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Ayoubipour S, Sho'ouri N. A Comparative Investigation of Wavelet Families for Classification of EOG Signals Related to Healthy and ADHD Children. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:11-21. [PMID: 37605610 DOI: 10.1177/15500594231192817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous research, there are differences between eye movements of people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and of healthy people, as a result, the existence of differences regarding the electrooculogram (EOG) signals of the 2 groups exists. Thus, this study aimed to examine the recorded EOG signals of 30 ADHD children and 30 healthy children while performing an attention-related task. For this purpose, the EOG signals of these 2 groups were decomposed utilizing various wavelet functions. Afterward, features, including mean, energy, and standard deviation (SD) of approximation and detail wavelet coefficients were calculated. The Davies-Bouldin (DB) index was used for the evaluation of the feature space quality. Finally, the 2 groups were classified using one-dimensional feature vector and support vector machine (SVM). The SD of detail coefficients (db4) was selected as the most effective feature for separating the 2 groups. Statistical analysis revealed that the values of energy and SD of EOG signals' detail coefficients were significantly lower in the ADHD group in comparison with the healthy group (P<.001). These results showed that the speed of the ADHD group's eye movements was slower due to the fact that the high-frequency band activity of EOG signals in the healthy group was higher. In addition, the EOG signals were classified with a detection accuracy of 83.42 ± 3.8%. The results of this study can be applied in designing an EOG biofeedback protocol to treat or mitigate the symptoms of ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ayoubipour
- Department of Technology and Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sho'ouri
- Department of Technology and Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Wu Y, Xiong L, Wang Y, Chen Q, Li F, Zhang W, Liu L. Frequencies and patterns of symptoms in Chinese adults with accommodative and binocular dysfunctions. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2961-2970. [PMID: 36757504 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have found that children with convergence insufficiency experience higher frequencies of performance-related symptoms (e.g., losing concentration), but data on performance-related symptoms among adults with accommodative dysfunctions (ADs) and/or binocular dysfunctions (BDs) are lacking, which might cause misdiagnosis, diagnostic confusion, or exacerbation of attention deficits. We aimed to describe frequencies and symptom patterns in adults with ADs and/or BDs who were treated at optometric clinics and explore any correlations between visual symptoms and clinical findings. METHODS This cross-sectional study divided 235 participants (age: 23.7 ± 2.9 years) into three groups: ADs, BDs, and normal binocular vision (NBV) groups. Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS), refractive examinations, and binocular tests were administered to all participants. After 1-to-1 propensity score matching, outcomes were assessed using Mann‒Whitney U test and Pearson's correlation analysis among three groups. RESULTS In this sample, the number (frequency) of individuals with ADs and/or BDs was 117 (49.8%). ADs and BDs groups experienced significantly more performance-related symptoms (feeling sleepy, losing concentration, trouble remembering, reading slowly, losing place, and having to re-read; all P < 0.05) than the NBV group. Significant correlations were observed between performance-related symptoms and clinical findings, including accommodative amplitude (r = - 0.294), accommodative facility (r = - 0.452), near phoria (r = - 0.261), near point of convergence (r = 0.482), and positive fusional vergence (r = - 0.331) (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION ADs and/or BDs are commonly present in adults treated at optometric clinics, and adults diagnosed with ADs and/or BDs exhibit more performance-related symptoms than participants with NBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Clinical Research Management, Center of Biostatistics, Design, Measurement and Evaluation, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Vinuela-Navarro V, Goset J, Aldaba M, Mestre C, Rovira-Gay C, Cano N, Ariza M, Delàs B, Garolera M, Vilaseca M. Eye movements in patients with post-COVID condition. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3936-3949. [PMID: 37799689 PMCID: PMC10549724 DOI: 10.1364/boe.489037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Eye movement control is impaired in some neurological conditions, but the impact of COVID-19 on eye movements remains unknown. This study aims to investigate differences in oculomotor function and pupil response in individuals who suffer post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) with cognitive deficits. Saccades, smooth pursuit, fixation, vergence and pupillary response were recorded using an eye tracker. Eye movements and pupil response parameters were computed. Data from 16 controls, 38 COVID mild (home recovery) and 19 COVID severe (hospital admission) participants were analyzed. Saccadic latencies were shorter in controls (183 ± 54 ms) than in COVID mild (236 ± 83 ms) and COVID severe (227 ± 42 ms) participants (p = 0.017). Fixation stability was poorer in COVID mild participants (Bivariate Contour Ellipse Area of 0.80 ± 1.61°2 vs 0.36 ± 0.65 °2 for controls, p = 0.019), while percentage of pupil area reduction/enlargement was reduced in COVID severe participants (39.7 ± 12.7%/31.6 ± 12.7% compared to 51.7 ± 22.0%/49.1 ± 20.7% in controls, p < 0.015). The characteristics of oculomotor alterations found in PCC may be useful to understand different pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valldeflors Vinuela-Navarro
