1
|
Wu CY, Kao SE, Tseng YC, Hou JT, Wu LY, Chen JR. Pilot-scale production of a highly efficacious and stable monoglycosylated influenza split virus vaccine. Vaccine 2024; 42:2220-2228. [PMID: 38582606 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The yearly epidemics and unpredictable outbreaks of influenza have raisedserious concernsglobally and led to prioritizing the development of an effective vaccine toprotectagainst newly emerging variants. Previously, we demonstrated that monoglycosylated influenza virus vaccines derived from A/California/7/2009 or an updated A/Brisbane/02/2018 (IVR-190) vaccine strain recommended by WHO are superior to fully glycosylated vaccines and could broadly protect against past and new coming H1N1 variants. However, whether such a monoglycosylated virus vaccine can be mass-produced to meet clinical demands and stable enough to provide consistent efficacy against H1N1 viruses remains unclear. Herein, we developed a platform for the pilot-scale production of the monoglycosylated split virus vaccine from the IVR-190 strain (IVR-190mg) with a robust and cost-effective manufacturing process. The critical parameters of inoculum dose, concentration of kifunensine, and optimized Endo H treatment process were comprehensively investigated. Several aims for preclinical studies of IVR-190mg were achieved, including [i] the execution of three engineering batch runs to validate lot-to-lot consistency, [ii] the establishment of IVR-190mg specifications to meet the acceptance criteria of a conventional influenza vaccine, [iii] an investigation of the stability profile of IVR-190mg, and completion of a safety evaluation by conducting an animal toxicology study. The toxicology study under GLP guidance found no systemic toxicity after rabbits were vaccinated with IVR-190mg. The serological data showed that IVR-190mg is highly immunogenic and effective in inducing a cross-strain protective level of antibody immune responses, including hemagglutination-inhibition titers, viral neutralization activity, and broad HA- and NA-inhibiting antibody titers against past and new H1N1 viruses. In conclusion, this study provides efficacy and safety profiles of IVR-190mg for further clinical study and shows that this vaccine without a glycan shield has great potential to be safe and protective against H1N1 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Wu
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-En Kao
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jen-Tzu Hou
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yang Wu
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi H, Ross TM. Inactivated recombinant influenza vaccine: the promising direction for the next generation of influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:409-418. [PMID: 38509022 PMCID: PMC11056089 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2333338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is the most effective method to control the prevalence of seasonal influenza and the most widely used influenza vaccine is the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). Each season, the influenza vaccine must be updated to be most effective against current circulating variants. Therefore, developing a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) that can elicit both broad and durable protection is of the utmost importance. AREA COVERED This review summarizes and compares the available influenza vaccines in the market and inactivation methods used for manufacturing IIVs. Then, we discuss the latest progress of the UIV development in the IIV format and the challenges to address for moving these vaccine candidates to clinical trials and commercialization. The literature search was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the PubMed databases. EXPERT OPINION The unmet need for UIV is the primary aim of developing the next generation of influenza vaccines. The IIV has high antigenicity and a refined manufacturing process compared to most other formats. Developing the UIV in IIV format is a promising direction with advanced biomolecular technologies and next-generation adjuvant. It also inspires the development of universal vaccines for other infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sergeeva MV, Romanovskaya-Romanko EA, Krivitskaya VZ, Kudar PA, Petkova NN, Kudria KS, Lioznov DA, Stukova MA, Desheva YA. Longitudinal Analysis of Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses after Immunization with Seasonal Inactivated Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1731. [PMID: 38006063 PMCID: PMC10675551 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA)-based immunity could reduce the harmful impact of novel antigenic variants of influenza viruses. The detection of neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies in parallel with anti-hemagglutinin (HA) antibodies may enhance research on the immunogenicity and duration of antibody responses to influenza vaccines. To assess anti-NA antibodies after vaccination with seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines, we used the enzyme-linked lectin assay, and anti-HA antibodies were detected in the hemagglutination inhibition assay. The dynamics of the anti-NA antibody response differed depending on the virus subtype: antibodies to A/H3N2 virus neuraminidase increased later than antibodies to A/H1N1pdm09 subtype neuraminidase and persisted longer. In contrast to HA antibodies, the fold increase in antibody titers to NA after vaccination poorly depended on the preexisting level. At the same time, NA antibody levels after vaccination directly correlated with titers before vaccination. A difference was found in response to NA antigen between split and subunit-adjuvanted vaccines and in NA functional activity in the vaccine formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia V. Sergeeva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (E.A.R.-R.); (V.Z.K.); (K.S.K.); (D.A.L.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Romanovskaya-Romanko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (E.A.R.-R.); (V.Z.K.); (K.S.K.); (D.A.L.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Vera Z. Krivitskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (E.A.R.-R.); (V.Z.K.); (K.S.K.); (D.A.L.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Polina A. Kudar
- ‘Institute of Experimental Medicine’, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.K.); (N.N.P.)
| | - Nadezhda N. Petkova
- ‘Institute of Experimental Medicine’, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.K.); (N.N.P.)
