1
|
Kadamani KL, Logan SM, Pamenter ME. Does hypometabolism constrain innate immune defense? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14091. [PMID: 38288574 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Many animals routinely make energetic trade-offs to adjust to environmental demands and these trade-offs often have significant implications for survival. For example, environmental hypoxia is commonly experienced by many organisms and is an energetically challenging condition because reduced oxygen availability constrains aerobic energy production, which can be lethal. Many hypoxia-tolerant species downregulate metabolic demands when oxygen is limited; however, certain physiological functions are obligatory and must be maintained despite the need to conserve energy in hypoxia. Of particular interest is immunity (including both constitutive and induced immune functions) because mounting an immune response is among the most energetically expensive physiological processes but maintaining immune function is critical for survival in most environments. Intriguingly, physiological responses to hypoxia and pathogens share key molecular regulators such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, through which hypoxia can directly activate an immune response. This raises an interesting question: do hypoxia-tolerant species mount an immune response during periods of hypoxia-induced hypometabolism? Unfortunately, surprisingly few studies have examined interactions between immunity and hypometabolism in such species. Therefore, in this review, we consider mechanistic interactions between metabolism and immunity, as well as energetic trade-offs between these two systems, in hypoxia-tolerant animals but also in other models of hypometabolism, including neonates and hibernators. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that such species have blunted immune responses in hypometabolic conditions and/or use alternative immune pathways when in a hypometabolic state. Evidence to date suggests that hypoxia-tolerant animals do maintain immunity in low oxygen conditions, but that the sensitivity of immune responses may be blunted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Kadamani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha M Logan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stockmaier S. Bat behavioral immune responses in social contexts: current knowledge and future directions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232556. [PMID: 37662931 PMCID: PMC10469833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals often mount complex immune responses to infections. Aside from cellular and molecular defense mechanisms, animals can alter their behavior in response to infection by avoiding, resisting, or tolerating negative effects of pathogens. These behaviors are often connected to cellular and molecular immune responses. For instance, sickness behaviors are a set of behavioral changes triggered by the host inflammatory response (e.g., cytokines) and could aid in resisting or tolerating infection, as well as affect transmission dynamics if sick animals socially withdraw or are being avoided by others. To fully understand the group and population level transmission dynamics and consequences of pathogen infections in bats, it is not only important to consider cellular and molecular defense mechanisms, but also behavioral mechanisms, and how both interact. Although there has been increasing interest in bat immune responses due to their ability to successfully cope with viral infections, few studies have explored behavioral anti-pathogen defense mechanisms. My main objective is to explore the interaction of cellular and molecular defense mechanisms, and behavioral alterations that results from infection in bats, and to outline current knowledge and future research avenues in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stockmaier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carrizo MC, Zenuto RR, Luna F, Cutrera AP. Varying intensity of simulated infection partially affects the magnitude of the acute-phase immune response in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:253-268. [PMID: 36479923 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR), coordinated by a complex network of components of the immune and neuroendocrine systems, plays a key role in early immune defense. This response can be elicited by a wide variety of pathogens at different intensities (frequencies and doses), hence experimental immune challenges with antigen gradients makes it possible to evaluate sickness progression with a better representation of what occurs in natural systems. However, how infection intensity could shape the APR magnitude in wild species is still poorly understood. Here, the immune response was activated in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum with a gradient of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) doses (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg of body mass). Changes in body temperature, body mass, and energetic costs were evaluated over time. We also assessed cortisol levels, white blood cells counts and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratios, before and after injection. Results indicated that during the APR, C. talarum shows a hyperthermic response, which is maintained for 6 h, with slight differences among antigen doses in the pattern of thermal response and body mass change. A maximum increase in body temperature of 0.83°C to 1.63°C was observed during the first hour, associated with a metabolic cost that ranged from 1.25 to 1.41 ml O2 /gh. Although no clear effects of treatment were detected on leukocyte abundance, we found increments in neutrophil: lymphocyte ratios and gradual increases in cortisol levels corresponding to the intensity of simulated infection, which may indicate redistribution of immune cells and enhancement of immune function. An evident sickness syndrome was observed even at the lowest LPS dose that was characterized by an increase in body temperature, energy expenditure, and N: L ratio, as well as a dose-dependent increase in cortisol levels. Although in nature, other constraints and challenges could affect the magnitude and costs of immune responses, C. talarum mounts an effective APR with a low increase in their daily energy expenditure, regardless of LPS dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C Carrizo
- Grupo de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Roxana R Zenuto
- Grupo de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Facundo Luna
- Grupo de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana P Cutrera
