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Nishina K, Hayashi S, Hashimoto S, Matsuura T. Estimation of spatio-temporal distribution of 137Cs concentrations in litter layer of forest ecosystems in Fukushima using FoRothCs model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121605. [PMID: 37059170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima had led to pollution of forest ecosystems with 137Cs in 2011. In this study, we simulated the spatiotemporal distribution of 137Cs concentrations of litter layer in the contaminated forest ecosystems in two decades from 2011, which is one of the key environmental components of 137Cs migration in the environment due to the high bioavailability of 137Cs in the litter. Our simulations showed that 137Cs deposition is the most important factor in the degree of contamination of the litter layer but vegetation type (evergreen coniferous/deciduous broadleaf) and mean annual temperature are also important for changes over time. Deciduous broadleaf trees had higher initial concentrations in the litter layer due to the direct initial deposition on the forest floor. However, the concentrations remained higher than those in evergreen conifers after 10 years due to redistribution of 137Cs by vegetation. Moreover, areas with lower average annual temperatures and lower litter decomposition activity retained higher 137Cs concentrations in the litter layer. The results of the spatiotemporal distribution estimation of the radioecological model suggest that, in addition to 137Cs deposition, elevation and vegetation distribution should also be considered in the long-term management of contaminated watersheds, which can be informative in identifying hotspots of 137Cs contamination on a long-term scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishina
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Seiji Hayashi
- Fukushima Branch, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2, Fukuasaku, Miharu, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuura
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Tsukuba, 020-0123, Japan
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2
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Sakauchi K, Otaki JM. Imaging Plate Autoradiography for Ingested Anthropogenic Cesium-137 in Butterfly Bodies: Implications for the Biological Impacts of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051211. [PMID: 37240856 DOI: 10.3390/life13051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011 caused biological impacts on the pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha. At least some of the impacts are likely mediated by the host plant, resulting in "field effects". However, to obtain the whole picture of the impacts, direct exposure effects should also be evaluated. Here, we examined the distribution of experimentally ingested anthropogenic cesium-137 (137Cs) in adult butterfly bodies using imaging plate autoradiography. We showed that 137Cs ingested by larvae was incorporated into adult bodies and was biased to females, although the majority of ingested 137Cs was excreted in the pupal cuticle and excretory material during eclosion. 137Cs accumulation in adult bodies was the highest in the abdomen, followed by the thorax and other organs. These results suggest that 137Cs accumulation in reproductive organs may cause adverse transgenerational or maternal effects mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) on germ cells. 137Cs accumulation was detected in field individuals collected in September 2011 and September 2016 but not in May 2011, which is consistent with the abnormality dynamics known from previous studies. Taken together, these results contribute to an integrative understanding of the multifaceted biological effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sakauchi
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Joji M Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
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3
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Majlesi S, Roivainen P, Kasurinen A, Tuovinen T, Juutilainen J. Transfer of elements from soil to earthworms and ground beetles in boreal forest. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023:10.1007/s00411-023-01027-2. [PMID: 37067570 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-023-01027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Data on the transfer of elements (such as heavy metals) and their radionuclides into organisms is needed for assessing environmental risks. The current data on many elements, species and environments is limited, but more information can be obtained both from field studies and experimental laboratory studies. However, it is essential to evaluate whether experimental studies adequately predict transfer in natural conditions. Moreover, because of the sparsity of species-specific empirical data, it is a common practice in current radioecological modelling to use data available for related species under the assumption that transfer into organisms is similar within broader taxonomic groups. Earthworms and ground beetles are examples of important invertebrates living near soil surface in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, the transfer of 34 elements from soil to these organisms was studied in a field study conducted in boreal forest. The earthworm concentrations were compared to the values obtained in an experimental mesocosm study using soil from the field site and were found to be highly correlated. This indicates that the results of mesocosm studies can be used for predicting the transfer of elements from soil to fauna in natural conditions. Furthermore, concentrations in individual earthworm and beetle species were found to be similar to those observed in broader groups of