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Abdelmoneim D, Coates D, Porter G, Schmidlin P, Li KC, Botter S, Lim K, Duncan W. In vitro and in vivo investigation of antibacterial silver nanoparticles functionalized bone grafting substitutes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024. [PMID: 38864151 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Infection is a major concern in surgery involving grafting and should be considered thoroughly when designing biomaterials. There is considerable renewed interest in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) owing to their ability to potentiate antibacterial properties against multiple bacterial strains. This study aimed to develop two antibacterial bone regenerative scaffolds by integrating AgNPs in bovine bone particles (BBX) (Product 1), and a light cross-linked hydrogel GelMA (Product 2). The constructs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Metabolic activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on the constructs was investigated using PrestoBlue™. Disk diffusion assay was conducted to test the antibacterial properties. The regenerative capacity of the optimized AgNP functionalized BBX and GelMA were tested in a rabbit cranial 6 mm defect model. The presence of AgNPs appears to enhance proliferation of osteoblasts compared to AgNP free controls in vitro. We established that AgNPs can be used at a 100 μg dose that inhibits bacteria, with minimal adverse effects on the bone cells. Our rabbit model revealed that both the BBX and GelMA hydrogels loaded AgNPs were biocompatible with no signs of necrosis or inflammatory response. Grafts functionalized with AgNPs can provide antibacterial protection and simultaneously act as a scaffold for attachment of bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Abdelmoneim
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Porter
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schmidlin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Chun Li
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sander Botter
- Swiss Center for Musculoskeletal Biobanking, Balgrist Campus AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Khoon Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Warwick Duncan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Belenichev I, Popazova O, Bukhtiyarova N, Savchenko D, Oksenych V, Kamyshnyi O. Modulating Nitric Oxide: Implications for Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:504. [PMID: 38790609 PMCID: PMC11118938 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in the fields of biology, physiology, molecular medicine, and pharmacology; the designation of the properties of nitrogen monoxide in the regulation of life-supporting functions of the organism; and numerous works devoted to this molecule, there are still many open questions in this field. It is widely accepted that nitric oxide (•NO) is a unique molecule that, despite its extremely simple structure, has a wide range of functions in the body, including the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system (CNS), reproduction, the endocrine system, respiration, digestion, etc. Here, we systematize the properties of •NO, contributing in conditions of physiological norms, as well as in various pathological processes, to the mechanisms of cytoprotection and cytodestruction. Current experimental and clinical studies are contradictory in describing the role of •NO in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the cardiovascular system and CNS. We describe the mechanisms of cytoprotective action of •NO associated with the regulation of the expression of antiapoptotic and chaperone proteins and the regulation of mitochondrial function. The most prominent mechanisms of cytodestruction-the initiation of nitrosative and oxidative stresses, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and participation in apoptosis and mitosis. The role of •NO in the formation of endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction is also considered. Moreover, we focus on the various ways of pharmacological modulation in the nitroxidergic system that allow for a decrease in the cytodestructive mechanisms of •NO and increase cytoprotective ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Belenichev
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Formulation with Course of Normal Physiology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Olena Popazova
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Nina Bukhtiyarova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Savchenko
- Department of Pharmacy and Industrial Drug Technology, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine;
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Gupta P, Rai N, Verma A, Gautam V. Microscopy based methods for characterization, drug delivery, and understanding the dynamics of nanoparticles. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:138-168. [PMID: 37294298 DOI: 10.1002/med.21981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that exploits nanotechnology for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Researches are been focussed in nanoimaging to develop noninvasive, highly sensitive, and reliable tools for diagnosis and visualization in nanomedical field. The application of nanomedicine in healthcare requires in-depth understanding of their structural, physical and morphological properties, internalization inside living system, biodistribution and localization, stability, mode of action and possible toxic health effects. Microscopic techniques including fluorescence-based confocal laser scanning microscopy, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy; optical-based Raman microscopy, photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography; photothermal microscopy; electron microscopy (transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope); atomic force microscopy; X-ray microscopy and, correlative multimodal imaging are recognized as an indispensable tool in material research and aided in numerous discoveries. Microscopy holds great promise in detecting the fundamental structures of nanoparticles (NPs) that determines their performance and applications. Moreover, the intricate details that allows assessment of chemical composition, surface topology and interfacial properties, molecular, microstructure, and micromechanical properties are also elucidated. With plethora of applications, microscopy-based techniques have been used to characterize novel NPs alongwith their proficient designing and adoption of safe strategies to be exploited in nanomedicine. Consequently, microscopic techniques have been extensively used in the characterization of fabricated NPs, and their biomedical application in diagnostics and therapeutics. The present review provides an overview of the microscopy-based techniques for in vitro and in vivo application in nanomedical investigation alongwith their challenges and advancement to meet the limitations of conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Büssemaker H, Meinshausen AK, Bui VD, Döring J, Voropai V, Buchholz A, Mueller AJ, Harnisch K, Martin A, Berger T, Schubert A, Bertrand J. Silver-integrated EDM processing of TiAl6V4 implant material has antibacterial capacity while optimizing osseointegration. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:497-508. [PMID: 37736105 PMCID: PMC10509668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are a common reason for orthopedic revision surgeries. It has been shown that the silver surface modification of a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) by PMEDM (powder mixed electrical discharge machining) exhibits an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus spp. adhesion. Whether the thickness of the silver-modified surface influences the adhesion and proliferation of bacteria as well as the ossification processes and in-vivo antibacterial capacity has not been investigated before. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial effect as well as the in vitro ossification process depending on the thickness of PMEDM silver modified surfaces. The attachment of S. aureus on the PMEDM modified surfaces was significantly lower than on comparative control samples, independently of the tested surface properties. Bacterial proliferation, however, was not affected by the silver content in the surface layer. We observed a long-term effect of antibacterial capacity in vitro, as well as in vivo. An induction of ROS, as indicator for oxidative stress, was observed in the bacteria, but not in osteoblast-like cells. No influence on the in vitro osteoblast function was observed, whereas osteoclast formation was drastically reduced on the silver surface. No changes in cell death, the metabolic activity and oxidative stress was measured in osteoblasts. We show that already small amounts of silver exhibit a significant antibacterial capacity while not influencing the osteoblast function. Therefore, PMEDM using silver nano-powder admixed to the dielectric represents a promising technology to shape and concurrently modify implant surfaces to reduce infections while at the same time optimizing bone ingrowth of endoprosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Büssemaker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Viet Duc Bui
- Professorship Micromanufacturing Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Joachim Döring
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vadym Voropai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Buchholz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Mueller
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Harnisch
- Institute of Materials and Joining Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - André Martin
- Professorship Micromanufacturing Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Professorship Micromanufacturing Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Andreas Schubert
