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Scomoroscenco C, Teodorescu M, Nistor CL, Gifu IC, Petcu C, Banciu DD, Banciu A, Cinteza LO. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Alkyl Polyglucoside-Based Microemulsion for Topical Administration of Curcumin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051420. [PMID: 37242662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex and selective system from the perspective of permeability to substances from the external environment. Microemulsion systems have demonstrated a high performance in encapsulating, protecting and transporting active substances through the skin. Due to the low viscosity of microemulsion systems and the importance of a texture that is easy to apply in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields, gel microemulsions are increasingly gaining more interest. The aim of this study was to develop new microemulsion systems for topical use; to identify a suitable water-soluble polymer in order to obtain gel microemulsions; and to study the efficacy of the developed microemulsion and gel microemulsion systems in the delivery of a model active ingredient, namely curcumin, into the skin. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was developed using AKYPO® SOFT 100 BVC, PLANTACARE® 2000 UP Solution and ethanol as a surfactant mix; caprylic/capric triglycerides, obtained from coconut oil, as the oily phase; and distilled water. To obtain gel microemulsions, sodium hyaluronate salt was used. All these ingredients are safe for the skin and are biodegradable. The selected microemulsions and gel microemulsions were physicochemically characterized by means of dynamic light scattering, electrical conductivity, polarized microscopy and rheometric measurements. To evaluate the efficiency of the selected microemulsion and gel microemulsion to deliver the encapsulated curcumin, an in vitro permeation study was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Scomoroscenco
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Lavinia Nistor
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Catalina Gifu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Petcu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Dumitru Banciu
- Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Faculty of Medical Engineering, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Banciu
- Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Faculty of Medical Engineering, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ludmila Otilia Cinteza
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Blv. Regina Elisabeta, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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Alsaffar N, Fang Y, Walters E. Thymoquinone effect on the Dictyostelium discoideum model correlates with functional roles for glutathione S-transferases in eukaryotic proliferation, chemotaxis, and development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282399. [PMID: 36857392 PMCID: PMC9977050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of literature demonstrates the therapeutic relevance of polyphenols in eukaryotic cell and animal model studies. The phase II glutathione S-transferases (GST) show differential responses to thymoquinone, a major bioactive polyphenol constituent of the black seed, Nigella sativa. Beyond antioxidant defense, GSTs may act in non-enzymatic capacities to effect cell cycle, motility, and differentiation. Here, we report the impact of thymoquinone on the life cycle of the eukaryotic model Dictyostelium discoideum and accompanying profiles of its GST-alpha (DdGSTA) enzyme activity and isozyme expression. In silico molecular modeling revealed strong interaction(s) between thymoquinone and DdGSTA2 and DdGSTA3 isozymes that correlated with in vivo, dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation of amoebae at 24, 48, and 72hr. Similarly, cytosolic DdGST enzyme activity (CDNB activity) was also responsive to different thymoquinone concentrations. Thymoquinone generally reduced expression of DdGSTA2 and DdGSTA3 isozymes in proliferating cells, however differential expression of the isozymes occurred during starvation. Thymoquinone effectively reduced early-stage aggregation of starved amoeba, accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species and altered expression of tubulin and contact site A (gp80), which resulted in reduced morphogenesis and fruiting body formation. These observations reveal that thymoquinone can impact signaling mechanisms that regulate proliferation and development in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Alsaffar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Yayin Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Eric Walters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Doolan JA, Williams GT, Hilton KLF, Chaudhari R, Fossey JS, Goult BT, Hiscock JR. Advancements in antimicrobial nanoscale materials and self-assembling systems. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8696-8755. [PMID: 36190355 PMCID: PMC9575517 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is directly responsible for more deaths per year than either HIV/AIDS or malaria and is predicted to incur a cumulative societal financial burden of at least $100 trillion between 2014 and 2050. Already heralded as one of the greatest threats to human health, the onset of the coronavirus pandemic has accelerated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections due to factors including increased global antibiotic/antimicrobial use. Thus an urgent need for novel therapeutics to combat what some have termed the 'silent pandemic' is evident. This review acts as a repository of research and an overview of the novel therapeutic strategies being developed to overcome antimicrobial resistance, with a focus on self-assembling systems and nanoscale materials. The fundamental mechanisms of action, as well as the key advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, and attention is drawn to key examples within each field. As a result, this review provides a guide to the further design and development of antimicrobial systems, and outlines the interdisciplinary techniques required to translate this fundamental research towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Doolan
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - George T Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kira L F Hilton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Rajas Chaudhari
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - John S Fossey
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer R Hiscock
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
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Curcumin Modulates Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Apoptosis in Drug-Resistant Cancer Cell Lines. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091427. [PMID: 36143462 PMCID: PMC9504331 DOI: 10.3390/life12091427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer management, drug resistance remains a challenge that reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Several studies have shown that curcumin resensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs to overcome resistance. In the present study, we investigate the potential therapeutic role of curcumin in regulating the proliferation of drug-resistant cancers. Six drug-sensitive (MCF7, HCT116, and A549) and -resistant (MCF7/TH, HCT116R, and A549/ADR) cancer cell lines were treated with curcumin followed by an analysis of cytotoxicity, LDH enzyme, total reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), fibrosis markers (TGF-β1 protein, fibronectin, and hydroxyproline), and expression of cellular apoptotic markers (Bcl-2, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Annexin V, cytochrome c, and caspase-8). Additionally, the expression of cellular SIRT1 was estimated by ELISA and RT-PCR analysis. Curcumin treatment at doses of 2.7–54.3 µM significantly reduced the growth of sensitive and resistant cells as supported with decreased viability and increased cellular LDH enzyme of treated cells compared to controls non-treated cells. Curcumin also at doses of 2.7 and 54.3 µM regulated the fibrogenesis by reducing the expression of fibrotic markers in treated cells. Analysis of apoptotic markers indicated increased Bax, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Annexin V, caspase-8, and cytochrome c expression, while Bcl-2 expressions were significantly reduced. In curcumin-treated cells at 2.7 μM, non-significant change in ROS with significant increase in SOD and CAT activity was observed, whereas an increase in ROS with a reduction in respective antioxidant enzymes were seen at higher concentrations along with significant upregulation of SIRT1. In conclusion, the present study shows that curcumin induces anticancer activity against resistant cancer cell lines in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The protective activities of curcumin against the growth of cancer cells are mediated by modulating oxidative stress, regulating fibrosis, SIRT1 activation, and inducing cellular apoptosis. Therefore, curcumin could be tested as an auxiliary therapeutic agent to improve the prognosis in patients with resistant cancers.
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Mohseni F, Sharifi I, Oliaee RT, Babaei Z, Mostafavi M, Almani PGN, Keyhani A, Salarkia E, Sharifi F, Nave HH, Bamorovat M, Alahdin S, Sarlak M, Tavakoly R. Antiproliferative properties of Turmerone on Leishmania major: Modes of action confirmed by antioxidative and immunomodulatory roles. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 84:101797. [PMID: 35325685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of leishmaniasis by conventional synthetic compounds has faced a serious challenge worldwide. This study was performed to evaluate the effect and modes of action of aromatic Turmerone on the Leishmania major intra-macrophage amastigotes, the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. In the findings, the mean numbers of L. major amastigotes in macrophages were significantly decreased in exposure to Turmerone plus meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®; MA) than MA alone, especially at 50 µg/mL. In addition, Turmerone demonstrated no cytotoxicity as the selectivity index (SI) was 21.1; while it induced significant apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner on L. major promastigotes. In silico molecular docking analyses indicated an affinity of Turmerone to IL-12, with the MolDock score of - 96.8 kcal/mol; which may explain the increased levels of Th1 cytokines and decreased level of IL-10. The main mechanism of action is more likely associated with stimulating a powerful antioxidant and promoting the immunomodulatory roles in the killing of the target organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Mohseni
