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Martinez V, Dettleff P, Zamorano P, Galarce N, Borie C, Naish K. Host-pathogen interaction involving cytoskeleton changes as well as non-coding regulation as primary mechanisms for SRS resistance in Atlantic salmon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108711. [PMID: 37004895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The salmonid rickettsial syndrome (SRS) is a systemic bacterial infection caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis that generates significant economic losses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. Despite this disease's relevance, the mechanisms involved in resistance against P. salmonis infection are not entirely understood. Thus, we aimed at studying the pathways explaining SRS resistance using different approaches. First, we determined the heritability using pedigree data from a challenge test. Secondly, a genome-wide association analysis was performed following a complete transcriptomic profile of fish from genetically susceptible and resistant families within the challenge infection with P. salmonis. We found differentially expressed transcripts related to immune response, pathogen recognition, and several new pathways related to extracellular matrix remodelling and intracellular invasion. The resistant background showed a constrained inflammatory response, mediated by the Arp2/3 complex actin cytoskeleton remodelling polymerization pathway, probably leading to bacterial clearance. A series of biomarkers of SRS resistance, such as the beta-enolase (ENO-β), Tubulin G1 (TUBG1), Plasmin (PLG) and ARP2/3 Complex Subunit 4 (ARPC4) genes showed consistent overexpression in resistant individuals, showing promise as biomarkers for SRS resistance. All these results together with the differential expression of several long non-coding RNAs show the complexity of the host-pathogen interaction of S. salar and P. salmonis. These results provide valuable information on new models describing host-pathogen interaction and its role in SRS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martinez
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa, 11735, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa, 11735, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Zamorano
- Cell and Molecular Biology-Genetics Unit, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Nicolás Galarce
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile
| | - Consuelo Borie
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile
| | - Kerry Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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2
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Martínez D, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Quilapi AM, Coronado J, Enriquez R, Vargas-Lagos C, Oliver C, Santibañez N, Godoy M, Muñoz JL, Vargas-Chacoff L, Romero A. Live and inactivated Piscirickettsia salmonis activated nutritional immunity in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187209. [PMID: 37187753 PMCID: PMC10175622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity regulates the homeostasis of micronutrients such as iron, manganese, and zinc at the systemic and cellular levels, preventing the invading microorganisms from gaining access and thereby limiting their growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activation of nutritional immunity in specimens of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that are intraperitoneally stimulated with both live and inactivated Piscirickettsia salmonis. The study used liver tissue and blood/plasma samples on days 3, 7, and 14 post-injections (dpi) for the analysis. Genetic material (DNA) of P. salmonis was detected in the liver tissue of fish stimulated with both live and inactivated P. salmonis at 14 dpi. Additionally, the hematocrit percentage decreased at 3 and 7 dpi in fish stimulated with live P. salmonis, unchanged in fish challenged with inactivated P. salmonis. On the other hand, plasma iron content decreased during the experimental course in fish stimulated with both live and inactivated P. salmonis, although this decrease was statistically significant only at 3 dpi. Regarding the immune-nutritional markers such as tfr1, dmt1, and ireg1 were modulated in the two experimental conditions, compared to zip8, ft-h, and hamp, which were down-regulated in fish stimulated with live and inactivated P. salmonis during the course experimental. Finally, the intracellular iron content in the liver increased at 7 and 14 dpi in fish stimulated with live and inactivated P. salmonis, while the zinc content decreased at 14 dpi under both experimental conditions. However, stimulation with live and inactivated P. salmonis did not alter the manganese content in the fish. The results suggest that nutritional immunity does not distinguish between live and inactivated P. salmonis and elicits a similar immune response. Probably, this immune mechanism would be self-activated with the detection of PAMPs, instead of a sequestration and/or competition of micronutrients by the living microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Martínez
- Laboratorio Institucional de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Laboratorio Institucional de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Ana María Quilapi
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de la Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Osorno, Chile
| | - José Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Vargas-Lagos
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de la Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Osorno, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marcos Godoy
- Laboratorio Institucional de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - José Luis Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
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3
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Transcriptomic Response of the Diazotrophic Bacteria Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Strain PAL5 to Iron Limitation and Characterization of the fur Regulatory Network. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158533. [PMID: 35955667 PMCID: PMC9368920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has been the focus of several studies aiming to understand the mechanisms behind this endophytic diazotrophic bacterium. The present study is the first global analysis of the early transcriptional response of exponentially growing G. diazotrophicus to iron, an essential cofactor for many enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways. RNA-seq, targeted gene mutagenesis and computational motif discovery tools were used to define the G. diazotrophicusfur regulon. The data analysis showed that genes encoding functions related to iron homeostasis were significantly upregulated in response to iron limitations. Certain genes involved in secondary metabolism were overexpressed under iron-limited conditions. In contrast, it was observed that the expression of genes involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, flagellar biosynthesis and type IV secretion systems were downregulated in an iron-depleted culture medium. Our results support a model that controls transcription in G. diazotrophicus by fur function. The G. diazotrophicusfur protein was able to complement an E. colifur mutant. These results provide new insights into the effects of iron on the metabolism of G. diazotrophicus, as well as demonstrate the essentiality of this micronutrient for the main characteristics of plant growth promotion by G. diazotrophicus.