- Professorship Micromanufacturing Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Kumah EA, Fopa RD, Harati S, Boadu P, Zohoori FV, Pak T. Human and environmental impacts of nanoparticles: a scoping review of the current literature. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1059. [PMID: 37268899 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of nanoparticles have established benefits in a wide range of applications, however, the effects of exposure to nanoparticles on health and the environmental risks associated with the production and use of nanoparticles are less well-established. The present study addresses this gap in knowledge by examining, through a scoping review of the current literature, the effects of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. We searched relevant databases including Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, and SAGE journals, as well as Google, Google Scholar, and grey literature from June 2021 to July 2021. After removing duplicate articles, the title and abstracts of 1495 articles were first screened followed by the full-texts of 249 studies, and this resulted in the inclusion of 117 studies in the presented review.In this contribution we conclude that while nanoparticles offer distinct benefits in a range of applications, they pose significant threats to humans and the environment. Using several biological models and biomarkers, the included studies revealed the toxic effects of nanoparticles (mainly zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, silver, and carbon nanotubes) to include cell death, production of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and induction of inflammatory responses. Most of the included studies (65.81%) investigated inorganic-based nanoparticles. In terms of biomarkers, most studies (76.9%) used immortalised cell lines, whiles 18.8% used primary cells as the biomarker for assessing human health effect of nanoparticles. Biomarkers that were used for assessing environmental impact of nanoparticles included soil samples and soybean seeds, zebrafish larvae, fish, and Daphnia magna neonates.From the studies included in this work the United States recorded the highest number of publications (n = 30, 25.64%), followed by China, India, and Saudi Arabia recording the same number of publications (n = 8 each), with 95.75% of the studies published from the year 2009. The majority of the included studies (93.16%) assessed impact of nanoparticles on human health, and 95.7% used experimental study design. This shows a clear gap exists in examining the impact of nanoparticles on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Adjoa Kumah
- Depeartment of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Raoul Djou Fopa
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Saeed Harati
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Paul Boadu
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Tannaz Pak
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK.
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Husain S, Nandi A, Simnani FZ, Saha U, Ghosh A, Sinha A, Sahay A, Samal SK, Panda PK, Verma SK. Emerging Trends in Advanced Translational Applications of Silver Nanoparticles: A Progressing Dawn of Nanotechnology. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14010047. [PMID: 36662094 PMCID: PMC9863943 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscience has emerged as a fascinating field of science, with its implementation in multiple applications in the form of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has recently been more impactful in diverse sectors such as the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture sector, and food market. The peculiar properties which make nanoparticles as an asset are their large surface area and their size, which ranges between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). Various technologies, such as chemical and biological processes, are being used to synthesize nanoparticles. The green chemistry route has become extremely popular due to its use in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanomaterials are versatile and impactful in different day to day applications, resulting in their increased utilization and distribution in human cells, tissues, and organs. Owing to the deployment of nanoparticles at a high demand, the need to produce nanoparticles has raised concerns regarding environmentally friendly processes. These processes are meant to produce nanomaterials with improved physiochemical properties that can have significant uses in the fields of medicine, physics, and biochemistry. Among a plethora of nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles have emerged as the most investigated and used nanoparticle. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become vital entities of study due to their distinctive properties which the scientific society aims to investigate the uses of. The current review addresses the modern expansion of AgNP synthesis, characterization, and mechanism, as well as global applications of AgNPs and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Husain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector 125, Noida 201313, India
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (S.K.V.)
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | | | - Utsa Saha
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Aishee Ghosh
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Adrija Sinha
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Aarya Sahay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Samal
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suresh K. Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (S.K.V.)
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Dong J, Wang W, Zhou W, Zhang S, Li M, Li N, Pan G, Zhang X, Bai J, Zhu C. Immunomodulatory biomaterials for implant-associated infections: from conventional to advanced therapeutic strategies. Biomater Res 2022; 26:72. [PMID: 36471454 PMCID: PMC9721013 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated infection (IAI) is increasingly emerging as a serious threat with the massive application of biomaterials. Bacteria attached to the surface of implants are often difficult to remove and exhibit high resistance to bactericides. In the quest for novel antimicrobial strategies, conventional antimicrobial materials often fail to exert their function because they tend to focus on direct bactericidal activity while neglecting the modulation of immune systems. The inflammatory response induced by host immune cells was thought to be a detrimental force impeding wound healing. However, the immune system has recently received increasing attention as a vital player in the host's defense against infection. Anti-infective strategies based on the modulation of host immune defenses are emerging as a field of interest. This review explains the importance of the immune system in combating infections and describes current advanced immune-enhanced anti-infection strategies. First, the characteristics of traditional/conventional implant biomaterials and the reasons for the difficulty of bacterial clearance in IAI were reviewed. Second, the importance of immune cells in the battle against bacteria is elucidated. Then, we discuss how to design biomaterials that activate the defense function of immune cells to enhance the antimicrobial potential. Based on the key premise of restoring proper host-protective immunity, varying advanced immune-enhanced antimicrobial strategies were discussed. Finally, current issues and perspectives in this field were offered. This review will provide scientific guidance to enhance the development of advanced anti-infective biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Dong
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Siming Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- grid.440785.a0000 0001 0743 511XInstitute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
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Antibiotic-modified ionic liquids-assisted preparation of biomedical Silver NPs with antibacterial, anti-colon cancer, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antifungal activity. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Cameron SJ, Sheng J, Hosseinian F, Willmore WG. Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7962. [PMID: 35887304 PMCID: PMC9323783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Composite Membrane Dressings System with Metallic Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Factor in Wound Healing. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020215. [PMID: 35207136 PMCID: PMC8876280 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Wound management is the burning problem of modern medicine, significantly burdening developed countries’ healthcare systems. In recent years, it has become clear that the achievements of nanotechnology have introduced a new quality in wound healing. The application of nanomaterials in wound dressing significantly improves their properties and promotes the healing of injuries. Therefore, this review paper presents the subjectively selected nanomaterials used in wound dressings, including the metallic nanoparticles (NPs), and refers to the aspects of their application as antimicrobial factors. The literature review was supplemented with the results of our team’s research on the elements of multifunctional new-generation dressings containing nanoparticles. The wound healing multiple molecular pathways, mediating cell types, and affecting agents are discussed herein. Moreover, the categorization of wound dressings is presented. Additionally, some materials and membrane constructs applied in wound dressings are described. Finally, bacterial participation in wound healing and the mechanism of the antibacterial function of nanoparticles are considered. Membranes involving NPs as the bacteriostatic factors for improving wound healing of skin and bones, including our experimental findings, are discussed in the paper. In addition, some studies of our team concerning the selected bacterial strains’ interaction with material involving different metallic NPs, such as AuNPs, AgNPs, Fe3O4NPs, and CuNPs, are presented. Furthermore, nanoparticles’ influence on selected eukaryotic cells is mentioned. The ideal, universal wound dressing still has not been obtained; thus, a new generation of products have been developed, represented by the nanocomposite materials with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties that can influence the wound-healing process.
