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Neyret M, Le Provost G, Boesing AL, Schneider FD, Baulechner D, Bergmann J, de Vries FT, Fiore-Donno AM, Geisen S, Goldmann K, Merges A, Saifutdinov RA, Simons NK, Tobias JA, Zaitsev AS, Gossner MM, Jung K, Kandeler E, Krauss J, Penone C, Schloter M, Schulz S, Staab M, Wolters V, Apostolakis A, Birkhofer K, Boch S, Boeddinghaus RS, Bolliger R, Bonkowski M, Buscot F, Dumack K, Fischer M, Gan HY, Heinze J, Hölzel N, John K, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Marhan S, Müller J, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schenk NV, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Seibold S, Socher SA, Solly EF, Teuscher M, van Kleunen M, Wubet T, Manning P. A slow-fast trait continuum at the whole community level in relation to land-use intensification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1251. [PMID: 38341437 PMCID: PMC10858939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Organismal functional strategies form a continuum from slow- to fast-growing organisms, in response to common drivers such as resource availability and disturbance. However, whether there is synchronisation of these strategies at the entire community level is unclear. Here, we combine trait data for >2800 above- and belowground taxa from 14 trophic guilds spanning a disturbance and resource availability gradient in German grasslands. The results indicate that most guilds consistently respond to these drivers through both direct and trophically mediated effects, resulting in a 'slow-fast' axis at the level of the entire community. Using 15 indicators of carbon and nutrient fluxes, biomass production and decomposition, we also show that fast trait communities are associated with faster rates of ecosystem functioning. These findings demonstrate that 'slow' and 'fast' strategies can be manifested at the level of whole communities, opening new avenues of ecosystem-level functional classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Neyret
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | - Florian D Schneider
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
- ISOE - Institute for social-ecological research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dennis Baulechner
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joana Bergmann
- Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Soil Ecology Department, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Anna Merges
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ruslan A Saifutdinov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadja K Simons
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Applied Biodiversity Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Andrey S Zaitsev
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Institut of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ellen Kandeler
- Department of Soil Biology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Penone
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schloter
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schulz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volkmar Wolters
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antonios Apostolakis
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Steffen Boch
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Runa S Boeddinghaus
- Department of Soil Biology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department Plant Production and Production Related Environmental Protection, Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg (LTZ), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Bolliger
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Soil Ecology Department, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena-, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kenneth Dumack
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huei Ying Gan
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironments Tübingen (SHEP), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Heinze
- Department of Biodiversity, Heinz Sielmann Foundation, Wustermark, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina John
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Forage Production and Grassland Systems, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Marhan
- Department of Soil Biology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Department of Nature Conservation, Heinz Sielmann Foundation, Wustermark, Germany
| | - Swen C Renner
- Ornithology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Autria, Germany
| | | | - Noëlle V Schenk
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Schöning
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Marion Schrumpf
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
- TUD Dresden University of Technology, Forest Zoology, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Stephanie A Socher
- Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Department Environment and Biodiversity, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Emily F Solly
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Computation Hydrosystems Department, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Miriam Teuscher
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena-, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Community Ecology Department, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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2
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Maksimovich KY, Dudko RY, Shatalova EI, Tsakalof AK, Tsatsakis AM, Golokhvast KS, Novikov EA. Species composition and ecological structure of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities as biological indicators of the agro-environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116030. [PMID: 37142080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of crop cultivation can have detrimental environmental consequences that however can be prevented by monitoring of the specific biological indicators sensitive to changes in the ambient environment. In this study the impact of crop type (spring wheat and corn) and cultivation intensity on the community of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was investigated. A total of 39 species from 15 genera were collected. Ground beetles' community was characterized by a high evenness of species distribution across the agroecosystems. The average Jaccard's similarity index for species presence/absence was 65%, and for abundance it was 54%. The significant difference in the distribution of predatory and mixophytophages ground beetles in wheat crops (U test, P < 0.05) can be justified by the constant suppression of the weed component and the use of insecticides that lead to the dominance of the predators. Fauna of wheat crops was more diverse than that in corn (Margalef index, U test, P < 0.05). No significant differences in biological diversity indexes, except for the Simpson dominance index (U test, P < 0.05, wheat), were found in ground beetle communities in crops at different levels of intensification. A certain differentiation of predatory species was caused by the selective occurrence of the litter-soil species, especially abundant in the row-crop. The specificity of the ground beetle community of corn crops may have been caused by repeated inter-row tillage, which influenced the increase in porosity and topsoil relief and contributed to the creation of favorable microclimatic conditions. In general, the applied level of agrotechnological intensification had no significant effect on the species composition and ecological structure of beetle communities in agrolandscapes. The use of bioindicators made it possible to assess the environmental sustainability of the agricultural environment and also creates the prerequisites for the development of ecologically directed correction of agrotechnological operations in agroecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yu Maksimovich
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 267, Krasnoobsk, 630501, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 160, Dobrolyubov Str., Novosibirsk, 630039, Russia.
