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Lin YJ, Zimmermann J, Schülke S. Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348305. [PMID: 38464539 PMCID: PMC10920236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I hypersensitivity, or so-called type I allergy, is caused by Th2-mediated immune responses directed against otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment with the potential to re-establish clinical tolerance towards the corresponding allergen(s). However, conventional AIT has certain drawbacks, including long treatment durations, the risk of inducing allergic side effects, and the fact that allergens by themselves have a rather low immunogenicity. To improve AIT, adjuvants can be a powerful tool not only to increase the immunogenicity of co-applied allergens but also to induce the desired immune activation, such as promoting allergen-specific Th1- or regulatory responses. This review summarizes the knowledge on adjuvants currently approved for use in human AIT: aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline tyrosine, and MPLA, as well as novel adjuvants that have been studied in recent years: oil-in-water emulsions, virus-like particles, viral components, carbohydrate-based adjuvants (QS-21, glucans, and mannan) and TLR-ligands (flagellin and CpG-ODN). The investigated adjuvants show distinct properties, such as prolonging allergen release at the injection site, inducing allergen-specific IgG production while also reducing IgE levels, as well as promoting differentiation and activation of different immune cells. In the future, better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the effects of these adjuvants in clinical settings may help us to improve AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Lin
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schülke
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- Section Research Allergology (ALG 5), Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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2
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Yousefi Avarvand A, Meshkat Z, Khademi F, Aryan E, Sankian M, Tafaghodi M. Enhancement of the immunogenicity of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein using ISCOMATRIX and PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants as prophylactic vaccine after nasal administration in mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:24-30. [PMID: 38164481 PMCID: PMC10722485 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.69295.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Tuberculosis (TB), a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), remains a health problem worldwide and this infection has the highest mortality rate among bacterial infections. Current studies suggest that intranasal administration of new TB vaccines could enhance the immunogenicity of M. tuberculosis antigens. Hence, we aim to evaluate the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of HspX/EsxS fusion protein of M. tuberculosis along with ISCOMATRIX and PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants and MPLA through intranasal administration in a mice model. Materials and Methods In the present study, the recombinant fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified and used to prepare different nanoparticle formulations in combination with ISCOMATRIX and PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants and MPLA. Mice were intranasally vaccinated with each formulation three times at an interval of 2 weeks. Three weeks after the final vaccination, IFN-γ, IL-4. IL-17, and TGF-β concentrations in the supernatant of cultured splenocytes of vaccinated mice as well as serum titers of IgG1 and IgG2a and sIgA titers in nasal lavage were determined. Results According to obtained results, intranasally vaccinated mice with formulations containing ISCOMATRIX and PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants and MPLA could effectively induce IFN-γ and sIgA responses. Moreover, both HspX/EsxS/ISCOMATRIX/MPLA and HspX/EsxS/PLUSCOM/MPLA and their BCG booster formulation could strongly stimulate the immune system and enhance the immunogenicity of M. tuberculosis antigens. Conclusion The results demonstrate the potential of HspX/EsxS-fused protein in combination with ISCOMATRIX, PLUSCOM, and MPLA after nasal administration in enhancing the immune response against M. tuberculosis antigens. Both nanoparticles were good adjuvants in order to promote the immunogenicity of TB-fused antigens. So, nasal immunization with these formulations, could induce immune responses and be considered a new TB vaccine or a BCG booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshid Yousefi Avarvand
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aryan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunobiochemistry laboratory, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
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3
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Chen K, Wang N, Zhang X, Wang M, Liu Y, Shi Y. Potentials of saponins-based adjuvants for nasal vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153042. [PMID: 37020548 PMCID: PMC10067588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a major public health concern caused by pathogens that colonize and invade the respiratory mucosal surface. Nasal vaccines have the advantage of providing protection at the primary site of pathogen infection, as they induce higher levels of mucosal secretory IgA antibodies and antigen-specific T and B cell responses. Adjuvants are crucial components of vaccine formulation that enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen to confer long-term and effective protection. Saponins, natural glycosides derived from plants, shown potential as vaccine adjuvants, as they can activate the mammalian immune system. Several licensed human vaccines containing saponins-based adjuvants administrated through intramuscular injection have demonstrated good efficacy and safety. Increasing evidence suggests that saponins can also be used as adjuvants for nasal vaccines, owing to their safety profile and potential to augment immune response. In this review, we will discuss the structure-activity-relationship of saponins, their important role in nasal vaccines, and future prospects for improving their efficacy and application in nasal vaccine for respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- West China Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- West China Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- West China Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanyu Liu
- West China Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Shi
- West China Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Shi,
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4
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Silveira F, Rivera-Patron M, Deshpande N, Sienra S, Checa J, Moreno M, Chabalgoity JA, Cibulski SP, Baz M. Quillaja brasiliensis nanoparticle adjuvant formulation improves the efficacy of an inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163858. [PMID: 37197659 PMCID: PMC10183569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The threat of viral influenza infections has sparked research efforts to develop vaccines that can induce broadly protective immunity with safe adjuvants that trigger robust immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that subcutaneous or intranasal delivery of a seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) adjuvanted with the Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based nanoparticle (IMXQB) increases the potency of TIV. The adjuvanted vaccine (TIV-IMXQB) elicited high levels of IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies with virus-neutralizing capacity and improved serum hemagglutination inhibition titers. The cellular immune response induced by TIV-IMXQB suggests the presence of a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) skewed toward an IgG2a phenotype, a positive delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, and effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. After challenge, viral titers in the lungs were significantly lower in animals receiving TIV-IMXQB than in those inoculated with TIV alone. Most notably, mice vaccinated intranasally with TIV-IMXQB and challenged with a lethal dose of influenza virus were fully protected against weight loss and lung virus replication, with no mortality, whereas, among animals vaccinated with TIV alone, the mortality rate was 75%. These findings demonstrate that TIV-IMXQB improved the immune responses to TIV, and, unlike the commercial vaccine, conferred full protection against influenza challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Silveira