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Mohamed AF, Nasr M, Amer ME, Abuamara TMM, Abd-Elhay WM, Kaabo HF, Matar EER, El Moselhy LE, Gomah TA, Deban MAEF, Shebl RI. Anticancer and antibacterial potentials induced post short-term exposure to electromagnetic field and silver nanoparticles and related pathological and genetic alterations: in vitro study. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:4. [PMID: 35120563 PMCID: PMC8817517 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to antibiotics and anticancer therapy is a serious global health threat particularly in immunosuppressed cancer patients. Current study aimed to estimate the antibacterial and anticancer potentials of short-term exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) either in sole or combined form. METHODS Antibacterial activity was evaluated via determination of the bacterial viable count reduction percentage following exposure, whereas their ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line was detected using annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and cell cycle analysis. Also, oxidative stress potential and molecular profile were investigated. RESULTS ELF-EMF and AgNPs significantly (p < 0.01) reduced K. pneumonia viable count of compared to that of S. aureus in a time dependent manner till reaching 100% inhibition when ELF-EMF was applied in combination to 10 µM/ml AgNPs for 2 h. Apoptosis induction was obvious following exposure to either ELF-EMF or AgNPs, however their apoptotic potential was intensified when applied in combination recording significantly (p < 0.001) induced apoptosis as indicated by elevated level of MCF-7 cells in the Pre G1 phase compared to control. S phase arrest and accumulation of cells in G2/M phase was observed following exposure to AgNPs and EMF, respectively. Up-regulation in the expression level of p53, iNOS and NF-kB genes as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2 and miRNA-125b genes were detected post treatment. CONCLUSIONS The antibacterial and anticancer potentials of these agents might be related to their ability to induce oxidative stress, suggesting their potentials as novel candidates for controlling infections and triggering cancer cells towards self-destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Fahmy Mohamed
- International Center for Training and Advanced Researches (ICTAR-Egypt), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Amer
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Tamer M M Abuamara
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wagih M Abd-Elhay
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Fathy Kaabo
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Eldin R Matar
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila E El Moselhy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rania Ibrahim Shebl
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), 4th Industrial Zone, Banks Complex, 6th October City, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Hajtuch J, Santos-Martinez MJ, Wojcik M, Tomczyk E, Jaskiewicz M, Kamysz W, Narajczyk M, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Lipoic Acid-Coated Silver Nanoparticles: Biosafety Potential on the Vascular Microenvironment and Antibacterial Properties. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:733743. [PMID: 35153735 PMCID: PMC8831385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.733743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To study and compare the antibacterial properties and the potential cytotoxic effects of commercially available uncoated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with lipoic acid coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPsLA) developed by our group. The antibacterial, cytotoxic, and hemolytic properties of those NPs were assessed with the main objective of investigating if AgNPsLA could maintain their antibacterial properties while improving their biosafety profile over uncoated AgNPs within the blood vessel's microenvironment. Methods: Comercially available uncoated 2.6 nm AgNPs and 2.5 nm AgNPsLA synthesized and characterized as previously described by our group, were used in this study. Antimicrobial activity was assessed on a wide range of pathogens and expressed by minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Assessment of cytotoxicity was carried out on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using an MTT test. Detection of reactive oxygen species, cell apoptosis/necrosis in HUVEC, and measurement of mitochondrial destabilization in HUVEC and platelets were performed by flow cytometry. The potential harmful effect of nanoparticles on red blood cells (RBCs) was investigated measuring hemoglobin and LDH released after exposure to NPs. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to determine if AgNPs and AgNPsLA could induce any ultrastructural changes on HUVEC cells and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Results: AgNPs and AgNPsLA had antimicrobial properties against pathogens associated with catheter-related bloodstream infections. AgNPs, in contrast to AgNPsLA, induced ROS production and apoptosis in HUVEC, ultrastructural changes in HUVEC and S. aureus, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane in HUVEC and platelets, and also hemolysis. Conclusion: AgNPsLA synthesized by our group have antimicrobial activity and a better biosafety profile than uncoated AgNPs of similar size. Those observations are of critical importance for the future in vivo investigations and the potential application of AgNPsLA in medical devices for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Hajtuch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maria Jose Santos-Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michal Wojcik
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Tomczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaskiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Vimalraj S, Sekaran S. Commentary: "Silver Nanoparticles Coated Poly(L-Lactide) Electrospun Membrane for Implant Associated Infections Prevention". Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759304. [PMID: 34776977 PMCID: PMC8580876 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute for Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute for Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
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14
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Porter GC, Duncan WJ, Jude A, Abdelmoneim D, Easingwood RA, Coates DE. Endocytosed silver nanoparticles degrade in lysosomes to form secondary nanoparticle structures during expression of autophagy genes in osteogenic cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 33:102355. [PMID: 33454429 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used in combination with biomaterials, such as bone grafts, to provide antimicrobial properties. Our research focused on the cytotoxic and intracellular uptake mechanism of AgNPs on osteogenic cells, and the affected gene expression of osteoblasts exposed to AgNPs. Osteoblast cells were found to be relatively resistant to AgNP exposure, compared to osteoclasts, with a higher IC50 and fewer adverse morphological features. AgNPs were endocytosed within lysosomes, which resulted in the secondary internal formation of curved AgO nano-chains assemblies within the cytosol. Furthermore, osteoblasts demonstrated an oxidative stress response, with autophagic cell death mechanisms, as indicated from qRT2-PCR analysis, with sustained upregulation of the protective gene Heme Oxygenase 1 reaching 86-fold by 48 hours (10 μg/mL). The internalization and fate of AgNPs in osteogenic cells, and the resulting impact on gene expression over time provide further understanding of the nanotoxicity mechanism of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Porter
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - W J Duncan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A Jude
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D Abdelmoneim
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R A Easingwood