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4
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Fuentes DE, Acuña LG, Calderón IL. Stress response and virulence factors in bacterial pathogens relevant for Chilean aquaculture: current status and outlook of our knowledge. Biol Res 2022; 55:21. [PMID: 35642071 PMCID: PMC9153119 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the stress responses in bacteria has given us a wealth of information regarding the mechanisms employed by these bacteria in aggressive or even non-optimal living conditions. This information has been applied by several researchers to identify molecular targets related to pathogeny, virulence, and survival, among others, and to design new prophylactic or therapeutic strategies against them. In this study, our knowledge of these mechanisms has been summarized with emphasis on some aquatic pathogenic bacteria of relevance to the health and productive aspects of Chilean salmon farming (Piscirickettsia salmonis, Tenacibaculum spp., Renibacterium salmoninarum, and Yersinia ruckeri). This study will aid further investigations aimed at shedding more light on possible lines of action for these pathogens in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derie E Fuentes
- Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems, Center For Systems Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Chile Research, Santiago, Chile. .,Environmental Sustainability, Center for Systems Biotechnology (CSB-UNAB), Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lillian G Acuña
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván L Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Martínez DP, Oliver C, Santibañez N, Coronado JL, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Enriquez R, Vargas-Chacoff L, Romero A. PAMPs of Piscirickettsia salmonis Trigger the Transcription of Genes Involved in Nutritional Immunity in a Salmon Macrophage-Like Cell Line. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849752. [PMID: 35493529 PMCID: PMC9046600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system can limit the growth of invading pathogens by depleting micronutrients at a cellular and tissue level. However, it is not known whether nutrient depletion mechanisms discriminate between living pathogens (which require nutrients) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (which do not). We stimulated SHK-1 cells with different PAMPs (outer membrane vesicles of Piscirickettsia salmonis “OMVs”, protein extract of P. salmonis “TP” and lipopolysaccharides of P. salmonis “LPS”) isolated from P. salmonis and evaluated transcriptional changes in nutritional immunity associated genes. Our experimental treatments were: Control (SHK-1 stimulated with bacterial culture medium), OMVs (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of outer membrane vesicles), TP (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of total protein extract) and LPS (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of lipopolysaccharides). Cells were sampled at 15-, 30-, 60- and 120-minutes post-stimulation. We detected increased transcription of zip8, zip14, irp1, irp2 and tfr1 in all three experimental conditions and increased transcription of dmt1 in cells stimulated with OMVs and TP, but not LPS. Additionally, we observed generally increased transcription of ireg-1, il-6, hamp, irp1, ft-h and ft-m in all three experimental conditions, but we also detected decreased transcription of these markers in cells stimulated with TP and LPS at specific time points. Our results demonstrate that SHK-1 cells stimulated with P. salmonis PAMPs increase transcription of markers involved in the transport, uptake, storage and regulation of micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Pamela Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José Leonardo Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
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6
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Rozas-Serri M. Why Does Piscirickettsia salmonis Break the Immunological Paradigm in Farmed Salmon? Biological Context to Understand the Relative Control of Piscirickettsiosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856896. [PMID: 35386699 PMCID: PMC8979166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis (SRS) has been the most important infectious disease in Chilean salmon farming since the 1980s. It was one of the first to be described, and to date, it continues to be the main infectious cause of mortality. How can we better understand the epidemiological situation of SRS? The catch-all answer is that the Chilean salmon farming industry must fight year after year against a multifactorial disease, and apparently only the environment in Chile seems to favor the presence and persistence of Piscirickettsia salmonis. This is a fastidious, facultative intracellular bacterium that replicates in the host’s own immune cells and antigen-presenting cells and evades the adaptive cell-mediated immune response, which is why the existing vaccines are not effective in controlling it. Therefore, the Chilean salmon farming industry uses a lot of antibiotics—to control SRS—because otherwise, fish health and welfare would be significantly impaired, and a significantly higher volume of biomass would be lost per year. How can the ever-present risk of negative consequences of antibiotic use in salmon farming be balanced with the productive and economic viability of an animal production industry, as well as with the care of the aquatic environment and public health and with the sustainability of the industry? The answer that is easy, but no less true, is that we must know the enemy and how it interacts with its host. Much knowledge has been generated using this line of inquiry, however it remains insufficient. Considering the state-of-the-art summarized in this review, it can be stated that, from the point of view of fish immunology and vaccinology, we are quite far from reaching an effective and long-term solution for the control of SRS. For this reason, the aim of this critical review is to comprehensively discuss the current knowledge on the interaction between the bacteria and the host to promote the generation of more and better measures for the prevention and control of SRS.