| | - Kira S. Kudria
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (E.A.R.-R.); (V.Z.K.); (K.S.K.); (D.A.L.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Dmitry A. Lioznov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (E.A.R.-R.); (V.Z.K.); (K.S.K.); (D.A.L.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Marina A. Stukova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (E.A.R.-R.); (V.Z.K.); (K.S.K.); (D.A.L.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Yulia A. Desheva
- ‘Institute of Experimental Medicine’, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.K.); (N.N.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Srikanth UGK, Marinaik CB, Gomes AR, Rathnamma D, Byregowda SM, Isloor S, Munivenkatarayappa A, Venkatesha MD, Rao S, Rizwan A, Hegde R. Evaluation of Safety and Potency of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine Inactivated with Different Concentrations of Formalin and Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Methods of Virus Titration in KFD Vaccine. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1871. [PMID: 37509510 PMCID: PMC10377137 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the safety and potency of the Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) vaccine inactivated with different formalin concentrations in mice, since the side effects due to higher formalin concentrations have been a major reason for vaccine refusal. Furthermore, with an objective to reduce the use of mice in vaccine testing, we performed quantification of the KFD virus by real-time PCR and compared it with in vivo titration in mice. The KFD vaccine prepared in chicken embryo fibroblast cells was inactivated with 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.08% concentrations of formalin. The vaccine inactivated with 0.04% and 0.06% formalin failed the safety test, whereas the KFD vaccine inactivated with 0.08% formalin was safe and potent with a log protective index of 5678 in mice. This reduced formalin content may induce no/lesser side-effects of pain/swelling which may increase the vaccine acceptance. The real-time PCR on individual KFD vaccine harvests interpreted that when the CT value of each harvest is <20, the vaccine will have sufficient viral particles to pass the potency test. Comparison of the real-time PCR on tenfold dilutions of the pooled harvests with in vivo mice inoculation test revealed that the 1MLD50 of the vaccine lies in the tenfold dilution that yields CT values between 31 and 34.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ullas Gowda K Srikanth
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Chandranaik B Marinaik
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Amitha Reena Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Doddamane Rathnamma
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Sonnahallipura M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Archana Munivenkatarayappa
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Mudalagiri D Venkatesha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Suguna Rao
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Apsana Rizwan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quiroga J, Vidal S, Siel D, Caruffo M, Valdés A, Cabrera G, Lapierre L, Sáenz L. Novel Proteoliposome-Based Vaccine against E. coli: A Potential New Tool for the Control of Bovine Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192533. [PMID: 36230275 PMCID: PMC9558995 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis is a highly prevalent disease in dairy cattle, affecting animal welfare and generating economic losses for the dairy industry. Control measures for coliform mastitis are limited, due to the constant exposure of the teat to bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, making vaccination an important strategy for control of mastitis. However, currently available vaccines show limited efficacy, which could be attributed to inactivation processes that alter the antigenic preservation of the vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a novel vaccine against mastitis using proteoliposomes obtained from E. coli in a murine model of coliform mastitis. We demonstrated that the proteoliposome vaccine was safe, immunogenic and effective against an experimental model of E. coli mastitis, decreasing bacterial count and tissue damage. This proteoliposome vaccine is a potential new tool for prevention of mastitis. Abstract Escherichia coli is an important causative agent of clinical mastitis in cattle. Current available vaccines have shown limited protection. We evaluated the efficacy of a novel vaccine based on bacterial proteoliposomes derived from an E. coli field strain. Female BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with two doses of the vaccine, 3 weeks apart. Between days 5 and 8 after the first inoculation, the females were mated. At 5–8 days postpartum, the mice were intramammary challenged with the same E. coli strain. Two days after bacterial infection, mice were euthanized, and the mammary glands were examined and removed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the vaccine as well as the immune response generated by the new formulation. The vaccinated mice showed mild clinical symptoms and a lower mammary bacterial load as compared to non-vaccinated animals. The vaccination induced an increase in levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a against E. coli in blood and mammary glands that showed less inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage, as compared to the control group. In summary, the vaccine based on bacterial proteoliposomes is safe, immunogenic, and effective against E. coli, constituting a new potential tool for mastitis control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Sonia Vidal
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Daniela Siel
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile
| | - Mario Caruffo
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile
| | - Andrea Valdés
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Lissette Lapierre
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (L.S.); Tel.: +56-9229-785689 (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (L.S.); Tel.: +56-9229-785689 (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen TH, Chen CC, Wu SC. Neuraminidase (NA) 370-Loop Mutations of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Viruses Affect NA Enzyme Activity, Hemagglutination Titer, Mouse Virulence, and Inactivated-Virus Immunogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061304. [PMID: 35746775 PMCID: PMC9230709 DOI: 10.3390/v14061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are the two major envelope proteins of influenza viruses. The spatial organization of HA and NA on the virus surface needs to be optimized to promote viral fitness, host specificity, transmissibility, infectivity, and virulence. We previously demonstrated that the recombinant NA protein of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) with the I365T/S366N mutation in the NA 370-loop elicited higher NA-inhibition antibody titers against the homologous pH1N1 virus and three heterologous H5N1, H3N2, and H7N9 viruses in mice. In this study, we used PR8-based reverse genetics (RG) by replacing the HA and NA genes of A/Texas/05/2009 pH1N1 virus to obtain the wild-type pH1N1 and three NA 370-loop mutant viruses of pH1N1 (I365T/S366N), RG pH1N1 (I365E/S366D), and RG pH1N1 (I365T/S366A). Our results revealed that the viral NA enzyme activity increased for the RG pH1N1(I365T/S366N) and RG pH1N1 (I365E/S366D) viruses but reduced for the RG pH1N1 (I365T/S366A) virus. The increased or decreased NA enzyme activity was found to correlate with the increase or decrease in HA titers of these NA 370-loop mutant viruses. All of these three NA 370-loop mutant RG pH1N1 viruses were less virulent than the wild-type RG pH1N1 virus in mice. Immunizations with the inactivated viruses carrying the three NA 370-loop mutations and the wild-type RG pH1N1 virus were found to elicit approximately the same titers of NA-inhibition antibodies against H1N1 and H5N1 viruses. These results may provide information for developing NA-based influenza virus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Chu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan;
- Teaching Center of Natural Science, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 30401, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Adimmune Corporation, Taichung 42723, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Crowcroft N, Biellik R, Gregory CJ, Menozzi-Arnaud M, Amorij JP, Gilbert PA, Earle K, Frivold C, Jarrahian C, Mvundura M, Mistilis JJ, Durrheim DN, Giersing B. Accelerating the Development of Measles and Rubella Microarray Patches to Eliminate Measles and Rubella: Recent Progress, Remaining Challenges. Front Public Health 2022; 10:809675. [PMID: 35309224 PMCID: PMC8924450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.809675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles and rubella microarray patches (MR-MAPs) are critical in achieving measles and rubella eradication, a goal highly unlikely to meet with current vaccines presentations. With low commercial incentive to MAP developers, limited and uncertain funding, the need for investment in a novel manufacturing facility, and remaining questions about the source of antigen, product demand, and regulatory pathway, MR-MAPs are unlikely to be prequalified by WHO and ready for use before 2033. This article describes the current progress of MR-MAPs, highlights challenges and opportunities pertinent to MR-MAPs manufacturing, regulatory approval, creating demand, and timelines to licensure. It also describes activities that are being undertaken by multiple partners to incentivise investment in and accelerate the development of MR-MAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Crowcroft
