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Gerbovits B, Keszthelyi S, Jócsák I. Biophoton emission-based approach of the effects of systemic insecticides on the survival of Eurydema ventralis Kolenati, 1846 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and on the photosynthetic activity of oilseed rape. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:417-424. [PMID: 38804855 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2358632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The choice of effective crop protection technologies is a key factors in the economical production of oilseed rape. Insecticides belonging to the group of active substances butenolides and diamides are active substances available as seed treatments in oilseed rape and promising control tools in the crop protection technologies. Our laboratory experiment demonstrated that the experimental insecticides flupyradifurone and cyantraniliprole are both effective against Eurydema ventralis (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) when used as a seed and in-crop treatments, but there is a fundamental difference in their insect mortality inducing effects. Flupyradifurone was found to have a total mortality 96 h after application based on basipetal translocation. In the case of cyantraniliprole, the insecticidal effect of the same treatment was 27% less. The experiment showed that the acropetal translocation of the tested active substances after seed treatment did not induce efficacy comparable to that of the basipetal translocation. The study of the biophoton emission of the plants demonstrated a verifiable correlation between the different application methods of the insecticides and the photon emission intensity per unit plant surface area. In conclusion, the systematic insecticides tested, in addition to having the expected insecticidal effect, interfere with plant life processes by enhancing photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Gerbovits
- Department of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Keszthelyi
- Department of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Jócsák
- Department of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Cook S, Jędryczka M. Integrated pest control in oilseed crops-new advances from the rapeseed research community. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2217-2219. [PMID: 38523470 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
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Coston DJ, Clark SJ, Breeze TD, Field LM, Potts SG, Cook SM. Quantifying the impact of Psylliodes chrysocephala injury on the productivity of oilseed rape. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2383-2392. [PMID: 37899495 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current European Union and United Kingdom legislation prohibits the use of neonicotinoid insecticidal seed treatments in oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus). This ban, and the reduction in efficacy of pyrethroid insecticide sprays due to resistance, has exacerbated pest pressure from the cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) in winter OSR. We quantified the direct impact of P. chrysocephala injury on the productivity of OSR. Leaf area was removed from young plants to simulate differing intensities of adult feeding injury alone or in combination with varying larval infestation levels. RESULTS OSR can compensate for up to 90% leaf area loss at early growth stages, with no meaningful effect on yield. Significant impacts were observed with high infestations of more than five larvae per plant; plants were shorter, produced fewer flowers and pods, with fewer seeds per pod which had lower oil content and higher glucosinolate content. Such effects were not recorded when five larvae or fewer were present. CONCLUSION These data confirm the yield-limiting potential of the larval stages of P. chrysocephala but suggest that the current action thresholds which trigger insecticide application for both adult and larval stages (25% leaf area loss and five larvae/plant, respectively) are potentially too low as they are below the physiological injury level where plants can fully compensate for damage. Further research in field conditions is needed to define physiological thresholds more accurately as disparity may result in insecticide applications that are unnecessary to protect yield and may in turn exacerbate the development and spread of insecticide resistance in P. chrysocephala. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Coston
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Hertfordshire, UK
- ADAS Boxworth, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Tom D Breeze
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Simon G Potts
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
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Ortega‐Ramos PA, Coston DJ, Seimandi‐Corda G, Mauchline AL, Cook SM. Integrated pest management strategies for cabbage stem flea beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephala) in oilseed rape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2022; 14:267-286. [PMID: 35909990 PMCID: PMC9303719 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (OSR) is the second largest source of vegetable oil globally and the most important biofuel feedstock in the European Union (EU) but the production of this important crop is threatened by a small insect, Psylliodes chrysocephala - the cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB). The EU ban on use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and resistance of CSFB to pyrethroid insecticides have left farmers with limited control options resulting in drastic reductions in production. Integrated pest management (IPM) may offer a solution. We review the lifecycle of CSFB and the current options available, or in the research pipeline, for the eight IPM principles of the EU Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (Directive-2009/128/EC). A full IPM strategy for CSFB barely exists. Although there are a range of preventative measures, these require scientific validation; critically, resistant/tolerant OSR cultivars are not yet available. Existing monitoring methods are time-consuming and there are no commercial models to enable decision support based on predictions of migration timing or population size. Available thresholds are not based on physiological tolerances of the plant making it hard to adapt them to changing market prices for the crop and costs of control. Non-synthetic alternatives tested and registered for use against CSFB are lacking, making resistance management impossible. CSFB control is therefore dependent upon conservation biocontrol. Natural enemies of CSFB are present, but quantification of their effects is needed and habitat management strategies to exploit their potential. Although some EU countries have local initiatives to reduce insecticide use and encourage use of 'greener' alternatives, there is no formal process for ranking these and little information available to help farmers make choices. We summarize the main knowledge gaps and future research needed to improve measures for CSFB control and to facilitate development of a full IPM strategy for this pest and sustainable oilseeds production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Ortega‐Ramos
