1
|
Unterrainer HF. On the trail of Sisyphus - addiction as an existential neurosis? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1243792. [PMID: 37692306 PMCID: PMC10483396 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1243792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Greek mythology, Sisyphus, king of the Corinthians, dared to deceive the gods and was condemned to roll a boulder to the top of a mountain for all eternity. Shortly before reaching the summit, however, the boulder rolled back down into the valley, and the arduous task had to begin anew. Many of the contents of this classic myth are reminiscent of the therapeutic approach to addictive disorders. In addiction therapy, too, it is often a long and rocky road that ends with a relapse. The therapeutic effort was not entirely in vain, but one often begins to doubt its usefulness. In terms of Sisyphus and a Bio-Psycho-Social Model (BPSM) of health and disease, addiction can be located at the end of a downward spiral. By extension of the BPSM, can addictive disease be considered an expression of existential neurosis? The results of our own research speak in favor of this and show a clearly reduced experience of sense and meaning, but also diminished feelings of hope and forgiveness in addiction patients. However, positive correlations between various parameters of existential well-being and mental health or more appropriate stress coping are also found for the addiction group. These results are supported by neuronal correlates and are mirrored in the general population. Based on this, the consideration of existential issues in addiction therapy can be discussed. Finally, the use of art therapy and work training are proposed as examples of a meaning based therapeutic intervention in dealing with people with addictive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Association, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vuzic XD, Burkart PL, Wenzl M, Fuchshuber J, Unterrainer HF. The relationship between religious/spiritual well-being, psychiatric symptoms and addictive behaviors among young adults during the COVID-19-pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:942149. [PMID: 36172231 PMCID: PMC9511163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is becoming increasingly apparent that the COVID-19 pandemic not only poses risks to physical health, but that it also might lead to a global mental health crisis, making the exploration of protective factors for mental well-being highly relevant. The present study seeks to investigate religious/spiritual well-being (RSWB) as a potential protective factor with regard to psychiatric symptom burden and addictive behavior. Materials and Methods The data was collected by conducting an online survey in the interim period between two national lockdowns with young adults (N = 306; age: 18-35) in Austria. The primary study variables were assessed through the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18; psychiatric symptom load), the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST; addictive behavior/addiction risk) and the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being short version (MI-RSWB 12), with its sub-dimensions Hope (HO), Forgiveness (FO), General Religiosity (GR), and Connectedness (CO). Results We observed HO and FO as substantial negative predictors of psychiatric symptom burden. With regard to addictive behavior, HO in particular but also GR seem to have a protective function. Furthermore, we found positive connections between CO, psychiatric symptom burden, and addictive behavior. Conclusion In line with our assumptions, HO, FO and to a minor extent GR were confirmed as negative predictors regarding psychiatric symptom burden or addictive behavior in young adults, coping with the psychological threat of COVID-19 pandemic. These dimensions might be further considered as potential resources in clinical treatment. However, the positive prediction of mental illness parameters by increased feelings of CO could also be interpreted as an expression of exhaustion and alienation from the real world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xenia D. Vuzic
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Magdalena Wenzl
- CIAR: Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- CIAR: Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- CIAR: Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ehrenthal JC, Zimmermann J, Brenk-Franz K, Dinger U, Schauenburg H, Brähler E, Strauß B. Evaluation of a short version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire (ECR-RD8): results from a representative German sample. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:140. [PMID: 34521473 PMCID: PMC8439023 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attachment insecurity is a prominent risk factor for the development and course of psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders. The Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire is a widely used self-report to assess attachment related anxiety and avoidance. However, its length has the potential to restrict its use in large, multi-instrument studies. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a brief version of the ECR-R, and provide norm values for the German population. METHODS A screening version of the original ECR-R was developed through principal components analysis of datasets from several previous studies. In a representative sample of 2428 randomly selected individuals from the German population, we compared fit indices of different models by means of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). We investigated the convergent validity of the screening version in an independent convenience sample of 557 participants. Correlations between the short and the full scale were investigated in a re-analysis of the original German ECR-R evaluation sample. RESULTS CFA indicated a satisfactory model fit for an eight-item version (ECR-RD8). The ECR-RD8 demonstrated adequate reliability. The subscales correlated as expected with another self-report measure of attachment in an independent sample. Individuals with higher levels of attachment anxiety, but especially higher levels of attachment avoidance were significantly more likely to not be in a relationship, across all age groups. Correlations between the short and the full scale were high. CONCLUSIONS The ECR-RD8 appears to be a reliable, valid, and economic questionnaire for assessing attachment insecurity. In addition, the reported population-based norm values will help to contextualize future research findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C Ehrenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Bernhard-Feilchenfeld-Str. 11, 50969, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Katja Brenk-Franz
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Dinger
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henning Schauenburg
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Strauß
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zammitti A, Imbrogliera C, Russo A, Zarbo R, Magnano P. The Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic Restrictions in Italy. The Mediating Role of the Fear of COVID-19 in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Affect with Positive and Negative Outcomes. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2021; 11:697-710. [PMID: 34563063 PMCID: PMC8314377 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe11030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Italy was quickly hit hard by the coronavirus. 'Lockdown' has significantly impacted the psychological health, personal wellbeing and quality of life of the people. The study aims to explore the relationship between positive and negative affect, as well as positive (spiritual well-being and flourishing) and negative outcomes (psychological distress caused by a traumatic life event in terms of perception of PTSD symptoms) on Italian adults during the lockdown period. Data was collected between April and May 2020. The participants were 281 Italian adults aged between 18 and 73 years. The survey was composed of the following measures: Flourishing Scale, Jarel Spiritual Well-Being scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Fear of COVID-19. The mediational analysis shows that fear of COVID-19 fully mediates the relationship between negative affect and spiritual well-being and flourishing; fear of COVID-19 partially mediates the relationship between negative affect and PTSD symptoms; the positive affect shows only direct effects on positive outcomes. Therefore, fear of COVID-19 does not play any mediation role. Implications for psychological interventions and future research will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zammitti
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Imbrogliera
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.I.); (A.R.); (R.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Angela Russo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.I.); (A.R.); (R.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Rita Zarbo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.I.); (A.R.); (R.Z.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Magnano
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (C.I.); (A.R.); (R.Z.); (P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cherniak AD, Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, Granqvist P. Attachment theory and religion. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 40:126-130. [PMID: 33075624 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attachment theory deals with the development and dynamics of interpersonal affectional bonds. It also provides a framework for understanding individuals' relationship with God, which is central to religion. We review basic concepts of attachment theory and survey research that has examined religion both in terms of normative attachment processes and individual differences in attachment. We cite evidence from cross-sectional, experimental, and longitudinal studies showing that many religious individuals experience God as a source of resilience (e.g. a safe haven and secure base). We also summarize proposed attachment-related developmental pathways to religion. Finally, we review research on religion and mental health undertaken from an attachment viewpoint and discuss future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Cherniak
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mario Mikulincer
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, 8 Ha'universuta St., P.O. Box 167, Herzliya, 46150, Israel
| | - Phillip R Shaver
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 103 Young Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pehr Granqvist