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Fernando Silveira, ; Mariana Baz,
| | - Mariana Rivera-Patron
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nikita Deshpande
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Soledad Sienra
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jackeline Checa
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jose A. Chabalgoity
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Samuel P. Cibulski
- Centro de Biotecnologia – CBiotec, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Baz
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Fernando Silveira, ; Mariana Baz,
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Zieneldien T, Kim J, Sawmiller D, Cao C. The Immune System as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091440. [PMID: 36143476 PMCID: PMC9506058 DOI: 10.3390/life12091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common cause of dementia. Furthermore, aging is considered the most critical risk factor for AD. However, despite the vast amount of research and resources allocated to the understanding and development of AD treatments, setbacks have been more prominent than successes. Recent studies have shown that there is an intricate connection between the immune and central nervous systems, which can be imbalanced and thereby mediate neuroinflammation and AD. Thus, this review examines this connection and how it can be altered with AD. Recent developments in active and passive immunotherapy for AD are also discussed as well as suggestions for improving these therapies moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- MegaNano BioTech, Inc., 3802 Spectrum Blvd. Suite 122, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Correspondence:
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Wainwright CL, Teixeira MM, Adelson DL, Buenz EJ, David B, Glaser KB, Harata-Lee Y, Howes MJR, Izzo AA, Maffia P, Mayer AM, Mazars C, Newman DJ, Nic Lughadha E, Pimenta AM, Parra JA, Qu Z, Shen H, Spedding M, Wolfender JL. Future Directions for the Discovery of Natural Product-Derived Immunomodulating Drugs. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106076. [PMID: 35074524 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery from natural sources is going through a renaissance, having spent many decades in the shadow of synthetic molecule drug discovery, despite the fact that natural product-derived compounds occupy a much greater chemical space than those created through synthetic chemistry methods. With this new era comes new possibilities, not least the novel targets that have emerged in recent times and the development of state-of-the-art technologies that can be applied to drug discovery from natural sources. Although progress has been made with some immunomodulating drugs, there remains a pressing need for new agents that can be used to treat the wide variety of conditions that arise from disruption, or over-activation, of the immune system; natural products may therefore be key in filling this gap. Recognising that, at present, there is no authoritative article that details the current state-of-the-art of the immunomodulatory activity of natural products, this in-depth review has arisen from a joint effort between the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) Natural Products and Immunopharmacology, with contributions from a Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation number of world-leading researchers in the field of natural product drug discovery, to provide a "position statement" on what natural products has to offer in the search for new immunomodulatory argents. To this end, we provide a historical look at previous discoveries of naturally occurring immunomodulators, present a picture of the current status of the field and provide insight into the future opportunities and challenges for the discovery of new drugs to treat immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry L Wainwright
- Centre for Natural Products in Health, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - David L Adelson
- Molecular & Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Eric J Buenz
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology, New Zealand.
| | - Bruno David
- Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Toulouse, France.
| | - Keith B Glaser
- AbbVie Inc., Integrated Discovery Operations, North Chicago, USA.
| | - Yuka Harata-Lee
- Molecular & Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melanie-Jayne R Howes
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Italy; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Alejandro Ms Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, IL, USA.
| | - Claire Mazars
- Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | - Adriano Mc Pimenta
- Laboratory of Animal Venoms and Toxins, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - John Aa Parra
- Laboratory of Animal Venoms and Toxins, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- Molecular & Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hanyuan Shen
- Molecular & Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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ISCOM-like Nanoparticles Formulated with Quillaja brasiliensis Saponins Are Promising Adjuvants for Seasonal Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111350. [PMID: 34835281 PMCID: PMC8621233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective public health intervention to prevent influenza infections, which are responsible for an important burden of respiratory illnesses and deaths each year. Currently, licensed influenza vaccines are mostly split inactivated, although in order to achieve higher efficacy rates, some influenza vaccines contain adjuvants. Although split-inactivated vaccines induce mostly humoral responses, tailoring mucosal and cellular immune responses is crucial for preventing influenza infections. Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based adjuvants, including ISCOM-like nanoparticles formulated with the QB-90 saponin fraction (IQB90), have been studied in preclinical models for more than a decade and have been demonstrated to induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses towards several viral antigens. Herein, we demonstrate that a split-inactivated IQB90 adjuvanted influenza vaccine triggered a protective immune response, stronger than that induced by a commercial unadjuvanted vaccine, when applied either by the subcutaneous or the intranasal route. Moreover, we reveal that this novel adjuvant confers up to a ten-fold dose-sparing effect, which could be crucial for pandemic preparedness. Last but not least, we assessed the role of caspase-1/11 in the generation of the immune response triggered by the IQB90 adjuvanted influenza vaccine in a mouse model and found that the cellular-mediated immune response triggered by the IQB90-Flu relies, at least in part, on a mechanism involving the casp-1/11 pathway but not the humoral response elicited by this formulation.