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development,
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa 08222 (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Joan Goset
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development,
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa 08222 (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Mikel Aldaba
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development,
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa 08222 (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Clara Mestre
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development,
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa 08222 (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Cristina Rovira-Gay
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development,
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa 08222 (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Neus Cano
- Clinical Research Group for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (CST), Terrassa, Spain
- Department de Ciències Bàsiques. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mar Ariza
- Clinical Research Group for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (CST), Terrassa, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Delàs
- Servei d’Oftalmologia. Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (CST), Terrassa, Spain
| | - Maite Garolera
- Clinical Research Group for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (CST), Terrassa, Spain
- Neuropsychology Unit, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (CST), Terrassa, Spain
| | - Meritxell Vilaseca
- Center for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development,
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 10, Terrassa 08222 (Barcelona), Spain
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Zhang-James Y, Razavi AS, Hoogman M, Franke B, Faraone SV. Machine Learning and MRI-based Diagnostic Models for ADHD: Are We There Yet? J Atten Disord 2023; 27:335-353. [PMID: 36651494 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221146256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Machine learning (ML) has been applied to develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based diagnostic classifiers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This systematic review examines this literature to clarify its clinical significance and to assess the implications of the various analytic methods applied. METHODS A comprehensive literature search on MRI-based diagnostic classifiers for ADHD was performed and data regarding the utilized models and samples were gathered. RESULTS We found that, although most studies reported the classification accuracies, they varied in choice of MRI modalities, ML models, cross-validation and testing methods, and sample sizes. We found that the accuracies of cross-validation methods inflated the performance estimation compared with those of a held-out test, compromising the model generalizability. Test accuracies have increased with publication year but were not associated with training sample sizes. Improved test accuracy over time was likely due to the use of better ML methods along with strategies to deal with data imbalances. CONCLUSION Ultimately, large multi-modal imaging datasets, and potentially the combination with other types of data, like cognitive data and/or genetics, will be essential to achieve the goal of developing clinically useful imaging classification tools for ADHD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martine Hoogman
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Coubard OA. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder disrupts selective mechanisms of action. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 140:145-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shoouri N. Detection of ADHD from EOG signals using approximate entropy and petrosain's fractal dimension. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2022; 12:254-262. [PMID: 36120401 PMCID: PMC9480511 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_119_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown that eye movements are different in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy people. As a result, electrooculogram (EOG) signals may also differ between the two groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the recorded EOG signals of 30 ADHD children and 30 healthy children (control group) while performing an attention-related task. Methods: Two features of approximate entropy (ApEn) and Petrosian's fractal dimension (Pet's FD) of EOG signals were calculated for the two groups. Then, the two groups were classified using the vector derived from two features and two support vector machine (SVM) and neural gas (NG) classifiers. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the values of both features were significantly lower in the ADHD group compared to the control group. Moreover, the SVM classifier (accuracy: 84.6% ± 4.4%, sensitivity: 85.2% ± 4.9%, specificity: 78.8% ± 6.5%) was more successful in separating the two groups than the NG (78.1% ± 1.1%, sensitivity: 80.1% ± 6.2%, specificity: 72.2% ± 9.2%). Conclusion: The decrease in ApEn and Pet's FD values in the EOG signals of the ADHD group showed that their eye movements were slower than the control group and this difference was due to their attention deficit. The results of this study can be used to design an EOG biofeedback training course to reduce the symptoms of ADHD patients.