- Otago Micro and Nanoscale Imaging, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D E Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Wang N, Fuh JYH, Dheen ST, Senthil Kumar A. Functions and applications of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles in orthopedic implants and scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:160-179. [PMID: 32776481 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone defects and diseases are devastating, and can lead to severe functional deficits or even permanent disability. Nevertheless, orthopedic implants and scaffolds can facilitate the growth of incipient bone and help us to treat bone defects and diseases. Currently, a wide range of biomaterials with distinct biocompatibility, biodegradability, porosity, and mechanical strength is used in bone-related research. However, most orthopedic implants and scaffolds have certain limitations and diverse complications, such as limited corrosion resistance, low cell proliferation, and bacterial adhesion. With recent advancements in materials science and nanotechnology, metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles have become the subject of significant interest as they offer an ample variety of options to resolve the existing problems in the orthopedic industry. More importantly, these nanoparticles possess unique physicochemical and mechanical properties not found in conventional materials, and can be incorporated into orthopedic implants and scaffolds to enhance their antimicrobial ability, bioactive molecular delivery, mechanical strength, osteointegration, and cell labeling and imaging. However, many metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles can also be toxic to nearby cells and tissues. This review article will discuss the applications and functions of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles in orthopedic implants and bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyou Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Ying Hsi Fuh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Senthil Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Steckiewicz KP, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Modified Nanoparticles as Potential Agents in Bone Diseases: Cancer and Implant-Related Complications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E658. [PMID: 32244745 PMCID: PMC7221902 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Materials sized 1-100 nm are the nanotechnology's field of interest. Because of the unique properties such as the ability to penetrate biological barriers and a high surface to volume ratio, nanoparticles (NPs) are a powerful tool to be used in medicine and industry. This review discusses the role of nanotechnology in bone-related issues: osteosarcoma (bone cancer), the biocompatibility of the implants and implant-related infections. In cancer therapy, NPs can be used as (I) cytotoxic agents, (II) drug delivery platforms and (III) in thermotherapy. In implant-related issues, NPs can be used as (I) antimicrobial agents and (II) adjuvants to increase the biocompatibility of implant surface. Properties of NPs depend on (I) the type of NPs, (II) their size, (III) shape, (IV) concentration, (V) incubation time, (VI) functionalization and (VII) capping agent type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
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17
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Tăbăran AF, Matea CT, Mocan T, Tăbăran A, Mihaiu M, Iancu C, Mocan L. Silver Nanoparticles for the Therapy of Tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2231-2258. [PMID: 32280217 PMCID: PMC7127828 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid emergence of aggressive, multidrug-resistant Mycobacteria strain represents the main cause of the current antimycobacterial-drug crisis and status of tuberculosis (TB) as a major global health problem. The relatively low-output of newly approved antibiotics contributes to the current orientation of research towards alternative antibacterial molecules such as advanced materials. Nanotechnology and nanoparticle research offers several exciting new-concepts and strategies which may prove to be valuable tools in improving the TB therapy. A new paradigm in antituberculous therapy using silver nanoparticles has the potential to overcome the medical limitations imposed in TB treatment by the drug resistance which is commonly reported for most of the current organic antibiotics. There is no doubt that AgNPs are promising future therapeutics for the medication of mycobacterial-induced diseases but the viability of this complementary strategy depends on overcoming several critical therapeutic issues as, poor delivery, variable intramacrophagic antimycobacterial efficiency, and residual toxicity. In this paper, we provide an overview of the pathology of mycobacterial-induced diseases, andhighlight the advantages and limitations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Flaviu Tăbăran
- Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Tudor Matea
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tăbăran
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Iancu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Third Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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18
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Heikal YM, Şuţan NA, Rizwan M, Elsayed A. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles induced cytogenotoxic and genotoxic changes in Allium cepa L. varies with nanoparticles doses and duration of exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125430. [PMID: 31995881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the ability of aqueous leaf extract of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to estimate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of AgNPs using Allium cepa assay. Fresh Eichhornia crassipes plants were collected from the Nile River of Egypt. The mixed-shaped structures of the biogenic AgNPs were qualitatively characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Selected area electron diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of AgNPs and energy dispersive X-ray analysis clarified the presence of the elemental silver in a percentage of 83.29%. The biogenic AgNPs were quite stable (0.316) and negatively charged (-18.5 mV) based on the polydispersity index values. Allium cepa L. roots were exposed to several AgNPs concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg L-1) for different time intervals 2, 4 and 6 h. Cytotoxicity measured by both the spectrophotometric and macroscopic techniques recorded the maximum cell death of root tips of A. cepa after 20 mg L-1 treatment. The analysis of comet assay output images showed an alteration of DNA repair kinetics. The use of aqueous leaf extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach in the large-scale production of AgNPs by the method proposed in this study may be a step in improving the water loss in the Nile River. At the same time, a sensitive approach to the cytogenotoxicity of AgNPs must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin M Heikal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nicoleta Anca Şuţan
- University of Piteşti, Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education and Informatics, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040, Pitesti, Romania
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
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19
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Chetan, Vijayalakshmi U. A systematic review of the interaction and effects generated by antimicrobial metallic substituents in bone tissue engineering. Metallomics 2020; 12:1458-1479. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes brought about by metal ions and metal nanoparticles within bacterial cells and the damage caused to the cellular membrane upon contact with negatively charged surface components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632 014
- India
| | - Uthirapathy Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632 014
- India
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20
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Hajtuch J, Hante N, Tomczyk E, Wojcik M, Radomski MW, Santos-Martinez MJ, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Effects of functionalized silver nanoparticles on aggregation of human blood platelets. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7399-7417. [PMID: 31571858 PMCID: PMC6750026 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s213499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human blood platelet function. We hypothesized that AgNPs, a known antimicrobial agent, can be used as blood-compatible, "ideal material'' in medical devices or as a drug delivery system. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate if functionalized AgNPs affect platelet function and platelets as well as endothelial cell viability in vitro. METHODS AgNPs, functionalized with reduced glutathione (GSH), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lipoic acid (LA) were synthesized. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation was used to measure the effect of AgNPs on platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation was measured by changes in frequency and dissipation, and the presence of platelets on the sensor surface was confirmed and imaged by phase contrast microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to detect surface abundance of platelet receptors. Lactate dehydrogenase test was used to assess the potential cytotoxicity of AgNPs on human blood platelets, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Commercially available ELISA tests were used to measure the levels of thromboxane B2 and metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2) released by platelets as markers of platelet activation. RESULTS 2 nm AgNPs-GSH, 3.7 nm AgNPs-PEG both at 50 and 100 µg/mL, and 2.5 nm AgNPs-LA at 100 µg/mL reduced platelet aggregation, inhibited collagen-mediated increase in total P-selectin and GPIIb/IIIa, TXB2 formation, MMP-1, and MMP-2 release. The tested AgNPs concentrations were not cytotoxic as they did not affect, platelet, endothelial cell, or fibroblast viability. CONCLUSION All tested functionalized AgNPs inhibited platelet aggregation at nontoxic concentrations. Therefore, functionalized AgNPs can be used as an antiplatelet agent or in design and manufacturing of blood-facing medical devices, such as vascular grafts, stents, heart valves, and catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Hajtuch