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8
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Sliepen K, Schermer E, Bontjer I, Burger JA, Lévai RF, Mundsperger P, Brouwer PJM, Tolazzi M, Farsang A, Katinger D, Moore JP, Scarlatti G, Shattock RJ, Sattentau QJ, Sanders RW. Interplay of diverse adjuvants and nanoparticle presentation of native-like HIV-1 envelope trimers. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:103. [PMID: 34404812 PMCID: PMC8371121 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimers is generally poor. We used the clinically relevant ConM SOSIP trimer to compare the ability of different adjuvants (squalene emulsion, ISCOMATRIX, GLA-LSQ, and MPLA liposomes) to support neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses in rabbits. The trimers were administered as free proteins or on nanoparticles. The rank order for the adjuvants was ISCOMATRIX > SE > GLA-LSQ ~ MPLA liposomes > no adjuvant. Stronger NAb responses were elicited when the ConM SOSIP trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. We also found that the GLA-LSQ adjuvant induced an unexpectedly strong antibody response to the ferritin core of the nanoparticles. This "off-target" effect may have compromised its ability to induce the more desired antitrimer antibodies. In summary, both adjuvants and nanoparticle display can improve the magnitude of the antibody response to SOSIP trimers but the best combination of trimer presentation and adjuvant can only be identified experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edith Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Réka Felfödiné Lévai
- Control Laboratory of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Animal Facility, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Philip J M Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Attila Farsang
- Control Laboratory of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Animal Facility, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dietmar Katinger
- Polymun Scientific Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, W21PG, UK
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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de Sousa E, Lérias JR, Beltran A, Paraschoudi G, Condeço C, Kamiki J, António PA, Figueiredo N, Carvalho C, Castillo-Martin M, Wang Z, Ligeiro D, Rao M, Maeurer M. Targeting Neoepitopes to Treat Solid Malignancies: Immunosurgery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:592031. [PMID: 34335558 PMCID: PMC8320363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.592031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful outcome of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with solid cancers is in part associated with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the recognition of private neoantigens by T-cells. The quality and quantity of target recognition is determined by the repertoire of ‘neoepitope’-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), or peripheral T-cells. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), produced by T-cells and other immune cells, is essential for controlling proliferation of transformed cells, induction of apoptosis and enhancing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, thereby increasing immunogenicity of cancer cells. TCR αβ-dependent therapies should account for tumor heterogeneity and availability of the TCR repertoire capable of reacting to neoepitopes and functional HLA pathways. Immunogenic epitopes in the tumor-stroma may also be targeted to achieve tumor-containment by changing the immune-contexture in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Non protein-coding regions of the tumor-cell genome may also contain many aberrantly expressed, non-mutated tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) capable of eliciting productive anti-tumor immune responses. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and/or RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of cancer tissue, combined with several layers of bioinformatic analysis is commonly used to predict possible neoepitopes present in clinical samples. At the ImmunoSurgery Unit of the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown (CCU), a pipeline combining several tools is used for predicting private mutations from WES and RNA-Seq data followed by the construction of synthetic peptides tailored for immunological response assessment reflecting the patient’s tumor mutations, guided by MHC typing. Subsequent immunoassays allow the detection of differential IFN-γ production patterns associated with (intra-tumoral) spatiotemporal differences in TIL or peripheral T-cells versus TIL. These bioinformatics tools, in addition to histopathological assessment, immunological readouts from functional bioassays and deep T-cell ‘adaptome’ analyses, are expected to advance discovery and development of next-generation personalized precision medicine strategies to improve clinical outcomes in cancer in the context of i) anti-tumor vaccination strategies, ii) gauging mutation-reactive T-cell responses in biological therapies and iii) expansion of tumor-reactive T-cells for the cellular treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Sousa
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana R Lérias
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Carolina Condeço
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Kamiki
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Figueiredo
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Carvalho
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Zhe Wang
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Applied Adaptome Immunology Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Dário Ligeiro
