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Huo J, Feng L, Cheng Y, Miao YL, Liu W, Hou MM, Zhang HF, Yang CH, Li Y, Zhang MS, Fan YY. Delayed simvastatin treatment improves neurological recovery after cryogenic traumatic brain injury through downregulation of ELOVL1 by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Brain Res Bull 2024; 217:111072. [PMID: 39243948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Statins are well-tolerated and widely available lipid-lowering medications with neuroprotective effects against traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, whether delayed statin therapy starting in the subacute phase promotes recovery after TBI is unknown. Elongation of the very long-chain fatty acid protein 1 (ELOVL1) is involved in astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity, but its role in TBI and the relationship between ELOVL1 and statins are unclear. We hypothesized that delayed simvastatin treatment promotes neurological functional recovery after TBI by regulating the ELOVL1-mediated production of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). ICR male mice received daily intragastric administration of 1, 2 or 5mg/kg simvastatin on Days 1-14, 3-14, 5-14, or 7-14 after cryogenic TBI (cTBI). The results showed that simvastatin promoted motor functional recovery in a dose-dependent manner, with a wide therapeutic window of at least 7 days postinjury. Meanwhile, simvastatin inhibited astrocyte and microglial overactivation and glial scar formation, and increased total dendritic length, neuronal complexity and spine density on day 14 after cTBI. The up-regulation of ELOVL1 expression and saturated VLCFAs concentrations in the cortex surrounding the lesion caused by cTBI was inhibited by simvastatin, which was related to the inhibition of the mTOR signaling. Overexpression of ELOVL1 in astrocytes surrounding the lesion using HBAAV2/9-GFAP-m-ELOVL1-3xFlag-EGFP partially attenuated the benefits of simvastatin. These results showed that delayed simvastatin treatment promoted functional recovery and brain tissue repair after TBI through the downregulation of ELOVL1 expression by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Astrocytic ELOVL1 may be a potential target for rehabilitation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu-Lu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Miao-Miao Hou
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Hui-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yan-Ying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Kaur N, Singh J. Generating human AMN and cALD iPSC-derived astrocytes with potential for modeling X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy phenotypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596696. [PMID: 38854155 PMCID: PMC11160757 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). Similar mutations in ABCD1 may result in a spectrum of phenotypes in males with slow progressing adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and fatal cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) dominating the majority of cases. Mouse model of X-ALD does not capture the phenotype differences and an appropriate model to investigate mechanism of disease onset and progress remains a critical need. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived and cell models derived from them have provided useful tools for investigating cell-type specific disease mechanisms. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from skin fibroblasts of two each of apparently healthy control, AMN and cALD patients with non-integrating mRNA-based reprogramming. iPSC lines expanded normally and expressed pluripotency markers Oct4, SOX2, Nanog, SSEA and TRA-1-60. Expression of markers SOX17, brachyury, Desmin, Oxt2 and beta tubulin III demonstrated the ability of the iPSCs to differentiate into all three germ layers. iPSC-derived lines from CTL, AMN and cALD male patients were differentiated into astrocytes. Differentiated AMN and cALD astrocytes lacked ABCD1 expression and accumulated VLCFA, a hallmark of X-ALD. These patient astrocytes provide disease-relevant tools to investigate mechanism of differential neuroinflammatory response and metabolic reprogramming in X-ALD. Further these patient-derived human astrocyte cell models will be valuable for testing new therapeutics.
