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Zhang ZH, Wang B, Peng Y, Xu YW, Li CH, Ning YL, Zhao Y, Shan FB, Zhang B, Yang N, Zhang J, Chen X, Xiong RP, Zhou YG, Li P. Identification of a Hippocampus-to-Zona Incerta Projection involved in Motor Learning. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2307185. [PMID: 38958448 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Motor learning (ML), which plays a fundamental role in growth and physical rehabilitation, involves different stages of learning and memory processes through different brain regions. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie ML are not sufficiently understood. Here, a previously unreported neuronal projection from the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) to the zona incerta (ZI) involved in the regulation of ML behaviors is identified. Using recombinant adeno-associated virus, the projections to the ZI are surprisingly identified as originating from the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 subregions of the dHPC. Furthermore, projection-specific chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulation reveals that the projections from the dorsal CA1 to the ZI play key roles in the acquisition and consolidation of ML behaviors, whereas the projections from the dorsal DG to the ZI mediate the retrieval/retention of ML behaviors. The results reveal new projections from the dorsal DG and dorsal CA1 to the ZI involved in the regulation of ML and provide insight into the stages over which this regulation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hang Zhang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Bo Wang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yan Peng
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ya-Wei Xu
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chang-Hong Li
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ya-Lei Ning
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fa-Bo Shan
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Nan Yang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xing Chen
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ren-Ping Xiong
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ping Li
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
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2
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Garsetti DE, Sahay K, Wang Y, Rogers MB. Sex and the basal mRNA synthesis machinery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1765. [PMID: 36195437 PMCID: PMC10070566 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evolution and change generated an incredible diversity of organisms on this earth. Yet, some processes are so central to life that change is strongly selected against. Synthesis of the eukaryotic messenger RNA is one example. The assemblies that carry out transcription and processing (capping, polyadenylation, and splicing) are so conserved that most genes have recognizable orthologs in yeast and humans. Naturally, most would conclude transcription and processing are identical in both sexes. However, this is an assumption. Men and women vastly differ in their physiologies. The incidence of pathologies, symptom presentation, disease outcome, and therapeutic response in each sex vary enormously. Despite the harm ignorance causes women, biological research has been historically carried out without regard to sex. The male mouse was the default mammal. A cultured cell's sex was considered irrelevant. Attempts to fill this knowledge gap have revealed molecular dissimilarities. For example, the earliest embryonic male and female transcriptomes differ long before fetal sex hormones appear. We used public data to challenge the assumption of sameness by reviewing reports of sex-biased gene expression and gene targeting. We focused on 120 genes encoding nonregulatory proteins involved in mRNA synthesis. Remarkably, genes with recognizable orthologs in yeast and thus LEAST likely to differ, did differ between the sexes. The rapidly growing public databases can be used to compare the expression of any gene in male and female tissues. Appreciating the principles that drive sex differences will enrich our understanding of RNA biology in all humans-men and women. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Garsetti
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Khushboo Sahay
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melissa B Rogers
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Conlon FL, Arnold AP. Sex chromosome mechanisms in cardiac development and disease. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:340-350. [PMID: 37808586 PMCID: PMC10558115 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Many human diseases, including cardiovascular disease, show differences between men and women in pathology and treatment outcomes. In the case of cardiac disease, sex differences are exemplified by differences in the frequency of specific types of congenital and adult-onset heart disease. Clinical studies have suggested that gonadal hormones are a factor in sex bias. However, recent research has shown that gene and protein networks under non-hormonal control also account for cardiac sex differences. In this review, we describe the sex chromosome pathways that lead to sex differences in the development and function of the heart and highlight how these findings affect future care and treatment of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Conlon