- Lisbon Centre for Blood and Transplantation, Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação (IPST), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,I Medical Clinic, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Jazayeri SD, Lim HX, Shameli K, Yeap SK, Poh CL. Nano and Microparticles as Potential Oral Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants Against Infectious Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682286. [PMID: 34149426 PMCID: PMC8206556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as the first line of defense. Unlike systemic administration, oral immunization can stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses at both systemic and mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum and long-lasting immunity. Therefore, to design a successful vaccine, it is essential to stimulate the mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Successful oral vaccines need to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal environment such as the extremely low pH, proteolytic enzymes, bile salts as well as low permeability and the low immunogenicity of vaccines. In recent years, several delivery systems and adjuvants have been developed for improving oral vaccine delivery and immunogenicity. Formulation of vaccines with nanoparticles and microparticles have been shown to improve antigen stability, availability and adjuvanticity as well as immunostimulatory capacity, target delivery and specific release. This review discusses how nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) as oral carriers with adjuvant characteristics can be beneficial in oral vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Kamyar Shameli
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, China-Asean College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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11
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:699-717. [PMID: 33798560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is obvious that there is a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate malaria eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against malaria using proteins and peptides is gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks of this approach is the lack of an efficient and durable immune response. Therefore, subunit vaccines require adjuvants to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic. Considering the history of the RTS,S vaccine, it seems likely that no single adjuvant is capable of eliciting all the protective immune responses required in many malarial subunit vaccines and the use of combination adjuvants will be increasingly important as the science of malaria vaccines advances. In light of this, it appears that identifying the most effective mixture of adjuvants with minimal adverse effects offers tremendous opportunities in improving the efficacy of vaccines against malaria. Owing to the importance of a multi-adjuvanted approach in subunit malaria vaccine development, this review paper outlines some of the best known combination adjuvants used in malaria subunit vaccines, focusing on their proposed mechanisms of action, their immunological properties, and their notable results. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to aid the application of these combination adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Reiss AB, Montufar N, DeLeon J, Pinkhasov A, Gomolin IH, Glass AD, Arain HA, Stecker MM. Alzheimer Disease Clinical Trials Targeting Amyloid: Lessons Learned From Success in Mice and Failure in Humans. Neurologist 2021; 26:52-61. [PMID: 33646990 DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0000000000000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of slowing or halting the development of Alzheimer disease (AD) has resulted in the huge allocation of resources by academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies to the development of new treatments. The etiology of AD is elusive, but the aggregation of amyloid-β and tau peptide and oxidative processes are considered critical pathologic mechanisms. The failure of drugs with multiple mechanisms to meet efficacy outcomes has caused several companies to decide not to pursue further AD studies and has left the field essentially where it has been for the past 15 years. Efforts are underway to develop biomarkers for detection and monitoring of AD using genetic, imaging, and biochemical technology, but this is of minimal use if no intervention can be offered. REVIEW SUMMARY In this review, we consider the natural progression of AD and how it continues despite present attempts to modify the amyloid-related machinery to alter the disease trajectory. We describe the mechanisms and approaches to AD treatment targeting amyloid, including both passive and active immunotherapy as well as inhibitors of enzymes in the amyloidogenic pathway. CONCLUSION Lessons learned from clinical trials of amyloid reduction strategies may prove crucial for the leap forward toward novel therapeutic targets to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Natalie Montufar
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Joshua DeLeon
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Aaron Pinkhasov
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Irving H Gomolin
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Amy D Glass
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Hirra A Arain
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Mark M Stecker
- Fresno Center for Medical Education and Research, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, Fresno, CA
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13
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Scully IL, Timofeyeva Y, Illenberger A, Lu P, Liberator PA, Jansen KU, Anderson AS. Performance of a Four-Antigen Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine in Preclinical Models of Invasive S. aureus Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010177. [PMID: 33467609 PMCID: PMC7830931 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A Staphylococcus aureus four-antigen vaccine (SA4Ag) was designed for the prevention of invasive disease in surgical patients. The vaccine is composed of capsular polysaccharide type 5 and type 8 CRM197 conjugates, a clumping factor A mutant (Y338A-ClfA) and manganese transporter subunit C (MntC). S. aureus pathogenicity is characterized by an ability to rapidly adapt to the host environment during infection, which can progress from a local infection to sepsis and invasion of distant organs. To test the protective capacity of the SA4Ag vaccine against progressive disease stages of an invasive S. aureus infection, a deep tissue infection mouse model, a bacteremia mouse model, a pyelonephritis model, and a rat model of infectious endocarditis were utilized. SA4Ag vaccination significantly reduced the bacterial burden in deep tissue infection, in bacteremia, and in the pyelonephritis model. Complete prevention of infection was demonstrated in a clinically relevant endocarditis model. Unfortunately, these positive preclinical findings with SA4Ag did not prove the clinical utility of SA4Ag in the prevention of surgery-associated invasive S. aureus infection.