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Yska HAF, Engelen M, Bugiani M. The pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: tissue specific changes as a clue to pathophysiology. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:138. [PMID: 38549180 PMCID: PMC10976706 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is well described, it represents the end-stage of neurodegeneration. It is still unclear what cell types are initially involved and what their role is in the disease process. Revisiting the seminal post-mortem studies from the 1970s can generate new hypotheses on pathophysiology. This review describes (histo)pathological changes of the brain and spinal cord in ALD. It aims at integrating older works with current insights and at providing an overarching theory on the pathophysiology of ALD. The data point to an important role for axons and glia in the pathology of both the myelopathy and leukodystrophy of ALD. In-depth pathological analyses with new techniques could help further unravel the sequence of events behind the pathology of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemmo A F Yska
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fujitani N, Akashi T, Saito M, Morita M, So T, Oka K. Increased neurotoxicity of high-density lipoprotein secreted from murine reactive astrocytes deficient in a peroxisomal very-long-chain fatty acid transporter Abcd1. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:289-301. [PMID: 38146202 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD1, resulting in the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in tissues. The etiology of X-ALD is unclear. Activated astrocytes play a pathological role in X-ALD. Recently, reactive astrocytes have been shown to induce neuronal cell death via saturated lipids in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), although how HDL from reactive astrocytes exhibits neurotoxic effects has yet to be determined. In this study, we obtained astrocytes from wild-type and Abcd1-deficient mice. HDL was purified from the culture supernatant of astrocytes, and the effect of HDL on neurons was evaluated in vitro. To our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that HDL obtained from Abcd1-deficient reactive astrocytes induces a significantly higher level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a marker of cell damage, from mouse primary cortical neurons as compared to HDL from wild-type reactive astrocytes. Notably, HDL from Abcd1-deficient astrocytes contained significantly high amounts of VLCFA-containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and LysoPC. Activation of Abcd1-deficient astrocytes led to the production of HDL containing decreased amounts of PC with arachidonic acid in sn-2 acyl moieties and increased amounts of LysoPC, presumably through cytosolic phospholipase A2 α upregulation. These results suggest that compositional changes in PC and LysoPC in HDL, due to Abcd1 deficiency and astrocyte activation, may contribute to neuronal damage. Our findings provide novel insights into central nervous system pathology in X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fujitani
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Research Unit/Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Akashi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, DMPK Research Laboratories (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Saito
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, DMPK Research Laboratories (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Morita
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kozo Oka
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Research Unit/Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ma CY, Li C, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Liu H, Chen HJ, Tse HF, Liao C, Lian Q. Management of adrenoleukodystrophy: From pre-clinical studies to the development of new therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112214. [PMID: 34560537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder associated with mutations of the ABCD1 gene that encodes a peroxisomal transmembrane protein. It results in accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in tissues and body fluid. Along with other factors such as epigenetic and environmental involvement, ABCD1 mutation-provoked disorders can present different phenotypes including cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and peripheral neuropathy. cALD is the most severe form that causes death in young childhood. Bone marrow transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy are only effective when performed at an early stage of onsets in cALD. Nonetheless, current research and development of novel therapies are hampered by a lack of in-depth understanding disease pathophysiology and a lack of reliable cALD models. The Abcd1 and Abcd1/Abcd2 knock-out mouse models as well as the deficiency of Abcd1 rabbit models created in our lab, do not develop cALD phenotypes observed in human beings. In this review, we summarize the clinical and biochemical features of X-ALD, the progress of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Challenges and perspectives for future X-ALD studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yan Ma
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Li
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, the University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Can Liao
- Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China.
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Peroxisomal ABC Transporters: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116093. [PMID: 34198763 PMCID: PMC8201181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest superfamilies of conserved proteins from bacteria to mammals. In humans, three members of this family are expressed in the peroxisomal membrane and belong to the subfamily D: ABCD1 (ALDP), ABCD2 (ALDRP), and ABCD3 (PMP70). These half-transporters must dimerize to form a functional transporter, but they are thought to exist primarily as tetramers. They possess overlapping but specific substrate specificity, allowing the transport of various lipids into the peroxisomal matrix. The defects of ABCD1 and ABCD3 are responsible for two genetic disorders called X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and congenital bile acid synthesis defect 5, respectively. In addition to their role in peroxisome metabolism, it has recently been proposed that peroxisomal ABC transporters participate in cell signaling and cell control, particularly in cancer. This review presents an overview of the knowledge on the structure, function, and mechanisms involving these proteins and their link to pathologies. We summarize the different in vitro and in vivo models existing across the species to study peroxisomal ABC transporters and the consequences of their defects. Finally, an overview of the known and possible interactome involving these proteins, which reveal putative and unexpected new functions, is shown and discussed.