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nadhim Hante
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin2, Ireland
| | | | - Michal Wojcik
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Witold Radomski
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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21
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Redox interactions and genotoxicity of metal-based nanoparticles: A comprehensive review. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 312:108814. [PMID: 31509734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a growing science that may provide several new applications for medicine, food preservation, diagnostic technologies, and sanitation. Despite its beneficial applications, there are several questions related to the safety of nanomaterials for human use. The development of nanotechnology is associated with some concerns because of the increased risk of carcinogenesis following exposure to nanomaterials. The increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are due to exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) are primarily responsible for the genotoxicity of metal NPs. Not all, but most metal NPs are able to directly produce free radicals through the release of metal ions and through interactions with water molecules. Furthermore, the increased production of free radicals and the cell death caused by metal NPs can stimulate reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions, leading to the continuous endogenous production of ROS in a positive feedback loop. The overexpression of inflammatory mediators, such as NF-kB and STATs, the mitochondrial malfunction and the increased intracellular calcium levels mediate the chronic oxidative stress that occurs after exposure to metal NPs. In this paper, we review the genotoxicity of different types of metal NPs and the redox mechanisms that amplify the toxicity of these NPs.
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22
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Yusuf A, Casey A. Surface modification of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) by liposomal encapsulation mitigates AgNP-induced inflammation. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104641. [PMID: 31493545 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely used in a variety of consumable products as antibacterial to prevent or treat infection. Unfortunately, evidence exits that AgNP induces inflammation which can worsen with repeated human exposure. However, there is little or no research on how to mitigate these adverse effects due to AgNP induced-toxicity. Here, we investigated if surface modification of AgNP by liposomal encapsulation suppresses AgNP-mediated inflammatory responses in THP1 monocytes and THP1 differentiated macrophages (TDM). AgNP was encapsulated in a dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline- (DPPC)/cholesterol-based liposome by extrusion through a 100-nm polycarbonate membrane to form Lipo-AgNP. It was found as expected that AgNP induced significant release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in THP1 monocytes more than the basal level. Interestingly, release of these cytokines was suppressed by Lipo-AgNP. In TDMs, AgNP and Lipo-AgNP induced IL-8 release (p < .0001), but Lipo-AgNP maintained IL-8 release at levels significantly lower than that of AgNP (p < .01). However, both AgNP and Lipo-AgNP suppressed IL-1β and TNF-α release in LPS-stimulated THP1 monocytes and LPS-stimulated or unstimulated TDM respectively. We finally showed that Lipo-AgNP inhibits STAT-3 and this may be responsible for regulating the uncontrolled inflammation induced by AgNP likely mediated STAT-3 protein expression in LPS stimulated THP1 monocytes and TDMs, both LPS-stimulated and unstimulated. This data showed that Lipo-AgNP suppressed AgNP induced inflammation, making Lipo-AgNP particularly useful in treatment of bacteria induced inflammatory diseases and inflammatory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeez Yusuf
- School of Physics, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland; Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Alan Casey
- School of Physics, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland; Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
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23
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Sooklert K, Wongjarupong A, Cherdchom S, Wongjarupong N, Jindatip D, Phungnoi Y, Rojanathanes R, Sereemaspun A. Molecular and Morphological Evidence of Hepatotoxicity after Silver Nanoparticle Exposure: A Systematic Review, In Silico, and Ultrastructure Investigation. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:257-270. [PMID: 31341555 PMCID: PMC6629447 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in a variety of applications in innovative development; consequently, people are more exposed to this particle. Growing concern about toxicity from AgNP exposure has attracted greater attention, while questions about nanosilver-responsive genes and consequences for human health remain unanswered. By considering early detection and prevention of nanotoxicology at the genetic level, this study aimed to identify 1) changes in gene expression levels that could be potential indicators for AgNP toxicity and 2) morphological phenotypes correlating to toxicity of HepG2 cells. To detect possible nanosilver-responsive genes in xenogenic targeted organs, a comprehensive systematic literature review of changes in gene expression in HepG2 cells after AgNP exposure and in silico method, connection up- and down-regulation expression analysis of microarrays (CU-DREAM), were performed. In addition, cells were extracted and processed for transmission electron microscopy to examine ultrastructural alterations. From the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Series database, we selected genes that were up- and down-regulated in AgNPs, but not up- and down-regulated in silver ion exposed cells, as nanosilver-responsive genes. HepG2 cells in the AgNP-treated group showed distinct ultrastructural alterations. Our results suggested potential representative gene data after AgNPs exposure provide insight into assessment and prediction of toxicity from nanosilver exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanidta Sooklert
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asarn Wongjarupong
- Department of Orthopedics, Queen SavangVadhana Memorial Hospital, Sriracha, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Sarocha Cherdchom
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicha Wongjarupong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Depicha Jindatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yupa Phungnoi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhorn Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Rojrit Rojanathanes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amornpun Sereemaspun