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14
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Inflammasome-Mediated Immunogenicity of Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030554. [PMID: 32971761 PMCID: PMC7565252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern vaccines, adjuvants can be sophisticated immunological tools to promote robust and long-lasting protection against prevalent diseases. However, there is an urgent need to improve immunogenicity of vaccines in order to protect mankind from life-threatening diseases such as AIDS, malaria or, most recently, COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of vaccine adjuvants, which generally trigger the innate immune system to enhance signal transition to adaptive immunity, resulting in pathogen-specific protection. Thus, improved understanding of vaccine adjuvant mechanisms may aid in the design of “intelligent” vaccines to provide robust protection from pathogens. Various commonly used clinical adjuvants, such as aluminium salts, saponins or emulsions, have been identified as activators of inflammasomes - multiprotein signalling platforms that drive activation of inflammatory caspases, resulting in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines of the IL-1 family. Importantly, these cytokines affect the cellular and humoral arms of adaptive immunity, which indicates that inflammasomes represent a valuable target of vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we highlight the impact of different inflammasomes on vaccine adjuvant-induced immune responses regarding their mechanisms and immunogenicity. In this context, we focus on clinically relevant adjuvants that have been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and also present various experimental adjuvants that activate the NLRP3-, NLRC4-, AIM2-, pyrin-, or non-canonical inflammasomes and could have the potential to improve future vaccines. Together, we provide a comprehensive overview on vaccine adjuvants that are known, or suggested, to promote immunogenicity through inflammasome-mediated signalling.
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15
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Şenel S. Nanotechnology and Animal Health. Pharm Nanotechnol 2020; 9:26-35. [PMID: 32912131 DOI: 10.2174/2211738508666200910101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been a rapidly expanding area of research with huge potential in many sectors, including animal healthcare. It promises to revolutionize drug and vaccine delivery, diagnostics, and theranostics, which has become an important tool in personalized medicine by integrating therapeutics and diagnostics. Nanotechnology has also been used successfully in animal nutrition. In this review, the application of nanotechnology in animal health will be reviewed with its pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Şenel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100-Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Arslan I. Quillaic Acid–Containing Saponin-Based Immunoadjuvants Trigger Early Immune Responses. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43450-020-00080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Campos-Estrada C, Riquelme B, Vergara M, Altamirano C, Cavieres MF. In vitro Notch-mediated adjuvant immunogenic potency is induced by combining QS-21 and MPL in a co-culture model of PBMC and HUVEC cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104947. [PMID: 32679256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Few vaccine adjuvants have been approved for human use although several are currently being studied in preclinical and clinical trial. MPL is a toll-like receptor agonist able to trigger a high and persistent antibody response via-TLR-4 while QS-21 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Data suggest that there is a cross-talk between Notch and TLR signaling pathways modulating the polarization of the immune response in a MyD88-dependent manner. However, the role of Notch on the mechanism action of immunogenic adjuvants has not been addressed yet. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro toxicity and inflammatory response triggered by MPL and QS-21 using an in vitro human cell co-culture model and to determine whether NFκB or Notch signaling pathways are involved in their mechanism of immunotoxicity. In order to do this, we evaluated the effect of QS- 21/MPL alone or in combination using a co-culture of PBMC and HUVEC using cytotoxicity, surface expression of ECAMs, cell adhesion and cytokine release, NF-κB activation and NOTCH1 expression as observation endpoints. We found that both MPL and QS-21 were cytotoxic at concentrations over 5 μg/mL. Both adjuvants were able to trigger the expression of ECAMs and induce firm adhesion of PBMC to the endothelium. QS-21 and MPL combination demonstrated a synergistic effect on cellular recruitment and cytokine release generating a switch from Th2 to Th1 cytokine profile. Both MPL and QS-21 by themselves were able to generate significant NF-κB activation. However, this effect was not observed when both adjuvants were combined. On the contrary, the adjuvants alone and combined induced an overexpression of NOTCH-1. This is an important finding, as it provides new evidence that these adjuvants could modulate reactogenicity of vaccines through Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - B Riquelme
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Vergara
- CREAS, Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile; Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - C Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; CREAS, Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M F Cavieres
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso, Chile.
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18
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Skwarczynski M, Chandrudu S, Rigau-Planella B, Islam MT, Cheong YS, Liu G, Wang X, Toth I, Hussein WM. Progress in the Development of Subunit Vaccines against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030373. [PMID: 32664421 PMCID: PMC7563759 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the human population. The disease also results in a major socio-economic burden. The rapid spread of malaria epidemics in developing countries is exacerbated by the rise in drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. At present, malaria research is focused mainly on the development of drugs with increased therapeutic effects against Plasmodium parasites. However, a vaccine against the disease is preferable over treatment to achieve long-term control. Trials to develop a safe and effective immunization protocol for the control of malaria have been occurring for decades, and continue on today; still, no effective vaccines are available on the market. Recently, peptide-based vaccines have become an attractive alternative approach. These vaccines utilize short protein fragments to induce immune responses against malaria parasites. Peptide-based vaccines are safer than traditional vaccines, relatively inexpensive to produce, and can be composed of multiple T- and B-cell epitopes integrated into one antigenic formulation. Various combinations, based on antigen choice, peptide epitope modification and delivery mechanism, have resulted in numerous potential malaria vaccines candidates; these are presently being studied in both preclinical and clinical trials. This review describes the current landscape of peptide-based vaccines, and addresses obstacles and opportunities in the production of malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Saranya Chandrudu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Berta Rigau-Planella
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Md. Tanjir Islam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Yee S. Cheong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Genan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiumin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (S.C.); (B.R.-P.); (M.T.I.); (Y.S.C.); (G.L.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (W.M.H.)