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Duncan J. Coston
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Gaëtan Seimandi‐Corda
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
| | - Alice L. Mauchline
- School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Samantha M. Cook
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireUK
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Lundin O. Consequences of the neonicotinoid seed treatment ban on oilseed rape production - what can be learnt from the Swedish experience? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3815-3819. [PMID: 33709524 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been great concern about negative effects on crop production resulting from the ban on insecticide seed treatments containing neonicotinoids. I examine how the neonicotinoid ban has affected crop protection and crop production in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) using Sweden as a case study and compare the Swedish situation with that in leading countries growing winter and spring oilseed rape, respectively. The cropping area of winter and spring oilseed rape in Sweden has increased by approximately 40% to around 100 000 ha and decreased by approximately 90% to around 4000 ha, respectively following the ban and there are trends for increased pest and disease pressure. Overall, however, the ban has not had any major impacts on total oilseed rape cropping area or crop yields per hectare of either winter or spring oilseed rape, which is in contrast to elsewhere in Europe. In Germany and the United Kingdom, for example, the cropping area has decreased following the ban on neonicotinoid seed treatments, attributed to increased insect pest pressure especially from cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala. I conclude that winter oilseed rape has remained a viable crop to grow in Sweden without insecticide seed treatments, but that further investments into integrated pest management are needed for sustainable insect pest control in oilseed rape in the future. © 2021 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Lundin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Breeze TD, Boreux V, Cole L, Dicks L, Klein A, Pufal G, Balzan MV, Bevk D, Bortolotti L, Petanidou T, Mand M, Pinto MA, Scheper J, Stanisavljević L, Stavrinides MC, Tscheulin T, Varnava A, Kleijn D. Linking farmer and beekeeper preferences with ecological knowledge to improve crop pollination. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom D. Breeze
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental Research School of Agriculture, Policy and Development University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Virginie Boreux
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Lorna Cole
- Integrated Land Management Scotland’s Rural College Ayr UK
| | - Lynn Dicks
- Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - Alexandra‐Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Gesine Pufal
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Mario V. Balzan
- Institute of Applied Sciences Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology Paola Malta
| | - Danilo Bevk
- National Institute of Biology Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- CREA‐AACouncil for Agricultural research and EconomicsResearch Centre for Agriculture and Environment Bologna Italy
| | - Theodora Petanidou
- Biogeography & Ecology Lab Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
| | - Marika Mand
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
| | - M. Alice Pinto
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO) Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Braganca Portugal
| | - Jeroen Scheper
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Team Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Menelaos C. Stavrinides
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science Cyprus University of Technology Limassol Cyprus
| | - Thomas Tscheulin
- Biogeography & Ecology Lab Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
| | - Androulla Varnava
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science Cyprus University of Technology Limassol Cyprus
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
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Catarino R, Bretagnolle V, Perrot T, Vialloux F, Gaba S. Bee pollination outperforms pesticides for oilseed crop production and profitability. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191550. [PMID: 31594515 PMCID: PMC6790783 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature-based agriculture that reduces dependency on chemical inputs requires using ecological principles for sustainable agro-ecosystems, aiming to balance ecology, economics and social justice. There is growing evidence that pollinator-dependent crops with high insect, particularly bee, pollination service can give higher yields. However, the interacting effects between insect pollination and agricultural inputs on crop yields and farm economics remain to be established to reconcile food production with biodiversity conservation. We quantified individual and combined effects of pesticides, insect pollination and soil quality on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) yield and gross margin, using a total of 294 farmers' fields surveyed between 2013 and 2016. We show that yield and gross margins are greater (15-40%) in fields with higher pollinator abundance than in fields with reduced pollinator abundance. This effect is, however, strongly reduced by pesticide use. Greater yields may be achieved by either increasing agrochemicals or increasing bee abundance, but crop economic returns were only increased by the latter, because pesticides did not increase yields while their costs reduced gross margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Catarino
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS and Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS and Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
- LTSER ‘Zone Atelier Plaine and Val de Sèvre’, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Thomas Perrot
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS and Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Fabien Vialloux
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS and Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Sabrina Gaba
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS and Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
- LTSER ‘Zone Atelier Plaine and Val de Sèvre’, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