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Li Y, Liao C, Tjong SC. Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based Fibrous Scaffolds with Piezoelectric Characteristics for Bone and Neural Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E952. [PMID: 31261995 PMCID: PMC6669491 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE) with excellent piezoelectricity and good biocompatibility are attractive materials for making functional scaffolds for bone and neural tissue engineering applications. Electrospun PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) scaffolds can produce electrical charges during mechanical deformation, which can provide necessary stimulation for repairing bone defects and damaged nerve cells. As such, these fibrous mats promote the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of bone and neural cells on their surfaces. Furthermore, aligned PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) fibrous mats can enhance neurite growth along the fiber orientation direction. These beneficial effects derive from the formation of electroactive, polar β-phase having piezoelectric properties. Polar β-phase can be induced in the PVDF fibers as a result of the polymer jet stretching and electrical poling during electrospinning. Moreover, the incorporation of TrFE monomer into PVDF can stabilize the β-phase without mechanical stretching or electrical poling. The main drawbacks of electrospinning process for making piezoelectric PVDF-based scaffolds are their small pore sizes and the use of highly toxic organic solvents. The small pore sizes prevent the infiltration of bone and neuronal cells into the scaffolds, leading to the formation of a single cell layer on the scaffold surfaces. Accordingly, modified electrospinning methods such as melt-electrospinning and near-field electrospinning have been explored by the researchers to tackle this issue. This article reviews recent development strategies, achievements and major challenges of electrospun PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| | - Chengzhu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Sharifi M, Hosseinali SH, Saboury AA, Szegezdi E, Falahati M. Involvement of planned cell death of necroptosis in cancer treatment by nanomaterials: Recent advances and future perspectives. J Control Release 2019; 299:121-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Steckiewicz KP, Barcinska E, Malankowska A, Zauszkiewicz-Pawlak A, Nowaczyk G, Zaleska-Medynska A, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Impact of gold nanoparticles shape on their cytotoxicity against human osteoblast and osteosarcoma in in vitro model. Evaluation of the safety of use and anti-cancer potential. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:22. [PMID: 30747353 PMCID: PMC6373298 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to development of nanotechnology and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) increasing use in different areas of medicine, especially in oncology, better understanding of their potential cytotoxicity is necessary to protect patients safety. Shape and size of AuNPs is an important modulator of their cytotoxicity. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxicity of AuNPs rods (≈39 nm length, 18 nm width), AuNPs stars (≈ 215 nm) and AuNPs spheres (≈ 6.3 nm) against human fetal osteoblast (hFOB 1.19), osteosarcoma (143B, MG63) and pancreatic duct cell (hTERT-HPNE) lines by MTT and neutral-red uptake assay. Moreover, influence of AuNPs on level of proapoptotic protein (Bax) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) was measured by western blot. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles and ultrastructure changes were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study we have proven that AuNPs stars are the most cytotoxic against human cells. We observed that cancer cells are more susceptible to AuNPs cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, AuNPs rods and AuNPs stars caused increased expression of Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2 protein in osteosarcoma cells. We found that AuNPs penetrated through the cell membrane and caused ultrastructural changes. Our results clearly demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of AuNPs was shape-dependent. AuNPs stars with the highest anti-cancer potential were also the most cytotoxic type of tested NPs, whereas AuNPs spheres which appears to be the safest one had small anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol P Steckiewicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewelina Barcinska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Malankowska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Nowaczyk
- NanoBioMedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
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Shedid SM, Abdel-Magied N, Saada HN. Role of betaine in liver injury induced by the exposure to ionizing radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:123-130. [PMID: 30311401 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis may play a major role in the development of radiation-induced liver damage. Betaine, a native compound widely present in beetroot, was reported to possess hepato-protective properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of betaine on radiation-induced liver damage. Animals were exposed to 9 Gy applied in 3 doses of 3 Gy/wk. Betaine (400 mg/kg/d), was orally supplemented to rats after the first radiation dose, and daily during the irradiation period. Animals were sacrificed 1 day after the last dose of radiation. The results showed that irradiation has induced oxidative stress in the liver denoted by a significant elevation in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine with a significant reduction in catalase activity and glutathione (GSH) content. The activity of the detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP450) increased while GSH transferase (GSH-T) decreased. The activity of the apoptotic marker caspase-3 increased concomitant with increased hyaluronic acid, hydroxyproline, laminin (LN), and collagen IV. These alterations were associated with a significant increase of gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase markers of liver dysfunction. Betaine treatment has significantly attenuated oxidative stress, decreased the activity of CYP450, enhanced GSH-T, reduced the activity of caspase-3, and the level of fibrotic markers concomitant with a significant improvement of liver function. In conclusion, betaine through its antioxidant activity and by enhancing liver detoxification and reducing apoptosis may alleviate the progression of liver fibrosis and exert a beneficial impact on radiation-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen M Shedid
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Abdel-Magied
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Helen N Saada
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
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Xie H, Wang P, Wu J. Effect of exposure of osteoblast-like cells to low-dose silver nanoparticles: uptake, retention and osteogenic activity. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:260-267. [PMID: 30663398 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1552594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xie
- Stomatology Department, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Stomatology Department, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Stomatology Department, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, China
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29
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Rafieerad AR, Bushroa AR, Amiri A, Kalaiselvam K, Vellasamy KM, Vadivelu J. Antibacterial biocompatible arginine functionalized mono-layer graphene: No more risk of silver toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:132-140. [PMID: 30099356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial ability is vital in biological approaches as well as functional biomaterials. Besides, cytocompatibility aspect of biologic media, tissue and organs is always concern for appropriate synthesis. From the past, metallic/oxide phases of silver (Ag) material in various macro, micro or nano configurations have been widely used for antibacterial targets. While, background of Ag toxicity within particle, film and composites is posing gradual ion release affected by molecular bounding. Recent researches conducted to control, optimize and neutralize Ag limitations finding the benefits of ideal (∼ 100%) mediation against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Whereas, non-degradable releases history is still a challenge and its longer accumulation may cause to disrupt biostructures and disease risk. Thus, facile development of large-area organic materials with switchable bacteria toxicity and normal cell compatibility function is interesting for concerned approaches. Here, smart positively-charged stable arginine amino acid incorporated mono layer graphene (Arg-EMGr) nanobiocomposite introduced as useful antibacterial and safe bactericidal agent competitive with Ag direct. The immunity characteristic versus Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) comparably assessed with graphene oxide (GO) and different concentrations GO-AgNPs morphology. As cell viability matter, 1,3,5,7-days vitro culture assay shown attachment proliferation and cytotoxicity due to short interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rafieerad
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - A R Bushroa
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
| | - Ahmad Amiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.