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19
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Irvine DJ, Aung A, Silva M. Controlling timing and location in vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:91-115. [PMID: 32598970 PMCID: PMC7318960 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most powerful technologies supporting public health. The adaptive immune response induced by immunization arises following appropriate activation and differentiation of T and B cells in lymph nodes. Among many parameters impacting the resulting immune response, the presence of antigen and inflammatory cues for an appropriate temporal duration within the lymph nodes, and further within appropriate subcompartments of the lymph nodes– the right timing and location– play a critical role in shaping cellular and humoral immunity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how vaccine kinetics and biodistribution impact adaptive immunity, and the underlying immunological mechanisms that govern these responses. We discuss emerging approaches to engineer these properties for future vaccines, with a focus on subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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20
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Nico D. The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History. Front Immunol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32210953 PMCID: PMC7068796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses and bacteria have been known as agents of diseases since 1546, 250 years went by until the first vaccines against these pathogens were developed (1796 and 1800s). In contrast, Malaria, which is a protozoan-neglected disease, has been known since the 5th century BCE and, despite 2,500 years having passed since then, no human vaccine has yet been licensed for Malaria. Additionally, no modern human vaccine is currently licensed against Visceral or Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccination against Malaria evolved from the inoculation of irradiated sporozoites through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes in 1930's, which failed to give protection, to the use of controlled human Malaria infection (CHMI) provoked by live sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum and curtailed with specific chemotherapy since 1940's. Although the use of CHMI for vaccination was relatively efficacious, it has some ethical limitations and was substituted by the use of injected recombinant vaccines expressing the main antigens of the parasite cycle, starting in 1980. Pre-erythrocytic (PEV), Blood stage (BSV), transmission-blocking (TBV), antitoxic (AT), and pregnancy-associated Malaria vaccines are under development. Currently, the RTS,S-PEV vaccine, based on the circumsporozoite protein, is the only one that has arrived at the Phase III trial stage. The “R” stands for the central repeat region of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP); the “T” for the T-cell epitopes of the CSP; and the “S” for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In Africa, this latter vaccine achieved only 36.7% vaccine efficacy (VE) in 5–7 years old children and was associated with an increase in clinical cases in one assay. Therefore, in spite of 35 years of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine against Malaria. In contrast, more progress has been achieved regarding prevention of leishmaniasis by vaccine, which also started with the use of live vaccines. For ethical reasons, these were substituted by second-generation subunit or recombinant DNA and protein vaccines. Currently, there is one live vaccine for humans licensed in Uzbekistan, and four licensed veterinary vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis: Leishmune® (76–80% VE) and CaniLeish® (68.4% VE), which give protection against strong endpoints (severe disease and deaths under natural conditions), and, under less severe endpoints (parasitologically and PCR-positive cases), Leishtec® developed 71.4% VE in a low infective pressure area but only 35.7% VE and transient protection in a high infective pressure area, while Letifend® promoted 72% VE. A human recombinant vaccine based on the Nucleoside hydrolase NH36 of Leishmania (L.) donovani, the main antigen of the Leishmune® vaccine, and the sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (SMT) from L. (L.) infantum has reached the Phase I clinical trial phase but has not yet been licensed against the disease. This review describes the history of vaccine development and is focused on licensed formulations that have been used in preventive medicine. Special attention has been given to the delay in the development and licensing of human vaccines against Protozoan infections, which show high incidence worldwide and still remain severe threats to Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute for Research in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Manoff SB, Sausser M, Falk Russell A, Martin J, Radley D, Hyatt D, Roberts CC, Lickliter J, Krishnarajah J, Bett A, Dubey S, Finn T, Coller BA. Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational tetravalent recombinant subunit vaccine for dengue: results of a Phase I randomized clinical trial in flavivirus-naïve adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2195-2204. [PMID: 30427741 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1546523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for vaccines to prevent dengue. V180 is an investigational recombinant subunit vaccine that consists of truncated dengue envelope proteins (DEN-80E) for all 4 serotypes. Three dosage levels of the tetravalent DEN-80E antigens were assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase I dose-escalation, first-in-human proof-of-principle trial in healthy, flavivirus-naïve adults in Australia (NCT01477580). The 9 V180 formulations that were assessed included either ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant (2 dosage levels), aluminum-hydroxide adjuvant, or were unadjuvanted, and were compared to phosphate-buffered saline placebo. Volunteers received 3 injections of assigned product on a 0, 1, 2 month schedule, and were followed for safety through 1 year after the last injection. Antibody levels were assessed at 6 time-points: enrollment, 28 days after each injection, and 6 and 12 months Postdose 3 (PD3). Of the 98 randomized participants, 90 (92%) received all 3 injections; 83 (85%) completed 1-year follow-up. Immunogenicity was measured by a qualified Focus Reduction Neutralization Test with a 50% neutralization cutoff (FRNT50). All 6 V180 formulations with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant showed robust immunogenicity, while the 1 aluminum-adjuvanted and 2 unadjuvanted formulations were poorly immunogenic. Geometric mean antibody titers generally declined at 6 months and 1 year PD3. All 9 V180 formulations were generally well tolerated. Formulations with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant were associated with more adverse events than aluminum-adjuvanted or unadjuvanted formulations.