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christopher J Gregory
- Immunization Unit, Programme Division, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kristen Earle
- Vaccine Development and Surveillance, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Collrane Frivold
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Courtney Jarrahian
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mercy Mvundura
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jessica J Mistilis
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David N Durrheim
- Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Birgitte Giersing
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evaluation of Host Cell Impurity Effects on the Performance of Sterile Filtration Processes for Therapeutic Viruses. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040359. [PMID: 35448330 PMCID: PMC9030567 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efficient downstream processing represents a significant challenge in the rapidly developing field of therapeutic viruses. While it is known that the terminal sterile filtration step can be a major cause of product loss, there is little known about the effect of host cell impurities (DNA and protein) on filtration performance. In this study, fractions of relatively pure Vero host cell protein and DNA were spiked into a highly pure preparation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Then, the resulting solutions were sterile filtered using two commercially available 0.22 µm rated microfiltration membranes. A combination of transmembrane pressure measurements, virus recovery measurements, and post-filtration microscopy images of the microfiltration membranes was used to evaluate the sterile filtration performance. It was found that increasing the amount of host cell protein from approximately 1 µg/mL (in the un-spiked VSV preparation) to 25 µg/mL resulted in a greater extent of membrane fouling, causing the VSV recovery to decrease from 89% to 65% in experiments conducted with the highly asymmetric Express PLUS PES membrane and to go as low as 48% in experiments conducted with the symmetric Durapore PVDF membrane. Similar effects were not seen when bovine serum albumin, a common model protein used in filtration studies, was spiked into the VSV preparation, which indicates that the sterile filtration performance is critically dependent on the complex composition of the mixture of host cell proteins rather than the presence of any protein. The results presented in this work provide important insights into the role of host cell impurities on the performance of sterile filtration processes for therapeutic viruses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Weinberger B. Vaccination of older adults: Influenza, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster, COVID-19 and beyond. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:38. [PMID: 34627326 PMCID: PMC8501352 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preserving good health in old age is of utmost importance to alleviate societal, economic and health care-related challenges caused by an aging society. The prevalence and severity of many infectious diseases is higher in older adults, and in addition to the acute disease, long-term sequelae, such as exacerbation of underlying chronic disease, onset of frailty or increased long-term care dependency, are frequent. Prevention of infections e.g. by vaccination is therefore an important measure to ensure healthy aging and preserve quality of life. Several vaccines are specifically recommended for older adults in many countries, and in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic older adults were among the first target groups for vaccination due to their high risk for severe disease. This review highlights clinical data on the influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae and herpes zoster vaccines, summarizes recent developments to improve vaccine efficacy, such as the use of adjuvants or higher antigen dose for influenza, and gives an overview of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development for older adults. Substantial research is ongoing to further improve vaccines, e.g. by developing universal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to overcome the limitations of the current strain-specific vaccines, and to develop novel vaccines against pathogens, which cause considerable morbidity and mortality in older adults, but for which no vaccines are currently available. In addition, we need to improve uptake of the existing vaccines and increase awareness for life-long vaccination in order to provide optimal protection for the vulnerable older age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nuwarda RF, Alharbi AA, Kayser V. An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1032. [PMID: 34579269 PMCID: PMC8473132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.F.N.); (A.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gupta D, Parthasarathy H, Sah V, Tandel D, Vedagiri D, Reddy S, Harshan KH. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by β-propiolactone causes aggregation of viral particles and loss of antigenic potential. Virus Res 2021; 305:198555. [PMID: 34487766 PMCID: PMC8416322 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated viral preparations are important resources in vaccine and antisera industry. Of the many vaccines that are being developed against COVID-19, inactivated whole-virus vaccines are also considered effective. β-propiolactone (BPL) is a widely used chemical inactivator of several viruses. Here, we analyze various concentrations of BPL to effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and their effects on the biochemical properties of the virion particles. BPL at 1:2000 (v/v) concentrations effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2. However, higher BPL concentrations resulted in the loss of both protein content as well as the antigenic integrity of the structural proteins. Higher concentrations also caused substantial aggregation of the virion particles possibly resulting in insufficient inactivation, and a loss in antigenic potential. We also identify that the viral RNA content in the culture supernatants can be a direct indicator of their antigenic content. Our findings may have important implications in the vaccine and antisera industry during COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gupta
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Vishal Sah
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dixit Tandel
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dhiviya Vedagiri
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shashikala Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad 500095, Telangana, India
| | - Krishnan H Harshan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park Y, Kim KH, Lee Y, Lee YT, Kang SM, Ko EJ. Natural killer cells contribute to enhanced respiratory disease after oil-in-water emulsion adjuvanted vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus and infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3806-3817. [PMID: 33877948 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1915039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection caused severe acute respiratory disease in children and the elderly. There is no licensed vaccine. It has been a challenging problem to avoid vaccine enhanced respiratory disease in developing a safe and effective RSV vaccine. Here, we investigated the impact of MF59-like oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant Addavax on the vaccine efficacy of inactivated split RSV (sRSV) and the roles of natural killer (NK) cells in enhanced respiratory disease in sRSV vaccinated mice after RSV infection. Addavax-adjuvanted sRSV vaccination induced higher levels of IgG1 isotype antibodies and more effective lung viral clearance upon RSV infection but promoted enhanced respiratory disease of weight loss, pulmonary inflammation, and NK and NK T (NKT) cell infiltrations in the lungs. Antibody treatment depleting NK cells prior to RSV infection resulted in preventing severe weight loss and histopathology, as well as attenuating infiltration of dendritic cell subsets and TNF-α+ T cells in the lungs. This study demonstrated the impacts of oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant on sRSV vaccination and the potential roles of NK and NKT cells in protection and respiratory disease after adjuvanted RSV vaccination and infection in a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsuh Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and represent a pandemic risk. With current vaccine methods struggling to protect populations against emerging strains, there is a demand for a next-generation flu vaccine capable of providing broad protection. Recombinant biotechnology, combined with nanomedicine techniques, could address this demand by increasing immunogenicity and directing immune responses toward conserved antigenic targets on the virus. Various nanoparticle candidates have been tested for use in vaccines, including virus-like particles, protein and carbohydrate nanoconstructs, antigen-carrying lipid particles, and synthetic and inorganic particles modified for antigen presentation. These methods have yielded some promising results, including protection in animal models against antigenically distinct influenza strains, production of antibodies with broad reactivity, and activation of potent T cell responses. Based on the evidence of current research, it is feasible that the next generation of influenza vaccines will combine recombinant antigens with nanoparticle carriers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Protein Engineering