| | - R Yu Dudko
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11, Frunze Str., Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
| | - E I Shatalova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 267, Krasnoobsk, 630501, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 160, Dobrolyubov Str., Novosibirsk, 630039, Russia
| | - A K Tsakalof
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - A M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - K S Golokhvast
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 267, Krasnoobsk, 630501, Russia
| | - E A Novikov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11, Frunze Str., Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 160, Dobrolyubov Str., Novosibirsk, 630039, Russia
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Makwela MM, Slotow R, Munyai TC. Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera) as Indicators of Sustainability in Agroecosystems: A Systematic Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 15:3936. [PMID: 37680852 PMCID: PMC7615042 DOI: 10.3390/su15053936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The sustainability of agroecosystems is at risk owing to continuous anthropogenic disturbance. As such, there is a need to evaluate indicator taxa that may be used to monitor the health of agricultural management systems. Carabid beetles are ubiquitous and functionally crucial in agroecosystems while at the same time are sensitive to the changes caused by management practices. Their quick response to anthropogenic disturbances has been proposed as a practical and realistic tool for monitoring the sustainability of agricultural practices. However, there is still disagreement about carabids as possible indicators of agroecosystem sustainability. We conducted a systematic review of the responses of carabid beetles to agricultural systems in different biogeographical areas. We examined whether these beetles could serve as potential indicators of agroecosystem sustainability. The ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used to search for papers published from 2000-2019. In total, we included 69 studies indicating the use of carabids to monitor the impact of management practices in agroecosystems. Most studies were conducted in European countries (n = 37), while Southern Africa and East Asia countries were significantly under-represented (n = 10). Carabid beetle response to agroecosystems varied between management practices, with biodiversity indices (n = 41: positive 60%, negative 19%, and neutral 19%) being the most measured response variable, followed by functional diversity (n = 28: positive 67%, negative 25%, and neutral 7%). Overall, our findings highlight the need for more research in underdeveloped countries, to investigate the potential of overlooked carabids and include response variables measuring functional diversity in assessing the sustainability of agricultural management. This will assist policy makers and land managers in making active and informed decisions about agroecological disturbances and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Makwela
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Rob Slotow
- Oppenheimer Fellow in Functional Biodiversity, Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Thinandavha C. Munyai
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Responses of selected beetle families (Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae) to non-crop habitats in an agricultural landscape. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAgricultural intensification has caused a simplification of agricultural landscapes, accompanied by increasing field sizes and a reduction of non-crop habitats. To mitigate negative impacts of intensification, it is necessary to understand to what extent different non-crop habitats contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Here, we compared the taxonomic diversity of three beetle families among four habitat types—wheat fields, grassy field margins, wildflower-sown areas under power poles, and permanent grassland fallows, in an agricultural landscape in western Germany. Carabidae were caught by pitfall trapping, Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae by suction sampling. We found surprisingly little variation among habitat types, though the rarefied species number tended to be higher in grassland fallows and field margins than under power poles and in wheat fields. Nevertheless, species assemblages differed substantially among habitat types. In Carabidae, grassland fallows were dominated by hygrophilous species with poor dispersal ability as opposed to all other habitat types being dominated by open landscape species with high dispersal ability. In Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae, power pole islands differed from the other habitat types with predominantly open landscape species, whereas wheat fields and grassland fallows were clearly dominated by eurytopic species. Our results thus highlight the need for a combination of different conservation measures for enhancing the functional diversity of beetle assemblages.
