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Chovanec M, Ďurišová J, Vajnerová O, Baňasová A, Vízek M, Žaloudíková M, Uhlík J, Krása K, Herget J, Hampl V. Simple model of pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart pressure overload induced by partial intravascular occlusion of the ascending aorta. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 327:L371-L381. [PMID: 39010823 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00243.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a group of diseases characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance with significant morbidity and mortality. The most prevalent type is pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (PH-LHD). The available experimental models of PH-LHD use partial pulmonary clamping by technically nontrivial open-chest surgery with lengthy recovery. We present a simple model in which the reduction of the cross-sectional area of the ascending aorta is achieved not by external clamping but by partial intravascular obstruction without opening the chest. In anesthetized rats, a blind polyethylene tubing was advanced from the right carotid artery to just above the aortic valve. The procedure is quick and easy to learn. Three weeks after the procedure, left heart pressure overload was confirmed by measuring left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by puncture (1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 mmHg in controls, mean ± SD, P < 0.0001). The presence of pulmonary hypertension was documented by measuring pulmonary artery pressure by catheterization (22.3 ± 2.3 vs. 16.9 ± 2.7 mmHg, P = 0.0282) and by detecting right ventricular hypertrophy and increased muscularization of peripheral pulmonary vessels. Contributions of a precapillary vascular segment and vasoconstriction to the increased pulmonary vascular resistance were demonstrated, respectively, by arterial occlusion technique and by normalization of resistance by a vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside, in isolated lungs. These changes were comparable, but not additive, to those induced by an established pulmonary hypertension model, chronic hypoxic exposure. Intravascular partial aortic obstruction offers an easy model of pulmonary hypertension induced by left heart disease that has a vasoconstrictor and precapillary component.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present a new, simple model of a clinically important type of pulmonary hypertension, that induced by left heart failure. Left ventricular pressure overload is induced in rats by inserting a blinded cannula into the ascending aorta via carotid artery access. This partial intravascular aortic obstruction, which does not require opening of the chest and prolonged recovery, causes pulmonary hypertension, which has a precapillary and vasoconstrictor as well as a vascular remodeling component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Chovanec
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cardiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ďurišová
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Vajnerová
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Baňasová
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vízek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Žaloudíková
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Uhlík
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Krása
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Herget
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hampl
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Muehlebach ME, Holstein SA. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase: Role in human health, disease and potential therapeutic target. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1167. [PMID: 36650113 PMCID: PMC9845123 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), an enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, is responsible for the production of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). GGPP serves as a substrate for the post-translational modification (geranylgeranylation) of proteins, including those belonging to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. These proteins play key roles in signalling pathways, cytoskeletal regulation and intracellular transport, and in the absence of the prenylation modification, cannot properly localise and function. Aberrant expression of GGDPS has been implicated in various human pathologies, including liver disease, type 2 diabetes, pulmonary disease and malignancy. Thus, this enzyme is of particular interest from a therapeutic perspective. Here, we review the physiological function of GGDPS as well as its role in pathophysiological processes. We discuss the current GGDPS inhibitors under development and the therapeutic implications of targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E. Muehlebach
- Cancer Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Sarah A. Holstein
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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Liu S, Yan Y. Animal models of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:197-206. [PMID: 35234367 PMCID: PMC9240728 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH‐LHD) is regarded as the most prevalent form of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Indeed, PH is an independent risk factor and predicts adverse prognosis for patients with left heart disease (LHD). Clinically, there are no drugs or treatments that directly address PH‐LHD, and treatment of LHD alone will not also ameliorate PH. To target the underlying physiopathological alterations of PH‐LHD and to develop novel therapeutic approaches for this population, animal models that simulate the pathophysiology of PH‐LHD are required. There are several available models for PH‐LHD that have been successfully employed in rodents or large animals by artificially provoking an elevated pressure load on the left heart, which by transduction elicits an escalated pressure in pulmonary artery. In addition, metabolic derangement combined with aortic banding or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist is also currently applied to reproduce the phenotype of PH‐LHD. As of today, none of the animal models exactly recapitulates the condition of patients with PH‐LHD. Nevertheless, the selection of an appropriate animal model is essential in basic and translational studies of PH‐LHD. Therefore, this review will summarize the characteristics of each PH‐LHD animal model and discuss the advantages and limitations of the different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Fei Liu