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Montoro R, Heine VM, Kemp S, Engelen M. Evolution of adrenoleukodystrophy model systems. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:544-553. [PMID: 33373044 PMCID: PMC8248356 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a neurometabolic disorder affecting the adrenal glands, testes, spinal cord and brain. The disease is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene resulting in a defect in peroxisomal degradation of very long-chain fatty acids and their accumulation in plasma and tissues. Males with ALD have a near 100% life-time risk to develop myelopathy. The life-time prevalence to develop progressive cerebral white matter lesions (known as cerebral ALD) is about 60%. Adrenal insufficiency occurs in about 80% of male patients. In adulthood, 80% of women with ALD also develop myelopathy, but adrenal insufficiency or cerebral ALD are very rare. The complex clinical presentation and the absence of a genotype-phenotype correlation are complicating our understanding of the disease. In an attempt to understand the pathophysiology of ALD various model systems have been developed. While these model systems share the basic genetics and biochemistry of ALD they fail to fully recapitulate the complex neurodegenerative etiology of ALD. Each model system recapitulates certain aspects of the disorder. This exposes the complexity of ALD and therefore the challenge to create a comprehensive model system to fully understand ALD. In this review, we provide an overview of the different ALD modeling strategies from single-celled to multicellular organisms and from in vitro to in vivo approaches, and introduce how emerging iPSC-derived technologies could improve the understanding of this highly complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Montoro
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & MetabolismUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Morita M, Toida A, Horiuchi Y, Watanabe S, Sasahara M, Kawaguchi K, So T, Imanaka T. Generation of an immortalized astrocytic cell line from Abcd1-deficient H-2K btsA58 mice to facilitate the study of the role of astrocytes in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06228. [PMID: 33659749 PMCID: PMC7892932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination, and activated astrocytes as well as microglia are thought to be involved in its pathogenesis. Conditionally immortalized astrocytic cell clones were prepared from wild-type or Abcd1-deficient H-2KbtsA58 transgenic mice to study the involvement of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of X-ALD. The established astrocyte clones expressed astrocyte-specific molecules such as Vimentin, S100β, Aldh1L1 and Glast. The conditionally immortalized astrocytes proliferated vigorously and exhibited a compact cell body under a permissive condition at 33 °C in the presence of IFN-γ, whereas they became quiescent and exhibited substantial cell enlargement under a non-permissive condition at 37 °C in the absence of IFN-γ. An Abcd1-deficient astrocyte clone exhibited a decrease in the β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) and an increase in cellular levels of VLCFA, typical features of Abcd1-deficiency. Upon stimulation with LPS, the Abcd1-deficient astrocyte clone expressed higher levels of pro-inflammatory genes, such as Il6, Nos2, Ccl2 and Cxcl10, compared to wild-type (WT) astrocytes. Furthermore, the Abcd1-deficient astrocytes produced higher amounts of chondroitin sulfate, a marker of reactive astrocytes. These results suggest that dysfunction of Abcd1 renders astrocytes highly responsive to innate immune stimuli. Conditionally immortalized cell clones which preserve astrocyte properties are a useful tool for analyzing the cellular and molecular pathology of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ai Toida
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shiro Watanabe
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Imanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
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Ravi K, Paidas MJ, Saad A, Jayakumar AR. Astrocytes in rare neurological conditions: Morphological and functional considerations. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2676-2705. [PMID: 33496339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a population of central nervous system (CNS) cells with distinctive morphological and functional characteristics that differ within specific areas of the brain and are widely distributed throughout the CNS. There are mainly two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, which differ in morphologic appearance and location. Astrocytes are important cells of the CNS that not only provide structural support, but also modulate synaptic activity, regulate neuroinflammatory responses, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and supply energy to neurons. As a result, astrocytic disruption can lead to widespread detrimental effects and can contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions. The characteristics of astrocytes in more common neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have significantly been described and continue to be widely studied. However, there still exist numerous rare neurological conditions in which astrocytic involvement is unknown and needs to be explored. Accordingly, this review will summarize functional and morphological changes of astrocytes in various rare neurological conditions based on current knowledge thus far and highlight remaining neuropathologies where astrocytic involvement has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ravi
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Saad
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc, Miami, Florida, USA.,General Medical Research Neuropathology Section, R&D Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Miami, Florida, USA