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7
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Ortiz-Severín J, Stuardo CJ, Jiménez NE, Palma R, Cortés MP, Maldonado J, Maass A, Cambiazo V. Nutrient Scarcity in a New Defined Medium Reveals Metabolic Resistance to Antibiotics in the Fish Pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:734239. [PMID: 34707589 PMCID: PMC8542936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.734239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of antibiotics has been the primary treatment for the Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia, a salmonid disease caused by the bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance has been explored in various P. salmonis isolates using different assays; however, P. salmonis is a nutritionally demanding intracellular facultative pathogen; thus, assessing its antibiotic susceptibility with standardized and validated protocols is essential. In this work, we studied the pathogen response to antibiotics using a genomic, a transcriptomic, and a phenotypic approach. A new defined medium (CMMAB) was developed based on a metabolic model of P. salmonis. CMMAB was formulated to increase bacterial growth in nutrient-limited conditions and to be suitable for performing antibiotic susceptibility tests. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated based on a comprehensive search of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from P. salmonis genomes. Minimum inhibitory concentration assays were conducted to test the pathogen susceptibility to antibiotics from drug categories with predicted ARGs. In all tested P. salmonis strains, resistance to erythromycin, ampicillin, penicillin G, streptomycin, spectinomycin, polymyxin B, ceftazidime, and trimethoprim was medium-dependent, showing resistance to higher antibiotic concentrations in the CMMAB medium. The mechanism for antibiotic resistance to ampicillin in the defined medium was further explored and was proven to be associated to a decrease in the bacterial central metabolism, including the TCA cycle, the pentose-phosphate pathway, energy production, and nucleotide metabolism, and it was not associated with decreased growth rate of the bacterium or with the expression of any predicted ARG. Our results suggest that nutrient scarcity plays a role in the bacterial antibiotic resistance, protecting against the detrimental effects of antibiotics, and thus, we propose that P. salmonis exhibits a metabolic resistance to ampicillin when growing in a nutrient-limited medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Ortiz-Severín
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15200002), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila J Stuardo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia E Jiménez
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15200002), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (AFB170001), Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile and UMI-CNRS 2807, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Palma
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15200002), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (AFB170001), Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile and UMI-CNRS 2807, Santiago, Chile
| | - María P Cortés
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15200002), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (AFB170001), Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile and UMI-CNRS 2807, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15200002), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maass
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15200002), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (AFB170001), Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile and UMI-CNRS 2807, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Cambiazo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15200002), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Zuloaga R, Dettleff P, Bastias-Molina M, Meneses C, Altamirano C, Valdés JA, Molina A. RNA-Seq-Based Analysis of Cortisol-Induced Differential Gene Expression Associated with Piscirickettsia salmonis Infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Myotubes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082399. [PMID: 34438856 PMCID: PMC8388646 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) is the major infectious disease of the Chilean salmonid aquaculture industry caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis. Intensive farming conditions generate stress and increased susceptibility to diseases, being skeletal muscle mainly affected. However, the interplay between pathogen infection and stress in muscle is poorly understood. In this study, we perform an RNA-seq analysis on rainbow trout myotubes that are pretreated for 3 h with cortisol (100 ng/mL) and then infected with P. salmonis strain LF-89 for 8 h (MOI 50). Twelve libraries are constructed from RNA samples (n = 3 per group) and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq 4000. A total of 704,979,454 high-quality reads are obtained, with 70.25% mapped against the reference genome. In silico DETs include 175 total genes-124 are upregulated and 51 are downregulated. GO enrichment analysis reveals highly impacted biological processes related to apoptosis, negative regulation of cell proliferation, and innate immune response. These results are validated by RT-qPCR of nine candidate transcripts. Furthermore, cortisol pretreatment significantly stimulated bacterial gene expression of ahpC and 23s compared to infection. In conclusion, for the first time, we describe a transcriptomic response of trout myotubes infected with P. salmonis by inducing apoptosis, downregulating cell proliferation, and intrinsic immune-like response that is differentially regulated by cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Macarena Bastias-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (M.B.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (M.B.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362803, Chile;