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Yi Yan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK) Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich Munich Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance Munich Germany
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Xiong PY, Motamed M, Chen KH, Dasgupta A, Potus F, Tian L, Martin A, Mewburn J, Jones O, Thébaud A, Archer SL. Inhibiting pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 regresses group 2 pulmonary hypertension induced by supra-coronary aortic banding. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13764. [PMID: 34978755 PMCID: PMC8810721 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) has no approved PH-targeted therapy. Metabolic remodelling, specifically a biventricular increase in pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) isozyme 2 to 1 ratio, occurs in rats with group 2 PH induced by supra-coronary aortic banding (SAB). We hypothesize that increased PKM2/PKM1 is maladaptive and inhibiting PKM2 would improve right ventricular (RV) function. METHODS Male, Sprague-Dawley SAB rats were confirmed to have PH by echocardiography and then randomized to treatment with a PKM2 inhibitor (intraperitoneal shikonin, 2 mg/kg/day) versus 5% DMSO (n = 5/group) or small interfering RNA-targeting PKM2 (siPKM2) versus siRNA controls (n = 7/group) by airway nebulization. RESULTS Shikonin-treated SAB rats had milder PH (PAAT 32.1 ± 1.3 vs 22.1 ± 1.2 ms, P = .0009) and lower RV systolic pressure (RVSP) (31.5 ± 0.9 vs 55.7 ± 1.9 mm Hg, P < .0001) versus DMSO-SAB rats. siPKM2 nebulization reduced PKM2 expression in the RV, increased PAAT (31.7 ± 0.7 vs 28.0 ± 1.3 ms, P = .025), lowered RVSP (30.6 ± 2.6 vs 42.0 ± 4.0 mm Hg, P = .032) and reduced diastolic RVFW thickness (0.69 ± 0.04 vs 0.85 ± 0.06 mm, P = .046). Both shikonin and siPKM2 regressed PH-induced medial hypertrophy of small pulmonary arteries. CONCLUSION Increases in PKM2/PKM1 in the RV contribute to RV dysfunction in group 2 PH. Chemical or molecular inhibition of PKM2 restores the normal PKM2/PKM1 ratio, reduces PH, RVSP and RVH and regresses adverse PA remodelling. PKM2 merits consideration as a therapeutic cardiac target for group 2 PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehras Motamed
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kuang-Hueih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asish Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - François Potus
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lian Tian
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Martin
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Mewburn
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Jones
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur Thébaud
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Zhu L, Liu F, Hao Q, Feng T, Chen Z, Luo S, Xiao R, Sun M, Zhang T, Fan X, Zeng X, He J, Yuan P, Liu J, Ruiz M, Dupuis J, Hu Q. Dietary Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Counteracts the Benefits of Statin Therapy in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Circulation 2021; 143:1775-1792. [PMID: 33660517 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mevalonate pathway generates endogenous cholesterol and intermediates including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). By reducing GGPP production, statins exert pleiotropic or cholesterol-independent effects. The potential regulation of GGPP homeostasis through dietary intake and the interaction with concomitant statin therapy is unknown. METHODS We developed a sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatography technique to quantify dietary GGPP and conducted proteomics, qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction screening, and Western blot to determine signaling cascades, gene expression, protein-protein interaction, and protein membrane trafficking in wild-type and transgenic rats. RESULTS GGPP contents were highly variable depending on food source that differentially regulated blood GGPP levels in rats. Diets containing intermediate and high GGPP reduced or abolished the effects of statins in rats with hypoxia- and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension: this was rescuable by methyl-allylthiosulfinate and methyl-allylthiosulfinate-rich garlic extracts. In human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells treated with statins, hypoxia activated RhoA in an extracellular GGPP-dependent manner. Hypoxia-induced ROCK2 (Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2)/Rab10 (Ras-related protein rab-10) signaling was prevented by statin and recovered by exogenous GGPP. The hypoxia-activated RhoA/ROCK2 pathway in rat and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells upregulated the expression of Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) and HIMF (hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor), a mechanism attenuated by statin treatment and regained with exogenous GGPP. Rab10 knockdown almost abrogated hypoxia-promoted CaSR membrane trafficking, a process diminished by statin and resumed by exogenous GGPP. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was reduced in rats with CaSR mutated at the binding motif of HIMF and the interaction between dietary GGPP and statin efficiency was abolished. In humans fed a high GGPP diet, blood GGPP levels were increased. This abolished statin-lowering effects on plasma GGPP, and also on hypoxia-enhanced RhoA activity of blood monocytes that was rescued by garlic extracts. CONCLUSIONS There is important dietary regulation of GGPP levels that interferes with the effects of statin therapy in experimental pulmonary hypertension. These observations rely on a key and central role of RhoA-ROCK2 cascade activation and Rab10-faciliated CaSR membrane trafficking with subsequent overexpression and binding of HIMF to CaSR. These findings warrant clinical investigation for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and perhaps other diseases by combining statin with garlic-derived methyl-allylthiosulfinate or garlic extracts and thus circumventing dietary GGPP variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangbo Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeshuai Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengquan Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxiang Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohang Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianqin Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.H.)