| | - K Kalaiselvam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K M Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chen B, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen S, Xu A, Wu L, Xu S. Involvement of telomerase activity inhibition and telomere dysfunction in silver nanoparticles anticancer effects. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2067-2082. [PMID: 30203702 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the possible mechanisms of telomerase and telomere underlying the anticancer effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). MATERIALS & METHODS 25nm polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs were used. The telomerase activity and telomere function were evaluated. The anticancer effects of AgNPs were gauged with cell viability assay under different statement of telomerase and telomere. RESULTS & CONCLUSION AgNPs could inhibit telomerase activity and lead to telomere shortening and dysfunction. Overexpression of telomerase attenuated the anticancer activity of AgNPs, whereas downregulation of telomerase activity or dysfunction of the telomere enhanced the cytotoxicity of AgNPs in HeLa cells. Our findings provided strong evidence that the anticancer effects of AgNPs were mediated via interference with the telomerase/telomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Yaning Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - An Xu
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology & Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology & Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
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Arya BD, Mittal S, Joshi P, Pandey AK, Ramirez-Vick JE, Singh SP. Graphene oxide–chloroquine nanoconjugate induce necroptotic death in A549 cancer cells through autophagy modulation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2261-2282. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chloroquine (Chl) has shown its potential in cancer therapy and graphene oxide (GO) exhibited excellent tumor-targeting ability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. We have endeavored to conjugate Chl to GO sheets and investigated the nonproliferation action on A549 cell lines along with cell signaling pathways. Materials & methods: Cellular toxicity, autophagic flux modulation and cell death mechanism induced by GO–Chl have been investigated on A549 cell lines. Results & conclusion: GO–Chl induces accumulation of autophagosomes (monodansylcadaverine staining, green fluorescence protein-tagged LC3 plasmid and transmission electron microscopy observations) in A549 cells through the blockade of autophagic flux that serves as scaffold for necrosome assembling and activates necroptotic cell death. GO–Chl nanoconjugate could be used as an effective cancer therapeutic agent, by targeting the autophagy necroptosis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braham D Arya
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Prachi Joshi
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Alok K Pandey
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Jaime E Ramirez-Vick
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
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Role of Oxidative and Nitro-Oxidative Damage in Silver Nanoparticles Cytotoxic Effect against Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8251961. [PMID: 30186549 PMCID: PMC6116403 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8251961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive human malignancies, where the 5-year survival rate is less than 4% worldwide. Successful treatment of pancreatic cancer is a challenge for today's oncology. Several studies showed that increased levels of oxidative stress may cause cancer cells damage and death. Therefore, we hypothesized that oxidative as well as nitro-oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms inducing pancreatic cancer programmed cell death. We decided to use silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (2.6 and 18 nm) as a key factor triggering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PANC-1). Previously, we have found that AgNPs induced PANC-1 cells death. Furthermore, it is known that AgNPs may induce an accumulation of ROS and alteration of antioxidant systems in different type of tumors, and they are indicated as promising agents for cancer therapy. Then, the aim of our study was to evaluate the implication of oxidative and nitro-oxidative stress in this cytotoxic effect of AgNPs against PANC-1 cells. We determined AgNP-induced increase of ROS level in PANC-1 cells and pancreatic noncancer cell (hTERT-HPNE) for comparison purposes. We found that the increase was lower in noncancer cells. Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and changes in the cell cycle were also observed. Additionally, we determined the increase in RNS level: nitric oxide (NO) and nitric dioxide (NO2) in PANC-1 cells, together with increase in family of nitric oxide synthases (iNOS, eNOS, and nNOS) at protein and mRNA level. Disturbance of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3), glutathione peroxidase (GPX-4) and catalase (CAT) were proved at protein and mRNA level. Moreover, we showed cells ultrastructural changes, characteristic for oxidative damage. Summarizing, oxidative and nitro-oxidative stress and mitochondrial disruption are implicated in AgNPs-mediated death in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
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Shen XT, Zhang YZ, Xiao F, Zhu J, Zheng XD. Effects on cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties of the incorporations of silver nanoparticles into the surface coating of dental alloys. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 18:615-625. [PMID: 28681586 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to research the changes in cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties after silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were incorporated into the surface coating of dental alloys. AgNPs were attached to cobalt chromium alloys and pure titanium using a hydrothermal method, according to the reaction: AgNO3+NaBH4→ Ag+1/2H2+1/2B2H6+NaNO3. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the alloys when in contact with osteogenic precursor cells (MC3T3-E1) from mice and mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) from rats. The antibacterial properties of dental alloys incorporating three different concentrations (10, 4, and 2 μmol/L) of AgNPs were tested on Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Streptococcus mutans (MS). High cytotoxicity values were observed for all dental alloys that contained 0% of AgNPs (the control groups). The incorporation of AgNPs reduced cytotoxicity values. No significant difference was observed for antibacterial performance when comparing dental alloys containing AgNPs to the respective control groups. The results demonstrated that the cobalt chromium alloys and pure titanium all had cytotoxicity to MC3T3-E1 and BMSC and that the incorporation of AgNPs could reduce this cytotoxicity. The concentrations of AgNPs adopted in this study were found to have no antibacterial action against SA or MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Shen
- Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Zhang
- Department of General Dentistry, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of General Dentistry, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Qing Y, Cheng L, Li R, Liu G, Zhang Y, Tang X, Wang J, Liu H, Qin Y. Potential antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and the optimization of orthopedic implants by advanced modification technologies. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3311-3327. [PMID: 29892194 PMCID: PMC5993028 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s165125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection, as a common postoperative complication of orthopedic surgery, is the main reason leading to implant failure. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered as a promising antibacterial agent and always used to modify orthopedic implants to prevent infection. To optimize the implants in a reasonable manner, it is critical for us to know the specific antibacterial mechanism, which is still unclear. In this review, we analyzed the potential antibacterial mechanisms of AgNPs, and the influences of AgNPs on osteogenic-related cells, including cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, were also discussed. In addition, methods to enhance biocompatibility of AgNPs as well as advanced implants modifications technologies were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun’an Qing
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guancong Liu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiongfeng Tang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Liu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanguo Qin
