target in vascular smooth muscle cells that mediates the protective effect of PPARγ by serving as a substrate adaptor between the Cullin-3 RING ubiquitin ligase and phosphodiesterase 5, thus restraining its activity through ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. SUMMARY In the vasculature, PPARγ exerts its cardioprotective effect through its transcriptional activity in endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. From the understanding of PPARγ's transcription targets in those pathways, novel hypertension therapy target(s) will emerge.
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8
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Prostaglandin D 2 stimulates phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31735914 PMCID: PMC6859158 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since chronic inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, inflammatory cytokines might contribute to the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) facilitated the transformation of contractile VSMCs to the synthetic phenotype, as determined by the expression of marker proteins and a collagen gel contraction assay. Western blot analysis and a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) promoter assay revealed that TNFα stimulation resulted in the induction of COX2. The overexpression, silencing, or pharmacological inhibition of COX2 significantly affected TNFα-induced phenotypic conversion, and of the tested prostaglandins, only PGD2 significantly induced phenotypic conversion. ERK was significantly activated by PGD2 stimulation, and the pharmacological inhibition of ERK blocked the PGD2-induced phenotypic conversion of VSMCs. However, antagonists or agonists of PGD2 receptors did not affect VSMC conversion. In contrast, spontaneously dehydrated forms of PGD2, such as PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, and 15-d-PGJ2, strongly induced phenotypic conversion. A reporter gene assay showed that TNFα, PGD2, and 15-d-PGJ2 significantly activated the peroxisome proliferator-responsive element (PPRE) promoter. In addition, the overexpression or silencing of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) significantly influenced 15-d-PGJ2-induced phenotypic conversion. Finally, atherosclerotic neointima formation was significantly suppressed in mice lacking TNFα. In addition, mice fed celecoxib exhibited complete inhibition of carotid artery ligation-induced neointima formation. This study shows that PGD2 regulates the phenotypic conversion of VSMCs by generating an endogenous ligand of PPAR, and that this leads to neointima formation in occlusive arterial disease. A lipid compound that stimulates muscle cells to change type is instrumental in the development of arterial plaque formation in artherosclerosis. Sun Sik Bae at Pusan National University School of Medicine in Gyungnam, South Korea, and co-workers examined the role of inflammatory proteins in the development of artherosclerosis, a condition involving the build-up of scar tissue or ‘plaques’ on artery walls. The behavior of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is crucial to plaque development because, triggered by inflammatory protein activity, the cells switch from contractile-type cells to faster proliferating VSMCs, accelerating plaque growth. The team found that a compound called prostaglandin D2, a direct by-product of inflammatory protein behavior, together with a protein regulating gene expression, are key factors triggering this VSMC change. These insights may prove valuable in developing therapies for artherosclerosis.
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Williams HC, Ma J, Weiss D, Lassègue B, Sutliff R, Martín AS. The cofilin phosphatase slingshot homolog 1 restrains angiotensin II-induced vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis in vivo. J Transl Med 2019; 99:399-410. [PMID: 30291325 PMCID: PMC6442944 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual specificity phosphatase slingshot homolog 1 (SSH1) contributes to actin remodeling by dephosphorylating and activating the actin-severing protein cofilin. The reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in chronic hypertension and the subsequent mechano-adaptive rearrangement of vessel wall components. Therefore, using a novel Ssh1-/- mouse model, we investigated the potential role of SSH1 in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension, and vascular remodeling. We found that loss of SSH1 did not produce overt phenotypic changes and that baseline blood pressures as well as heart rates were comparable between Ssh1+/+ and Ssh1-/- mice. Although 14 days of Ang II treatment equally increased systolic blood pressure in both genotypes, histological assessment of aortic samples indicated that medial thickening was exacerbated by the loss of SSH1. Consequently, reverse-transcription quantitative PCR analysis of the transcripts from Ang II-infused animals confirmed increased aortic expression levels of fibronectin, and osteopontin in Ssh1-/- when compared to wild-type mice. Mechanistically, our data suggest that fibrosis in SSH1-deficient mice occurs by a process that involves aberrant responses to Ang II-induced TGFβ1. Taken together, our work indicates that Ang II-dependent fibrotic gene expression and vascular remodeling, but not the Ang II-induced pressor response, are modulated by SSH1-mediated signaling pathways and SSH1 activity is protective against Ang II-induced remodeling in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daiana Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Roy Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alejandra San Martín