- Departments of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Feng L, Jing F, Qin X, Zhou L, Ning Y, Hou J, Kong W, Zhu Y. Cleavage Stimulation Factor Subunit 2: Function Across Cancers and Potential Target for Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:852469. [PMID: 35370655 PMCID: PMC8971630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage stimulation factor subunit complex is involved in the cleavage and polyadenylation of 3′-end pre-mRNAs that regulate mRNA formation and processing. However, cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 (CSTF2) was found to play a more critical regulatory role across cancers. General cancer data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression project were thus downloaded for differential analysis, and the possible functions and mechanisms of CSTF2 in general cancer were analyzed using the Compartments database, cBioPortal database, Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub database, and Comparative Toxigenomics database using gene set enrichment analysis and R software. The results showed that CSTF2 could affect DNA repair and methylation in tumor cells. In addition, CSTF2 was associated with multiple tumor immune infiltrates in a wide range of cancers, and its high expression was associated with multiple immune checkpoints; therefore, it could serve as a potential target for many drug molecules. We also proved that CSTF2 promotes oral cell proliferation and migration. The high diagnostic efficacy of CSTF2 suggested that this gene may act as a new biomarker and personalized therapeutic target for a variety of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengyang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Department of Dental Implant Center, Stomatologic Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Department of Dental Implant Center, Stomatologic Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Department of Dental Implant Center, Stomatologic Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Ning
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Department of Dental Implant Center, Stomatologic Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weihao Kong
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Weihao Kong, ; Youming Zhu,
| | - Youming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Department of Dental Implant Center, Stomatologic Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Weihao Kong, ; Youming Zhu,
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5
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Gorukmez O, Gorukmez O. First Infertile Case with CSTF2TGene Mutation. Mol Syndromol 2020; 11:228-231. [PMID: 33224017 DOI: 10.1159/000509686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is multifactorial and presents with heterogeneous phenotypic features. Genetic factors are responsible for up to 15% of the male infertility cases. Loss of the Cstf2t gene in male mice results in infertility. No disease-associated mutations have been described for this gene in infertile men. Here, we report a patient diagnosed with infertility in whom a homozygous nonsense mutation in the CSTF2T gene was detected by clinical exome sequencing. This case is the first description of an infertile patient who has a homozygous CSTF2T mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Gorukmez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Orhan Gorukmez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
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6
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Grozdanov PN, Masoumzadeh E, Kalscheuer VM, Bienvenu T, Billuart P, Delrue MA, Latham MP, MacDonald CC. A missense mutation in the CSTF2 gene that impairs the function of the RNA recognition motif and causes defects in 3' end processing is associated with intellectual disability in humans. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9804-9821. [PMID: 32816001 PMCID: PMC7515730 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CSTF2 encodes an RNA-binding protein that is essential for mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation (C/P). No disease-associated mutations have been described for this gene. Here, we report a mutation in the RNA recognition motif (RRM) of CSTF2 that changes an aspartic acid at position 50 to alanine (p.D50A), resulting in intellectual disability in male patients. In mice, this mutation was sufficient to alter polyadenylation sites in over 1300 genes critical for brain development. Using a reporter gene assay, we demonstrated that C/P efficiency of CSTF2D50A was lower than wild type. To account for this, we determined that p.D50A changed locations of amino acid side chains altering RNA binding sites in the RRM. The changes modified the electrostatic potential of the RRM leading to a greater affinity for RNA. These results highlight the significance of 3′ end mRNA processing in expression of genes important for brain plasticity and neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar N Grozdanov
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6540, USA
| | - Elahe Masoumzadeh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Research Group Development and Disease, Ihnestr. 63-73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, 102 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, 102 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHU Sainte Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael P Latham
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Clinton C MacDonald
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6540, USA
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7
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Wheeler JM, McMillan P, Strovas TJ, Liachko NF, Amlie-Wolf A, Kow RL, Klein RL, Szot P, Robinson L, Guthrie C, Saxton A, Kanaan NM, Raskind M, Peskind E, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Wang LS, Keene CD, Bird T, Schellenberg GD, Kraemer B. Activity of the poly(A) binding protein MSUT2 determines susceptibility to pathological tau in the mammalian brain. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/523/eaao6545. [PMID: 31852801 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain lesions composed of pathological tau help to drive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Here, we identified the mammalian suppressor of tauopathy 2 (MSUT2) gene as a modifier of susceptibility to tau toxicity in two mouse models of tauopathy. Transgenic PS19 mice overexpressing tau, a model of AD, and lacking the Msut2 gene exhibited decreased learning and memory deficits, reduced neurodegeneration, and reduced accumulation of pathological tau compared to PS19 tau transgenic mice expressing Msut2 Conversely, Msut2 overexpression in 4RTauTg2652 tau transgenic mice increased pathological tau deposition and promoted the neuroinflammatory response to pathological tau. MSUT2 is a poly(A) RNA binding protein that antagonizes the canonical nuclear poly(A) binding protein PABPN1. In individuals with AD, MSUT2 abundance in postmortem brain tissue predicted an earlier age of disease onset. Postmortem AD brain tissue samples with normal amounts of MSUT2 showed elevated neuroinflammation associated with tau pathology. We observed co-depletion of MSUT2 and PABPN1 in postmortem brain samples from a subset of AD cases with higher tau burden and increased neuronal loss. This suggested that MSUT2 and PABPN1 may act together in a macromolecular complex bound to poly(A) RNA. Although MSUT2 and PABPN1 had opposing effects on both tau aggregation and poly(A) RNA tail length, we found that increased poly(A) tail length did not ameliorate tauopathy, implicating other functions of the MSUT2/PABPN1 complex in tau proteostasis. Our findings implicate poly(A) RNA binding proteins both as modulators of pathological tau toxicity in AD and as potential molecular targets for interventions to slow neurodegeneration in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanna M Wheeler