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Kapembeza C, Mhlanga L, Sithole R, Kativu S. Variation in ground insect diversity, composition and abundance across land use types in an African savanna, Zimbabwe. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Perez‐Alvarez R, Grab H, Polyakov A, Poveda K. Landscape composition mediates the relationship between predator body size and pest control. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02365. [PMID: 33938606 PMCID: PMC8459275 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms contributing to positive relationships between predator diversity and natural pest control is fundamental to inform more effective management practices to support sustainable crop production. Predator body size can provide important insights to better understand and predict such predator-pest interactions. Yet, most studies exploring the link between predator body size and pest control have been conducted in species-poor communities under controlled environmental conditions, limiting our ability to generalize this relationship across heterogeneous landscapes. Using the community of naturally occurring ground beetles in cabbage fields, we examined how landscape composition (percent cropland) influences the size structure (mean, variance, and skewness of body size distribution) of predator communities and the subsequent effects on pest control. We found that predator communities shifted their size distribution toward larger body sizes in agriculturally dominated landscapes. This pattern arose from increasing numerical dominance of a few large-bodied species rather than an aggregated response across the community. Such landscape-driven changes in community size structure led to concomitant impacts on pest control, as the mean body size of predators was positively related to predation rates. Notably, the magnitude of pest control depended not only on the size of the dominant predators but was also strongly determined by the relative proportion of small vs. large-bodied species (i.e., skewness). Predation rates were higher in predator assemblages with even representation of small and large-bodied species relative to communities dominated by either large or small-bodied predators. Landscape composition may therefore modulate the relationship between predator body size and pest control by influencing the body size distribution of co-occurring species. Our study highlights the need to consider agricultural practices that not only boost effective predators, but also sustain a predator assemblage with a diverse set of traits to maximize overall pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Perez‐Alvarez
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
- Zoological BiodiversityInstitute of GeobotanyLeibniz University of HannoverHannover30167Germany
| | - Heather Grab
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Anthony Polyakov
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
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Aguilera G, Riggi L, Miller K, Roslin T, Bommarco R. Organic fertilisation enhances generalist predators and suppresses aphid growth in the absence of specialist predators. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Aguilera
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Laura Riggi
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kirsten Miller
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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Chan KMA, Satterfield T. The maturation of ecosystem services: Social and policy research expands, but whither biophysically informed valuation? PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Depalo L, Burgio G, Magagnoli S, Sommaggio D, Montemurro F, Canali S, Masetti A. Influence of Cover Crop Termination on Ground Dwelling Arthropods in Organic Vegetable Systems. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070445. [PMID: 32679696 PMCID: PMC7412336 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect in cover crop management is termination before the cash crop is planted. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of termination methods on ground-dwelling arthropods. The conventional mechanical termination method-i.e., green manuring by means of a disc harrow-was compared to flattening using a roller crimper. Two different crop systems were investigated for two growing seasons; cauliflower was grown in autumn after the termination of a mixture of cowpea, pearl millet, and radish, and tomato was cropped in spring and summer after the termination of a mixture of barley and vetch. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and spiders (Araneae) were sampled by means of standard pitfall traps throughout the growing season of both cash crops. The roller crimper increased the overall abundance of ground beetles in the first growing season of both cash crops, whereas in the second year, no significant effect could be detected. Rove beetles were more abundant in plots where the cover crops were terminated by the roller crimper. Finally, green manuring increased the abundance of spiders, especially on the first sampling date after cover crop termination. Albeit different taxa showed different responses, the termination of cover crops by a roller crimper generally increased the abundance of ground dwelling arthropods. Given that most of the sampled species were generalist predators, their increased abundance could possibly improve biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Depalo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (L.D.); (G.B.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Giovanni Burgio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (L.D.); (G.B.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Serena Magagnoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (L.D.); (G.B.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniele Sommaggio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (L.D.); (G.B.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Francesco Montemurro