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China (P.Y., J.L.)
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China (P.Y., J.L.)
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Departments of Nutrition (M.R.), Université de Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Canada (M.R., J.D.)
| | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Medicine (J.D.), Université de Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Canada (M.R., J.D.)
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Cheng C, Liu XB, Bi SJ, Lu QH, Zhang J. Inhibition of Rho-kinase is involved in the therapeutic effects of atorvastatin in heart ischemia/reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3147-3153. [PMID: 32855683 PMCID: PMC7444387 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of atorvastatin against heart ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and its potential underlying mechanism. Rats were allocated into the following groups: Sham, I/R, atorvastatin (10 mg/kg daily), fasudil (10 mg/kg daily) and atorvastatin + fasudil in combination. Drugs were administered for 2 weeks prior to I/R injury. I/R was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch (LAD) for 30 min and releasing the ligature for 180 min. The I/R group was found to have increased myocardial infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, levels of plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and Rho-kinase activity compared with the other treatment groups (P<0.05). Moreover, pretreatment with atorvastatin significantly attenuated Rho-kinase activity, myocardial infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, levels of plasma IL-6 and TNF-α, SOD activity and MDA levels, and upregulated nitric oxide production. It was also indicated that the specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, had the same effects as atorvastatin in I/R. Therefore, the present results suggested atorvastatin may lead to cardiovascular protection, which may be mediated by Rho-kinase inhibition in heart I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bo Liu
- Shandong Blood Center, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Jie Bi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Hua Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Tulbah AS. The potential of Atorvastatin for chronic lung diseases therapy. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1353-1363. [PMID: 33250642 PMCID: PMC7679442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATO) is of the statin class and is used as an orally administered lipid-lowering drug. ATO is a reversible synthetic competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase thus leading to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis. It has recently been demonstrated that ATO has different pharmacological actions, which are unrelated to its lipid-lowering effects and has the ability to treat chronic airway diseases. This paper reviews the potential of ATO as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative agent after oral or inhaled administration. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using ATO under conditions associated with those found in the airways. This treatment could potentially be used to support the formulating of ATO as an inhaler for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases.
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Key Words
- %, Percentage
- AA, Allergic asthma
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- ATO, Atorvastatin
- Atorvastatin
- BALF, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- CCL7, Chemokine ligand 7
- CI, Confidence interval
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CS, Cigarettes smoke
- CYP3A4/5, Cytochrome Metabolic enzymes3A4/5
- FPP, Farnesylpyrophosphate
- G, Gram
- GEF, Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- GGPP, Geranylgeranylpyrophosphate
- IL, Interleukins
- Inflammation
- Inhale
- Log P, Partition coefficient
- MMPs, Matrix-metalloprotease
- MVA, Mevalonic acid
- NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NCSCL, Non-small cell lung cancer
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa
- NOS, Nitric oxide synthase
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- OATP, Organic anion transporting polypeptide
- Oral
- Oxidation
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PPE, Porcine pancreatic elastase
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Respiratory diseases
- SAS, Supercritical antisolvent
- SphK1, Sphingosine kinase 1
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- TNF-a, Tumour necrosis factor alpha
- TSC, Tuberous sclerosis
- UDP, Uridine diphosphate
- UV, Ultraviolet light
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- VLDL, Very low-density lipoproteins
- WHO, World Health Organization
- log D, Coefficient values octanol/water
- m2, Square meter
- mg, Milligram
- mg/day, Milligram per day
- ml, Millilitres
- pH, Measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
- pKa, Dissociation constant
- s, Second
- v/v, Volume per volume
- °C/min, Temperature in degrees per minutes
- μM, Micromolar
- μg, Microgram
- μg/day, Microgram per day
- μg/mL, Microgram per millilitre
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Tulbah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang H, Huang W, Liu H, Zheng Y, Liao L. Mechanical stretching of pulmonary vein stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and transforming growth factor-β1 through stretch-activated channel/MAPK pathways in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease model rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235824. [PMID: 32881898 PMCID: PMC7470280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) is a momentous pulmonary hypertension disease, and left heart disease is the most familiar cause. Mechanical stretching may be a crucial cause of vascular remodeling. While, the underlining mechanism of mechanical stretching-induced in remodeling of pulmonary vein in the early stage of PH-LHD has not been completely elucidated. In our study, the PH-LHD model rats were successfully constructed. After 25 days, doppler echocardiography and hemodynamic examination