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hiebler-Ragger M, Nausner L, Blaha A, Grimmer K, Korlath S, Mernyi M, Unterrainer HF. The supervisory relationship from an attachment perspective: Connections to burnout and sense of coherence in health professionals. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:124-136. [PMID: 32691477 PMCID: PMC7891645 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Supervision is an essential part of the training and work environment of health professionals, especially of psychotherapists and clinical/health psychologists. However, although the supervisory process is always a relational one and may therefore be influenced by attachment dynamics, the importance of the supervisory relationship for the professional's performance and the well‐being of the supervisee has yet to be fully examined. In this cross‐sectional observational study, the Experiences in Close Relationships‐Revised (ECR‐RD; avoidant and anxious attachment), the Supervisory Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC‐13) were analysed for 346 (81.8% female) health professionals. Considering professional experience and number of supervision sessions as control variables, a better supervisory relationship negatively predicted burnout symptoms (β = −.31) but positively predicted sense of coherence (β = .31, both p < .01). The final model, including avoidant and anxious attachment as additional predictors, explained 30% of the variance in burnout symptoms and 41% of the variance in sense of coherence. The results underline the importance of the supervisory relationship for the well‐being and the professional performance of health professionals. Interactions between the supervisory relationship and underlying attachment parameters should be further explored in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Nausner
- Specialist Faculty of Integrative Gestalt (IG) Therapy, Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Blaha
- Specialist Faculty of Group Psychoanalysis (GPA), Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Grimmer
- Specialist Faculty of Psychodrama (PD), Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Korlath
- Specialist Faculty of Group Dynamics and Dynamic Group (DG) Therapy, Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Mernyi
- Specialist Faculty of Systemic Family (SF) Therapy, Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Human F Unterrainer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hiebler-Ragger M, Kamble SV, Aberer E, Unterrainer HF. The relationship between existential well-being and mood-related psychiatric burden in Indian young adults with attachment deficits: a cross-cultural validation study. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:21. [PMID: 32093787 PMCID: PMC7041092 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-0388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attachment and spirituality are thought to have deep evolutionary roots but are always interpreted within the framework of culture, religion and personal beliefs. While insecure attachment has been observed to be positively related with psychopathology, a positive mental health effect has often been described for spirituality. To examine the cross-cultural validation of previous research focused on Austrian young adults with Western socialization, we attempt to replicate our study examining the influence spirituality has on the connection between insecure attachment and mood-related psychiatric burden with Indian young adults. METHODS We investigated Avoidant (AV) and Anxious (AX) Attachment (ECR-RD), Religious (RWB) and Existential (EWB) Well-Being (MI-RSWB), and mood-related psychiatric burden (Anxiety, Depression, Somatization; BSI-18) in 443 (31% female) Indian young adults (age range: 18-30 years) with a Hindu upbringing. RESULTS Compared to young adults with a Roman Catholic upbringing in a Western socialization, Indian participants did not differ in AX and EWB but scored higher in mood-related psychiatric burden (eta2 = .04), AV (eta2 = .14), as well as RWB (eta2 = .28; all p < .01). As in previous research only AX (β = .40) positively predicted mood-related psychiatric burden (ΔR2 = .15, all p < .01), while EWB was an additional negative predictor (β = -.11, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasize the universal importance of attachment and spirituality for mental health as well as the potential influence of socialization on their development. Furthermore, they underline that Existential Well-Being - including hope for a better future, forgiveness, and the experience of sense and meaning - appears to have a compensating effect on the relation between insecure attachment and impaired mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, A-8036, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (Grüner Kreis Society), Rudolfsplatz 9, A-1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shanmukh V Kamble
- Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India
| | - Elisabeth Aberer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Human Friedrich Unterrainer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, A-8036, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (Grüner Kreis Society), Rudolfsplatz 9, A-1010, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Schenkenstraße 8-10/5th floor, A-1010, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yun JY, Chung H, Sim JA, Yun YH. Prevalence and associated factors of depression among Korean adolescents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223176. [PMID: 31618232 PMCID: PMC6795486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify factors significantly associated with recent depressive mood with respect to health-related behavioral patterns at the individual level, perceived safety in the school environment, and willingness to share concerns with family and social networks. Self-reported responses to questions regarding recent feelings of depression, health-related behaviors in physical, psychological, and spiritual subdomains, school refusal and perceived safety at school, and perceived social support were obtained from 1,991 in-school adolescents (mean [SD] age = 15.3 [1.7] years; male/female = 936/1055). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify explanatory factors significantly associated with recent depression, defined as feelings of sadness or hopelessness for more than 2 weeks (during the last 12 months) that interfered with everyday functioning. Of the 1,991 students, 271 (13.6%) reported recent depression. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed higher odds of recent depression in adolescents with frequent thoughts of school refusal (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 3.25 [2.44-4.32]) and those who engaged in regular physical exercise (1.57 [1.19-2.07]), whereas a positive mindset (0.65 [0.49-0.86]), perceived safety at school (0.62 [0.47-0.82]), and perceived social support from one's mother (0.54 [0.40-0.72]) were associated with lower odds of recent depression. Taken together, our findings suggest that parents and teachers should talk regularly with adolescents about recent life (dis)satisfaction and stressors, particularly when they report frequent thoughts of school refusal. Perceived social support would increase perceived safety on school grounds and make it easier for teenagers to share their concerns with parents, thereby reducing the risk for depressive symptoms. School-based programs that promote a positive mindset would be helpful in preparing students for the challenges of adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Halin Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-ah Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hiebler-Ragger M, Unterrainer HF. The Role of Attachment in Poly-Drug Use Disorder: An Overview of the Literature, Recent Findings and Clinical Implications. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:579. [PMID: 31507461 PMCID: PMC6720034 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a worldwide epidemic with extensive costs to the individual and to society. Occasionally described as an attachment disorder, they have been linked to various impairments in self-regulation and social functioning. However, while there have been significant advances in the development and validation of treatment strategies for SUD in recent years, the components of these treatment approaches have yet to be fully explored. The characteristics of polydrug use disorder (PUD) especially need to be addressed in more detail, as this diagnosis is highly common in individuals seeking treatment, while simultaneously being associated with poor treatment success. Aim and Scope: This review aims at further exploring the relevance of attachment in PUD and its treatment. To this end, this review provides a concise summary of relevant theories on the development and treatment of SUD in general, including related parameters of attachment, emotion regulation, and neuroscience. Furthermore, several studies focused specifically on PUD are described in more detail. These studies explored the connections between attachment, personality structure, primary and higher emotions (including spirituality), as well as structural and functional neural parameters in inpatients with PUD as well as in healthy controls. Most notably, the described studies highlight that insecure attachment and impairments in personality structure are present in inpatients with PUD. In addition, these characteristics are paralleled by extensive impairments in white matter integrity, especially in tracts connected to facets of emotion regulation. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we emphasize conceptualization of PUD as an Attachment Disorder, on a behavioral as well as on a neural level. Furthermore, we point out the importance of an integrated bio-psycho-social approach in this research area. Consequently, future studies might more closely focus on the influence of attachment-based interventions on emotion regulation abilities as well as a potentially related neuroplasticity. Neuroplastic changes, which are still rather unexplored, might represent important parameters for the assessment of treatment outcomes especially in long-term SUD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Gruener Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Gruener Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spiritual well-being mediates the association between attachment insecurity and psychological distress in advanced cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2019; 27:4317-4325. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Hiebler-Ragger M, Fuchshuber J, Dröscher H, Vajda C, Fink A, Unterrainer HF. Personality Influences the Relationship Between Primary Emotions and Religious/Spiritual Well-Being. Front Psychol 2018; 9:370. [PMID: 29615950 PMCID: PMC5868126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human emotions and personality provides valuable insights into the parameters of mental health and well-being. Affective neuroscience proposes that several levels of emotions - ranging from primary ones such as LUST or FEAR up to higher emotions such as spirituality - interact on a neural level. The present study aimed to further explore this theory. Furthermore, we hypothesized that personality - formed by bottom-up primary emotions and cortical top-down regulation - might act as a link between primary emotions and religious/spiritual well-being. A total sample of 167 (78% female) student participants completed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (primary emotions), the Big Five Personality Inventory and the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (higher emotions). Correlation analyses confirmed the link between primary and higher emotions as well as their relation to personality. Further regression analyses indicated that personality dimensions mediate the relationship between primary and higher emotions. A substantial interaction between primary emotions, personality dimensions, and religious/spiritual well-being could be confirmed. From a developmental perspective, cortical top-down regulation might influence religious/spiritual well-being by forming relevant personality dimensions. Hence, CARE as well as Agreeableness seem of special importance. Future studies might focus on implications for clinical groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian Vajda