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, CREA, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefano Canali
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via della Navicella, 2-4, 00184 Roma (RM), Italy;
| | - Antonio Masetti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (L.D.); (G.B.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-6286
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Sow A, Haran J, Benoit L, Galan M, Brévault T. DNA Metabarcoding as a Tool for Disentangling Food Webs in Agroecosystems. INSECTS 2020; 11:E294. [PMID: 32403224 PMCID: PMC7290477 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Better knowledge of food webs and related ecological processes is fundamental to understanding the functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems. This is particularly true for pest regulation by natural enemies in agroecosystems. However, it is generally difficult to decipher the impact of predators, as they often leave no direct evidence of their activity. Metabarcoding via high-throughput sequencing (HTS) offers new opportunities for unraveling trophic linkages between generalist predators and their prey, and ultimately identifying key ecological drivers of natural pest regulation. Here, this approach proved effective in deciphering the diet composition of key predatory arthropods (nine species.; 27 prey taxa), insectivorous birds (one species, 13 prey taxa) and bats (one species; 103 prey taxa) sampled in a millet-based agroecosystem in Senegal. Such information makes it possible to identify the diet breadth and preferences of predators (e.g., mainly moths for bats), to design a qualitative trophic network, and to identify patterns of intraguild predation across arthropod predators, insectivorous vertebrates and parasitoids. Appropriateness and limitations of the proposed molecular-based approach for assessing the diet of crop pest predators and trophic linkages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadou Sow
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Julien Haran
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.H.); (L.B.)
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, F-34988 Montpellier, France;
| | - Laure Benoit
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.H.); (L.B.)
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, F-34988 Montpellier, France;
| | - Maxime Galan
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, F-34988 Montpellier, France;
- INRA, UMR CBGP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Brévault
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Centre de recherche ISRA-IRD, Dakar, Senegal;
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Zhu P, Zheng X, Xie G, Chen G, Lu Z, Gurr G. Relevance of the ecological traits of parasitoid wasps and nectariferous plants for conservation biological control: a hybrid meta-analysis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1881-1892. [PMID: 31840379 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecosystem services are key to human survival. In agriculture, they offer potential to intensify production while reducing reliance on hazardous inputs, including pesticides. Nectar plants can nourish natural enemies of pests and thereby promote the ecosystem service of biological control. To date, however, the selection of optimal plants has been reliant on laborious testing of multiple candidate species for use in each new agroecosystem. We report a hybrid meta-analysis of published literature, employing Bayesian network analysis. RESULTS The hybrid meta-analysis identified the particular plant and parasitoid traits that were most predictive of promoted or suppressed parasitoid longevity. Integrating trait effects identified a combination of plant-parasitoid traits that had the highest impact on parasitoid longevity: compound umbel or raceme inflorescence form and shallow corolla, together with high potential fecundity of the parasitoid. CONCLUSION Unlike earlier analyses focusing on taxonomic categories, we analyzed effect sizes in relation to the ecological traits of parasitoids and plants. This generated the first generalizable guidelines for selecting nectar plants as well as appropriate parasitoid targets for the enhancement of biological control. Within the guidelines, optimal outcomes resulted when plants with compound umbel or raceme inflorescences and shallow corollas were combined with fecund parasitoids. More widely, this type of ecological trait-based meta-analysis opens a new avenue for optimizing the delivery of other types of ecosystem services. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
- Jinhua Plant Protection Station, Jinhua, China
| | - Xusong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xie
- Research Office, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Guihua Chen
- Jinhua Plant Protection Station, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Geoff Gurr
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
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12