were performed. In addition, after treatment, the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were determined by ELISA, immunohistochemistry and western blot assays in the pulmonary veins. Moreover, the pathological change of pulmonary tissues was evaluated by H&E staining. Our results uncovered that left ventricular insufficiency and interventricular septal shift could be observed in PH-LHD model rats, and the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and mean left atrial pressure (mLAP) were also elevated in PH-LHD model rats. Meanwhile, we found that MMP-9 and TGF-β1 could be highly expressed in PH-LHD model rats. Besides, we revealed that stretch-activated channel (SAC)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway could be involved in the upregulations of MMP-9 and TGF-β1 mediated by mechanical stretching in pulmonary vein. Therefore, current research revealed that mechanical stretching induced the increasing expressions of MMP-9 and TGF-β1 in pulmonary vein, which could be mediated by activation of SAC/MAPKs signaling pathway in the early stage of PH-LHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongjin Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Yihan Zheng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Lianming Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
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9
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Williams EA, Russo V, Ceraso S, Gupta D, Barrett-Jolley R. Anti-arrhythmic properties of non-antiarrhythmic medications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104762. [PMID: 32217149 PMCID: PMC7248574 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditional anti-arrhythmic drugs are classified by the Vaughan-Williams classification scheme based on their mechanisms of action, which includes effects on receptors and/or ion channels. Some known anti-arrhythmic drugs do not perfectly fit into this classification scheme. Other medications/molecules with established non-anti-arrhythmic indications have shown anti-arrhythmic properties worth exploring. In this narrative review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and evidence base for the anti-arrhythmic properties of traditional non-antiarrhythmic drugs such as inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In summary, RAS antagonists, statins and PUFAs are 'upstream target modulators' that appear to have anti-arrhythmic roles. RAS blockers prevent the downstream arrhythmogenic effects of angiotensin II - the main effector peptide of RAS - and the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Statins have pleiotropic effects including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, modulation of autonomic nervous system, anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant actions which appear to underlie their anti-arrhythmic properties. PUFAs have the ability to alter ion channel function and prevent excessive accumulation of calcium ions in cardiac myocytes, which might explain their benefits in certain arrhythmic conditions. Clearly, whilst a number of anti-arrhythmic drugs exist, there is still a need for randomised trials to establish whether additional agents, including those already in clinical use, have significant anti-arrhythmic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ato Williams
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, L14 3PE, United Kingdom; Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Chair of Cardiology, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Ceraso
- Specialization Fellow in Cardiology, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" - Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Dhiraj Gupta
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, L14 3PE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Chair Neuropharmacology, Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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10
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Fernández AI, Yotti R, González-Mansilla A, Mombiela T, Gutiérrez-Ibanes E, Pérez del Villar C, Navas-Tejedor P, Chazo C, Martínez-Legazpi P, Fernández-Avilés F, Bermejo J. The Biological Bases of Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235884. [PMID: 31771195 PMCID: PMC6928720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a potentially fatal condition with a prevalence of around 1% in the world population and most commonly caused by left heart disease (PH-LHD). Usually, in PH-LHD, the increase of pulmonary pressure is only conditioned by the retrograde transmission of the left atrial pressure. However, in some cases, the long-term retrograde pressure overload may trigger complex and irreversible biomechanical and biological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. This latter clinical entity, designated as combined pre- and post-capillary PH, is associated with very poor outcomes. The underlying mechanisms of this progression are poorly understood, and most of the current knowledge comes from the field of Group 1-PAH. Treatment is also an unsolved issue in patients with PH-LHD. Targeting the molecular pathways that regulate pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular remodeling has provided excellent results in other forms of PH but has a neutral or detrimental result in patients with PH-LHD. Therefore, a deep and comprehensive biological characterization of PH-LHD is essential to improve the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients and, eventually, identify new therapeutic targets. Ongoing research is aimed at identify candidate genes, variants, non-coding RNAs, and other biomarkers with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art cellular, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms potentially involved in PH-LHD. Signaling and effective pathways are particularly emphasized, as well as the current knowledge on -omic biomarkers. Our final aim is to provide readers with the biological foundations on which to ground both clinical and pre-clinical research in the field of PH-LHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Fernández
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Yotti