related species, indicating that the generic approach used in current radioecological models may be useful for predicting uptake of elements into single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Majlesi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Päivi Roivainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Tuovinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Andresen JL, Oughton DH, Birkemoe T, Sverdrup-Thygeson A. Trophic food chain transfer of radiocaesium from reindeer meat to the blowfly Calliphora vicina and the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161558. [PMID: 36640889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of insects in the transfer of radionuclides has received little attention, despite their key role in nutrient cycling within ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the trophic food chain transfer of radiocaesium (137Cs) from reindeer meat to the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and further from blowfly pupae to the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Radiocaesium was transferred to blowfly larvae during their feeding stage, with the highest whole-organism to food source concentration ratios (CRwo-fs) being found in actively feeding third instar blowfly larvae, with CRwo-fs in the range of 0.68-0.90. CRwo-fs in blowfly larvae at later developmental stages (i.e., post-feeding stage, prepupal stage, pupal stage, and adult stage) were significantly lower, with CRwo-fs in adult flies in the range of 0.07-0.10. Modelling of the data indicated that >70 % of the radiocaesium present in third instar feeding stage larvae was removed exponentially with excreta prior to pupariation. Furthermore, on average 49 % of the radiocaesium activity concentration assimilated in the metamorphing blowfly pupa was retained in the pupal case after the adult blowfly had emerged. When blowfly pupae were parasitised by parasitoid wasps, a greater proportion of radiocaesium was retained in the parasitised pupal case, with only 2-3 % of the activity concentration in the meat being found in the wasps, providing further evidence to support that radiocaesium is biodiluted in insect food chains. Our results indicate that carcass decomposition driven by insects directly affects the fate of radiocaesium retained in vertebrate carcasses and we discuss these findings in connection to radiocaesium cycling and dispersion in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas L Andresen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Ås, Norway.
| | - Deborah H Oughton
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Ås, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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5
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Wada T, Hinata A, Furuta Y, Sasaki K, Konoplev A, Nanba K. Factors affecting 137Cs radioactivity and water-to-body concentration ratios of fish in river and pond environments near the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 258:107103. [PMID: 36599216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate 137Cs contamination levels and mechanisms of fish inhabiting river and pond environments near the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, 137Cs activity concentrations in fish (15 species, n = 164) and water collected from Maeda River (3.3-8.9 km from the plant) and Shimofukazawa Pond (2.9 km) in 2017 were analyzed. Also, an 8-week rearing experiment using Japanese dace Pseudaspius hakonensis fed on non-contaminated pellets and the pond water (mean 137Cs concentration of 2.0 Bq/L) was conducted to evaluate 137Cs accumulation from water to fish. The 137Cs concentrations in Japanese dace, the only species collected throughout five sampling sites from estuarine to upstream areas in Maeda River, were found to be correlated with ambient air dose rates and fish size, exhibiting large variations (16.5-2.6×103 Bq/kg-wet). By contrast, dissolved 137Cs in river waters increased from the upper to lower course (0.025-0.28 Bq/L), which caused large variations of the water-to-body concentration ratio (CR) in Japanese dace (60.0-35700 L/kg-wet). These CRs (geometric mean of 3670 L/kg-wet) were much higher than the steady-state CR of reared fish (9.7 L/kg-wet), indicating that river fish uptake 137Cs mainly from prey items from aquatic and riparian zones, rather than from water. Statistically significant negative correlations between K+ concentrations in water and river fish CRs were detected, resulting in the decreasing trend of CRs from upstream to estuarine areas. These results suggest that the large heterogeneity of air dose rates, K+ concentration, and estuarine processes in brackish water habitats, in association with the feeding habit and size effect in fish, can engender wide variation of 137Cs concentrations and CRs of river fish along a river course. In contrast, 137Cs concentrations in pond fish (4.3-14.6 kBq/kg-wet) were higher than in river fish. The CRs of pond fish were constantly high but the range was smaller (1010-3440 L/kg-wet) with larger values in fish of higher trophic levels. These findings suggest that biomagnification within a pond was inferred as the main cause of 137Cs contamination of pond fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Wada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Akinori Hinata
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Yuma Furuta
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Fukushima Prefectural Inland Water Fisheries Experiment Station, Inawashiro, Fukushima, 969-3283, Japan
| | - Alexei Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan; Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
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6