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Cervantes-Henriquez ML, Acosta-López JE, Ahmad M, Sánchez-Rojas M, Jiménez-Figueroa G, Pineda-Alhucema W, Martinez-Banfi ML, Noguera-Machacón LM, Mejía-Segura E, De La Hoz M, Arcos-Holzinger M, Pineda DA, Puentes-Rozo PJ, Arcos-Burgos M, Vélez JI. ADGRL3, FGF1 and DRD4: Linkage and Association with Working Memory and Perceptual Organization Candidate Endophenotypes in ADHD. Brain Sci 2021; 11:854. [PMID: 34206913 PMCID: PMC8301925 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurobehavioral disorder that affects children worldwide, with detrimental long-term consequences in affected individuals. ADHD-affected patients display visual-motor and visuospatial abilities and skills that depart from those exhibited by non-affected individuals and struggle with perceptual organization, which might partially explain impulsive responses. Endophenotypes (quantifiable or dimensional constructs that are closely related to the root cause of the disease) might provide a more powerful and objective framework for dissecting the underlying neurobiology of ADHD than that of categories offered by the syndromic classification. In here, we explore the potential presence of the linkage and association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), harbored in genes implicated in the etiology of ADHD (ADGRL3, DRD4, and FGF1), with cognitive endophenotypes related to working memory and perceptual organization in 113 nuclear families. These families were ascertained from a geographical area of the Caribbean coast, in the north of Colombia, where the community is characterized by its ethnic diversity and differential gene pool. We found a significant association and linkage of markers ADGRL3-rs1565902, DRD4-rs916457 and FGF1-rs2282794 to neuropsychological tasks outlining working memory and perceptual organization such as performance in the digits forward and backward, arithmetic, similarities, the completion of figures and the assembly of objects. Our results provide strong support to understand ADHD as a combination of working memory and perceptual organization deficits and highlight the importance of the genetic background shaping the neurobiology, clinical complexity, and physiopathology of ADHD. Further, this study supplements new information regarding an ethnically diverse community with a vast African American contribution, where ADHD studies are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L. Cervantes-Henriquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Johan E. Acosta-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Mostapha Ahmad
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Giomar Jiménez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Martha L. Martinez-Banfi
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Luz M. Noguera-Machacón
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Elsy Mejía-Segura
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Moisés De La Hoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Holzinger
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Mxdicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.-H.); (M.A.-B.)
| | - David A. Pineda
- Grupo de Neuropsicología y Conducta, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia;
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Mxdicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.-H.); (M.A.-B.)