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Wenninger EJ, Vogt JR, Lojewski J, Neher OT, Morishita DW, Daku KE. Effects of Strip Tillage in Sugar Beet on Density and Richness of Predatory Arthropods. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:33-48. [PMID: 31838490 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strip tillage, in which tillage and seedbed preparation are limited to a narrow band where the subsequent crop is planted, provides many potential agronomic benefits, including reduced fuel and labor costs, reduced erosion, and improved soil tilth. Lower soil disturbance and enhanced water retention associated with strip tillage also may affect density and diversity of predatory arthropods, which have been little studied in sugar beet. We examined the effects of tillage (conventional versus strip) on the predatory epigeal arthropod fauna in sugar beet. Studies were conducted over three growing seasons (2010-2012) in Idaho using both fenced and unfenced pitfall traps to sample arthropods. Unfenced pitfall traps often captured a greater activity density and richness of predators, and showed no bias of higher captures in conventionally tilled plots as has been shown elsewhere. Total density of predators was higher in strip tillage only during 2011. Density and species richness of carabid beetles did not differ between tillage treatments during the course of the study. Density of the other major taxa (staphylinid beetles, spiders, and Opiliones) was higher under strip tillage during some years, especially early in the season, but richness showed little or no relationship with tillage. Predaceous arthropods might be favored by enhanced ground cover, higher humidity, more moderate temperatures, and/or less habitat disturbance associated with strip-tilled plots. The results suggest that certain groups of soil-dwelling predatory arthropods can be favored by strip tillage in sugar beet, which further adds to the benefits of conservation tillage in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Wenninger
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID
| | - Jessica R Vogt
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID
| | - Jeffrey Lojewski
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID
| | - Oliver T Neher
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID
| | - Don W Morishita
- Department of Plant Sciences, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID
| | - Kristin E Daku
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID
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13
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Pecheur E, Piqueray J, Monty A, Dufrêne M, Mahy G. The influence of ecological infrastructures adjacent to crops on their carabid assemblages in intensive agroecosystems. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8094. [PMID: 31942249 PMCID: PMC6956773 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conserving biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem services of interest in intensive agroecosystems is a major challenge. Perennial ecological infrastructures (EIs), such as hedges and grassy strips, and annual EI under Agri-Environment Schemes appear to be good candidates to promote both. Our study focused on carabids, an indicator group responding both at the species and functional trait level to disturbances and supporting pest control and weed seed consumption services. Methods We compared carabid assemblages at the species and functional traits levels, sampled via pitfall trapping, in three types of EIs (hedges, grassy strips and annual flower strips) and crops. We also tested via GLMs the effect of (1) the type of EI at the crops' border and (2) the distance from the crops' border (two meters or 30 meters) on carabid assemblages of crops. Tested variables comprised: activity-density, species richness, functional dispersion metrics (FDis) and proportions of carabids by functional categories (Diet: generalist predators/specialist predators/seed-eaters; Size: small/medium/large/very large; Breeding period: spring/autumn). Results and Discussion Carabid assemblages on the Principal Coordinate Analysis split in two groups: crops and EIs. Assemblages from all sampled EIs were dominated by mobile generalist predator species from open-land, reproducing in spring. Assemblages of hedges were poor in activity-density and species richness, contrarily to grassy and annual flower strips. Differences in carabid assemblages in crops were mainly driven by the presence of hedges. The presence of hedges diminished the Community Weighted Mean size of carabids in crops, due to an increased proportion of small (<5 mm) individuals, while distance from crops' border favoured large (between 10-15 mm) carabids. Moreover, even if they were attracted by EIs, granivorous carabid species were rare in crops. Our results underlie the importance of local heterogeneity when adapting crops' borders to enhance carabid diversity and question the relevance of hedge implantation in intensive agrolandscapes, disconnected from any coherent ecological network. Moreover, this study emphasizes the difficulty to modify functional assemblages of crops for purposes of ecosystem services development, especially for weed seed consumption, as well as the role of distance from the crops' border in the shaping of crop carabid assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pecheur
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Biodiversity and Landscape, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.,Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA-AgricultureIsLife, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Arnaud Monty