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Otaki JM, Sakauchi K, Taira W. The second decade of the blue butterfly in Fukushima: Untangling the ecological field effects after the Fukushima nuclear accident. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:1539-1550. [PMID: 35475314 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many field observations of the biological effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident have been reported in the first decade after the accident. A series of observational and experimental studies have demonstrated causal adverse effects on the pale grass blue butterfly even at the low-level radiation exposure in the "field," contrary to the dosimetric view that insects are generally tolerant of radiation exposure. However, it has been demonstrated that the pale grass blue butterfly is tolerant of high oral doses of anthropogenic radioactive cesium (137 Cs) under "laboratory" conditions. This field-laboratory paradox can be explained by ecological field effects; for example, radiation stress in the field causes physiological and biochemical changes in the host plant, which then trophically affects butterfly larvae. The second decade of butterfly-based Fukushima research will be devoted to demonstrating how such adverse field effects occur. Changes in the host plant's nutritional contents likely affect butterfly physiology. The host plant may also upregulate secondary metabolites that affect herbivorous insects. The plant may be affected by changes in endophytic soil microbes in radioactively contaminated areas. If demonstrated, these results will reveal that the delicate ecological balances among the butterfly, its host plant, and soil microbes have been affected by radioactive pollution in Fukushima, which has important implications for environmental policies and human health. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1539-1550. © SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji M Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ko Sakauchi
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Taira
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Research Planning Office, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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7
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Monitoring of radioactive cesium in wild boars captured inside the difficult-to-return zone in Fukushima Prefecture over a 5-year period. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5667. [PMID: 35440790 PMCID: PMC9018682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011, tissue samples from wild boar (Sus scrofa) outside the evacuation zone (difficult-to-return zone, DRZ) tended to show high activity concentrations of cesium-137 (137Cs). Understanding the 137Cs dynamics of wild boar populations inside the DRZ is necessary because they affect 137Cs dynamics and wild boar management in areas outside the DRZ. Since few detailed, long-term studies have been conducted inside the DRZ, we measured 137Cs activity concentrations in 221 wild boar muscle samples obtained from wild boar caught inside the DRZ and surrounding areas over a 5-year period. Our results showed that the 137Cs activity concentration in wild boar from inside the DRZ were higher than those in wild boar outside this zone. No significant difference was observed between muscle and soil 137Cs levels, but significant correlations were observed between muscle 137Cs activity concentrations and body length and body weight in the low-activity-concentration season, but not between all seasons and the high-activity-concentration seasons. It is considered that the size effects observed during the low-activity-concentration season may be due to factors related to metabolism and changes in food habit. This is the first long-term survey of 137Cs in wild boar inside the DRZ.
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Purkis JM, Bardos RP, Graham J, Cundy AB. Developing field-scale, gentle remediation options for nuclear sites contaminated with 137Cs and 90Sr: The role of Nature-Based Solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114620. [PMID: 35149404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of contaminated land using plants, bacteria and fungi has been widely examined, especially in laboratory or greenhouse systems where conditions are precisely controlled. However, in real systems at the field scale conditions are much more variable and often produce different outcomes, which must be fully examined if 'gentle remediation options', or GROs, are to be more widely implemented, and their associated benefits (beyond risk-management) realized. These secondary benefits can be significant if GROs are applied correctly, and can include significant biodiversity enhancements. Here, we assess recent developments in the field-scale application of GROs for the remediation of two model contaminants for nuclear site remediation (90Sr and 137Cs), their risk management efficiency, directions for future application and research, and barriers to their further implementation at scale. We also discuss how wider benefits, such as biodiversity enhancements, water filtration etc. can be maximized at the field-scale by intelligent application of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Purkis
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre (Southampton), European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - R Paul Bardos
- Centre for Aquatic Environments, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4AT, UK; r3 Environmental Technology Ltd., Reading, United Kingdom
| | - James Graham
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Sellafield, Cumbria, CA20 1PG, UK
| | - Andrew B Cundy
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre (Southampton), European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.