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Sabitha KR, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Patient-derived iPSC modeling of rare neurodevelopmental disorders: Molecular pathophysiology and prospective therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:201-219. [PMID: 33370574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathological alterations that manifest during the early embryonic development due to inherited and acquired factors trigger various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Besides major NDDs, there are several rare NDDs, exhibiting specific characteristics and varying levels of severity triggered due to genetic and epigenetic anomalies. The rarity of subjects, paucity of neural tissues for detailed analysis, and the unavailability of disease-specific animal models have hampered detailed comprehension of rare NDDs, imposing heightened challenge to the medical and scientific community until a decade ago. The generation of functional neurons and glia through directed differentiation protocols for patient-derived iPSCs, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and 3D brain organoid models have provided an excellent opportunity and vibrant resource for decoding the etiology of brain development for rare NDDs caused due to monogenic as well as polygenic disorders. The present review identifies cellular and molecular phenotypes demonstrated from patient-derived iPSCs and possible therapeutic opportunities identified for these disorders. New insights to reinforce the existing knowledge of the pathophysiology of these disorders and prospective therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Doria M, Nury T, Delmas D, Moreau T, Lizard G, Vejux A. Protective function of autophagy during VLCFA-induced cytotoxicity in a neurodegenerative cell model. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 137:46-58. [PMID: 31004752 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a particular interest has focused on the accumulation of fatty acids with very long chains (VLCFA) in the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis or dementia. Indeed, it seems increasingly clear that this accumulation of VLCFA in the central nervous system is accompanied by a progressive demyelination resulting in death of neuronal cells. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms by which VLCFA result in toxicity remain unclear. This study highlights for the first time in 3 different cellular models (oligodendrocytes 158 N, primary mouse brain culture, and patient fibroblasts) the types of cell death involved where VLCFA-induced ROS production leads to autophagy. The autophagic process protects the cell from this VLCFA-induced toxicity. Thus, autophagy in addition to oxidative stress can offer new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Doria
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, F-21000, France; Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Inserm, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Nury
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, F-21000, France; Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Inserm, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Delmas
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, F-21000, France; - Inserm Research Center LNC UMR U1231 - Team "Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response", Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, F-21000, France; Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Inserm, F-21000, Dijon, France; - Department of Neurology, University Hospital, F-2100, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, F-21000, France; Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Inserm, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, F-21000, France; Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Inserm, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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12
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Pacitti D, Privolizzi R, Bax BE. Organs to Cells and Cells to Organoids: The Evolution of in vitro Central Nervous System Modelling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:129. [PMID: 31024259 PMCID: PMC6465581 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, the human brain is not just the most complex organ in the human body, but has also been described as "the most complex thing in the universe." The limited availability of human living brain tissue for the study of neurogenesis, neural processes and neurological disorders has resulted in more than a century-long strive from researchers worldwide to model the central nervous system (CNS) and dissect both its striking physiology and enigmatic pathophysiology. The invaluable knowledge gained with the use of animal models and post mortem human tissue remains limited to cross-species similarities and structural features, respectively. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and 3-D organoid technologies has revolutionised the approach to the study of human brain and CNS in vitro, presenting great potential for disease modelling and translational adoption in drug screening and regenerative medicine, also contributing beneficially to clinical research. We have surveyed more than 100 years of research in CNS modelling and provide in this review an historical excursus of its evolution, from early neural tissue explants and organotypic cultures, to 2-D patient-derived cell monolayers, to the latest development of 3-D cerebral organoids. We have generated a comprehensive summary of CNS modelling techniques and approaches, protocol refinements throughout the course of decades and developments in the study of specific neuropathologies. Current limitations and caveats such as clonal variation, developmental stage, validation of pluripotency and chromosomal stability, functional assessment, reproducibility, accuracy and scalability of these models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine and Health, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Privolizzi
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bridget E. Bax,
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Page S, Patel R, Raut S, Al-Ahmad A. Neurological diseases at the blood-brain barrier: Stemming new scientific paradigms using patient-derived induced pluripotent cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1866:165358. [PMID: 30593893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a component of the neurovascular unit formed by specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) surrounded by a specific basement membrane interacting with astrocytes, neurons, and pericytes. The BBB plays an essential function in the maintenance of brain homeostasis, by providing a physical and chemical barrier against pathogens and xenobiotics. Although the disruption of the BBB occurs with several neurological disorders, the scarcity of patient material source and lack of reliability of current in vitro models hindered our ability to model the BBB during such neurological conditions. The development of novel in vitro models based on patient-derived stem cells opened new venues in modeling the human BBB in vitro, by being more accurate than existing in vitro models, but also bringing such models closer to the in vivo setting. In addition, patient-derived models of the BBB opens the avenue to address the contribution of genetic factors commonly associated with certain neurological diseases on the BBB pathophysiology. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the BBB, the current development of stem cell-based models in the field, the current challenges and limitations of such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyanne Page
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America
| | - Snehal Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America.