- Grupo de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Viola MF, Gerardo Herrera M L, da Cruz-Neto AP. The acute phase response in bats (Carollia perspicillata) varies with time and dose of the immune challenge. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:286160. [PMID: 36448935 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) is a core component of the innate immune response and represents the first line of immune defense used in response to infections. Although several studies with vertebrates reported fever, a decrease in food intake and body mass, and an increase in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and total white blood cell count after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation, there was great variability in the magnitude of these responses. Some of these differences might reflect, to some extent, differences in the time of endotoxin inoculation (during active or rest periods) and dose. Therefore, our study tested the interplay between LPS dose and time of injection on selected physiological (fever and increase in total white blood cell count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and behavioral (food intake) components of the APR using a Neotropical fruit-eating bat (Carollia perspicillata) as a model organism. We predicted that LPS would trigger a dose- and time-dependent response in APR components. APR components were assessed in rest and active periods after injection of three doses of LPS (5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1 LPS). The results indicate a more robust decrease in food intake at higher doses during the active period, while increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was more robust during the active period regardless of dose. Furthermore, the skin temperature increase lasted longer at higher doses regardless of the timing of injections. Our study offers important insights into the dependence of time as well as the LPS dosage effect in the APR of bats, and how they deal with the magnitude of infections at different times of day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F Viola
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, 48980 San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P da Cruz-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Differences in acute phase response to bacterial, fungal and viral antigens in greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:15259. [PMID: 36088405 PMCID: PMC9464231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) is an evolutionarily well-conserved part of the innate immune defense against pathogens. However, recent studies in bats yielded surprisingly diverse results compared to previous APR studies on both vertebrate and invertebrate species. This is especially interesting due to the known role of bats as reservoirs for viruses and other intracellular pathogens, while being susceptible to extracellular microorganisms such as some bacteria and fungi. To better understand these discrepancies and the reservoir-competence of bats, we mimicked bacterial, viral and fungal infections in greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) and quantified different aspects of the APR over a two-day period. Individuals reacted most strongly to a viral (PolyI:C) and a bacterial (LPS) antigen, reflected by an increase of haptoglobin levels (LPS) and an increase of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (PolyI:C and LPS). We did not detect fever, leukocytosis, body mass loss, or a change in the overall functioning of the innate immunity upon challenge with any antigen. We add evidence that bats respond selectively with APR to specific pathogens and that the activation of different parts of the immune system is species-specific.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pascual C, Rodríguez-Canul R, Huchin-Mian JP, Mascaró M, Briones-Fourzán P, Lozano-Álvarez E, Sánchez A, Escalante K. Immune Response to Natural and Experimental Infection of Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1) in Juveniles of Caribbean Spiny Lobster. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151951. [PMID: 35953940 PMCID: PMC9367466 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Experimental immunological challenges are widely used to corroborate the success of breeding programs for lines resistant to specific pathogens, to test the efficiency of new vaccines, and to improve immunity of cultured animals. The validation of experimental infection protocols is complex because it requires comparison with naturally infected organisms at different stages of the infection. The present study compares the immune response of lobsters under a natural process of viral infection (PaV1), versus the defense response of experimentally infected organisms. Innate immunity for infected lobsters was measured through cellular and plasmatic components. The results indicate that the immune response of organisms naturally or experimentally infected by PaV1 was similar, and provides the bases to corroborate that the immunological challenge was not exacerbated. Appropriate infection protocols can be useful for research aimed at increasing resistance to infectious diseases and reducing the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. Abstract Experimental infections have been used to better comprehend the immune system of organisms, and to probe for additives that generate greater resistance and help reduce antibiotic use in aquaculture. We compared the immune response of juveniles of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, infected naturally with Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) versus organisms infected experimentally, to determine the analogy between both infectious processes. The immunological response was measured by hemagglutination activity, hemocyte count, and total phenoloxidase activity in plasma and hemocytes in 211 individuals that were either naturally infected (110), or had been injected with viral inoculum and followed for six months (101). The samples were classified into the following four groups according to the severity of the infection: 0, uninfected; 1, lightly; 2, moderately; and 3, severely infected), which was determined on the basis of PCR and histological criteria. A permutational MANOVA showed that both the origin (natural and experimental), and the severity of the infection contributed significantly to explain the variation in the immune response of lobsters. The lack of significance of the interaction term indicated that the immunological response changed with the severity of the infection in a similar way, regardless of its origin. The results of the present study suggest that the experimental viral infection of PaV1 produces a defense response similar to the natural pathways of contagion, and provides the bases to validate an immunological challenge protocol for the first time in crustaceans. The discussion includes the perspective of the conceptual models of immune response within an ecological context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pascual
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossanna Rodríguez-Canul
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Mérida, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico;
| | - Juan Pablo Huchin-Mian
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico;
| | - Maite Mascaró
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Patricia Briones-Fourzán
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos 77580, Mexico; (P.B.-F.); (E.L.-Á.)