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Fuller N, Smith JT, Takase T, Ford AT, Wada T. Radiocaesium accumulation and fluctuating asymmetry in the Japanese mitten crab, Eriocheir japonica, along a gradient of radionuclide contamination at Fukushima. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118479. [PMID: 34752791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake-tsunami and the subsequent nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) led to large-scale radionuclide contamination of the marine and freshwater environment. Monitoring studies of marine food products in the Fukushima region have generally demonstrated a declining trend in radiocaesium concentrations. However, the accumulation and elimination of radiocaesium and potential biological effects remain poorly understood for freshwater biota inhabiting highly contaminated areas at Fukushima. Consequently, the present study aimed to assess radiocaesium accumulation and developmental effects on the commercially important catadromous Japanese mitten crab, Eriocheir japonica. E. japonica were collected from four sites along a gradient of radionuclide contamination 4-44 km in distance from the FDNPS in 2017. To determine potential developmental effects, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was used as a measure of developmental stability. Combined 134Cs and 137Cs values for whole E. japonica from highly contaminated sites 4 and 16 km in distance from the FDNPS were 3040 ± 521 and 2250 ± 908 Bq kg-1 wet weight respectively, 30 and 22 times greater than the Japanese standard limit of 100 Bq kg-1. Estimated total dose rates based on radiocaesium concentrations in whole crabs and sediment ranged from 0.016 to 37.7 μGy h-1. No significant relationship between radiocaesium accumulation and FA was recorded, suggesting that chronic radiation exposure at Fukushima is not inducing developmental effects in E. japonica as measured using fluctuating asymmetry. Furthermore, estimated dose rates were below proposed regulatory limits where significant deleterious effects are expected. The present study will aid in the understanding of the long-term consequences of radiation exposure for non-human biota and the management of radioactively contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fuller
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO4 9LY, UK.
| | - Jim T Smith
- School of Environmental, Geographical and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Tsugiko Takase
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Toshihiro Wada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture, 960-1296, Japan
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10
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Sakai M, Tsuji H, Ishii Y, Ozaki H, Takechi S, Jo J, Tamaoki M, Hayashi S, Gomi T. Untangling radiocesium dynamics of forest-stream ecosystems: A review of Fukushima studies in the decade after the accident. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117744. [PMID: 34243085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forest-stream ecosystems are widespread and biodiverse terrestrial landscapes with physical and social connections to downstream human activities. After radiocesium is introduced into these ecosystems, various material flows cause its accumulation or dispersal. We review studies conducted in the decade after the Fukushima nuclear accident to clarify the mechanisms of radiocesium transfer within ecosystems and to downstream areas through biological, hydrological, and geomorphological processes. After its introduction, radiocesium is heavily deposited in the organic soil layer, leading to persistent circulation due to biological activities in soils. Some radiocesium in soils, litter, and organisms is transported to stream ecosystems, forming contamination spots in depositional habitats. While reservoir dams function as effective traps, radiocesium leaching from sediments is a continual phenomenon causing re-contamination downstream. Integration of data regarding radiocesium dynamics and contamination sites, as proposed here, is essential for contamination management in societies depending on nuclear power to address the climate crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Sakai
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan.
| | - Hideki Tsuji
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ishii
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ozaki
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Seiichi Takechi
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Jaeick Jo
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Masanori Tamaoki
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Seiji Hayashi
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Takashi Gomi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Nutrient Imbalance of the Host Plant for Larvae of the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly May Mediate the Field Effect of Low-Dose Radiation Exposure in Fukushima: Dose-Dependent Changes in the Sodium Content. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020149. [PMID: 33572324 PMCID: PMC7916146 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha is sensitive to low-dose radioactive pollution from the Fukushima nuclear accident in the field but is also highly tolerant to radioactive cesium (137Cs) in an artificial diet in laboratory experiments. To resolve this field-laboratory paradox, we hypothesize that the butterfly shows vulnerability in the field through biochemical changes in the larval host plant, the creeping wood sorrel Oxalis corniculata, in response to radiation stress. To test this field-effect hypothesis, we examined nutrient contents in the host plant leaves from Tohoku (mostly polluted areas including Fukushima), Niigata, and Kyushu, Japan. Leaves from Tohoku showed significantly lower sodium and lipid contents than those from Niigata. In the Tohoku samples, the sodium content (but not the lipid content) was significantly negatively correlated with the radioactivity concentration of cesium (137Cs) in leaves and with the ground radiation dose. The sodium content was also correlated with other nutrient factors. These results suggest that the sodium imbalance of the plant may be caused by radiation stress and that this nutrient imbalance may be one of the reasons that this monophagous butterfly showed high mortality and morphological abnormalities in the field shortly after the accident in Fukushima.