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/pharmacokinetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Batty CJ, Heise MT, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Vaccine formulations in clinical development for the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:168-189. [PMID: 33316346 PMCID: PMC7733686 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented effort toward the development of an effective and safe vaccine. Aided by extensive research efforts into characterizing and developing countermeasures towards prior coronavirus epidemics, as well as recent developments of diverse vaccine platform technologies, hundreds of vaccine candidates using dozens of delivery vehicles and routes have been proposed and evaluated preclinically. A high demand coupled with massive effort from researchers has led to the advancement of at least 31 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, many using platforms that have never before been approved for use in humans. This review will address the approach and requirements for a successful vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the background of the myriad of vaccine platforms currently in clinical trials for COVID-19 prevention, and a summary of the present results of those trials. It concludes with a perspective on formulation problems which remain to be addressed in COVID-19 vaccine development and antigens or adjuvants which may be worth further investigation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Z, Zhao Y, Li Y, Chen X. Adjuvantation of Influenza Vaccines to Induce Cross-Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020075. [PMID: 33494477 PMCID: PMC7911902 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza poses a huge threat to global public health. Influenza vaccines are the most effective and cost-effective means to control influenza. Current influenza vaccines mainly induce neutralizing antibodies against highly variable globular head of hemagglutinin and lack cross-protection. Vaccine adjuvants have been approved to enhance seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy in the elderly and spare influenza vaccine doses. Clinical studies found that MF59 and AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccines could induce cross-protective immunity against non-vaccine viral strains. In addition to MF59 and AS03 adjuvants, experimental adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists, saponin-based adjuvants, cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants, and physical adjuvants, are also able to broaden influenza vaccine-induced immune responses against non-vaccine strains. This review focuses on introducing the various types of adjuvants capable of assisting current influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity in preclinical and clinical studies. Mechanisms of licensed MF59 and AS03 adjuvants to induce cross-protective immunity are also introduced. Vaccine adjuvants hold a great promise to adjuvant influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Taylor N, Ma W, Kristopeit A, Wang SC, Zydney AL. Evaluation of a sterile filtration process for viral vaccines using a model nanoparticle suspension. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:106-115. [PMID: 32880898 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the development of new vaccines based on live-attenuated viruses (LAVs) and virus-like particles. The large size of these vaccines, typically 100-400 nm, significantly complicates the use of sterile filtration. The objectives of this study are to examine the performance of several commercial sterile filters for filtration of a cytomegalovirus vaccine candidate (referred to as the LAV) and to develop and evaluate the use of a model nanoparticle suspension to perform a more quantitative assessment. Data obtained with a mixture of 200- and 300-nm fluorescent particles provided yield and pressure profiles that captured the behavior of the viral vaccine. This included the excellent performance of the Sartorius Sartobran P filter, which provided greater than 80% yield of both the vaccine and model particles even though the average particle size was more than 250 nm. The particle yield for the Sartobran P was independent of filtrate flux above 200 L/m2 /h, but increased with increasing particle concentration, varying from less than 10% at concentrations around 107 particles/ml to more than 80% at concentrations above 1010 particles/ml due to saturation of particle capture/binding sites within the filter. These results provide important insights into the factors controlling transmission and fouling during sterile filtration of large vaccine products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wanli Ma
- Vaccine Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Kristopeit
- Vaccine Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Vaccine Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew L Zydney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tarasov M, Shanko A, Kordyukova L, Katlinski A. Characterization of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Used in the Russian National Immunization Program. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E488. [PMID: 32872645 PMCID: PMC7564049 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND today's standard quality control methods used to control the protein composition of inactivated influenza vaccines only take into account a few key reference components. They do not allow for thorough characterization of protein compositions. As a result, observation of unpredictable variations in major viral constituents and admixtures of cellular proteins within manufactured vaccines that may seriously influence the immunogenicity and safety of such vaccines has become a pressing issue in vaccinology. This study aims at testing a more sophisticated approach for analysis of inactivated split influenza vaccines licensed in the Russian Federation. The formulations under study are the most available on the market and are included in the Russian National Immunization Program. METHODS liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, in combination with label-free protein quantitation via the intensity-based absolute-quantitation (iBAQ) algorithm, as well as a number of standard molecular analysis methods, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and negative-stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied. RESULTS the methods implemented were able to identify dozens of viral and host proteins and quantify their relative amounts within the final formulations of different commercially available inactivated split influenza vaccines. Investigation of molecular morphology of the vaccine preparations using TEM revealed typical rosettes of major surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase). DLS was used to demonstrate a size distribution of the rosettes and to test the stability of vaccine preparations at increased temperatures. CONCLUSIONS a holistic approach based on modern, highly productive analytical procedures was for the first time applied for a series of different commercially available inactivated split influenza vaccines licensed in Russia. The protocols probed may be suggested for the post-marketing quality control of vaccines. Comparison of different preparations revealed that the Ultrix® and Ultrix® Quadri vaccines produced by pharmaceutical plant FORT LLC and trivalent vaccine Vaxigrip® produced by pharmaceutical company Sanofi Pasteur have well-organized antigen rosettes, they contain fewer admixture quantities of host cell proteins, and demonstrate good correlation among mostly abundant viral proteins detected by different methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Tarasov
- Research and Development Department, FORT LLC, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrei Shanko
- Research and Development Department, FORT LLC, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tu L, Sun X, Yang L, Zhang T, Zhang X, Li X, Dong B, Liu Y, Yang M, Wang L, Yu Y. TGF-β2 interfering oligonucleotides used as adjuvants for microbial vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1673-1692. [PMID: 32794350 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0420-491r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancers implies that inhibiting an immunosuppressive cytokine, such as TGF-β2, could be a strategy to develop novel adjuvants for microbial vaccines. To develop nucleic acid based TGF-β2 inhibitors, we designed three antisense oligonucleotides, designated as TIO1, TIO2, and TIO3, targeting the conserve regions identical in human and mouse TGF-β2 mRNA 3'-untranslated region. In cultured immune cells, TIO3 and TIO1 significantly reduced the TGF-β2 mRNA expression and protein production. In mice, the TIO3 and TIO1, when formulated in various microbial vaccines, significantly enhanced the antibody response to the vaccines, and the TIO3-adjuvanted influenza virus vaccine induced effective protection against the influenza virus challenge. In the immunized mice, TIO3 formulated in microbial vaccines dramatically reduced surface-bound TGF-β2 expression on CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells in the lymph node (LN) cells and spleen cells; up-regulated the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II molecules on CD19+ B cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells; and promoted IFN-γ production in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the LN cells. Overall, TIO3 or TIO1 could be used as a novel type of adjuvant for facilitating the microbial vaccines to elicit more vigorous and persistent antibody response by interfering with TGF-β2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Tu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tiefeng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Boqi Dong