- USC 1339, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, INRA, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Stará J, Kocourek F. Cabbage stem flea beetle's (Psylliodes chrysocephala L.) susceptibility to pyrethroids and tolerance to thiacloprid in the Czech Republic. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214702. [PMID: 31539393 PMCID: PMC6754130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB), Psylliodes chrysocephala (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), has recently become a major pest species in winter oilseed rape in the Czech Republic. The susceptibility of CSFB populations from two localities to six pyrethroids, two neonicotinoids, one organophosphate and one oxadiazine was evaluated in 2015–2018 in glass vial experiments. The susceptibility of CSFB to thiacloprid and thiamethoxam was evaluated in feeding experiment in 2017 and 2018. High susceptibility of CSFB populations to lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, tau-fluvalinate, etofenprox, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, indoxacarb and acetamiprid was observed in the glass vial experiments. The LC50 and LC90 data obtained for pyrethroids in these experiments in 2015 represent baseline for CSFB resistance monitoring to pyrethroids in the Czech Republic. High tolerance of CSFB to thiacloprid of CSFB was demonstrated in glass vial and the feeding experiment, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Stará
- Department of Integrated Crop Protection against Insect Pests, Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - František Kocourek
- Department of Integrated Crop Protection against Insect Pests, Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
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El-Dean AMK, Abd-Ella AA, Hassanien R, El-Sayed MEA, Zaki RM, Abdel-Raheem SAA. Chemical design and toxicity evaluation of new pyrimidothienotetrahydroisoquinolines as potential insecticidal agents. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:100-104. [PMID: 30622903 PMCID: PMC6308254 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New compounds analog to neonicotinoid pesticides were prepared in our laboratory. The structure of all these compounds was elucidated. The toxicity of these compounds was estimated against cowpea aphids, A. craccivora. The toxicity results are promising for further research on new pesticides. A remarkable structure- Action relationship (SAR) was observed and documented.
Neonicotinoids are the most widely used from all existing pesticides. So, in purpose to discover new pesticides being more effective against the aphid, twelve heterocyclic compounds neonicotinoid analogs have been prepared in a pure state; pyrimidothienotetrahydroisoquinolines 1–12 and their toxicity as potential insecticidal agents against cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. Their characterizations by using spectroscopic analyses were performed. The toxicity data exhibited that the 8-chloropyrimidine compound 4 is more toxic about 2-fold than a reference insecticide, acetamiprid. The other screened compounds showed weak to strong toxicological activities against cowpea aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Kamal El-Dean
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Aly A Abd-Ella
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Reda Hassanien
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharja, 72511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E A El-Sayed
- Soil, Water, and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Remon M Zaki
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
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Garratt MPD, Bishop J, Degani E, Potts SG, Shaw RF, Shi A, Roy S. Insect pollination as an agronomic input: Strategies for oilseed rape production. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. D. Garratt
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Jacob Bishop
- Crop Production Research GroupSchool of AgriculturePolicy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Erika Degani
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Simon G. Potts
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Rosalind F. Shaw
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Exeter Penryn Cornwall UK
| | - Anmei Shi
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Shovonlal Roy
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading Berkshire UK
- Department of Geography and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Reading Reading Berkshire UK
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Kathage J, Castañera P, Alonso‐Prados JL, Gómez‐Barbero M, Rodríguez‐Cerezo E. The impact of restrictions on neonicotinoid and fipronil insecticides on pest management in maize, oilseed rape and sunflower in eight European Union regions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:88-99. [PMID: 28842940 PMCID: PMC5765491 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2013, the European Commission restricted the use of three neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) and the pyrazole fipronil, which are widely used to control early-season pests. Here, we used original farm survey data to examine the impact of the restrictions on pest management practices in eight regional case studies including maize, oilseed rape and sunflower in seven European Union (EU) countries. RESULTS In four case studies, farmers switched to using untreated seeds as no alternative seed treatments were available. In three case studies, farmers switched to using unrestricted neonicotinoid- or pyrethroid-treated seeds. In five case studies, farmers increased the use of soil or foliar treatments, with pyrethroids as the principal insecticide class. Other changes in pest management practices ranged from increased sowing density to more frequent scouting for pests. Many farmers perceived that the time, cost and amount of insecticides required to protect crops increased, along with pest pressure. Alternative seed treatments were mostly perceived as being less effective than the restricted seed treatments. CONCLUSION Farmers generally relied on alternative seed treatments or more soil/foliar treatments in the first growing season after the restrictions took effect. Further study is required to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of these alternatives compared with the restricted insecticides. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kathage
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Sustainable ResourcesEconomics of Agriculture UnitSevilleSpain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)Biological Research Center (CIB)MadridSpain
| | - José Luis Alonso‐Prados
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA)DTEVPFMadridSpain
| | - Manuel Gómez‐Barbero
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Sustainable ResourcesEconomics of Agriculture UnitSevilleSpain
| | - Emilio Rodríguez‐Cerezo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Sustainable ResourcesEconomics of Agriculture UnitSevilleSpain
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