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12
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Leaphart JC, Korotasz AM, Bryan AL, Beasley JC. Environmental fate of radiocesium in biota inhabiting a contaminated ecosystem on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 222:106321. [PMID: 32892897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although biomagnification of radiocesium (137Cs) has been reported in food webs, most previous research has been limited to select trophic linkages. Few studies have included a comprehensive survey of fauna associated with aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial habitats within a single study framework. The objectives of this study were to advance our understanding of the dynamics of 137Cs accumulation within food webs by quantifying 137Cs activity across a wide range of biota found within a contaminated canal, as well as test the hypothesis that life-stage and body size influence 137Cs bioaccumulation in select herpetofauna. With extensive sampling across multiple taxa collected from a contaminated canal system and associated floodplain on the Savannah River Site, we assessed 137Cs activity and stable nitrogen isotopes for both aquatic organisms that were restricted to the contaminated effluent canal, and semi-aquatic organisms able to move freely between the contaminated canal and the adjacent uncontaminated terrestrial habitat. We found 137Cs activity to be highly variable among species, with evidence for and against biomagnification in semi-aquatic and aquatic organisms, respectively. Furthermore, 137Cs activity decreased with life stage and body size in bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), despite post-metamorphic bullfrogs having a more carnivorous diet compared to tadpoles, while cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) retained similar 137Cs activity regardless of their age and size. Although evidence of biomagnification has been observed in some contaminated systems, results of our study suggest the extent to which 137Cs biomagnifies within food webs is context-dependent and likely influenced by a suite of biotic and abiotic factors. Further, our data indicate sampling of a broad suite of species and environmental attributes are needed to elucidate the fate and dynamics of anthropogenic pollutants within contaminated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Leaphart
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Alexis M Korotasz
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - Albert L Bryan
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Gerke HC, Hinton TG, Takase T, Anderson D, Nanba K, Beasley JC. Radiocesium concentrations and GPS-coupled dosimetry in Fukushima snakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139389. [PMID: 32464388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the largest releases of radioactive contamination in history occurred at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP). Although the accident happened in 2011, questions still persist regarding its ecological impacts. For example, relatively little is known about radiocesium accumulation in snakes, despite their high trophic status, limited home range sizes, and close association with soil where many radionuclides accumulate. This study presents one of the most comprehensive radioecological studies of snakes published to date using a combination of whole-body radiocesium analyses, GPS transmitters, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters. The objectives were to: 1) quantify whole-body radiocesium activity concentrations and internal dose rates among several common species of snakes within and around the Fukushima Exclusion Zone (FEZ), 2) determine effects of species, sex, and body size on radiocesium activity concentrations, 3) measure external dose rates using GPS-coupled dosimeters deployed on free-ranging snakes, 4) compare field-derived empirical dose rates to those generated by computer simulation software (i.e., the ERICA tool), and 5) determine if incorporating snake behavior into computer models improve simulated estimates of external dose. Whole-body radiocesium levels for snakes were highly variable among individuals (16 to 25,000 Bq/kg, FW), but were influenced more by levels of local contamination than species, sex, or size. Doses recorded by OSL dosimeters on snakes, as well as modeling in ERICA, suggest that individual movements and behavior have a substantial influence on dose rates to snakes. However, dose estimates produced with ERICA were comparable to dose received by tracked snakes. The average external plus internal dose rate for snakes captured in the FEZ was 3.6-3.9 μGy/h, with external dose contributing 80% to the total. Further research regarding reptile-specific benchmark dose rates would improve risk assessment for reptiles in radiologically contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Gerke
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Thomas G Hinton
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 960-1248, Kanayagawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima, Japan; CERAD CoE, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty for Environmental Sciences and Nature Research Management, Aas, Norway
| | - Tsugiko Takase
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 960-1248, Kanayagawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Donovan Anderson
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 960-1248, Kanayagawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 960-1248, Kanayagawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima, Japan
| | - James C Beasley