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Turk BR, Nemeth CL, Marx JS, Tiffany C, Jones R, Theisen B, Kambhampati S, Ramireddy R, Singh S, Rosen M, Kaufman ML, Murray CF, Watkins PA, Kannan S, Kannan R, Fatemi A. Dendrimer-N-acetyl-L-cysteine modulates monophagocytic response in adrenoleukodystrophy. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:452-462. [PMID: 30069915 PMCID: PMC6454885 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to mutations in the peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA transporter, ABCD1, with limited therapeutic options. ALD may manifest in a slowly progressive adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) phenotype, or switch to rapid inflammatory demyelinating cerebral disease (cALD), in which microglia have been shown to play a pathophysiological role. The aim of this study was to determine the role of patient phenotype in the immune response of ex vivo monophagocytic cells to stimulation, and to evaluate the efficacy of polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugated to the antioxidant precursor N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in modulating this immune response. METHODS Human monophagocytic cells were derived from fresh whole blood, from healthy (n = 4), heterozygote carrier (n = 4), AMN (n = 7), and cALD (n = 4) patients. Cells were exposed to very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs; C24:0 and C26:0) and treated with dendrimer-NAC (D-NAC). RESULTS Ex vivo exposure to VLCFAs significantly increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and glutamate secretion from cALD patient macrophages. Additionally, a significant reduction in total intracellular glutathione was observed in cALD patient cells. D-NAC treatment dose-dependently reduced TNFα and glutamate secretion and replenished total intracellular glutathione levels in cALD patient macrophages, more efficiently than NAC. Similarly, D-NAC treatment decreased glutamate secretion in AMN patient cells. INTERPRETATION ALD phenotypes display unique inflammatory profiles in response to VLCFA stimulation, and therefore ex vivo monophagocytic cells may provide a novel test bed for therapeutic agents. Based on our findings, D-NAC may be a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cALD. Ann Neurol 2018;84:452-462.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela R Turk
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Joel S Marx
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | - Carol Tiffany
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | - Richard Jones
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | | | - Siva Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine/Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute
| | - Raj Ramireddy
- Center for Nanomedicine/Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute
| | - Sarabdeep Singh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melissa Rosen
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | | | - Connor F Murray
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | - Paul A Watkins
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rangaramanujam Kannan
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Center for Nanomedicine/Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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15
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Gordon HB, Valdez L, Letsou A. Etiology and treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy: new insights from Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031286. [PMID: 29739804 PMCID: PMC6031365 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting brain white matter. The most common form of ALD is X-linked (X-ALD) and results from mutation of the ABCD1-encoded very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) transporter. X-ALD is clinically heterogeneous, with the cerebral form being the most severe. Diagnosed in boys usually between the ages of 4 and 8 years, cerebral X-ALD symptoms progress rapidly (in as little as 2 years) through declines in cognition, learning and behavior, to paralysis and ultimately to a vegetative state and death. Currently, there are no good treatments for X-ALD. Here, we exploit the Drosophila bubblegum (bgm) double bubble (dbb) model of neurometabolic disease to expand diagnostic power and therapeutic potential for ALD. We show that loss of the Drosophila long-/very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase genes bgm and/or dbb is indistinguishable from loss of the Drosophila ABC transporter gene ABCD Shared loss-of-function phenotypes for synthetase and transporter mutants point to a lipid metabolic pathway association with ALD-like neurodegenerative disease in Drosophila; a pathway association that has yet to be established in humans. We also show that manipulation of environment increases the severity of neurodegeneration in bgm and dbb mutant flies, adding even further to a suite of new candidate ALD disease-causing genes and pathways in humans. Finally, we show that it is a lack of lipid metabolic pathway product and not (as commonly thought) an accumulation of pathway precursor that is causative of neurometabolic disease: addition of medium-chain fatty acids to the diet of bgm or dbb mutant flies prevents the onset of neurodegeneration. Taken together, our data provide new foundations both for diagnosing ALD and for designing effective, mechanism-based treatment protocols.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Gordon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lourdes Valdez