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
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A new multifunctionalized material against multi-drug resistant bacteria and abnormal osteoclast activity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:120-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Human exposure to nanoparticles through trophic transfer and the biosafety concerns that nanoparticle-contaminated foods pose to consumers. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pokrowiecki R, Pałka K, Mielczarek A. Nanomaterials in dentistry: a cornerstone or a black box? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:639-667. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The studies on tooth structure provided basis for nanotechnology-based dental treatment approaches known as nanodentistry which aims at detection and treatment of oral pathologies, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases, insufficiently being treated by conventional materials or drugs. This review aims at defining the role of nanodentistry in the medical area, its potential and hazards. Materials & methods: To validate these issues, current literature on nanomaterials for dental applications was critically reviewed. Results: Nanomaterials for teeth restoration, bone regeneration and oral implantology exhibit better mechanical properties and provide more efficient esthetic outcome. However, still little is known about influence of long-term function of such biomaterials in the living organism. Conclusion: As application of nanomaterials in industry and medical-related sciences is still expanding, more information is needed on how such nano-dental materials may interfere with oral cavity, GI tract and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Pokrowiecki
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery – Maxillofacial Surgery, Otolaryngology & Ophthalmology, Prof Stanislaw Popowski Voivoid Children Hospital, Żołnierska 18 A10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pałka
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mielczarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Silver nanoparticles of different sizes induce a mixed type of programmed cell death in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4675-4697. [PMID: 29435134 PMCID: PMC5797005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with the high resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-death in the world. Due to the wide range of biological activity and unique properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are indicated as agents with potential to overcome barriers involved in chemotherapy failure. Therefore, in our study we decided to assess the ability of AgNPs to kill pancreatic cancer cells, and then to identify the molecular mechanism underlying this effect. Moreover, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of AgNPs against non-tumor cell of the same tissue (hTERT-HPNE cells) for comparison. Our results indicated that AgNPs with size of 2.6 and 18 nm decreased viability, proliferation and caused death of pancreatic cancer cells in a size- and concentration-dependent manner. Ultrastructural analysis identified that cellular uptake of AgNPs resulted in apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis and mitotic catastrophe. These alterations were associated with increased pro-apoptotic protein Bax and decreased level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, AgNPs significantly elevated the level of tumor suppressor p53 protein as well as necroptosis- and autophagy-related proteins: RIP-1, RIP-3, MLKL and LC3-II, respectively. In addition, we found that PANC-1 cells were more vulnerable to AgNPs-induced cytotoxicity compared to pancreatic non-tumor cells. In conclusion, AgNPs by inducing mixed type of programmed cell death in PANC-1 cells, could provide a new therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance in one of the deadliest human cancer.
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Yamada M, Egusa H. Current bone substitutes for implant dentistry. J Prosthodont Res 2017; 62:152-161. [PMID: 28927994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alveolar ridge augmentation is essential for success in implant therapy and depends on the biological performance of bone graft materials. This literature review aims to comprehensively explain the clinically relevant capabilities and limitations of currently available bone substitutes for bone augmentation in light of biomaterial science. STUDY SELECTION The biological performance of calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes was categorized according to space-making capability, biocompatibility, bioabsorption, and volume maintenance over time. Each category was reviewed based on clinical studies, preclinical animal studies, and in vitro studies. RESULTS Currently available bone substitutes provide only osteoconduction as a scaffold but not osteoinduction. Particle size, sensitivity to enzymatic or chemical dissolution, and mechanical properties affect the space-making capability of bone substitutes. The nature of collagen fibers, particulate size, and release of calcium ions influence the biocompatibility of bone substitutes. Bioabsorption of bone substitutes is determined by water solubility (chemical composition) and acid resistance (integrity of apatite structure). Bioabsorption of remnant bone substitute material and volume maintenance of the augmented bone are inversely related. CONCLUSION It is necessary to improve the biocompatibility of currently available bone substitutes and to strike an appropriate balance between bioabsorption and volume maintenance to achieve ideal bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamada
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan.
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Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Locatelli L, Maier JAM. Silver Nanoparticles in Orthopedic Applications: New Insights on Their Effects on Osteogenic Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7060124. [PMID: 28555013 PMCID: PMC5485771 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infections of orthopedic implants are associated with high morbidity. The emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and the tendency of microbes to form biofilms on orthopedic devices prompt the individuation of novel antimicrobial agents. Silver nanoparticles represent an interesting alternative, but their effects on bone cells need to be clarified. We focused on osteoblast-like cells and on bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells and found that these cells are rather resistant to the cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration around 25 µg/mL as detected by MTT assay. Within a month of treatment, osteoblast-like cells adapt to the presence of the nanoparticles by upregulating hsp70 as shown by western blot. Hsp70 overexpression correlates with the restoration of normal cell proliferation. No alterations in the extent and time requirements were detected in mesenchymal stem cell induced to differentiate in osteoblasts in the presence of silver nanoparticles. Because the concentrations of silver nanoparticles which show antimicrobial activity are lower than those exerting toxic effects on bone-forming cells in vitro, we suggest that silver nanoparticles might represent a challenging tool to fight infections in orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano I-20157, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano I-20157, Italy.
| | - Laura Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano I-20157, Italy.
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano I-20157, Italy.
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Malatesta M. Transmission electron microscopy for nanomedicine: novel applications for long-established techniques. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2751. [PMID: 28076938 PMCID: PMC5178805 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last twenty years, the research in nanoscience and nanotechnology has dramatically increased and, in the last decade, the interest has progressively been oriented towards biomedical applications, giving rise to a new field termed nanomedicine. Transmission electron microscopy is a valuable technique not only for the thorough physico-chemical characterization of newly synthesized nanoparticulates, but especially to explore the effects of nanocomposites on biological systems, providing essential information for the development of efficient therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Thus, for the progress of nanotechnology in the biomedical field, experts in cell biology, histochemistry and ultramicroscopy should always support the chemists, physicists and pharmacologists engaged in the synthesis and characterization of innovative nanoconstructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona.
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