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Saito R, Nemoto Y, Tsukada H. Relationship between radiocaesium in muscle and physicochemical fractions of radiocaesium in the stomach of wild boar. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6796. [PMID: 32321942 PMCID: PMC7176735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After the accident at the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011, it became important to study radiation dynamics, assess internal radiation exposure and specify factors affecting radionuclide variation in wildlife. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate which physicochemical fractions of radiocaesium (137Cs) are absorbed from ingested material in species with high activity concentrations of 137Cs, such as wild boar. This study analysed the physicochemical fractions of 137Cs in the stomach contents of wild boar to evaluate the transfer from ingested food to muscle. The 137Cs activity concentration in muscle showed a significantly positive relationship with the 137Cs activity concentration in the exchangeable fraction, and the sum of the 137Cs activity concentrations in the exchangeable and bound to organic matter fractions. Seasonal variations were also found in the 137Cs activity concentration in the exchangeable fraction, and the sum of the 137Cs activity concentrations in the exchangeable and bound to organic matter fractions. These findings suggest that the proportions of the physicochemical fractions of 137Cs in the exchangeable and bound to organic matter fractions in the stomach contents are important factors affecting the increases and seasonal dynamics of the activity concentrations of 137Cs in wild boar muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Saito
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu-machi, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan.,Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Yui Nemoto
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu-machi, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsukada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
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15
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Overwintering States of the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) at the Time of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident in March 2011. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110389. [PMID: 31690046 PMCID: PMC6920751 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011 caused the massive release of anthropogenic radioactive materials from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant to its surrounding environment. Its biological effects have been studied using the pale grass blue butterfly, Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), but the overwintering states of this butterfly remain elusive. Here, we conducted a series of field surveys in March 2018, March 2019, and April 2019 in Fukushima and its vicinity to clarify the overwintering states of this butterfly at the time of the Fukushima nuclear accident. We discovered overwintering individuals in situ associated with the host plant Oxalis corniculata under natural straw mulch as first-instar to fourth-instar larvae in March 2018 and 2019. No other developmental stages were found. The body length and width were reasonably correlated with the accumulated temperature. On the basis of a linear regression equation between body size and accumulated temperature, together with other data, we deduced that the pale grass blue butterfly occurred as fourth-instar larvae in Fukushima and its vicinity at the time of the accident. This study paves the way for subsequent dosimetric analyses that determine the radiation doses absorbed by the butterfly after the accident.
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Ayabe Y, Yoshida T, Kanasashi T, Hayashi A, Fukushi A, Hijii N, Takenaka C. Web-building spider Nephila clavata (Nephilidae: Arachnida) can represent 137Cs contamination of arthropod communities and bioavailable 137Cs in forest soils at Fukushima, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1176-1185. [PMID: 31412453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Large areas of Fukushima's forests were contaminated with radiocesium (137Cs) after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Most of the contaminated forests have not been decontaminated, and bioavailable 137Cs is likely to circulate within the forest environment's food web. Nephila clavata (Nephilidae: Arachnida) is a top predator in the forest arthropod community, and this web-building spider potentially consumes many arthropod species presented in the grazing and detrital food chains. We tested whether 137Cs in the spider could serve as a proxy for 137Cs contamination of these arthropod communities. We also examined whether N. clavata could serve as a proxy for soil bioavailable 137Cs. Nephila clavata was similarly or more contaminated with 137Cs compared with lower-trophic-level arthropods such as herbivores and other predators at the same trophic level. Thus, the 137Cs activity of N. clavata could represent the extent to which the arthropod community was contaminated with 137Cs. Data from nine 137Cs-contaminated sites in Fukushima showed a significant positive correlation between soil bioavailable 137Cs and N. clavata's 137Cs activity05 but the coefficient of determination was only moderate (R2 = 0.43), suggesting that N. clavata is only a weak proxy of soil bioavailable 137Cs. Our results also showed that the bioavailable fraction of 137Cs in Fukushima was strongly correlated with the total inventory and that the K and Na contents of the soil determined the soil-to-spider transfer factor for 137Cs and the 137Cs activity in N. clavata, respectively. These results improve our understanding of 137Cs transfer from the soil to arthropod species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Ayabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Yoshida
- Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Kanasashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Akane Hayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihisa Fukushi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoki Hijii
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Chisato Takenaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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17
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Wada T, Konoplev A, Wakiyama Y, Watanabe K, Furuta Y, Morishita D, Kawata G, Nanba K. Strong contrast of cesium radioactivity between marine and freshwater fish in Fukushima. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 204:132-142. [PMID: 31029987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A proper understanding of radioactive contamination levels of food resources near the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant is necessary to estimate the potential effects of radionuclide contamination on human health. This study was conducted to present a direct comparison of radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) concentrations in marine and freshwater fish inhabiting different water bodies in Fukushima Prefecture (coastal waters, 6.3-54.5 km from the plant; forest rivers and irrigation ponds, 1.4-71.6 km), and to reveal plausible contamination mechanisms for each habitat. In contrast to marine demersal fish (7 species, n = 50), which showed lower and less variable radiocesium concentrations (0.234-3.41 Bq kg-1-wet), freshwater fish (6 species, n = 463) showed higher and more site-specific variations for each species and habitat (4.09 Bq kg-1-wet - 25.6 kBq kg-1-wet) in 2015-2016. The apparent concentration ratio (aCR, L/kg) of 137Cs in fish to water is higher for fish of freshwater habitats (mean 1240-12900 for each site) than in those of coastal waters (mean 200). Radiocesium contamination is more severe and persistent in freshwater fish, especially those distributed within the designated evacuation zone (salmon in rivers and bass in ponds). Continuous radiocesium uptake through the food web in relation to fish feeding habits and size (size effect), and biotic/abiotic characteristics in water and surrounding environments are main factors affecting site/habitat-specific bioaccumulation of radiocesium in freshwater fish. By contrast, uniformly lower radiocesium concentrations in marine demersal fish are mainly attributable to decreased radiocesium transfer intensity from the benthic food web because of lowered radiocesium contamination in sediments, and low physiological ability to retain radiocesium. Our results revealed a strong contrast of radiocesium contamination levels and mechanisms between marine and freshwater fish in natural habitats. Particularly, a close relation between 137Cs accumulation in river salmon and contamination of prey items in forest ecosystems (mainly terrestrial and aquatic insects) is peculiar to the upstream areas affected by the Fukushima accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Wada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Alexei Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Wakiyama
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Yuma Furuta
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Daigo Morishita
- Fukushima Prefectural Fisheries and Marine Science Research Centre, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-0316, Japan
| | - Gyo Kawata
- Fukushima Prefectural Research Institute of Fisheries Resources, Soma, Fukushima, 976-0005, Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan; Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
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18
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Leaphart JC, Wilms KC, Bryan AL, Beasley JC. Bioaccumulation of 137Cs in anuran larvae utilizing a contaminated effluent canal on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 203:25-29. [PMID: 30849558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a result of activities such as nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power generation and waste disposal, and nuclear accidents, radiocesium (137Cs) is a widely distributed radio-contaminant of concern that readily accumulates in exposed wildlife. Although bioaccumulation of 137Cs is an important factor for understanding its fate within the environment, there are currently limited data available on bioaccumulation patterns of 137Cs in amphibians, despite their widespread distribution and potential to transport contaminants between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the amount of time necessary for anuran larvae experimentally placed in a contaminated system to reach a steady-state whole-body 137Cs concentration, and to determine the threshold at which that steady-state 137Cs concentration occurred for tadpoles within our study system. By restricting uncontaminated bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) larvae to three experimental enclosures located along a137Cs contaminated effluent canal on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site, we modeled 137Cs uptake through time using the von Bertalanffy modification of the Richards Model. The results of our modified Richards Model indicate that bullfrog tadpoles achieved steady-state 137Cs concentrations of 3.68-4.34 Bq/g137Cs dry whole-body weight after 11.63-15.50 days of exposure among sampling sites, with an average of 3.94 Bq/g after 14.07 days exposure. Radiocesium accumulation in bullfrog tadpoles was more rapid than that reported for other biota studied from other contaminated systems, likely due to incidental ingestion of sediments and a diet consisting of periphyton and other items that accumulate high levels of 137Cs. Given their rapid accumulation of 137Cs and inability to leave aquatic environments prior to metamorphosis, our data suggest amphibian larvae may be useful indicators for monitoring 137Cs distributions and bioavailability within aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Leaphart