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EOG biofeedback protocol based on selecting distinctive features to treat or reduce ADHD symptoms. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Molina R, Redondo B, Molina-Carballo A, García JA, Muñoz-Hoyos A, Vera J, Jiménez R. Capturing attention improves accommodation: An experimental study in children with ADHD using multiple object tracking. Vision Res 2021; 186:52-58. [PMID: 34051609 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at assessing the impact of manipulating the attentional load using a multiple object tracking (MOT) task on the dynamics of the accommodative response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The pupil size was recorded to assess the effectiveness of the experimental manipulation, and the role of ADHD medication was also explored. The accommodative and pupil dynamics (magnitude and variability) were monitored with an open-field autorefractometer (WAM-5500) in 41 children with ADHD (24 non-medicated and 17 medicated) and 21 non-ADHD controls, while they performed the MOT task with four different levels of complexity (i.e., tracking zero, one, two, or three targets). We found that increasing the attentional load caused a heightened accommodative response, showing a negative association between MOT complexity and accommodative lag in children with ADHD and non-ADHD controls. Complementarily, the pupil size increased as a function of task complexity, confirming a successful experimental manipulation. The stability of accommodation was insensitive to the attentional manipulation, but it differed between groups. Specifically, non-medicated children with ADHD exhibited a greater variability of accommodation in comparison to controls. Increasing the attentional load is associated with a reduction in the accommodative lag in children with ADHD and controls. Our findings show that the allocation of attention plays an important role in the dynamics of the accommodative response, which may be of relevance in the diagnosis and treatment of accommodative deficits in children with and without ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Molina
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio Molina-Carballo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Neuropediatric and Neurodevelopment Unit of Clinico San Cecilio University Hospital, Spain
| | - José Antonio García
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Hoyos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Neuropediatric and Neurodevelopment Unit of Clinico San Cecilio University Hospital, Spain
| | - Jesús Vera
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Vergence eye movements during figure-ground perception. Conscious Cogn 2021; 92:103138. [PMID: 34022640 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Figure-ground, that is the segmentation of visual information into objects and their surrounding backgrounds, provides structure for visual attention. Recent evidence shows a novel role of vergence eye movements in visual attention. In the present work, vergence responses during figure-ground segregation tasks are psychophysically investigated. We show that during a figure-ground detection task, subjects convergence their eyes. Vergence eye movements are larger in figure trials than in ground trials. In detected figures trials, vergence are stronger than in trials where the figure went unnoticed. Moreover in figure trials, vergence responses are stronger to low-contrast figures than to high-contrast figures. We argue that these discriminative vergence responses have a role in figure-ground.
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Accommodative response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the influence of accommodation stimulus and medication. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:1299-1307. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Jiménez EC, Romeo A, Pérez Zapata L, Solé Puig M, Bustos-Valenzuela P, Cañete J, Varela Casal P, Supèr H. Eye vergence responses in children with and without reading difficulties during a word detection task. Vision Res 2020; 169:6-11. [PMID: 32143068 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vergence eye movements are movements of both eyes in opposite directions. Vergence is known to have a role in binocular vision. However recent studies link vergence eye movements also to attention and attention disorders. As attention may be involved in dyslexia, it is sensible to guess that the presence of reading difficulties can be associated with specific patterns in vergence responses. Data from school children performing a word-reading task have been analysed. In the task, children had to distinguish words from non-words (scrambled words or row of X's), while their eye positions were recorded. Our findings show that after stimulus presentation eyes briefly converge. These vergence responses depend on the stimulus type and age of the child, and are different for children with reading difficulties. Our findings support the idea of a role of attention in word reading and offer an explanation of altered attention in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carolina Jiménez
- Dept. of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona (UBNeuro), Barcelona, Spain; University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - August Romeo
- Dept. of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Braingaze SL, Mataró, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez Zapata
- Projecte UBinding, Unitat de Trastorns del Desenvolupament. Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Josep Finestres, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Solé Puig
- Dept. of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José Cañete
- Departamento de Psiquiatría del Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain
| | - Paloma Varela Casal
- Departamento de Psiquiatría del Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain; Dept of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Supèr