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Giurgea LT, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Memoli MJ. Influenza Neuraminidase: A Neglected Protein and Its Potential for a Better Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030409. [PMID: 32718039 PMCID: PMC7564061 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal influenza challenge by numerous strains, while decreasing pulmonary viral titers, symptoms, and lung lesions. Studies in humans during the influenza A/H3N2 pandemic and in healthy volunteers challenged with influenza A/H1N1 showed that anti-NA immunity reduced symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral shedding, and infection rates. Despite the benefits of anti-NA immunity, current vaccines focus on immunity against hemagglutinin and are not standardized to NA content leading to limited and variable NA immunogenicity. Purified NA has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in humans. Supplementing current vaccines with NA may be a simple strategy to improve suboptimal effectiveness. Immunity against NA is likely to be an important component of future universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca T. Giurgea
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen F, Seong Seo H, Ji HJ, Yang E, Choi JA, Yang JS, Song M, Han SH, Lim S, Lim JH, Ahn KB. Characterization of humoral and cellular immune features of gamma-irradiated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:485-496. [PMID: 32643515 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1780091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The most widely used influenza vaccines are prepared by chemical inactivation. However, chemical, especially formalin, treatment-induced modifications of the antigenic structure of the virus are frequently associated with adverse effects including low efficacy of protection, unexpected immune responses, or exacerbation of disease. Gamma-irradiation was suggested as an alternative influenza virus inactivation method due to its great features of completely inactivating virus while not damaging the structures of protein antigens, and cross-protective ability against heterologous strains. However, immunological features of gamma radiation-inactivated influenza vaccine have not been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the humoral and cellular immune responses of gamma radiation-inactivated influenza vaccine. The gamma irradiation-inactivated influenza vaccine (RADVAXFluA) showed complete viral inactivation but retained normal viral structure with functional activities of viral protein antigens. Intranasal immunization of RADVAXFluA provided better protection against influenza virus infection than formalin-inactivated influenza virus (FIV) in mice. RADVAXFluA greatly enhanced the production of virus-specific serum IgG and alveolar mucosal IgA, which effectively neutralized HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) activities, and blocked viral binding to the cells, respectively. Further analysis of IgG subclasses showed RADVAXFluA-immunized sera had higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2a than those of FIV-immunized sera. In addition, analysis of cellular immunity found RADVAXFluA induced strong dendritic cells (DC) activation resulting in higher DC-mediated activation of CD8+ T cells than FIV. The results support improved immunogenicity by RADVAXFluA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjia Chen
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ji
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Yang
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Choi
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Ewha Education & Research Center for Infection, Ewha Womans University Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hirst JC, Hutchinson EC. Single-particle measurements of filamentous influenza virions reveal damage induced by freezing. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1631-1640. [PMID: 31553305 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of influenza virus produce pleiomorphic virions, ranging from small spheres to elongated filaments. The filaments are seemingly adaptive in natural infections, but their basic functional properties are poorly understood and functional studies of filaments often report contradictory results. This may be due to artefactual damage from routine laboratory handling, an issue which has been noted several times without being explored in detail. To determine whether standard laboratory techniques could damage filaments, we used immunofluorescence microscopy to rapidly and reproducibly quantify and characterize the dimensions of filaments. Most of the techniques we tested had minimal impact on filaments, but freezing to -70 °C, a standard storage step before carrying out functional studies on influenza viruses, severely reduced their concentration, median length and the infectivity of the whole virion population. We noted that damage from freezing is likely to have affected most of the functional studies of filaments performed to date, and to address this we show that it can be mitigated by snap-freezing or incorporating the cryoprotectant DMSO. We recommend that functional studies of filaments characterize virion populations prior to analysis to ensure reproducibility, and that they use unfrozen samples if possible and cryoprotectants if not. These basic measures will support the robust functional characterizations of filaments that are required to understand their roles in natural influenza virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Hirst
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Edward C Hutchinson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wagner A, Weinberger B. Vaccines to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Older Population: Immunological Challenges and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2020; 11:717. [PMID: 32391017 PMCID: PMC7190794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause for morbidity and mortality in the older population. Demographic changes will lead to increasing numbers of older persons over the next decades. Prevention of infections becomes increasingly important to ensure healthy aging for the individual, and to alleviate the socio-economic burden for societies. Undoubtedly, vaccines are the most efficient health care measure to prevent infections. Age-associated changes of the immune system are responsible for decreased immunogenicity and clinical efficacy of most currently used vaccines in older age. Efficacy of standard influenza vaccines is only 30-50% in the older population. Several approaches, such as higher antigen dose, use of MF59 as adjuvant and intradermal administration have been implemented in order to specifically target the aged immune system. The use of a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been amended by a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine originally developed for young children several years ago to overcome at least some of the limitations of the T cell-independent polysaccharide antigens, but still is only approximately 50% protective against pneumonia. A live-attenuated vaccine against herpes zoster, which has been available for several years, demonstrated efficacy of 51% against herpes zoster and 67% against post-herpetic neuralgia. Protection was lower in the very old and decreased several years after vaccination. Recently, a recombinant vaccine containing the viral glycoprotein gE and the novel adjuvant AS01B has been licensed. Phase III studies demonstrated efficacy against herpes zoster of approx. 90% even in the oldest age groups after administration of two doses and many countries now recommend the preferential use of this vaccine. There are still many infectious diseases causing substantial morbidity in the older population, for which no vaccines are available so far. Extensive research is ongoing to develop vaccines against novel targets with several vaccine candidates already being clinically tested, which have the potential to substantially reduce health care costs and to save many lives. In addition to the development of novel and improved vaccines, which specifically target the aged immune system, it is also important to improve uptake of the existing vaccines in order to protect the vulnerable, older population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Wagner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
![]()
The
discovery that β-propiolactone (BPL), once a commercially
important chemical, causes various tumors in experimental animals
has led to a significant decrease in its use. However, owing to its
efficacy this possible human carcinogen remains to be utilized in
vaccines for inactivation of viruses. The focus of the current study
was to uncover the mechanisms of β-propiolactone reactions with
both nucleobases and glutathione (GSH) through computer simulations
based on quantum chemical methods. Our results, in accordance with
in vitro studies, show that among all nucleobases guanine most readily
forms adducts with BPL through SN2 reaction mechanism.