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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10
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Chai BK, Lau YS, Loong BJ, Rais MM, Ting KN, Dharmani DM, Mohankumar SK. Co-administration of conjugated linoleic acid and rosiglitazone increases atherogenic co-efficient and alters isoprenaline-induced vasodilatation in rats fed high fat diet. Physiol Res 2018; 67:729-740. [PMID: 29750886 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cis(c)-9, trans(t)-11 (c9,t11) and t10,c12 isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have been reported as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and beneficial in lipidemia and glycemia. However, it is unclear whether CLA isomers enhance or antagonize effects of conventional drugs targeting PPAR. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and treated without or with CLA, rosiglitazone or both for 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance and surrogate markers of insulin resistance were not significantly different for all treatments compared to untreated normal diet (ND) or HFD group, except lipoprotein levels. The combination of CLA and rosiglitazone had suppressed levels of low and high density lipoproteins (46 % and 25 %, respectively), compared to HFD-alone. Conversely, the atherogenic co-efficient of the animals received HFD or HFD+rosiglitazone+CLA was 2-folds higher than ND, HFD+rosiglitazone or HFD+CLA. Isolated aortic rings from the combined CLA and rosiglitazone treated animals were less sensitive to isoprenaline-induced relaxation among endothelium-denuded aortas with a decreased efficacy and potency (R(max)=53+/-4.7 %; pEC50=6+/-0.2) compared to endothelium-intact aortas (R(max)=100+/-9.9 %; pEC50=7+/-0.2). Our findings illustrate that the combination of CLA and rosiglitazone precede the atherogenic state with impaired endothelium-independent vasodilatation before the onset of HFD-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. TIFAC CORE Herbal Drugs JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivrathreeshwara University, Mysuru, India. or
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Bedi B, Maurice NM, Ciavatta VT, Lynn KS, Yuan Z, Molina SA, Joo M, Tyor WR, Goldberg JB, Koval M, Hart CM, Sadikot RT. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists attenuate biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FASEB J 2017; 31:3608-3621. [PMID: 28442545 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700075r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant contributor to recalcitrant multidrug-resistant infections, especially in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. The pathogenic profile of P. aeruginosa is related to its ability to secrete a variety of virulence factors and to promote biofilm formation. Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism wherein P. aeruginosa secretes small diffusible molecules, specifically acyl homo serine lactones, such as N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3O-C12-HSL), that promote biofilm formation and virulence via interbacterial communication. Strategies that strengthen the host's ability to inhibit bacterial virulence would enhance host defenses and improve the treatment of resistant infections. We have recently shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists are potent immunostimulators that play a pivotal role in host response to virulent P. aeruginosa Here, we show that QS genes in P. aeruginosa (strain PAO1) and 3O-C12-HSL attenuate PPARγ expression in bronchial epithelial cells. PAO1 and 3O-C12-HSL induce barrier derangements in bronchial epithelial cells by lowering the expression of junctional proteins, such as zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-4. Expression of these proteins was restored in cells that were treated with pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, before infection with PAO1 and 3O-C12-HSL. Barrier function and bacterial permeation studies that have been performed in primary human epithelial cells showed that PPARγ agonists are able to restore barrier integrity and function that are disrupted by PAO1 and 3O-C12-HSL. Mechanistically, we show that these effects are dependent on the induction of paraoxonase-2, a QS hydrolyzing enzyme, that mitigates the effects of QS molecules. Importantly, our data show that pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, significantly inhibits biofilm formation on epithelial cells by a mechanism that is mediated via paraoxonase-2. These findings elucidate a novel role for PPARγ in host defense against P. aeruginosa Strategies that activate PPARγ can provide a therapeutic complement for treatment of resistant P. aeruginosa infections.-Bedi, B., Maurice, N. M., Ciavatta, V. T., Lynn, K. S., Yuan, Z., Molina, S. A., Joo, M., Tyor, W. R., Goldberg, J. B., Koval, M., Hart, C. M., Sadikot, R. T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists attenuate biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmchetna Bedi
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas M Maurice
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vincent T Ciavatta
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - K Sabrina Lynn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhihong Yuan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel A Molina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- Department of Immunology, Pusan University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - William R Tyor
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA; .,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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