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Kaitlin C Wilms
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - A Lawrence Bryan
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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19
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Saito R, Kabeya M, Nemoto Y, Oomachi H. Monitoring 137Cs concentrations in bird species occupying different ecological niches; game birds and raptors in Fukushima Prefecture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 197:67-73. [PMID: 30544020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess radiocesium accumulation in birds after the accident at Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in 2011, with a particular focus on 137Cs, which has a long physical half-life. Results of 137Cs monitoring in four game bird species including two pheasant species and two duck species (copper pheasant, green pheasant, spot-billed duck and mallard) were assessed in Fukushima Prefecture. We also obtained samples from rescued raptors that died during treatment or rehabilitation at the Wildlife Symbiosis Centre in Fukushima Prefecture because of severe injury. We measured the muscle concentrations of 137Cs in four of these raptor species (black kite, northern goshawk, peregrine falcon and ural owl). Comparison of the two pheasant species showed that the copper pheasants inhabiting forested areas had higher 137Cs concentrations in muscle (Bq/kg, fresh mass) than the green pheasants inhabiting mountainous areas near human habitation (i.e., Satoyama). No clear tendencies were observed in 137Cs concentration in muscle of copper pheasants over time, but a tendency to decrease was observed in green pheasants over time. The difference in tendencies between species may be attributable to differences in their food habits and its 137Cs concentration, and also differences in the situation of 137Cs accumulation in their habitat. No significant differences were observed in 137Cs concentration in muscle between the resident spot-billed duck and migratory mallard because of the comparatively short biological of effective half-life of radiocesium. Analysis of 137Cs concentration in muscle of raptor revealed that the concentration was similar to, or lower than, those of pheasants and ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Saito
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Kabeya
- Wildlife Symbiosis Centre, 67 Nagakubo, Tamai, Ootama Village, Fukushima, 969-1302, Japan
| | - Yui Nemoto
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oomachi
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
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20
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Tanaka S, Adati T, Takahashi T, Fujiwara K, Takahashi S. Concentrations and biological half-life of radioactive cesium in epigeic earthworms after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:227-232. [PMID: 29986314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the long-term behavior of radiocesium in the biological processes of a forest ecosystem, its concentration in Japanese epigeic earthworms (Megascolecidae), litter, and soil, and the ambient dose equivalent rates, were investigated after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. The metabolism of radiocesium in the earthworms was also investigated in the laboratory, and its biological half-life (Tb) was estimated. The concentration of 137Cs in the habitat soil and litter changed from 2014 to 2016, with levels in the litter going from 44.9 Bq/g dw (in 2014) to 45.3 Bq/g dw (2015) and 10.7 Bq/g dw (2016); in soil, these values were 9.79 Bq/g dw, 7.14 Bq/g dw and 18.0 Bq/g dw, respectively. By contrast, no significant changes were observed in the concentrations in the earthworms, which were 4.87 Bq/g fw, 5.30 Bq/g fw and 4.67 Bq/g fw in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. The ambient dose equivalent rates at the sampling site declined significantly over these three years, going from 2.15 μSv/h to 1.68 μSv/h and 1.35 μSv/h, mostly corresponding to physical decay of radiocesium. The majority (95%) of the 137Cs in the earthworms, observed via autoradiography, was concentrated primarily in the intestine. The clearance of 137Cs from the earthworms was described by dual exponential functions: the half-life in the rapid loss due to gut clearance was 0.10 days and a second slower loss due to physiological clearance was 27.4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - T Adati
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, 156-8502 Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Division of Radiation Safety and Control, The Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - K Fujiwara
- Technical Staff Office, The Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - S Takahashi
- Division of Radiation Safety and Control, The Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
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