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-227703067
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9
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Levipan HA, Reyes-Garcia L, Avendaño-Herrera R. Piscirickettsia salmonis does not evidence quorum sensing based on acyl-homoserine lactones. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1047-1051. [PMID: 33900628 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Levipan
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Reyes-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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10
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Pontigo JP, Espinoza C, Hernandez M, Nourdin G, Oliver C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Figueroa J, Rauch C, Troncoso JM, Vargas-Chacoff L, Yáñez AJ. Protein-Based Vaccine Protect Against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Immunol 2021; 12:602689. [PMID: 33679740 PMCID: PMC7927424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.602689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective and economical vaccine against the Piscirickettsia salmonis pathogen is needed for sustainable salmon farming and to reduce disease-related economic losses. Consequently, the aquaculture industry urgently needs to investigate efficient prophylactic measures. Three protein-based vaccine prototypes against Piscirickettsia salmonis were prepared from a highly pathogenic Chilean isolate. Only one vaccine effectively protected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), in correlation with the induction of Piscirickettsia-specific IgM antibodies and a high induction of transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., Il-1β and TNF-α). In addition, we studied the proteome fraction protein of P. salmonis strain Austral-005 using multidimensional protein identification technology. The analyzes identified 87 proteins of different subcellular origins, such as the cytoplasmic and membrane compartment, where many of them have virulence functions. The other two prototypes activated only the innate immune responses, but did not protect Salmo salar against P. salmonis. These results suggest that the knowledge of the formulation of vaccines based on P. salmonis proteins is useful as an effective therapy, this demonstrates the importance of the different research tools to improve the study of the different immune responses, resistance to diseases in the Atlantic salmon. We suggest that this vaccine can help prevent widespread infection by P. salmonis, in addition to being able to be used as a booster after a primary vaccine to maintain high levels of circulating protective antibodies, greatly helping to reduce the economic losses caused by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterianaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carla Espinoza
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mauricio Hernandez
- Proteogenomics Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology for Life of Science reseArch (MELISA) Institute, San Pedro de Paz, Chile
| | - Guillermo Nourdin
- Proteogenomics Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology for Life of Science reseArch (MELISA) Institute, San Pedro de Paz, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rubén Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile.,Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuaticos y Biotecnologia Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Cecilia Rauch
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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11
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Ortiz-Severín J, Travisany D, Maass A, Cambiazo V, Chávez FP. Global Proteomic Profiling of Piscirickettsia salmonis and Salmon Macrophage-Like Cells during Intracellular Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121845. [PMID: 33255149 PMCID: PMC7760863 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiasalmonis is an intracellular bacterial fish pathogen that causes piscirickettsiosis, a disease with numerous negative impacts in the Chilean salmon farming industry. Although transcriptomic studies of P. salmonis and its host have been performed, dual host–pathogen proteomic approaches during infection are still missing. Considering that gene expression does not always correspond with observed phenotype, and bacteriological culture studies inadequately reflect infection conditions, to improve the existing knowledge for the pathogenicity of P. salmonis, we present here a global proteomic profiling of Salmon salar macrophage-like cell cultures infected with P. salmonis LF-89. The proteomic analyses identified several P. salmonis proteins from two temporally different stages of macrophages infection, some of them related to key functions for bacterial survival in other intracellular pathogens. Metabolic differences were observed in early-stage infection bacteria, compared to late-stage infections. Virulence factors related to membrane, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and surface component modifications, cell motility, toxins, and secretion systems also varied between the infection stages. Pilus proteins, beta-hemolysin, and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) were characteristic of the early-infection stage, while fimbria, upregulation of 10 toxins or effector proteins, and the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) were representative of the late-infection stage bacteria. Previously described virulence-related genes in P. salmonis plasmids were identified by proteomic assays during infection in SHK-1 cells, accompanied by an increase of mobile-related elements. By comparing the infected and un-infected proteome of SHK-1 cells, we observed changes in cellular and redox homeostasis; innate immune response; microtubules and actin cytoskeleton organization and dynamics; alteration in phagosome components, iron transport, and metabolism; and amino acids, nucleoside, and nucleotide metabolism, together with an overall energy and ATP production alteration. Our global proteomic profiling and the current knowledge of the P. salmonis infection process allowed us to propose a model of the macrophage–P. salmonis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Ortiz-Severín