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anthea Letsou
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Leferink PS, Heine VM. The Healthy and Diseased Microenvironments Regulate Oligodendrocyte Properties: Implications for Regenerative Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:39-52. [PMID: 29024633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
White matter disorders are characterized by deficient myelin or myelin loss, lead to a range of neurologic dysfunctions, and can result in early death. Oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for white matter formation, are the first targets for treatment. However, many studies indicate that failure of white matter repair goes beyond the intrinsic incapacity of oligodendrocytes to (re)generate myelin and that failed interactions with neighboring cells or factors in the diseased microenvironment can underlie white matter defects. Moreover, most of the white matter disorders show specific white matter pathology caused by different disease mechanisms. Herein, we review the factors within the cellular and the extracellular microenvironment regulating oligodendrocyte properties and discuss stem cell tools to identify microenvironmental factors of importance to the development of improved regenerative medicine for patients with white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S Leferink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Crompton LA, Cordero‐Llana O, Caldwell MA. Astrocytes in a dish: Using pluripotent stem cells to model neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:530-544. [PMID: 28585380 PMCID: PMC8028895 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience and Neurobiology have historically been neuron biased, yet up to 40% of the cells in the brain are astrocytes. These cells are heterogeneous and regionally diverse but universally essential for brain homeostasis. Astrocytes regulate synaptic transmission as part of the tripartite synapse, provide metabolic and neurotrophic support, recycle neurotransmitters, modulate blood flow and brain blood barrier permeability and are implicated in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Using pluripotent stem cells (PSC), it is now possible to study regionalised human astrocytes in a dish and to model their contribution to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The evidence challenging the traditional neuron-centric view of degeneration within the CNS is reviewed here, with focus on recent findings and disease phenotypes from human PSC-derived astrocytes. In addition we compare current protocols for the generation of regionalised astrocytes and how these can be further refined by our growing knowledge of neurodevelopment. We conclude by proposing a functional and phenotypical characterisation of PSC-derived astrocytic cultures that is critical for reproducible and robust disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A. Crompton
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences BldUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Oscar Cordero‐Llana
- Bristol Medical School, Medical Sciences BldUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Maeve A. Caldwell
- Trinity College Institute for NeuroscienceTrinity College Dublin 2Ireland
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GSNO promotes functional recovery in experimental TBI by stabilizing HIF-1α. Behav Brain Res 2016; 340:63-70. [PMID: 27780722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes sustained disability due to compromised neurorepair mechanisms. Crucial to neurorepair and functional recovery following both TBI and stroke is hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Based on reports that HIF-1α could be stabilized via S-nitrosylation, we tested the hypothesis that the S-nitrosylating agent S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) would stabilize HIF-1α, thereby stimulating neurorepair mechanisms and aiding in functional recovery. TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in adult rats. GSNO (0.05mg/kg) was administered at two hours after CCI. The treatment was repeated daily until the 14th day after CCI. Functional recovery was assessed by motor and cognitive functions, and the recovery was compared with the expression of HIF-1α. The mechanisms of GSNO-mediated S-nitrosylation of HIF-1α were determined using brain endothelial cells. While non-treated TBI animals showed sustained neurobehavioral deficits, GSNO treatment of TBI improved neurobehavioral functions. GSNO also increased the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF. The beneficial effects of GSNO on neurobehavioral functions in TBI animals were blocked by treatment with the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME). The stimulatory effect of GSNO on VEGF was reversed not only by 2-ME but also by the denitrosylating agent dithiothreitol, confirming our hypothesis that GSNO's benefits are mediated by the stabilization of HIF-1α via S-nitrosylation. GSNO's S-nitrosylation of HIF-1α was further confirmed using a biotin switch assay in endothelial cells. The data provide evidence that GSNO treatment of TBI aids functional recovery through stabilizing HIF-1α via S-nitrosylation. GSNO is a natural component of the human brain/body, and its exogenous administration has not shown adverse effects in humans. Therefore, the translational potential of GSNO therapy in TBI is high.