| | - Enrique Lozano-Álvarez
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos 77580, Mexico; (P.B.-F.); (E.L.-Á.)
| | - Ariadna Sánchez
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Karla Escalante
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duh M, Skok K, Perc M, Markota A, Gosak M. Computational modeling of targeted temperature management in post-cardiac arrest patients. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1407-1424. [PMID: 35763192 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our core body temperature is held around [Formula: see text]C by an effective internal thermoregulatory system. However, various clinical scenarios have a more favorable outcome under external temperature regulation. Therapeutic hypothermia, for example, was found beneficial for the outcome of resuscitated cardiac arrest patients due to its protection against cerebral ischemia. Nonetheless, practice shows that outcomes of targeted temperature management vary considerably in dependence on individual tissue damage levels and differences in therapeutic strategies and protocols. Here, we address these differences in detail by means of computational modeling. We develop a multi-segment and multi-node thermoregulatory model that takes into account details related to specific post-cardiac arrest-related conditions, such as thermal imbalances due to sedation and anesthesia, increased metabolic rates induced by inflammatory processes, and various external cooling techniques. In our simulations, we track the evolution of the body temperature in patients subjected to post-resuscitation care, with particular emphasis on temperature regulation via an esophageal heat transfer device, on the examination of the alternative gastric cooling with ice slurry, and on how anesthesia and the level of inflammatory response influence thermal behavior. Our research provides a better understanding of the heat transfer processes and therapies used in post-cardiac arrest patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Duh
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kristijan Skok
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz II, Location West, Göstinger Straße 22, 8020, Graz, Austria
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 404332, Taiwan.,Alma Mater Europaea, Slovenska ulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädterstraße 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrej Markota
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.,Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gosak
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Renaud D, Pardon B. Preparing Male Dairy Calves for the Veal and Dairy Beef Industry. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:77-92. [PMID: 35219487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surplus male dairy calves experience significant health challenges after arrival at the veal and dairy beef facilities. To curb these challenges, the engagement of multiple stakeholders is needed starting with improved care on some dairy farms and better management of transportation. Differing management strategies are also needed if calves arrive at veal and dairy beef facilities under poor condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Salomón R, Furones MD, Reyes-López FE, Tort L, Firmino JP, Esteban MA, Espinosa Ruíz C, Quintela JC, Pinilla-Rosas JM, Vallejos-Vidal E, Gisbert E. A Bioactive Extract Rich in Triterpenic Acid and Polyphenols from Olea europaea Promotes Systemic Immunity and Protects Atlantic Salmon Smolts Against Furunculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737601. [PMID: 34867959 PMCID: PMC8633542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the modulation of the transcriptional immune response (microarray analysis) in the head kidney (HK) of the anadromous fish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed a diet supplemented with an olive fruit extract (AQUOLIVE®) was evaluated. At the end of the trial (133 days), in order to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of the phytogenic tested against a bacterial infection, an in vivo challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida was performed. A total number of 1,027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (805 up- and 222 downregulated) were found when comparing the transcriptomic profiling of the HK from fish fed the control and AQUOLIVE® diets. The HK transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that mainly favored biological processes related to immunity. Particularly, the signaling of i-kappa B kinase/NF-kappa and the activation of leukocytes, such as granulocytes and neutrophils degranulation, were suggested to be the primary actors of the innate immune response promoted by the tested functional feed additive in the HK. Moreover, the bacterial challenge with A. salmonicida that lasted 12 days showed that the cumulative survival was higher in fish fed the AQUOLIVE® diet (96.9 ± 6.4%) than the control group (60.7 ± 13.5%). These results indicate that the dietary supplementation of AQUOLIVE® at the level of 0.15% enhanced the systemic immune response and reduced the A. salmonicida cumulative mortality in Atlantic salmon smolts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Salomón
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Dolors Furones
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joana P Firmino
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Angeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa Ruíz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José C Quintela