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile;
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile; (D.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Dante Travisany
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile; (D.T.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (AFB170001) and Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile and UMI-CNRS 2807, Santiago 8370415, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maass
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile; (D.T.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (AFB170001) and Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile and UMI-CNRS 2807, Santiago 8370415, Chile
| | - Verónica Cambiazo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile;
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370415, Chile; (D.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Francisco P. Chávez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Piscirickettsia salmonis Cryptic Plasmids: Source of Mobile DNA and Virulence Factors. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040269. [PMID: 31795181 PMCID: PMC6963756 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four large cryptic plasmids were identified in the salmon pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis reference strain LF-89. These plasmids appeared highly novel, with less than 7% nucleotidic identity to the nr plasmid database. Plasmid copy number analysis revealed that they are harbored in chromosome equivalent ratios. In addition to plasmid-related genes (plasmidial autonomous replication, partitioning, maintenance, and mobilization genes), mobile genetic elements such as transposases, integrases, and prophage sequences were also identified in P. salmonis plasmids. However, bacterial lysis was not observed upon the induction of prophages. A total of twelve putative virulence factors (VFs) were identified, in addition to two global transcriptional regulators, the widely conserved CsrA protein and the regulator Crp/Fnr. Eleven of the putative VFs were overexpressed during infection in two salmon-derived cellular infection models, supporting their role as VFs. The ubiquity of these plasmids was also confirmed by sequence similarity in the genomes of other P. salmonis strains. The ontology of P. salmonis plasmids suggests a role in bacterial fitness and adaptation to the environment as they encode proteins related to mobilization, nutrient transport and utilization, and bacterial virulence. Further functional characterization of P. salmonis plasmids may improve our knowledge regarding virulence and mobile elements in this intracellular pathogen.
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13
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Lucas CG, Chen PR, Seixas FK, Prather RS, Collares T. Applications of omics and nanotechnology to improve pig embryo production in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1531-1547. [PMID: 31478591 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate environment to optimize porcine preimplantation embryo production in vitro is required as genetically modified pigs have become indispensable for biomedical research and agriculture. To provide suitable culture conditions, omics technologies have been applied to elucidate which metabolic substrates and pathways are involved during early developmental processes. Metabolomic profiling and transcriptional analysis comparing in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos have demonstrated the important role of amino acids during preimplantation development. Transcriptional profiling studies have been helpful in assessing epigenetic reprogramming agents to allow for the correction of gene expression during the cloning process. Along with this, nanotechnology, which is a highly promising field, has allowed for the use of engineered nanoplatforms in reproductive biology. A growing number of studies have explored the use of nanoengineered materials for sorting, labeling, and targeting purposes; which demonstrates their potential to become one of the solutions for precise delivery of molecules into gametes and embryos. Considering the contributions of omics and the recent progress in nanoscience, in this review, we focused on their emerging applications for current in vitro pig embryo production systems to optimize the generation of genetically modified animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Lucas
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Fabiana K Seixas
- Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tiago Collares
- Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Valenzuela-Miranda D, Gallardo-Escárate C. Dual RNA-Seq Uncovers Metabolic Amino Acids Dependency of the Intracellular Bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis Infecting Atlantic Salmon. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2877. [PMID: 30542335 PMCID: PMC6277808 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing technologies have offered the possibility to understand the complexity of the transcriptomic responses of an organism during a wide variety of biological scenarios, such as the case of pathogenic infections. Recently, the simultaneous sequencing of both pathogen and host transcriptomes (dual RNA-seq) during the infection has become a promising approach to uncover the complexity of the host-pathogen interactions. In this study, through a double rRNA depletion and RNA sequencing protocols, we simultaneously analyzed the transcriptome of the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis and its host the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the course of the infection. Beyond canonical host immune-related response and pathogen virulent factors, both bacteria and host displayed a large number of genes associated with metabolism and particularly related with the amino acid metabolism. Notably, genome-wide comparison among P. salmonis genomes and different fish pathogens genomes revealed a lack of the biosynthetic pathway for several amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine. To support this finding, in vitro experiments evidenced that when these amino acids are restricted the bacterial growth dynamics is significantly affected. However, this condition is phenotypically reversed when the amino acids are supplemented in the bacterial growth medium. Based on our results, a metabolic dependency of P. salmonis on S. salar amino acids is suggested, which could imply novel mechanisms of pathogenesis based on the capacity to uptake nutrients from the host. Overall, dual transcriptome sequencing leads to the understanding of host-pathogen interactions from a different perspective, beyond biological processes related to immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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15