Acquired activation energies with incorporated solvent effects reveal
that alkylation represents an energetically more favorable reaction
than acylation for all nucleobases. Comparison of activation free
energies of glutathione and guanine reactions with BPL suggest that
glutathione may represent an efficient natural scavenger of BPL. Therefore,
glutathione present in the organism may provide protection to the
DNA and thus prevent BPL’s genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and
possibly even carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Španinger
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heterologous viral protein interactions within licensed seasonal influenza virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:3. [PMID: 31934357 PMCID: PMC6954117 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, licensed influenza virus vaccines are designed and tested only for their ability to elicit hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive, neutralizing antibodies. Despite this, the purification process in vaccine manufacturing often does not completely remove other virion components. In the studies reported here, we have examined the viral protein composition of a panel of licensed vaccines from different manufacturers and licensed in different years. Using western blotting, we found that, beyond HA proteins, there are detectable quantities of neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP), and matrix proteins (M1) from both influenza A and influenza B viruses in the vaccines but that the composition differed by source and method of vaccine preparation. We also found that disparities in viral protein composition were associated with distinct patterns of elicited antibody specificities. Strikingly, our studies also revealed that many viral proteins contained in the vaccine form heterologous complexes. When H1 proteins were isolated by immunoprecipitation, NA (N1), M1 (M1-A), H3, and HA-B proteins were co-isolated with the H1. Further biochemical studies suggest that these interactions persist for at least 4 h at 37 °C and that the membrane/intracytoplasmic domains in the intact HA proteins are important for the intermolecular interactions detected. These studies indicate that, if such interactions persist after vaccines reach the draining lymph node, both dendritic cells and HA-specific B cells may take up multiple viral proteins simultaneously. Whether these interactions are beneficial or harmful to the developing immune response will depend on the functional potential of the elicited virus-specific CD4 T cells. Licensed influenza virus vaccines are evaluated for their ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies specific for hemagglutinin (HA), but the manufacturing process does not completely exclude other virion components from the formulations. Andrea Sant and colleagues now report the presence of several viral proteins, such as M1, NA, H3, and HA-B, in licensed formulations from different manufacturers and spanning stocks from several years. These viral proteins form heterologous complexes, and immunization of mice with some of the formulations analyzed elicited antibody responses specific to these viral proteins. These findings reveal heterogeneity across licensed influenza virus vaccine formulations, potentially due to variations in production processes, and raise the possibility that the presence of these additional viral protein complexes could influence the elicited immune responses following immunization, particularly in the context of multivalent strategies involving mixing of different formulations.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wright E, Miller JJ, Csordas M, Gosselin AR, Carter JA, McGrath JL, Latulippe DR, Roussie JA. Development of isoporous microslit silicon nitride membranes for sterile filtration applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:879-885. [PMID: 31784974 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widely used 0.2/0.22 µm polymer sterile filters were developed for small molecule and protein sterile filtration but are not well-suited for the production of large nonprotein biological therapeutics, resulting in significant yield loss and production cost increases. Here, we report on the development of membranes with isoporous sub-0.2 μm rectangular prism pores using silicon micromachining to produce microslit silicon nitride (MSN) membranes. The very high porosity (~33%) and ultrathin (200 nm) nature of the 0.2 µm MSN membranes results in a dramatically different structure than the traditional 0.2/0.22 µm polymer sterile filter, which yielded comparable performance properties (including gas and hydraulic permeance, maximum differential pressure tolerance, nanoparticle sieving/fouling behavior). The results from bacteria retention tests, conducted according to the guidance of regulatory agencies, demonstrated that the 0.2 µm MSN membranes can be effectively used as sterile filters. It is anticipated that the results and technologies presented in this study will find future utility in the production of non-protein biological therapeutics and in other biological and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Csordas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - David R Latulippe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tapia-Calle G, Born PA, Koutsoumpli G, Gonzalez-Rodriguez MI, Hinrichs WLJ, Huckriede ALW. A PBMC-Based System to Assess Human T Cell Responses to Influenza Vaccine Candidates In Vitro. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040181. [PMID: 31766202 PMCID: PMC6963913 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development is an expensive and time-consuming process that heavily relies on animal models. Yet, vaccine candidates that have previously succeeded in animal experiments often fail in clinical trials questioning the predictive value of animal models. Alternative assay systems that can add to the screening and evaluation of functional characteristics of vaccines in a human context before embarking on costly clinical trials are therefore urgently needed. In this study, we have established an in vitro system consisting of long-term cultures of unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers to assess (recall) T cell responses to vaccine candidates. We observed that different types of influenza vaccines (whole inactivated virus (WIV), split, and peptide vaccines) were all able to stimulate CD4 and CD8 T cell responses but to different extents in line with their reported in vivo properties. In-depth analyses of different T cell subsets revealed that the tested vaccines evoked mainly recall responses as indicated by the fact that the vast majority of the responding T cells had a memory phenotype. Furthermore, we observed vaccine-induced activation of T follicular helper cells, which are associated with the induction of humoral immune responses. Our results demonstrate the suitability of the established PBMC-based system for the in vitro evaluation of memory T cell responses to vaccines and the comparison of vaccine candidates in a human immune cell context. As such, it can help to bridge the gap between animal experiments and clinical trials and assist in the selection of promising vaccine candidates, at least for recall antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tapia-Calle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip A Born
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgia Koutsoumpli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ignacio Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke L W Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jazayeri SD, Poh CL. Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines Targeting Conserved Viral Proteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040169. [PMID: 31683888 PMCID: PMC6963725 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most efficient way to prevent an infection with influenza viruses. Nevertheless, existing commercial vaccines face serious limitations such as availability during epidemic outbreaks and their efficacy. Existing seasonal influenza vaccines mostly induce antibody responses to the surface proteins of influenza viruses, which frequently change due to antigenic shift and or drift, thus allowing influenza viruses to avoid neutralizing antibodies. Hence, influenza vaccines need a yearly formulation to protect against new seasonal viruses. A broadly protective or universal influenza vaccine must induce effective humoral as well as cellular immunity against conserved influenza antigens, offer good protection against influenza pandemics, be safe, and have a fast production platform. Nanotechnology has great potential to improve vaccine delivery, immunogenicity, and host immune responses. As new strains of human epidemic influenza virus strains could originate from poultry and swine viruses, development of a new universal influenza vaccine will require the immune responses to be directed against viruses from different hosts. This review discusses how the new vaccine platforms and nanoparticles can be beneficial in the development of a broadly protective, universal influenza vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Davoud Jazayeri
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Novel calixarene-based surfactant enables low dose split inactivated vaccine protection against influenza infection. Vaccine 2019; 38:278-287. [PMID: 31630939 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause major morbidity and represent a severe global health problem. Current influenza vaccines are mainly egg-based products requiring the split of whole viruses using classical detergents such as Triton X-100, which implies certain limitations. Here, we report the use of the novel calixarene-based surfactant CALX133ACE as an alternative to classical detergents for influenza inactivated split vaccine preparation. We confirmed that CALX133ACE-based split HA antigens are fully functional and quantifiable by the "gold standard" method SRID. Additionally, as in the case of the Triton X-100-based split, the CALX133ACE-based split antigens are stable for at least 6 months at 4 °C. Moreover, immunization of mice with CALX133ACE-based split NYMC X-179A (H1N1) antigens harboring 10 to 30-fold less antigen than the commercialized trivalent inactivated vaccines Vaxigrip® or Fluviral® induced comparable efficient protection and neutralizing antibody responses against A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the use of a calixarene-based detergent as an efficient splitting agent for the production of optimized influenza split antigens, paving the way for significant improvement in the vaccine manufacturing process, notably with regard to the current regulation on the prohibition of endocrine disruptors, such as Triton X-100.
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee Y, Ko EJ, Kim KH, Lee YT, Hwang HS, Jung YJ, Jeeva S, Kwon YM, Seong BL, Kang SM. The efficacy of inactivated split respiratory syncytial virus as a vaccine candidate and the effects of novel combination adjuvants. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:100-108. [PMID: 31150678 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials with alum-adjuvanted formalin-inactivated human respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) vaccine failed in children due to vaccine-enhanced disease upon RSV infection. In this study, we found that inactivated, detergent-split RSV vaccine (Split) displayed higher reactivity against neutralizing antibodies in vitro and less histopathology in primed adult mice after challenge, compared to FI-RSV. The immunogenicity and efficacy of FI-RSV and Split RSV vaccine were further determined in 2 weeks old mice after a single dose in the absence or presence of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) + CpG combination adjuvant. Split RSV with MPL + CpG adjuvant was effective in increasing T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses and IgG2a isotype antibodies, neutralizing activity, and lung viral clearance as well as modulating immune responses to prevent pulmonary histopathology after RSV vaccination and challenge. This study demonstrates the efficacy of Split RSV as an effective vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Subbiah Jeeva
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Durous L, Julien T, Padey B, Traversier A, Rosa-Calatrava M, Blum LJ, Marquette CA, Petiot E. SPRi-based hemagglutinin quantitative assay for influenza vaccine production monitoring. Vaccine 2019; 37:1614-1621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
31
|
Herrera-Rodriguez J, Signorazzi A, Holtrop M, de Vries-Idema J, Huckriede A. Inactivated or damaged? Comparing the effect of inactivation methods on influenza virions to optimize vaccine production. Vaccine 2019; 37:1630-1637. [PMID: 30765167 PMCID: PMC7115651 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-propiolactone (BPL) and formaldehyde (FA) were used to inactivate several influenza virus strains. BPL abolished the infectivity, FA was unable to completely inactivate the virus. All methods damaged the binding and fusion capacity; BPL caused greater loss than FA. FA treatments caused the highest reduction in TLR-7 stimulation. All the observed effects were strain-dependent.