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Biodiversity and Landscape, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.,Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA-AgricultureIsLife, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marc Dufrêne
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Biodiversity and Landscape, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.,Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA-AgricultureIsLife, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Grégory Mahy
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Biodiversity and Landscape, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.,Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA-AgricultureIsLife, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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14
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McCravy KW. A Review of Sampling and Monitoring Methods for Beneficial Arthropods in Agroecosystems. INSECTS 2018; 9:E170. [PMID: 30477100 PMCID: PMC6315443 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial arthropods provide many important ecosystem services. In agroecosystems, pollination and control of crop pests provide benefits worth billions of dollars annually. Effective sampling and monitoring of these beneficial arthropods is essential for ensuring their short- and long-term viability and effectiveness. There are numerous methods available for sampling beneficial arthropods in a variety of habitats, and these methods can vary in efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper I review active and passive sampling methods for non-Apis bees and arthropod natural enemies of agricultural pests, including methods for sampling flying insects, arthropods on vegetation and in soil and litter environments, and estimation of predation and parasitism rates. Sample sizes, lethal sampling, and the potential usefulness of bycatch are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W McCravy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL 61455, USA.
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15
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Disentangling the effects of farmland use, habitat edges, and vegetation structure on ground beetle morphological traits. Oecologia 2018; 188:645-657. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Agri‐environmental schemes promote ground‐dwelling predators in adjacent oilseed rape fields: Diversity, species traits and distance‐decay functions. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Pizzolotto R, Mazzei A, Bonacci T, Scalercio S, Iannotta N, Brandmayr P. Ground beetles in Mediterranean olive agroecosystems: Their significance and functional role as bioindicators (Coleoptera, Carabidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194551. [PMID: 29558493 PMCID: PMC5860759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of agricultural practices and soil management on the communities of arthropods living in the agricultural landscape is acknowledged as a critical issue by the literature, and it needs to be better investigated to improve the ecological sustainability of agriculture. In the present study, we aimed to study how soil management affect carabid species distribution in one of the most typical agroecosystem of the Mediterranean region, i.e. the olive grove. In South Italy olive plantations feature different types of soil management, from tillage to half- or full-cover cropping. Species distribution has been examined for a total of 10,189 individuals and 62 species collected from 17 sites. Notably from our analysis we have observed that three factors (climax vegetation, soil features and soil management) explained half of the data variability. The composition of species groupings mirrors both bioclimatic conditions (climax vegetation) and soil features, especially watering, while soil management affects the species distribution, with different intensity from site to site. Eleven species have been recognized as the most abundant in the different facets of the studied olive groves and consequently designated as characteristics of the olive agroecosystem. The species traits of the sampled species have been weighted for a compelling evaluation of the effects of agricultural management on biodiversity, showing uniform traits distribution when coping with the ecological factors that characterize the different plantation facets. We have found that carabid beetles can be used as model organisms for studying the effects of agricultural practices. Our study suggests that the interaction of man-induced trasformation with the natural background of the olive agroecosystem may be difficult to disentangle, so that such complexity must be taken into account when carabid beetles are expected to provide an ecosystem service for good agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pizzolotto
- Dipartimento B.E.S.T., Università della Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Mazzei
- Dipartimento B.E.S.T., Università della Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Teresa Bonacci
- Dipartimento B.E.S.T., Università della Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Nino Iannotta
- ex C.R.E.A. Centro di Ricerca per l’Olivicoltura e l’Industria Olearia, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Pietro Brandmayr
- Dipartimento B.E.S.T., Università della Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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18