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Millar AD, Tapia P, Gómez FA, Marshall SH, Fuentes DE, Valdes JH. Draft genomes and reference transcriptomes extend the coding potential of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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16
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Munang'andu HM. Intracellular Bacterial Infections: A Challenge for Developing Cellular Mediated Immunity Vaccines for Farmed Fish. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020033. [PMID: 29690563 PMCID: PMC6027125 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the most rapidly expanding farming systems in the world. Its rapid expansion has brought with it several pathogens infecting different fish species. As a result, there has been a corresponding expansion in vaccine development to cope with the increasing number of infectious diseases in aquaculture. The success of vaccine development for bacterial diseases in aquaculture is largely attributed to empirical vaccine designs based on inactivation of whole cell (WCI) bacteria vaccines. However, an upcoming challenge in vaccine design is the increase of intracellular bacterial pathogens that are not responsive to WCI vaccines. Intracellular bacterial vaccines evoke cellular mediated immune (CMI) responses that “kill” and eliminate infected cells, unlike WCI vaccines that induce humoral immune responses whose protective mechanism is neutralization of extracellular replicating pathogens by antibodies. In this synopsis, I provide an overview of the intracellular bacterial pathogens infecting different fish species in aquaculture, outlining their mechanisms of invasion, replication, and survival intracellularly based on existing data. I also bring into perspective the current state of CMI understanding in fish together with its potential application in vaccine development. Further, I highlight the immunological pitfalls that have derailed our ability to produce protective vaccines against intracellular pathogens for finfish. Overall, the synopsis put forth herein advocates for a shift in vaccine design to include CMI-based vaccines against intracellular pathogens currently adversely affecting the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146, Dep NO-0033, 046 Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Calquín P, Ruiz P, Oliver C, Sánchez P, Haro R, Oliva H, Vargas-Chacoff L, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ. Physiological evidence that Piscirickettsia salmonis produces siderophores and uses iron from different sources. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:553-558. [PMID: 29193147 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Calquín
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - P Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - C Oliver
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - P Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - R Haro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - H Oliva
- Veterquímica S.A., Cerrillos, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Quintay, Chile
| | - A J Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
- Austral-OMICS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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18
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Parra M, Valenzuela B, Imarai M, Modak B. Obtainment and evaluation of adjuvant effect of the aromatic geranyl derivative Filifolinone in bacterin of Piscirickettsia salmonis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:157-159. [PMID: 28736920 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Parra
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Modak
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Isolation and Characterization of Serum Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) from Atlantic Salmon Infected with Piscirickettsia Salmonis. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5040034. [PMID: 29194379 PMCID: PMC5748569 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Isolated EVs have been shown to contain different types of molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, and are reported to be key players in intercellular communication. Little is known, however, of EV secretion in fish, or the effect of infection on EV release and content. In the present study, EVs were isolated from the serum of healthy and Piscirickettsia salmonis infected Atlantic salmon in order to evaluate the effect of infection on EV secretion. P. salmonis is facultative intracellular bacterium that causes a systemic infection disease in farmed salmonids. EVs isolated from both infected and non-infected fish had an average diameter of 230–300 nm, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, and flow cytometry. Mass spectrometry identified 180 proteins in serum EVs from both groups of fish. Interestingly, 35 unique proteins were identified in serum EVs isolated from the fish infected with P. salmonis. These unique proteins included proteasomes subunits, granulins, and major histocompatibility class I and II. Our results suggest that EV release could be part of a mechanism in which host stimulatory molecules are released from infected cells to promote an immune response.