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Pamela McMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Timothy J Strovas
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Nicole F Liachko
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Alexandre Amlie-Wolf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca L Kow
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Ronald L Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Patricia Szot
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Linda Robinson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Chris Guthrie
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Aleen Saxton
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Sciences and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Murray Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Elaine Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas Bird
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian Kraemer
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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8
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Bernardes WS, Menossi M. Plant 3' Regulatory Regions From mRNA-Encoding Genes and Their Uses to Modulate Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1252. [PMID: 32922424 PMCID: PMC7457121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biotechnology has made it possible to explore the potential of plants for different purposes. The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis-regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. A complex interaction between the cleavage and polyadenylation molecular complex and cis-elements determine the polyadenylation site, which may result in the choice of non-canonical sites, resulting in alternative polyadenylation events, involved in the regulation of more than 80% of the genes expressed in plants. In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis-acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. Although a small number of 3' regulatory regions have been identified and validated so far, many studies have shown that plant 3' regulatory regions have a higher potential to regulate gene expression in plants compared to widely used 3' regulatory regions, such as NOS and OCS from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and 35S from cauliflower mosaic virus. In this review, we discuss the role of 3' regulatory regions in gene expression, and the superior potential that plant 3' regulatory regions have compared to NOS, OCS and 35S 3' regulatory regions.
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9
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MacDonald CC. Tissue-specific mechanisms of alternative polyadenylation: Testis, brain, and beyond (2018 update). WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 10:e1526. [PMID: 30816016 PMCID: PMC6617714 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is how genes choose different sites for 3′ end formation for mRNAs during transcription. APA often occurs in a tissue‐ or developmental stage‐specific manner that can significantly affect gene activity by changing the protein product generated, the stability of the transcript, its localization within the cell, or its translatability. Despite the important regulatory effects that APA has on tissue‐specific gene expression, only a few examples have been characterized mechanistically. In this 2018 update to our 2010 review, we examine mechanisms for the control of APA and update our understanding of the older mechanisms since 2010. We once postulated the existence of tissue‐specific factors in APA. However, while a few tissue‐specific polyadenylation factors are known, the emerging conclusion is that the majority of APA is accomplished by altering levels of core polyadenylation proteins. Examples of those core proteins include CSTF2, CPSF1, and subunits of mammalian cleavage factor I. But despite support for these mechanisms, no one has yet documented any of these proteins changing in either a tissue‐specific or developmental manner. Given the profound effect that APA can have on gene expression and human health, improved understanding of tissue‐specific APA could lead to numerous advances in gene activity control. This article is categorized under:RNA Processing > 3′ End Processing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton C MacDonald
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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10
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Let's call the whole thing off: evaluating gender and sex differences in executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:86-96. [PMID: 30143781 PMCID: PMC6235899 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The executive functions allow for purposeful, deliberate, and intentional interactions with the world-attention and focus, impulse control, decision making, and working memory. These measures have been correlated with academic outcomes and quality of life, and are impacted by deleterious environmental events throughout the life span, including gestational and early life insults. This review will address the topic of sex differences in executive function including a discussion of differences arising in response to developmental programming. Work on gender differences in human studies and sex differences in animal research will be reviewed. Overall, we find little support for significant gender or sex differences in executive function. An important variable that factors into the interpretation of potential sex differences include differing developmental trajectories. We conclude by discussing future directions for the field and a brief discussion of biological mechanisms.