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Fink
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Human F. Unterrainer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fuchshuber J, Hiebler-Ragger M, Kresse A, Kapfhammer HP, Unterrainer HF. Depressive Symptoms and Addictive Behaviors in Young Adults After Childhood Trauma: The Mediating Role of Personality Organization and Despair. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:318. [PMID: 30061848 PMCID: PMC6054985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is substantial evidence that traumatic experiences in childhood increase the likelihood of mood pathology and addictive behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood. Furthermore, both forms of psychopathology have been linked to deficiencies in personality organization and a common primary emotion core. In this study, we intended to further investigate these interactions by assuming a mediating role of personality organization and despair regarding the relationship between childhood trauma and psychiatric symptom burden later in life. Methods: A total sample of 500 young adults (Age: M = 26; SD = 5.51; 63.2% female) were investigated. Structural Equation Modeling was applied in order to investigate the pathways between the latent variables Childhood Trauma, Structural Deficit, Despair (comprised of the primary emotions SEEKING and SADNESS), as well as symptoms of addiction and depression. Results: The results indicate that the influence of Childhood Trauma on Addictive Behaviors was mediated by Structural Deficit (p < 0.01), whereas its influence on Depressive Symptoms was mediated by Despair (decreased SEEKING and increased SADNESS) (p < 0.01). Furthermore, Addictive Behaviors seemed to be stronger represented in males (p < 0.001). The final model was able to explain 39% of the variance of Addictive Behaviors and 85% of the variance of Depressive Symptoms. Discussion: The findings underline the importance of early experiences in the development of adult affective and personality functioning, which is linked to the development of psychiatric disorders. Regarding clinical practice, addiction treatment might focus on the improvement of personality organization, while treatment of depressed patients should primarily emphasize the restructuring of dysfunctional primary emotion dispositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Adelheid Kresse
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Kapfhammer
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Human F Unterrainer
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Unterrainer HF, Hiebler-Ragger M, Koschutnig K, Fuchshuber J, Tscheschner S, Url M, Wagner-Skacel J, Reininghaus EZ, Papousek I, Weiss EM, Fink A. Addiction as an Attachment Disorder: White Matter Impairment Is Linked to Increased Negative Affective States in Poly-Drug Use. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:208. [PMID: 28503141 PMCID: PMC5408064 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) have been shown to be linked to various neuronal and behavioral impairments. In this study, we investigate whether there is a connection between the integrity of white matter (WM) and attachment styles as well as different affective states including spirituality in a group of patients diagnosed for poly-drug use disorder (PUD) in comparison to non-clinical controls. A total sample of 59 right-handed men, comprising the groups of patients with PUD (n = 19), recreational drug-using individuals (RUC; n = 20) as well as non-drug using controls were recruited (NUC; n = 20). For the behavioral assessment, we applied the Adult Attachment-Scale, the Affective Neuroscience Personality-Scale (short version) and the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being. Diffusion Tensor Imaging was used to investigate differences in WM neural connectivity. Analyses revealed decreased Fractional Anisotropy and decreased Mean Diffusivity in PUD patients as compared to RUC and NUC. No differences were found between RUC and NUC. Additional ROI analyses suggested that WM impairment in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the superior corona radiata (SCR) was linked to more insecure attachment as well as to more negative affectivity. No substantial correlation was observed with spirituality. These findings are mainly limited by the cross-sectional design of the study. However, our preliminary results support the idea of addiction as an attachment disorder, both at neuronal and behavioral levels. Further research might be focused on the changes of insecure attachment patterns in SUD treatment and their correlation with changes in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis SocietyVienna, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis SocietyVienna, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University GrazGraz, Austria
| | | | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis SocietyVienna, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University GrazGraz, Austria
| | | | - Maria Url
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis SocietyVienna, Austria
| | - Jolana Wagner-Skacel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University GrazGraz, Austria.,Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Ilona Papousek
- Institute of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Fink
- Institute of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|