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Fritch RA, Sheridan H, Finn JA, McCormack S, Ó hUallacháin D. Enhancing the diversity of breeding invertebrates within field margins of intensively managed grassland: Effects of alternative management practices. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9763-9774. [PMID: 29188007 PMCID: PMC5696416 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe declines in biodiversity have been well documented for many taxonomic groups due to intensification of agricultural practices. Establishment and appropriate management of arable field margins can improve the diversity and abundance of invertebrate groups; however, there is much less research on field margins within grassland systems. Three grassland field margin treatments (fencing off the existing vegetation “fenced”; fencing with rotavation and natural regeneration “rotavated” and; fencing with rotavation and seeding “seeded”) were compared to a grazed control in the adjacent intensively managed pasture. Invertebrates were sampled using emergence traps to investigate species breeding and overwintering within the margins. Using a manipulation experiment, we tested whether the removal of grazing pressure and nutrient inputs would increase the abundance and richness of breeding invertebrates within grassland field margins. We also tested whether field margin establishment treatments, with their different vegetation communities, would change the abundance and richness of breeding invertebrates in the field margins. Exclusion of grazing and nutrient inputs led to increased abundance and richness in nearly all invertebrate groups that we sampled. However, there were more complex effects of field margin establishment treatment on the abundance and richness of invertebrate taxa. Each of the three establishment treatments supported a distinct invertebrate community. The removal of grazing from grassland field margins provided a greater range of overwintering/breeding habitat for invertebrates. We demonstrate the capacity of field margin establishment to increase the abundance and richness in nearly all invertebrate groups in study plots that were located on previously more depauperate areas of intensively managed grassland. These results from grassland field margins provide evidence to support practical actions that can inform Greening (Pillar 1) and agri‐environment measures (Pillar 2) of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Before implementing specific management regimes, the conservation aims of agri‐environment measures should be clarified by defining the target species or taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A Fritch
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland.,Teagasc Environment Research Centre Wexford Ireland
| | - Helen Sheridan
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - John A Finn
- Teagasc Environment Research Centre Wexford Ireland
| | | | - Daire Ó hUallacháin
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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19
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Perović DJ, Gámez-Virués S, Landis DA, Wäckers F, Gurr GM, Wratten SD, You MS, Desneux N. Managing biological control services through multi-trophic trait interactions: review and guidelines for implementation at local and landscape scales. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:306-321. [PMID: 28598568 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ecological studies are increasingly moving towards trait-based approaches, as the evidence mounts that functions, as opposed to taxonomy, drive ecosystem service delivery. Among ecosystem services, biological control has been somewhat overlooked in functional ecological studies. This is surprising given that, over recent decades, much of biological control research has been focused on identifying the multiple characteristics (traits) of species that influence trophic interactions. These traits are especially well developed for interactions between arthropods and flowers - important for biological control, as floral resources can provide natural enemies with nutritional supplements, which can dramatically increase biological control efficiency. Traits that underpin the biological control potential of a community and that drive the response of arthropods to environmental filters, from local to landscape-level conditions, are also emerging from recent empirical studies. We present an overview of the traits that have been identified to (i) drive trophic interactions, especially between plants and biological control agents through determining access to floral resources and enhancing longevity and fecundity of natural enemies, (ii) affect the biological control services provided by arthropods, and (iii) limit the response of arthropods to environmental filters, ranging from local management practices to landscape-level simplification. We use this review as a platform to outline opportunities and guidelines for future trait-based studies focused on the enhancement of biological control services.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Perović
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Sagrario Gámez-Virués
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Douglas A Landis
- Department of Entomology, 204 Center for Integrated Plant Systems Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Felix Wäckers
- BioBest Sustainable Crop Management, Ilse Velden 18, 2260, Westerlo, Belgium.,Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,School of Agriculture & Wine Science, Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, 2800, Australia
| | - Stephen D Wratten
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
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