- Scientific Department, Natac Biotech, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreno KR, Weinberg M, Harten L, Salinas Ramos VB, Herrera M LG, Czirják GÁ, Yovel Y. Sick bats stay home alone: fruit bats practice social distancing when faced with an immunological challenge. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:178-190. [PMID: 33876431 PMCID: PMC9290741 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Along with its many advantages, social roosting imposes a major risk of pathogen transmission. How social animals reduce this risk is poorly documented. We used lipopolysaccharide challenge to imitate bacterial infection in both a captive and a free‐living colony of an extremely social, long‐lived mammal—the Egyptian fruit bat. We monitored behavioral and physiological responses using an arsenal of methods, including onboard GPS to track foraging, acceleration sensors to monitor movement, infrared video to record social behavior, and blood samples to measure immune markers. Sick‐like (immune‐challenged) bats exhibited an increased immune response, as well as classic illness symptoms, including fever, weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy. Notably, the bats also exhibited behaviors that would reduce pathogen transfer. They perched alone and appeared to voluntarily isolate themselves from the group by leaving the social cluster, which is extremely atypical for this species. The sick‐like individuals in the open colony ceased foraging outdoors for at least two nights, thus reducing transmission to neighboring colonies. Together, these sickness behaviors demonstrate a strong, integrative immune response that promotes recovery of infected individuals while reducing pathogen transmission inside and outside the roost, including spillover events to other species, such as humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Moreno
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Weinberg
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lee Harten
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Valeria B Salinas Ramos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yossi Yovel
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Padda SS, Glass JR, Stahlschmidt ZR. When it's hot and dry: life-history strategy influences the effects of heat waves and water limitation. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb236398. [PMID: 33692081 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The frequency, duration and co-occurrence of several environmental stressors, such as heat waves and droughts, are increasing globally. Such multiple stressors may have compounding or interactive effects on animals, resulting in either additive or non-additive costs, but animals may mitigate these costs through various strategies of resource conservation or shifts in resource allocation. Through a factorial experiment, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of a simulated heat wave and water limitation on life-history, physiological and behavioral traits. We used the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, which exhibits a wing dimorphism that mediates two distinct life-history strategies during early adulthood. Long-winged individuals invest in flight musculature and are typically flight capable, whereas short-winged individuals lack flight musculature and capacity. A comprehensive and integrative approach with G. lineaticeps allowed us to examine whether life-history strategy influenced the costs of multiple stressors as well as the resulting cost-limiting strategies. Concurrent heat wave and water limitation resulted in largely non-additive and single-stressor costs to important traits (e.g. survival and water balance), extensive shifts in resource allocation priorities (e.g. reduced prioritization of body mass) and a limited capacity to conserve resources (e.g. heat wave reduced energy use only when water was available). Life-history strategy influenced the emergency life-history stage because wing morphology and stressor(s) interacted to influence body mass, boldness behavior and immunocompetence. Our results demonstrate that water availability and life-history strategy should be incorporated into future studies integrating important conceptual frameworks of stress across a suite of traits - from survival and life history to behavior and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugjit S Padda
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jordan R Glass
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Zachary R Stahlschmidt
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brinkworth JF, Valizadegan N. Sepsis and the evolution of human increased sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:141-157. [PMID: 33689211 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Among mammals, humans are exquisitely sensitive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an environmentally pervasive bacterial cell membrane component. Very small doses of LPS trigger powerful immune responses in humans and can even initiate symptoms of sepsis. Close evolutionary relatives such as African and Asian monkeys require doses that are an order of magnitude higher to do the same. Why humans have evolved such an energetically expensive antimicrobial strategy is a question that biological anthropologists are positioned to help address. Here we compare LPS sensitivity in primate/mammalian models and propose that human high sensitivity to LPS is adaptive, linked to multiple immune tactics against pathogens, and part of multi-faceted anti-microbial strategy that strongly overlaps with that of other mammals. We support a notion that LPS sensitivity in humans has been driven by microorganisms that constitutively live on us, and has been informed by human behavioral changes over our species' evolution (e.g., meat eating, agricultural practices, and smoking).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Brinkworth
- Evolutionary Immunology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Negin Valizadegan