- Dept. of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona (UBNeuro), Barcelona, Spain; Braingaze SL, Mataró, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Varela Casal P, Lorena Esposito F, Morata Martínez I, Capdevila A, Solé Puig M, de la Osa N, Ezpeleta L, Perera I Lluna A, Faraone SV, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Supèr H, Cañete J. Clinical Validation of Eye Vergence as an Objective Marker for Diagnosis of ADHD in Children. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:599-614. [PMID: 29357741 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717749931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD youth show poor oculomotor control. Recent research shows that attention-related eye vergence is weak in ADHD children. METHOD To validate vergence as a marker to classify ADHD, we assessed the modulation in the angle of vergence of children ( n = 43) previously diagnosed with ADHD while performing an attention task and compared the results with age-matched clinical controls ( n = 19) and healthy peers ( n = 30). RESULTS We observed strong vergence responses in healthy participants and weak vergence in the clinical controls. ADHD children showed no significant vergence responses. Machine-learning models classified ADHD patients ( n = 21) from healthy controls ( n = 21) with an accuracy of 96.3% (false positive [FP]: 5.12%; false negative [FN]: 0%; area under the curve [AUC]: 0.99) and ADHD children ( n = 11) from clinical controls ( n = 14) with an accuracy of 85.7% (FP: 4.5%; FN: 19.2%, AUC: 0.90). CONCLUSION In combination with an attention task, vergence responses can be used as an objective marker to detect ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Varela Casal
- 1 Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Alba Capdevila
- 1 Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Núria de la Osa
- 6 Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salud, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ezpeleta
- 6 Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salud, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,8 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,9 Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Supèr
- 3 University of Barcelona, Spain.,4 Braingaze SL, Mataró, Spain.,10 Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain ( www.ir3c.ub.edu ).,12 Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Cañete
- 1 Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Esposito FL, Supèr H. Eye vergence responses to novel and familiar stimuli in young children. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 193:190-196. [PMID: 30654274 PMCID: PMC6365649 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye vergence is the slow movement of both eyes in opposite directions enabling binocular vision. Recently, it was suggested that vergence could be involved in orienting visual attention and memory having a role in cognitive processing of sensory information. In the present study, we assessed whether such vergence responses are observed in early childhood. We measured eye vergence responses in 43 children (12-37 months of age) while looking at novel and repeated object images. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that visual attention and Visual Short-Term Memory (VSMT) would be evidenced by differential vergence responses for both experimental conditions, i.e. repeated (familiar) vs. novel items. The results show that attention related vergence is present in early childhood and that responses to repeated images differ from the ones to novel items. Our current findings suggest that vergence mechanisms could be linking visual attention with short-term memory recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia L Esposito
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Supèr
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Braingaze SL, Mataró, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Hooge ITC, Hessels RS, Nyström M. Do pupil-based binocular video eye trackers reliably measure vergence? Vision Res 2019; 156:1-9. [PMID: 30641092 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A binocular eye tracker needs to be accurate to enable the determination of vergence, distance to the binocular fixation point and fixation disparity. These measures are useful in e.g. the research fields of visual perception, binocular control in reading and attention in 3D. Are binocular pupil-based video eye trackers accurate enough to produce meaningful binocular measures? Recent research revealed potentially large idiosyncratic systematic errors due to pupil-size changes. With a top of the line eye tracker (SR Research EyeLink 1000 plus), we investigated whether the pupil-size artefact in the separate eyes may cause the eye tracker to report apparent vergence when the eyeballs do not rotate. Participants were asked to fixate a target at a distance of 77 cm for 160 s. We evoked pupil-size changes by varying the light intensity. With increasing pupil size, horizontal vergence reported by the eye tracker decreased in most subjects, up to two degrees. However, this was not due to a rotation of the eyeballs, as identified from the absence of systematic movement in the corneal reflection (CR) signals. From this, we conclude that binocular pupil-CR or pupil-only video eye trackers using the dark pupil technique are not accurate enough to be used to determine vergence, distance to the binocular fixation point and fixation disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignace T C Hooge
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy S Hessels
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, and Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children exhibit an impaired accommodative response. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:1023-1030. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-3948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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17
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Leroy A, Petit G, Zarka D, Cebolla A, Palmero-Soler E, Strul J, Dan B, Verbanck P, Cheron G. EEG Dynamics and Neural Generators in Implicit Navigational Image Processing in Adults with ADHD. Neuroscience 2018; 373:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Abstract
In line with a possible role of vergence in orienting visual attention, we sought to study this eye movement in young children to provide insights on face perception. For this purpose, we measured the modulation in the angle of eye vergence in a sample of 39 children aged 6-36 months and compared it when presenting static human face images versus their scrambled version. We observed enhanced vergence responses to faces compared with scrambled images. Our data suggest a role of eye vergence in face processing.