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22
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Sarkar I, Garg R, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Selection of adjuvants for vaccines targeting specific pathogens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:505-521. [PMID: 31009255 PMCID: PMC7103699 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1604231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adjuvants form an integral component in most of the inactivated and subunit vaccine formulations. Careful and proper selection of adjuvants helps in promoting appropriate immune responses against target pathogens at both innate and adaptive levels such that protective immunity can be elicited. Areas covered: Herein, we describe the recent progress in our understanding of the mode of action of adjuvants that are licensed for use in human vaccines or in clinical or pre-clinical stages at both innate and adaptive levels. Different pathogens have distinct characteristics, which require the host to mount an appropriate immune response against them. Adjuvants can be selected to elicit a tailor-made immune response to specific pathogens based on their unique properties. Identification of biomarkers of adjuvanticity for several candidate vaccines using omics-based technologies can unravel the mechanism of action of modern and experimental adjuvants. Expert opinion: Adjuvant technology has been revolutionized over the last two decades. In-depth understanding of the role of adjuvants in activating the innate immune system, combined with systems vaccinology approaches, have led to the development of next-generation, novel adjuvants that can be used in vaccines against challenging pathogens and in specific target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Sarkar
- a VIDO-InterVac , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada.,b Microbiology and Immunology , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Ravendra Garg
- a VIDO-InterVac , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
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23
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Cibulski SP, Rivera-Patron M, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Casaravilla C, Yendo ACA, Fett-Neto AG, Chabalgoity JA, Moreno M, Roehe PM, Silveira F. Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based nanoparticulate adjuvants are capable of triggering early immune responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13582. [PMID: 30206376 PMCID: PMC6134118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially available saponins are extracted from Quillaja saponaria barks, being Quil A® the most widely used. Nanoparticulate immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs or ISCOMATRIX) formulated with these, are able to stimulate strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Recently, we formulated novel ISCOMs replacing QuilA® by QB-90 (IQB-90), a Quillaja brasiliensis leaf-extracted saponin fraction, and reported that IQB-90 improved antigen uptake, and induced systemic and mucosal antibody production, and T-cell responses. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study we provide a deeper insight into the immune stimulatory properties of QB-90 and ISCOMATRIX-like based on this fraction (IMXQB-90). We show herein that, when used as a viral vaccine adjuvant, QB-90 promotes an "immunocompetent environment". In addition, QB-90 and IMXQB-90 induce immune-cells recruitment at draining-lymph nodes and spleen. Subsequently, we prove that QB-90 or IMXQB-90 stimulated dendritic cells secret IL-1β by mechanisms involving Caspase-1/11 and MyD88 pathways, implying canonical inflammasome activation. Finally, both formulations induce a change in the expression of cytokines and chemokines coding genes, many of which are up-regulated. Findings reported here provide important insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the adjuvant activity of Q. brasiliensis leaf-saponins and its respective nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Paulo Cibulski
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biología Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia - CBiotec., Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Cidade Universitária, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rivera-Patron
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico. Instituto de Higiene - Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR). Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051. CP., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias/Instituto de Química Biológica - Facultad de Química/Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR). Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051. CP., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Casaravilla
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias/Instituto de Química Biológica - Facultad de Química/Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR). Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051. CP., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anna Carolina Alves Yendo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Alejandro Chabalgoity
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico. Instituto de Higiene - Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR). Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051. CP., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico. Instituto de Higiene - Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR). Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051. CP., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silveira
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico. Instituto de Higiene - Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR). Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051. CP., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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24
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Bontempi I, Fleitas P, Poato A, Vicco M, Rodeles L, Prochetto E, Cabrera G, Beluzzo B, Arias D, Racca A, Guerrero S, Marcipar I. Trans-sialidase overcomes many antigens to be used as a vaccine candidate against Trypanosoma cruzi. Immunotherapy 2018; 9:555-565. [PMID: 28595515 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The development of vaccines against Trypanosoma cruzi remains in an exploratory stage. Despite several antigen candidates have been evaluated, a comparison among the performance of the immunogens cannot be carried out because the available reports differ in formulations and infection model. In this work, we compared the protective capacity of seven T. cruzi antigens in the same model of five new antigens and two well-established candidates. Materials & methods: We evaluated highly immunogenic proteins that contain tandem repeats (FRA [flagelar repetitive protein], Tc3, Tc6); enzymes involved in metabolic pathways critical for parasite survival (cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase and tryparedoxin peroxidase); and enzymes involved in parasite invasion (trans-sialidase [TS] and cruzipain). All these antigens were formulated with Freund's adjuvant and protection against the parasite infection was assessed in BALB/c mice. RESULTS Tc3, cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase, cruzipain and TS showed the best outcome after infection in survival level and parasitemia. According to these data, these groups were also assessed using the ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant which is being used in clinical trials. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results showed that the TS overcomes the performance of other antigens when the same model is employed, confirming that TS is a promising antigen that could be used as a vaccine against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bontempi