- Evolutionary Immunology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Petitjean Q, Jacquin L, Riem L, Pitout M, Perrault A, Cousseau M, Laffaille P, Jean S. Intraspecific variability of responses to combined metal contamination and immune challenge among wild fish populations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116042. [PMID: 33190983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wild organisms are increasingly exposed to multiple anthropogenic and natural stressors that can interact in complex ways and lead to unexpected effects. In aquatic ecosystems, contamination by trace metals has deleterious effects on fish health and commonly co-occurs with pathogens, which affect similar physiological and behavioral traits. However, the combined effects of metal contamination and parasitism are still poorly known. In addition, the sensitivity to multiple stressors could be highly variable among different fish populations depending on their evolutionary history, but this intraspecific variability is rarely taken into account in existing ecotoxicological studies. Here, we investigated i) the interactive effects of metal contamination (i.e., realistic mixture of Cd, Cu and Zn) and immune challenge mimicking a parasite attack on fish health across biological levels. In addition, we compared ii) the physiological and behavioral responses among five populations of gudgeon fish (Gobio occitaniae) having evolved along a gradient of metal contamination. Results show that single stressors exposure resulted in an increase of immune defenses and oxidative stress at the expense of body mass (contamination) or fish swimming activity (immune challenge). Multiple stressors had fewer interactive effects than expected, especially on physiological traits, but mainly resulted in antagonistic effects on fish swimming activity. Indeed, the immune challenge modified or inhibited the effects of contamination on fish behavior in most populations, suggesting that multiple stressors could reduce behavioral plasticity. Interestingly, the effects of stressors were highly variable among populations, with lower deleterious effects of metal contamination in populations from highly contaminated environments, although the underlying evolutionary mechanisms remain to be investigated. This study highlights the importance of considering multiple stressors effects and intraspecific variability of sensitivity to refine our ability to predict the effects of environmental contaminants on aquatic wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Petitjean
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; EDB, Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; LTSER France, Zone Atelier PYGAR « Pyrénées-Garonne », Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- EDB, Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; LTSER France, Zone Atelier PYGAR « Pyrénées-Garonne », Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Louna Riem
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; EDB, Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathilde Pitout
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Annie Perrault
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Cousseau
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; LTSER France, Zone Atelier PYGAR « Pyrénées-Garonne », Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Séverine Jean
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France; LTSER France, Zone Atelier PYGAR « Pyrénées-Garonne », Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Johnson RM, Olatunde AC, Woodie LN, Greene MW, Schwartz EH. The Systemic and Cellular Metabolic Phenotype of Infection and Immune Response to Listeria monocytogenes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:614697. [PMID: 33628207 PMCID: PMC7897666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that infection and immune response incur significant metabolic demands, yet the respective demands of specific immune responses to live pathogens have not been well delineated. It is also established that upon activation, metabolic pathways undergo shifts at the cellular level. However, most studies exploring these issues at the systemic or cellular level have utilized pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that model sepsis, or model antigens at isolated time points. Thus, the dynamics of pathogenesis and immune response to a live infection remain largely undocumented. To better quantitate the metabolic demands induced by infection, we utilized a live pathogenic infection model. Mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes were monitored longitudinally over the course of infection through clearance. We measured systemic metabolic phenotype, bacterial load, innate and adaptive immune responses, and cellular metabolic pathways. To further delineate the role of adaptive immunity in the metabolic phenotype, we utilized two doses of bacteria, one that induced both sickness behavior and protective (T cell mediated) immunity, and the other protective immunity alone. We determined that the greatest impact to systemic metabolism occurred during the early immune response, which coincided with the greatest shift in innate cellular metabolism. In contrast, during the time of maximal T cell expansion, systemic metabolism returned to resting state. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the timing of maximal metabolic demand overlaps with the innate immune response and that when the adaptive response is maximal, the host has returned to relative metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Adesola C Olatunde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Lauren N Woodie
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Petitjean Q, Jacquin L, LeHénaff M, Perrault A, Cousseau M, Laffaille P, Jean S. Dose- and time-dependent effects of an immune challenge on fish across biological levels. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:250-264. [PMID: 33200884 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to global changes, fish are increasingly exposed to immune challenges associated with disease outbreaks in aquatic ecosystems. Adjustments in physiology and behavior are generally critical to maintaining homeostasis after an immune challenge, but there is limited knowledge on the specific thresholds and dynamics of responses across levels of biological organization in fish. In this study, we tested how different concentrations of an antigens mixture (phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide) affected innate immunity with potential consequences on oxidative stress, energy reserves, body condition, and behavior across time, using the common gudgeon (Gobio sp.) as model species. The immune challenge induced a transitory increase in lytic enzyme activity (i.e., lysozyme) and local immune response (i.e., skin swelling) 2 days after the antigen injection. The available energy stored in muscle was also reduced 4 days after injection, without inducing oxidative stress at the cellular level. Overall, the immune challenge induced limited costs at the molecular and cellular levels but had strong effects at the whole organism level, especially on behavior. Indeed, fish swimming activity and sociability were affected in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results suggest that immune challenges have dose-dependent effects across levels of biological organization and that behavior is a key response trait to cope with pathogen-induced immune costs in the wild, although fitness consequences remain to be tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Petitjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Annie Perrault