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Mansilla
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Mombiela
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gutiérrez-Ibanes
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Candelas Pérez del Villar
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Navas-Tejedor
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Chazo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Legazpi
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bermejo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-586-8279
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11
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Yeh JJ, Syue SH, Lin CL, Hsu CY, Shae Z, Kao CH. Statin use and Vital Organ Failure in Patients With Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap: A Time-Dependent Population-Based Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:889. [PMID: 31474854 PMCID: PMC6707404 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The effects of statins on the risk of hepatic, renal, respiratory, and heart failure among patients with asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap (ACO) have not been reported. Design: Time-dependent population-based study. Setting: Patient data from 2000 to 2010 were retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients: We divided patients with ACO into cohorts of statin use (N = 1,211) and nonuse (N = 7,443). Measurements and Main Results: The cumulative incidence rates of hepatic, renal, respiratory, and heart failure were analyzed through Cox proportional regression analysis with time-dependent variables. After adjustment for multiple confounding factors, including age, sex, comorbidities, and medications [statins, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), or oral steroid (OS)], the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for hepatic, renal, respiratory, and heart failure were 0.50 (0.40–0.64), 0.49 (0.38–0.64), 0.61 (0.27–2.21), and 0.47 (0.37–0.60), respectively. The aHRs (95% CIs) for statin use with [ICS, OS] for hepatic, renal, and heart failure were [0.36 (0.20–0.66), 0.52 (0.39–0.70)]; [0.82 (0.51–1.34), 0.46 (0.33–0.63)]; and [0.66 (0.40–1.07), 0.48 (0.37–0.64)], respectively. Conclusions: The ACO cohort with statin use exhibited lower risk of hepatic, renal, and heart failure than any other cohort, regardless of age, sex, comorbidities, or ICS or OS use. Regarding the combined use of statins and ICS, the risks of hepatic failure were lower. For the combined use of statins and OS, hepatic, renal, and heart failure were less frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Yeh
- Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Childhood Education and Nursery, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Mei-Ho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huei Syue
- Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung Y Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zonyin Shae
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Xiong PY, Tian L, Dunham-Snary KJ, Chen KH, Mewburn JD, Neuber-Hess M, Martin A, Dasgupta A, Potus F, Archer SL. Biventricular Increases in Mitochondrial Fission Mediator (MiD51) and Proglycolytic Pyruvate Kinase (PKM2) Isoform in Experimental Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension-Novel Mitochondrial Abnormalities. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 5:195. [PMID: 30740395 PMCID: PMC6355690 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Group 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mmHg with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >15 mmHg, has no approved therapy and patients often die from right ventricular failure (RVF). Alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, notably impaired glucose oxidation, and increased mitochondrial fission, contribute to right ventricle (RV) dysfunction in PH. We hypothesized that the impairment of RV and left ventricular (LV) function in group 2 PH results in part from a proglycolytic isoform switch from pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) isoform 1 to 2 and from increased mitochondrial fission, due either to upregulation of expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) or its binding partners, mitochondrial dynamics protein of 49 or 51 kDa (MiD49 or 51). Methods and Results: Group 2 PH was induced by supra-coronary aortic banding (SAB) in 5-week old male Sprague Dawley rats. Four weeks post SAB, echocardiography showed marked reduction of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (2.9 ± 0.1 vs. 4.0 ± 0.1 mm) and pulmonary artery acceleration time (24.3 ± 0.9 vs. 35.4 ± 1.8 ms) in SAB vs. sham rats. Nine weeks post SAB, left and right heart catheterization showed significant biventricular increases in end systolic and diastolic pressure in SAB vs. sham rats (LV: 226 ± 15 vs. 103 ± 5 mmHg, 34 ± 5 vs. 7 ± 1 mmHg; RV: 40 ± 4 vs. 22 ± 1 mmHg, and 4.7 ± 1.5 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 mmHg, respectively). Picrosirius red staining showed marked biventricular fibrosis in SAB rats. There was increased muscularization of small pulmonary arteries in SAB rats. Confocal microscopy showed biventricular mitochondrial depolarization and fragmentation in SAB vs. sham cardiomyocytes. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed a marked biventricular reduction in mitochondria size in SAB hearts. Immunoblot showed marked biventricular increase in PKM2/PKM1 and MiD51 expression. Mitofusin 2 and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 were increased in SAB LVs. Conclusions: SAB caused group 2 PH. Impaired RV function and RV fibrosis were associated with increases in mitochondrial fission and expression of MiD51 and PKM2. While these changes would be expected to promote increased production of reactive oxygen species and a glycolytic shift in metabolism, further study is required to determine the functional consequences of these newly described mitochondrial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lian Tian
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kuang-Hueih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Ashley Martin