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Pedro Fleitas
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Alexia Poato
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Miguel Vicco
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Luz Rodeles
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Estefania Prochetto
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Cabrera
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Bruno Beluzzo
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Diego Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Argentina
| | - Andrea Racca
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Sergio Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Argentina
| | - Iván Marcipar
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
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25
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Venkatraman N, Anagnostou N, Bliss C, Bowyer G, Wright D, Lövgren-Bengtsson K, Roberts R, Poulton I, Lawrie A, Ewer K, V S Hill A. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunization with viral-vectored malaria vaccines adjuvanted with Matrix-M™. Vaccine 2017; 35:6208-6217. [PMID: 28941620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of viral vectors in heterologous prime-boost regimens to induce potent T cell responses in addition to humoral immunity is a promising vaccination strategy in the fight against malaria. We conducted an open-label, first-in-human, controlled Phase I study evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of Matrix-M adjuvanted vaccination with a chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) prime followed by a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) boost eight weeks later, both encoding the malaria ME-TRAP antigenic sequence (a multiple epitope string fused to thrombospondin-related adhesion protein). Twenty-two healthy adults were vaccinated intramuscularly with either ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP alone (n=6) or adjuvanted with 25μg (n=8) or 50μg (n=8) Matrix-M. Vaccinations appeared to be safe and generally well tolerated, with the majority of local and systemic adverse events being mild in nature. The addition of Matrix-M to the vaccine did not increase local reactogenicity; however, systemic adverse events were reported more frequently by volunteers who received adjuvanted vaccine in comparison to the control group. T cell ELISpot responses peaked at 7-days post boost vaccination with MVA ME-TRAP in all three groups. TRAP-specific IgG responses were highest at 28-days post boost with MVA ME-TRAP in all three groups. There were no differences in cellular and humoral immunogenicity at any of the time points between the control group and the adjuvanted groups. We demonstrate that Matrix-M can be safely used in combination with ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP heterologous prime-boost immunization without any reduction in cellular or humoral immunogenicity. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01669512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Venkatraman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas Anagnostou
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carly Bliss
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Georgina Bowyer
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Danny Wright
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Rachel Roberts
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Poulton
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Lawrie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Ewer
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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26
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Bertona D, Pujato N, Bontempi I, Gonzalez V, Cabrera G, Gugliotta L, Hozbor D, Nicastro A, Calvinho L, Marcipar IS. Development and assessment of a new cage-like particle adjuvant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:1293-1303. [PMID: 28664569 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To obtain and assess stable cage-like particles with low surface charge density, which can be prepared using a standardized, economic and scalable method. METHODS To form these nanoparticles, the lipid composition and proportion as well the method were modified in relation to cage-like particles previously described elsewhere. Bovine albumin was used to compare ISPA performance with that of other adjuvants in mice and to assess stability. Adjuvant efficacy was analysed using a mouse model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which shows protection against an intracellular infection that needs a strong cellular response. KEY FINDINGS The new particles were better in terms of level, kinetics and profile of humoral responses than Freund Adjuvant, aluminium hydroxide and Montanide TM ISA 206; they also tended to improve ISCOMATRIX™ performance. Particle size and adjuvant performance were conserved during the 6-month period assessed after preparation. In the model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, mice immunized with ISPA and trans-sialidase developed high protection. CONCLUSIONS The obtained nanoparticles were stable and outperformed the other assessed adjuvants in joining together the capacity of most adjuvants to enhance the immune response against specific antigen, to reduce the number of doses, to homogenize the response between individuals and to reach a balanced TH1/TH2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Bertona
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nazarena Pujato
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Iván Bontempi
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Verónica Gonzalez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral and CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Cabrera
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Gugliotta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral and CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT La Plata CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Luis Calvinho
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Iván Sergio Marcipar
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Alshanqiti FM, Al-Masaudi SB, Al-Hejin AM, Redwan EM. Adjuvants for Clostridium tetani and Clostridium diphtheriae vaccines updating. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:23-29. [PMID: 27858706 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It's known that diphtheria and tetanus are a contagious lethal diseases over the years, they caused by pathogenic microbes corynebacterium diphtheria and Clostridium tetani, respectively. The diseases result from the production of bacterial toxin. Vaccination with bacterial toxoid vaccines adsorbed on particulates adjuvants still are the best way to prevent this epidemic diseases from spread. The particulate vaccines have been shown to be more efficient than soluble one for the induction of the immune responses. Nanoparticles can be engineered to enhance the immune responses. As well known the immune response to inactivate killed and subunit vaccine enhances by alum adjuvants. The adjuvants examined and tested after reducing its size to particle size, thus mimic size of viruses which is considered smallest units can derive the immune system. The major issue is minimizing the adjuvant particles, to gain insight of resulting immunity types and impact on immune response. The adjuvant effect of micro/nanoparticles appears to largely be a consequence of their uptake into antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah M Alshanqiti
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad B Al-Masaudi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Al-Hejin
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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