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Cousseau
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Séverine Jean
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The immune response of bats differs between pre-migration and migration seasons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17384. [PMID: 33060711 PMCID: PMC7562910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a competent immune system is energetically costly and thus immunity may be traded against other costly traits such as seasonal migration. Here, we tested in long-distance migratory Nathusius’ pipistrelles (Pipistrellus nathusii), if selected branches of immunity are expressed differently in response to the energy demands and oxidative stress of aerial migration. During the migration period, we observed higher baseline lymphocyte and lower neutrophil levels than during the pre-migration period, but no stronger response of cellular effectors to an antigen challenge. Baseline plasma haptoglobin, as a component of the humoral innate immunity, remained similar during both seasons, yet baseline plasma haptoglobin levels increased by a factor of 7.8 in migratory bats during an immune challenge, whereas they did not change during the pre-migration period. Oxidative stress was higher during migration than during pre-migration, yet there was no association between blood oxidative status and immune parameters, and immune challenge did not trigger any changes in oxidative stress, irrespective of season. Our findings suggest that humoral effectors of the acute phase response may play a stronger role in the first-line defense against infections for migrating bats compared to non-migrating bats. We conclude that Nathusius’ pipistrelles allocate resources differently into the branches of their immune system, most likely following current demands resulting from tight energy budgets during migration.
Collapse
|
17
|
Melhado G, Herrera M LG, da Cruz-Neto AP. Bats respond to simulated bacterial infection during the active phase by reducing food intake. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:536-542. [PMID: 32691525 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sickness triggers a series of behavioral and physiological processes collectively known as acute phase response (APR). Bats are known as reservoirs of a broad variety of pathogens and the physiological changes resulting from APR activation have been tested predominantly during the resting phase (daytime) in several species exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, behavioral consequences of sickness for bats and other wild mammals have received less attention. We examined the physiological and behavioral consequences of APR activation in a fruit-eating bat (Carollia perspicillata) challenged with LPS during the active phase (nighttime). We measured changes in food intake, body mass, body temperature, total white blood cell counts, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L). No fever and leukocytosis were observed in bats injected with LPS, but food intake decreased, bats lost body mass and their N/L ratio increased. The effect of LPS on daily energy balance is remarkable and, along with the increase in N/L ratio, it is assumed to be beneficial to fight disease. On the basis of our findings and those with other bats, it is probable that the physiological and behavioral components of the immune response to LPS follow circadian rhythms, but a formal test of this hypothesis is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Melhado
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P da Cruz-Neto
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Petitjean Q, Jean S, Côte J, Lamarins A, Lefranc M, Santos R, Perrault A, Laffaille P, Jacquin L. Combined effects of temperature increase and immune challenge in two wild gudgeon populations. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:157-176. [PMID: 31620975 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global changes, aquatic ecosystems are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors that can have unexpected interactive effects on aquatic organisms. Among these stressors, the occurrence of heat waves and pathogens is changing rapidly in freshwater rivers, but their combined effects on fish health are still understudied. In this study, we experimentally tested the crossed effects of increased temperature (mimicking a heat wave) and a standardized immune challenge (mimicking a parasite attack) on wild gudgeon (Gobio occitaniae) physiology and behaviour across biological levels from molecules to the whole individual. We also investigated the potential variation of sensitivity among populations by comparing two wild populations from contrasted thermal regimes. Combined stressors (i.e. temperature increase and immune challenge) had contrasted effects on fish physiology and behaviour compared to single stressors, but only at the individual level. In particular, the immune challenge inhibited the effect of the temperature on fish behaviour (activity, exploration and foraging) but amplified the negative effect of temperature on fish survival. No interactions were found at other biological levels. This study thus shows that it is essential to consider biotic stressors such as pathogens to better anticipate the effects of global changes on aquatic organisms. In addition, there was a high variability of response between the two gudgeon populations, suggesting that future studies should take into account population variability to better predict the responses of aquatic wildlife to current and future stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Petitjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.