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11
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Grozdanov PN, Masoumzadeh E, Latham MP, MacDonald CC. The structural basis of CstF-77 modulation of cleavage and polyadenylation through stimulation of CstF-64 activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:12022-12039. [PMID: 30257008 PMCID: PMC6294498 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and polyadenylation (C/P) of mRNA is an important cellular process that promotes increased diversity of mRNA isoforms and could change their stability in different cell types. The cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) complex, part of the C/P machinery, binds to U- and GU-rich sequences located downstream from the cleavage site through its RNA-binding subunit, CstF-64. Less is known about the function of the other two subunits of CstF, CstF-77 and CstF-50. Here, we show that the carboxy-terminus of CstF-77 plays a previously unrecognized role in enhancing C/P by altering how the RNA recognition motif (RRM) of CstF-64 binds RNA. In support of this finding, we also show that CstF-64 relies on CstF-77 to be transported to the nucleus; excess CstF-64 localizes to the cytoplasm, possibly via interaction with cytoplasmic RNAs. Reverse genetics and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of recombinant CstF-64 (RRM-Hinge) and CstF-77 (monkeytail-carboxy-terminal domain) indicate that the last 30 amino acids of CstF-77 increases the stability of the RRM, thus altering the affinity of the complex for RNA. These results provide new insights into the mechanism by which CstF regulates the location of the RNA cleavage site during C/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar N Grozdanov
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6540, USA
| | - Elahe Masoumzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Michael P Latham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Clinton C MacDonald
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6540, USA
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Grozdanov PN, Li J, Yu P, Yan W, MacDonald CC. Cstf2t Regulates expression of histones and histone-like proteins in male germ cells. Andrology 2018; 6:605-615. [PMID: 29673127 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the 3' ends of mature mRNAs requires recognition of the correct site within the last exon, cleavage of the nascent pre-mRNA, and, for most mRNAs, addition of a poly(A) tail. Several factors are involved in recognition of the correct 3'-end site. The cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) has three subunits, CstF-50 (gene symbol Cstf1), CstF-64 (Cstf2), and CstF-77 (Cstf3). Of these, CstF-64 is the RNA-binding subunit that interacts with the pre-mRNA downstream of the cleavage site. In male germ cells where CstF-64 is not expressed, a paralog, τCstF-64 (gene symbol Cstf2t) assumes its functions. Accordingly, Cstf2t knockout (Cstf2t-/- ) mice exhibit male infertility due to defective development of spermatocytes and spermatids. To discover differentially expressed genes responsive to τCstF-64, we performed RNA-Seq in seminiferous tubules from wild-type and Cstf2t-/- mice, and found that several histone and histone-like mRNAs were reduced in Cstf2t-/- mice. We further observed delayed accumulation of the testis-specific histone, H1fnt (formerly, H1t2 or Hanp1) in Cstf2t-/- mice. High-throughput sequence analysis of polyadenylation sites (A-seq) indicated reduced use of polyadenylation sites within a cluster downstream of H1fnt in knockout mice. However, high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) was not consistent with a direct role of τCstF-64 in polyadenylation of H1fnt. These findings together suggest that the τCstF-64 may control other reproductive functions that are not directly linked to the formation of 3' ends of mature polyadenylated mRNAs during male germ cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Grozdanov
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - P Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - W Yan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C C MacDonald
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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