The vast majority of commercially available inactivated influenza vaccines are produced from egg-grown or cell-grown live influenza virus. The first step in the production process is virus inactivation with β-propiolactone (BPL) or formaldehyde (FA). Recommendations for production of inactivated vaccines merely define the maximal concentration for both reagents, leaving the optimization of the process to the manufacturers. We assessed the effect of inactivation with BPL and FA on 5 different influenza virus strains. The properties of the viral formulation, such as successful inactivation, preservation of hemagglutinin (HA) binding ability, fusion capacity and the potential to stimulate a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) reporter cell line were then assessed and compared to the properties of the untreated virus. Inactivation with BPL resulted in undetectable infectivity levels, while FA-treated virus retained very low infectious titers. Hemagglutination and fusion ability were highly affected by those treatments that conferred higher inactivation, with BPL-treated virus binding and fusing at a lower degree compared to FA-inactivated samples. On the other hand, BPL-inactivated virus induced higher levels of activation of TLR7 than FA-inactivated virus. The alterations caused by BPL or FA treatments were virus strain dependent. This data shows that the inactivation procedures should be tailored on the virus strain, and that many other elements beside the concentration of the inactivating agent, such as incubation time and temperature, buffer and virus concentration, have to be defined to achieve a functional product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Herrera-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aurora Signorazzi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Holtrop
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Vries-Idema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barr IG, Donis RO, Katz JM, McCauley JW, Odagiri T, Trusheim H, Tsai TF, Wentworth DE. Cell culture-derived influenza vaccines in the severe 2017-2018 epidemic season: a step towards improved influenza vaccine effectiveness. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:44. [PMID: 30323955 PMCID: PMC6177469 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2017–2018 seasonal influenza epidemics were severe in the US and Australia where the A(H3N2) subtype viruses predominated. Although circulating A(H3N2) viruses did not differ antigenically from that recommended by the WHO for vaccine production, overall interim vaccine effectiveness estimates were below historic averages (33%) for A(H3N2) viruses. The majority (US) or all (Australian) vaccine doses contained multiple amino-acid changes in the hemagglutinin protein, resulting from the necessary adaptation of the virus to embryonated hen’s eggs used for most vaccine manufacturing. Previous reports have suggested a potential negative impact of egg-driven substitutions on vaccine performance. With BARDA support, two vaccines licensed in the US are produced in cell culture: recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV, Flublok™) manufactured in insect cells and inactivated mammalian cell-grown vaccine (ccIIV, Flucelvax™). Quadrivalent ccIIV (ccIIV4) vaccine for the 2017–2018 influenza season was produced using an A(H3N2) seed virus propagated exclusively in cell culture and therefore lacking egg adaptative changes. Sufficient ccIIV doses were distributed (but not RIV doses) to enable preliminary estimates of its higher effectiveness relative to the traditional egg-based vaccines, with study details pending. The increased availability of comparative product-specific vaccine effectiveness estimates for cell-based and egg-based vaccines may provide critical clues to inform vaccine product improvements moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Barr
- 1WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute For Infection And Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000 Australia
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division, 300 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201 USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- 3Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road MS A-20, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027 USA
| | - John W McCauley
- 4WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Takato Odagiri
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Influenza Virus Research Center, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Heidi Trusheim
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Theodore F Tsai
- 7Takeda Vaccines (USA), 75 Sidney St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- 8Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road MS A-20, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Allen JD, Ray S, Ross TM. Split inactivated COBRA vaccine elicits protective antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204284. [PMID: 30265682 PMCID: PMC6161894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of broadly reactive or universal influenza vaccines will be a paradigm shifting event for the influenza vaccine field. These next generation vaccines could replace the current standard of care with vaccines that elicit broadly cross-protective immune responses. However, a variety of in vitro and in vivo models are necessary to make the best assessments of these vaccine formulations to determine their mechanisms of action, and allow for downselection of candidates prior to human clinical trials. Our group has developed the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) technology to develop HA head-based strategies to elicit antibodies against H1, H3, and H5 influenza strains. These vaccines elicit broadly reactive antibody responses that neutralize not only historical and contemporary vaccine strains, but also co-circulating variants in mice. In this study, we used H1 and H3 HA antigens in a split, inactivated vaccine (IIV) formulation in combination with the AF03 squalene-in-water emulsion adjuvant in ferrets immunologically naïve to influenza virus. The H3 COBRA IIV vaccine T11 elicited antibodies with HAI activity against more H3N2 influenza strains compared to IIV expressing wild-type H3 HA antigens, except for IIV vaccines expressing the HA from A/Texas/50/2012 (Tx/12) virus. H1 COBRA IIV vaccines, P1 and X6, elicited antibodies that recognized a similar number of H1N1 viruses as those antibodies elicited by IIV expressing the A/California/07/2009 (CA/09) HA. Ferrets vaccinated with the P1 or X6 COBRA IIV were protected against CA/09 challege and cleared virus from the lungs of the ferrets, similar to ferrets vaccinated with the CA/09 IIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Satyajit Ray
- Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mohn KGI, Zhou F. Clinical Expectations for Better Influenza Virus Vaccines-Perspectives from the Young Investigators' Point of View. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E32. [PMID: 29861454 PMCID: PMC6027204 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus is one of a few viruses that is capable of rendering an otherwise healthy person acutly bedridden for several days. This impressive knock-out effect, without prodromal symptoms, challenges our immune system. The influenza virus undergoes continuous mutations, escaping our pre-existing immunity and causing epidemics, and its segmented genome is subject to reassortment, resulting in novel viruses with pandemic potential. The personal and socieoeconomic burden from influenza is high. Vaccination is the most cost-effective countermeasure, with several vaccines that are available. The current limitations in vaccine effectivness, combined with the need for yearly updating of vaccine strains, is a driving force for research into developing new and improved influenza vaccines. The lack of public concern about influenza severity, and misleading information concerning vaccine safety contribute to low vaccination coverage even in high-risk groups. The success of future influeza vaccines will depend on an increased public awarness of the disease, and hence, the need for vaccination-aided through improved rapid diagnositics. The vaccines must be safe and broadly acting, with new, measurable correlates of protection and robust post-marketing safety studies, to improve the confidence in influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G-I Mohn
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
- Emergency Care clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway.
| | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kumar A, Meldgaard TS, Bertholet S. Novel Platforms for the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:600. [PMID: 29628926 PMCID: PMC5877485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in immunotherapeutic approaches, influenza continues to cause severe illness, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, young children, and elderly adults. Vaccination is the most effective way to reduce rates of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza viruses. Frequent genetic shift and drift among influenza-virus strains with the resultant disparity between circulating and vaccine virus strains limits the effectiveness of the available conventional influenza vaccines. One approach to overcome this limitation is to develop a universal influenza vaccine that could provide protection against all subtypes of influenza viruses. Moreover, the development of a novel or improved universal influenza vaccines may be greatly facilitated by new technologies including virus-like particles, T-cell-inducing peptides and recombinant proteins, synthetic viruses, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and nucleic acid-based vaccines. This review discusses recent scientific advances in the development of next-generation universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Trine Sundebo Meldgaard
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,GSK, Research and Development Center, Rockville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Soema PC, Rosendahl Huber SK, Willems GJ, Jacobi R, Hendriks M, Soethout E, Jiskoot W, de Jonge J, van Beek J, Kersten GFA, Amorij JP. Whole-Inactivated Influenza Virus Is a Potent Adjuvant for Influenza Peptides Containing CD8 + T Cell Epitopes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:525. [PMID: 29593747 PMCID: PMC5861146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza peptide antigens coding for conserved T cell epitopes have the capacity to induce cross-protective influenza-specific immunity. Short peptide antigens used as a vaccine, however, often show poor immunogenicity. In this study, we demonstrate that whole-inactivated influenza virus (WIV) acts as an adjuvant for influenza peptide antigens, as shown by the induction of peptide-specific CD8+ T cells in HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice upon vaccination with the influenza-M1-derived GILGFVFTL peptide (GIL), formulated with WIV. By screening various concentrations of GIL and WIV, we found that both components contributed to the GIL-specific T cell response. Whereas co-localization of the peptide antigen and WIV adjuvant was found to be important, neither physical association between peptide and WIV nor fusogenic activity of WIV were relevant for the adjuvant effect of WIV. We furthermore show that WIV may adjuvate T cell responses to a variety of peptides, using pools of either conserved wild-type influenza peptides or chemically altered peptide ligands. This study shows the potential of WIV as an adjuvant for influenza peptides. The simple formulation process and the solid safety record of WIV make this an attractive adjuvant for T cell peptides, and may also be used for non-influenza antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Soema
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sietske K Rosendahl Huber
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Willems
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Jacobi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ernst Soethout
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rey-Jurado E, Tapia F, Muñoz-Durango N, Lay MK, Carreño LJ, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Genzel Y, Kalergis AM. Assessing the Importance of Domestic Vaccine Manufacturing Centers: An Overview of Immunization Programs, Vaccine Manufacture, and Distribution. Front Immunol 2018; 9:26. [PMID: 29403503 PMCID: PMC5778105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have significantly reduced the detrimental effects of numerous human infectious diseases worldwide, helped to reduce drastically child mortality rates and even achieved eradication of major pathogens, such as smallpox. These achievements have been possible due to a dedicated effort for vaccine research and development, as well as an effective transfer of these vaccines to public health care systems globally. Either public or private institutions have committed to developing and manufacturing vaccines for local or international population supply. However, current vaccine manufacturers worldwide might not be able to guarantee sufficient vaccine supplies for all nations when epidemics or pandemics events could take place. Currently, different countries produce their own vaccine supplies under Good Manufacturing Practices, which include the USA, Canada, China, India, some nations in Europe and South America, such as Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, France, Argentina, and Brazil, respectively. Here, we discuss some of the vaccine programs and manufacturing capacities, comparing the current models of vaccine management between industrialized and developing countries. Because local vaccine production undoubtedly provides significant benefits for the respective population, the manufacture capacity of these prophylactic products should be included in every country as a matter of national safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Tapia
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Smith AM, Huber VC. The Unexpected Impact of Vaccines on Secondary Bacterial Infections Following Influenza. Viral Immunol 2017; 31:159-173. [PMID: 29148920 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections remain a significant health burden worldwide, despite available vaccines. Factors that contribute to this include a lack of broad coverage by current vaccines and continual emergence of novel virus strains. Further complicating matters, when influenza viruses infect a host, severe infections can develop when bacterial pathogens invade. Secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) contribute to a significant proportion of influenza-related mortality, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae as major coinfecting pathogens. Vaccines against bacterial pathogens can reduce coinfection incidence and severity, but few vaccines are available and those that are, may have decreased efficacy in influenza virus-infected hosts. While some studies indicate a benefit of vaccine-induced immunity in providing protection against SBIs, a comprehensive understanding is lacking. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of viral and bacterial vaccine availability, the generation of protective immunity from these vaccines, and the effectiveness in limiting influenza-associated bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Smith
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Victor C Huber
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota , Vermillion, South Dakota
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fortuna AR, Taft F, Villain L, Wolff MW, Reichl U. Optimization of cell culture-derived influenza A virus particles purification using sulfated cellulose membrane adsorbers. Eng Life Sci 2017; 18:29-39. [PMID: 32624858 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Downstream processing remains one of the biggest challenges in manufacturing of biologicals and vaccines. This work focuses on a Design of Experiments approach to understand factors influencing the performance of sulfated cellulose membrane adsorbers for the chromatographic purification of a cell culture-derived H1N1 influenza virus strain (A/Puerto Rico/8/34). Membranes with a medium ligand density together with low conductivity and a high virus titer in the feed stream resulted in optimum virus yields and low protein and DNA content in the product fraction. Flow rate and salt concentration in the buffer used for elution were of secondary importance while membrane permeability had no significant impact on separation performance. A virus loss of 2.1% in the flow through, a yield of 57.4% together with a contamination level of 5.1 pgDNA HAU-1 and 1.2 ngprot HAU-1 were experimentally confirmed for the optimal operating point predicted. The critical process parameters identified and their optimal settings should support the optimization of sulfated cellulose membrane adsorbers based purification trains for other influenza virus strains, streamlining cell culture-derived vaccine manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Fortuna
- Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Magdeburg Germany
| | - Florian Taft
- R&D Membrane Modification Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
| | - Louis Villain
- R&D Membrane Modification Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Magdeburg Germany.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Gießen Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Magdeburg Germany.,Chair of Bioprocess Engineering Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Size distribution analysis of influenza virus particles using size exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:117-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|