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20
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Martínez D, Oyarzún R, Pontigo JP, Romero A, Yáñez AJ, Vargas-Chacoff L. Nutritional Immunity Triggers the Modulation of Iron Metabolism Genes in the Sub-Antarctic Notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus in Response to Piscirickettsia salmonis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1153. [PMID: 28974951 PMCID: PMC5610722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deprivation is a nutritional immunity mechanism through which fish can limit the amount of iron available to invading bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulation of iron metabolism genes in the liver and brain of sub-Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis. The specimens were inoculated with two P. salmonis strains: LF-89 (ATCC® VR-1361™) and Austral-005 (antibiotic resistant). Hepatic and brain samples were collected at intervals over a period of 35 days. Gene expression (by RT-qPCR) of proteins involved in iron storage, transport, and binding were statistically modulated in infected fish when compared with control counterparts. Specifically, the expression profiles of the transferrin and hemopexin genes in the liver, as well as the expression profiles of ferritin-M, ferritin-L, and transferrin in the brain, were similar for both experimental groups. Nevertheless, the remaining genes such as ferritin-H, ceruloplasmin, hepcidin, and haptoglobin presented tissue-specific expression profiles that varied in relation to the injected bacterial strain and sampling time-point. These results suggest that nutritional immunity could be an important immune defense mechanism for E. maclovinus against P. salmonis injection. This study provides relevant information for understanding iron metabolism of a sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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21
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Tandberg J, Oliver C, Lagos L, Gaarder M, Yáñez AJ, Ropstad E, Winther-Larsen HC. Membrane vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis induce protective immunity and reduce development of salmonid rickettsial septicemia in an adult zebrafish model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:189-198. [PMID: 28600194 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis remains an unsolved problem for the aquaculture as no efficient treatments have been developed. As a result, substantial amounts of antibiotic have been used to limit salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) disease outbreaks. The antibiotic usage has not reduced the occurrence, but lead to an increase in resistant strains, underlining the need for new treatment strategies. P. salmonis produce membrane vesicles (MVs); small spherical structures know to contain a variety of bacterial components, including proteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), DNA and RNA. MVs mimics' in many aspects their mother cell, and has been reported as alternative vaccine candidates. Here, MVs from P. salmonis was isolated and evaluated as a vaccine candidate against SRS in an adult zebrafish infection model. When zebrafish was immunized with MVs they were protected from subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of P. salmonis. Histological analysis showed a reduced bacterial load upon challenge in the MV immunized group, and the mRNA expression levels of several immune related genes altered, including mpeg1.1, tnfα, il1b, il10 and il6. The MVs induced the secretion of IgM upon immunization, indicating an immunogenic effect of the vesicles. Taken together, the data demonstrate a vaccine potential of MVs against P. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tandberg
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Gaarder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile; Austral-OMICS, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Martínez D, Oyarzún R, Vargas-Lagos C, Pontigo JP, Soto-Dávila M, Saravia J, Romero A, Núñez JJ, Yáñez AJ, Vargas-Chacoff L. Identification, characterization and modulation of ferritin-H in the sub-Antarctic Notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:88-96. [PMID: 28336188 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a major iron storage protein essential not only in the infectious process, but also in any circumstance generating oxidative stress. In this study, the cDNA coding sequence of ferritin-H was obtained from the sub-Antarctic Notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus through transcriptomic analysis of the head kidney. This sequence contained a 534 bp open reading frame that coded for a 177 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 20,786.2 Da and a theoretical pI of 5.56. The protein displayed a region of iron putative response elements in the 5'UTR, two putative ferritin iron-binding region signatures, and seven characteristic amino acids with ferroxidase functions. Phylogenetic analysis related this sequence to ferritin-H sequences of other Antarctic Notothenioid fish, sharing 96.61% similarity. Constitutive gene expression analysis in different organs revealed increased ferritin-H gene expression in the gills, spleen, muscle, and liver. After infection with two bacterial strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis (LF-89 and Austral-005), ferritin-H was differentially expressed depending on bacterial strain and tissue. This study provides relevant information towards understanding the iron metabolism of a sub-Antarctic Notothenioid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - R Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Vargas-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Magister en Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J P Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M Soto-Dávila
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J Saravia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Romero
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J J Núñez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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