| | - Séverine Jean
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Jessica Côte
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Amaïa Lamarins
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Lefranc
- HEPIA, Ecology and Engineering of Aquatic Systems Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 150 Route de Presinge, 1254, Jussy, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Santos
- HEPIA, Ecology and Engineering of Aquatic Systems Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 150 Route de Presinge, 1254, Jussy, Switzerland
| | - Annie Perrault
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The acute phase response elicited by a viral-like molecular pattern increases energy expenditure in Artibeus lituratus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Cabrera-Martinez LV, Herrera M LG, Cruz-Neto AP. Food restriction, but not seasonality, modulates the acute phase response of a Neotropical bat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 229:93-100. [PMID: 30553882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Season and food intake are known to affect immune response of vertebrates yet their effects on metabolic rate have been rarely explored. We tested the effect of season and acute food restriction and their interaction on the energetic cost of immune response activation of a tropical vertebrate, the Seba's short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata). We specifically stimulated the acute phase response (APR) with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to measure metabolic changes along with changes in body temperature (Tb), body mass (Mb), white blood cell counts and the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio (N/L). We found no effect of season on the different factors associated to the activation of the APR. In contrast to our expectations, unfed bats reached similar Tb increments and RMR peak values and had higher RMR scope values and higher caloric costs than fed bats after LPS injection. However, food deprivation led to delayed metabolic response indicated by longer time required to reach peak RMR values in unfed bats. Both food-deprived and fed bats did not present leukocytosis after APR activation and their WBC counts were similar, but unfed bats had a significant increase of N/L. APR activation represented a small fraction of the bat daily energy requirements which might explain why unfed bats were not limited to mount a metabolic response. Our study adds to recent evidence showing that activating the innate immune system is not an energetically expensive process for plant-eating bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía V Cabrera-Martinez
- Pós-graduação no programa de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julho de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio, Jalisco 48980, Mexico.
| | - Ariovaldo P Cruz-Neto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Julho de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mandl JN, Schneider C, Schneider DS, Baker ML. Going to Bat(s) for Studies of Disease Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2112. [PMID: 30294323 PMCID: PMC6158362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of viruses that have caused recent epidemics with high lethality rates in people, are zoonoses originating from wildlife. Among them are filoviruses (e.g., Marburg, Ebola), coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra, Nipah) which share the common features that they are all RNA viruses, and that a dysregulated immune response is an important contributor to the tissue damage and hence pathogenicity that results from infection in humans. Intriguingly, these viruses also all originate from bat reservoirs. Bats have been shown to have a greater mean viral richness than predicted by their phylogenetic distance from humans, their geographic range, or their presence in urban areas, suggesting other traits must explain why bats harbor a greater number of zoonotic viruses than other mammals. Bats are highly unusual among mammals in other ways as well. Not only are they the only mammals capable of powered flight, they have extraordinarily long life spans, with little detectable increases in mortality or senescence until high ages. Their physiology likely impacted their history of pathogen exposure and necessitated adaptations that may have also affected immune signaling pathways. Do our life history traits make us susceptible to generating damaging immune responses to RNA viruses or does the physiology of bats make them particularly tolerant or resistant? Understanding what immune mechanisms enable bats to coexist with RNA viruses may provide critical fundamental insights into how to achieve greater resilience in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith N. Mandl
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center for Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center for Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David S. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cabrera-Martínez LV, Herrera M. LG, Cruz-Neto AP. The energetic cost of mounting an immune response for Pallas's long-tongued bat ( Glossophaga soricina). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4627. [PMID: 29888121 PMCID: PMC5993019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) is the first line of defense of the vertebrate immune system against pathogens. Mounting an immune response is believed to be energetically costly but direct measures of metabolic rate during immune challenges contradict this assumption. The energetic cost of APR for birds is higher than for rodents, suggesting that this response is less expensive for mammals. However, the particularly large increase in metabolic rate after APR activation for a piscivorous bat (Myotis vivesi) suggests that immune response might be unusually costly for bats. Here we quantified the energetic cost and body mass change associated with APR for the nectarivorous Pallas's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina). Activation of the APR resulted in a short-term decrease in body mass and an increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) with a total energy cost of only 2% of the total energy expenditure estimated for G. soricina. This increase in RMR was far from the large increase measured for piscivorous bats; rather, it was similar to the highest values reported for birds. Overall, our results suggest that the costs of APR for bats may vary interspecifically. Measurement of the energy cost of vertebrate immune response is limited to a few species and further work is warranted to evaluate its significance for an animal's energy budget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia V. Cabrera-Martínez
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - L. Gerardo Herrera M.