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Asish Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Francois Potus
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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13
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Cheng WP, Lo HM, Wang BW, Chua SK, Shyu KG. Effect of atorvastatin on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through suppressing MURC induced by volume overload and cyclic stretch. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1406-1414. [PMID: 30511410 PMCID: PMC6349245 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MURC (muscle‐restricted coiled‐coil protein) is a hypertrophy‐related gene. Hypertrophy can be induced by mechanical stress. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that MURC mediates hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes under mechanical stress. We used the in vivo model of an aortocaval shunt (AV shunt) in adult Wistar rats to induce myocardial hypertrophy. We also used the in vitro model of cyclic stretch in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes to clarify MURC expression and the molecular regulation mechanism. The flexible membrane culture plate seeding with cardiomyocytes Cardiomyocytes seeded on a flexible membrane culture plate were stretched by vacuum pressure to 20% of maximum elongation at 60 cycles/min. AV shunt induction enhanced MURC protein expression in the left ventricular myocardium. Treatment with atorvastatin inhibited the hypertrophy induced by the AV shunt. Cyclic stretch markedly enhanced MURC protein and mRNA expression in cardiomyocytes. Addition of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059, ERK small interfering RNA (siRNA), angiotensin II (Ang II) antibody and atorvastatin before stretch, abolished the induction of MURC protein. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that stretch enhanced the DNA binding activity of serum response factor. Stretch increased but MURC mutant plasmid, ERK siRNA, Ang II antibody and atorvastatin reversed the transcriptional activity of MURC induced by stretch. Adding Ang II to the cardiomyocytes also induced MURC protein expression. MURC siRNA and atorvastatin inhibited the hypertrophic marker and protein synthesis induced by stretch. Treatment with atorvastatin reversed MURC expression and hypertrophy under volume overload and cyclic stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ming Lo
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Kiat Chua
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of General Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Gi Shyu
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Xiong PY, Potus F, Chan W, Archer SL. Models and Molecular Mechanisms of World Health Organization Group 2 to 4 Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2018; 71:34-55. [PMID: 29158355 PMCID: PMC5777609 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.08824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu Xiong
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francois Potus
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Winnie Chan
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen L Archer
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Fujimoto Y, Urashima T, Kawachi F, Akaike T, Kusakari Y, Ida H, Minamisawa S. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease causes intrapulmonary venous arterialization in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:1742-1753.e8. [PMID: 28755882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A rat model of left atrial stenosis-associated pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases was prepared to elucidate its mechanism. METHODS Five-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: left atrial stenosis and sham-operated control. Echocardiography was performed 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks after surgery, and cardiac catheterization and organ excision were subsequently performed at 10 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Left ventricular inflow velocity, measured by echocardiography, significantly increased in the left atrial stenosis group compared with that in the sham-operated control group (2.2 m/s, interquartile range [IQR], 1.9-2.2 and 1.1 m/s, IQR, 1.1-1.2, P < .01), and the right ventricular pressure-to-left ventricular systolic pressure ratio significantly increased in the left atrial stenosis group compared with the sham-operated control group (0.52, IQR, 0.54-0.60 and 0.22, IQR, 0.15-0.27, P < .01). The right ventricular weight divided by body weight was significantly greater in the left atrial stenosis group than in the sham-operated control group (0.54 mg/g, IQR, 0.50-0.59 and 0.39 mg/g, IQR, 0.38-0.43, P < .01). Histologic examination revealed medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary vein was thickened by 1.6 times in the left atrial stenosis group compared with the sham-operated control group. DNA microarray analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that transforming growth factor-β mRNA was significantly elevated in the left atrial stenosis group. The protein levels of transforming growth factor-β and endothelin-1 were increased in the lung of the left atrial stenosis group by Western blot analyses. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a novel, feasible rat model of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases by generating left atrial stenosis. Although pulmonary hypertension was moderate, the pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases model rats demonstrated characteristic intrapulmonary venous arterialization and should be used to further investigate the mechanism of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Fujimoto
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Urashima
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Kawachi
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Akaike
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kusakari
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ida
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Minamisawa
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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