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Barral S, Kurian MA. Utility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Genetic Diseases: Focus on Childhood Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:78. [PMID: 27656126 PMCID: PMC5012159 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neurological disorders often presents with significant challenges due to the inaccessibility of human neuronal cells for further investigation. Advances in cellular reprogramming techniques, have however provided a new source of human cells for laboratory-based research. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can now be robustly differentiated into specific neural subtypes, including dopaminergic, inhibitory GABAergic, motorneurons and cortical neurons. These neurons can then be utilized for in vitro studies to elucidate molecular causes underpinning neurological disease. Although human iPSC-derived neuronal models are increasingly regarded as a useful tool in cell biology, there are a number of limitations, including the relatively early, fetal stage of differentiated cells and the mainly two dimensional, simple nature of the in vitro system. Furthermore, clonal variation is a well-described phenomenon in iPSC lines. In order to account for this, robust baseline data from multiple control lines is necessary to determine whether a particular gene defect leads to a specific cellular phenotype. Over the last few years patient-derived neural cells have proven very useful in addressing several mechanistic questions related to central nervous system diseases, including early-onset neurological disorders of childhood. Many studies report the clinical utility of human-derived neural cells for testing known drugs with repurposing potential, novel compounds and gene therapies, which then can be translated to clinical reality. iPSCs derived neural cells, therefore provide great promise and potential to gain insight into, and treat early-onset neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barral
- Neurogenetics Group, Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College London London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Neurogenetics Group, Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College LondonLondon, UK; Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street HospitalLondon, UK
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MicroRNA Profiling Identifies miR-196a as Differentially Expressed in Childhood Adrenoleukodystrophy and Adult Adrenomyeloneuropathy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1392-1403. [PMID: 26843114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, leading to a defect in the peroxisomal adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP), which inhibits the β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). It is a complex disease where the same mutation in the peroxisomal ABCD1 can lead to clinically diverse phenotypes ranging from the fatal disorder of cerebral ALD (cALD) to mild adult disorder of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). This suggests a role of epigenetic factors/modifier genes in disease progression of X-ALD which is not understood at present. To examine the possible role of microRNA (miRNA) in X-ALD disease mechanisms for differences in cALD and AMN phenotype, we profiled 1008 known miRNA in cALD, AMN, and normal human skin fibroblasts using miScript miRNA PCR array (Qiagen) and selected miRNAs which had differential expression in cALD and AMN fibroblasts. Eleven miRNA which were differentially regulated in cALD and AMN fibroblasts were identified. miR-196a showed a significant differential expression between cALD and AMN and is further characterized for target gene regulation. The predicted role of miR-196a in inhibition of inflammatory signaling factors (IKKα and IKKβ) and ELOVL1 expression suggests the pathological role of altered expression of miR-196a. This study indicates that miR-196a participated in differential regulation of ELOVL1 and inflammatory response between cALD as compared to AMN and may be a possible biomarker to differentiate between cALD and AMN.
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