- Estacion de Biologia Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Hernández-Arciga U, Herrera M. LG, Ibáñez-Contreras A, Miranda-Labra RU, Flores-Martínez JJ, Königsberg M. Baseline and post-stress seasonal changes in immunocompetence and redox state maintenance in the fishing bat Myotis vivesi. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190047. [PMID: 29293551 PMCID: PMC5749750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known of how the stress response varies when animals confront seasonal life-history processes. Antioxidant defenses and damage caused by oxidative stress and their link with immunocompetence are powerful biomarkers to assess animal´s physiological stress response. The aim of this study was A) to determine redox state and variation in basal (pre-acute stress) immune function during summer, autumn and winter (spring was not assessed due to restrictions in collecting permit) in the fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi; Chiroptera), and B) to determine the effect of acute stress on immunocompetence and redox state during each season. Acute stress was stimulated by restricting animal movement for 6 and 12 h. The magnitude of the cellular immune response was higher during winter whilst that of the humoral response was at its highest during summer. Humoral response increased after 6 h of movement restriction stress and returned to baseline levels after 12 h. Basal redox state was maintained throughout the year, with no significant changes in protein damage, and antioxidant activity was modulated mainly in relation to variation to environment cues, increasing during high temperatures and decreasing during windy nights. Antioxidant activity increased after the 6 h of stressful stimuli especially during summer and autumn, and to a lesser extent in early winter, but redox state did not vary. However, protein damage increased after 12 h of stress during summer. Prolonged stress when the bat is engaged in activities of high energy demand overcame its capacity to maintain homeostasis resulting in oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulalume Hernández-Arciga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L. Gerardo Herrera M.
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandra Ibáñez-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Applied Research in Experimental Biomedicine S.A. de C.V. (APREXBIO), Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Experimentación Animal, Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Estado de México, México
| | - Roxana U. Miranda-Labra
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Juan Flores-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mina Königsberg
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kacprzyk J, Hughes GM, Palsson-McDermott EM, Quinn SR, Puechmaille SJ, O'Neill LAJ, Teeling EC. A Potent Anti-Inflammatory Response in Bat Macrophages May Be Linked to Extended Longevity and Viral Tolerance. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.2.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Graham M. Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eva M. Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan R. Quinn
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sébastien J. Puechmaille
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Soldmann-Straβe 14, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luke A. J. O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emma C. Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Weise P, Czirják GA, Lindecke O, Bumrungsri S, Voigt CC. Simulated bacterial infection disrupts the circadian fluctuation of immune cells in wrinkle-lipped bats ( Chaerephon plicatus). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3570. [PMID: 28791196 PMCID: PMC5545106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukocyte concentrations follow a circadian pattern in mammals, with elevated values at times of potential contact with pathogens and parasites. We hypothesized that this pattern is disturbed after an immune challenge. Methods In Thailand, we captured wrinkle-lipped bats (Chaerephon plicatus), when they returned to their colony at dawn. We challenged half of the animals (experimental group) with bacterial lipopolysaccharides and treated the others only with the carrier liquid (control group). We then compared body mass changes and differences in circulating immune cell counts at 8 h post-treatment. Results In experimental animals, we observed an increase in total leukocyte and neutrophil numbers of 17% and 95%, respectively. In control animals, concentrations of leukocytes decreased by 44% and those of neutrophils remained constant. Experimental treatment had no effect on lymphocytes, yet changes in eosinophil numbers were explained by sex. Eosinophils decreased by 66% in females and by 62% in males. Basophils and monocytes were rarest among all observed cell types and analysis was either impossible because of low numbers or yielded no significant effects, respectively. Discussion Our findings show that a simulated bacterial infection triggered a neutrophil-associated immune response in wrinkle-lipped bats, indicating a disruption of the diurnal fluctuation of immune cells. Our study suggests that bats exhibit circadian rhythms in immune cell counts. The magnitude of these fluctuations may vary across species according to specific-specific infection risks associated with colony sizes or specific roosting habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Weise
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor A Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Lindecke
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Animal Behaviour, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Department of Biology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Animal Behaviour, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|