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Walcher S, Körner C, Benedek M. Data on eye behavior during idea generation and letter-by-letter reading. Data Brief 2017; 15:18-24. [PMID: 28971118 PMCID: PMC5609873 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article includes the description of data information from an idea generation task (alternate uses task, (Guilford, 1967) [1]) and a letter-by-letter reading task under two background brightness conditions with healthy adults as well as a baseline measurement and questionnaire data (SIPI (Huba et al., 1981) [2]; DDFS (Singer and Antrobus, 1972) [3], 1963; RIBS (Runco et al., 2001) [4]). Data are hosted at the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/fh66g/ (Walcher et al., 2017) [5]. There you will find eye tracking data, task performance data, questionnaires data, analyses scripts (in R, R Core Team, 2017 [6]), eye tracking paradigms (in the Experiment Builder (SR Research Ltd., [7]) and graphs on pupil and angle of eye vergence dynamics. Data are interpreted and discussed in the article 'Looking for ideas: Eye behavior during goal-directed internally focused cognition' (Walcher et al., 2017) [8].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Walcher
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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20
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Looking for ideas: Eye behavior during goal-directed internally focused cognition. Conscious Cogn 2017; 53:165-175. [PMID: 28689088 PMCID: PMC5704896 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans have a highly developed visual system, yet we spend a high proportion of our time awake ignoring the visual world and attending to our own thoughts. The present study examined eye movement characteristics of goal-directed internally focused cognition. Deliberate internally focused cognition was induced by an idea generation task. A letter-by-letter reading task served as external task. Idea generation (vs. reading) was associated with more and longer blinks and fewer microsaccades indicating an attenuation of visual input. Idea generation was further associated with more and shorter fixations, more saccades and saccades with higher amplitudes as well as heightened stimulus-independent variation of eye vergence. The latter results suggest a coupling of eye behavior to internally generated information and associated cognitive processes, i.e. searching for ideas. Our results support eye behavior patterns as indicators of goal-directed internally focused cognition through mechanisms of attenuation of visual input and coupling of eye behavior to internally generated information.
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Abstract
In a previous report it was shown that covertly attending visual stimuli produce small convergence of the eyes, and that visual stimuli can give rise to different modulations of the angle of eye vergence, depending on their power to capture attention. Working memory is highly dependent on attention. Therefore, in this study we assessed vergence responses in a memory task. Participants scanned a set of 8 or 12 images for 10 s, and thereafter were presented with a series of single images. One half were repeat images - that is, they belonged to the initial set - and the other half were novel images. Participants were asked to indicate whether or not the images were included in the initial image set. We observed that eyes converge during scanning the set of images and during the presentation of the single images. The convergence was stronger for remembered images compared with the vergence for nonremembered images. Modulation in pupil size did not correspond to behavioural responses. The correspondence between vergence and coding/retrieval processes of memory strengthen the idea of a role for vergence in attention processing of visual information.
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Sole Puig M, Pallarés JM, Perez Zapata L, Puigcerver L, Cañete J, Supèr H. Attentional Selection Accompanied by Eye Vergence as Revealed by Event-Related Brain Potentials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167646. [PMID: 27973591 PMCID: PMC5156422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural mechanisms of attention allow selective sensory information processing. Top-down deployment of visual-spatial attention is conveyed by cortical feedback connections from frontal regions to lower sensory areas modulating late stimulus responses. A recent study reported the occurrence of small eye vergence during orienting top-down attention. Here we assessed a possible link between vergence and attention by comparing visual event related potentials (vERPs) to a cue stimulus that induced attention to shift towards the target location to the vERPs to a no-cue stimulus that did not trigger orienting attention. The results replicate the findings of eye vergence responses during orienting attention and show that the strength and time of eye vergence coincide with the onset and strength of the vERPs when subjects oriented attention. Our findings therefore support the idea that eye vergence relates to and possibly has a role in attentional selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sole Puig
- Dept of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marco Pallarés
- Dept of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Inst, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Research Inst, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Perez Zapata
- Dept of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Puigcerver
- Pediatric Research Inst, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Cañete
- Mental Health Dept, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataro, Spain
| | - Hans Supèr
- Dept of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Inst, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Research Inst, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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