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini Nave
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sodabeh Alahdin
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Meysam Sarlak
- Department of Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahele Tavakoly
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Nitric Oxide-Releasing NO–Curcumin Hybrid Inhibits Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation and Induces Cell Death In Vitro. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and most of the currently available drugs for cancer treatment have limited potential. Natural products and their relatives continue to represent a very high percentage of the drugs used for cancer treatment. Curcumin is one of several natural drugs that has recently attracted much attention due to its putative cancer-preventive and anticancer properties. As well, Nitric Oxide (NO) holds a great potential for NO-based treatments for a wide variety of diseases. Here, for the first time, we tested the anti-cancer activities of an NO–Curcumin hybrid, hypothesizing that by joining the effects of curcumin and NO in one compound, the hybrid compound would be more potent than curcumin alone in treating colon cancer. To compare the anti-cancer activities of curcumin and NO–curcumin, we treated different colon cancer cell lines with either curcumin or NO–curcumin and tested their effects on cell proliferation and death. Our results show that NO–curcumin is more effective in reducing cell proliferation and increasing cell death when compared to curcumin. In addition, NO–curcumin has a lower IC50 compared to curcumin. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time that an NO–curcumin hybrid has more potent anti-cancer activity compared to curcumin alone, making it a potential future treatment for cancer and perhaps other diseases.
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Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Kutkat O, Moatasim Y, Al-Karmalawy AA, Rashad AA, Kayed AE, Kayed AE, El-Shesheny R, Kayali G, Ali MA. Bioactive Polyphenolic Compounds Showing Strong Antiviral Activities against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Pathogens 2021; 10:758. [PMID: 34203977 PMCID: PMC8232731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Until now, there has been no direct evidence of the effectiveness of repurposed FDA-approved drugs against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Although curcumin, hesperidin, and quercetin have broad spectra of pharmacological properties, their antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. Our study aimed to assess the in vitro antiviral activities of curcumin, hesperidin, and quercetin against SARS-CoV-2 compared to hydroxychloroquine and determine their mode of action. In Vero E6 cells, these compounds significantly inhibited virus replication, mainly as virucidal agents primarily indicating their potential activity at the early stage of viral infection. To investigate the mechanism of action of the tested compounds, molecular docking studies were carried out against both SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and main protease (Mpro) receptors. Collectively, the obtained in silico and in vitro findings suggest that the compounds could be promising SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. We recommend further preclinical and clinical studies on the studied compounds to find a potential therapeutic targeting COVID-19 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt;
| | - Adel A. Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA;
| | - Ahmed E. Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Azza E. Kayed
- Radiation Biology Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt;
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Link, Jewellery & Gemplex, Dubai 48800, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
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Barros CHN, Hiebner DW, Fulaz S, Vitale S, Quinn L, Casey E. Synthesis and self-assembly of curcumin-modified amphiphilic polymeric micelles with antibacterial activity. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:104. [PMID: 33849570 PMCID: PMC8045376 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitous nature of bacterial biofilms combined with the enhanced resistance towards antimicrobials has led to the development of an increasing number of strategies for biofilm eradication. Such strategies must take into account the existence of extracellular polymeric substances, which obstruct the diffusion of antibiofilm agents and assists in the maintenance of a well-defended microbial community. Within this context, nanoparticles have been studied for their drug delivery efficacy and easily customised surface. Nevertheless, there usually is a requirement for nanocarriers to be used in association with an antimicrobial agent; the intrinsically antimicrobial nanoparticles are most often made of metals or metal oxides, which is not ideal from ecological and biomedical perspectives. Based on this, the use of polymeric micelles as nanocarriers is appealing as they can be easily prepared using biodegradable organic materials. RESULTS In the present work, micelles comprised of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and dextran are prepared and then functionalised with curcumin. The effect of the functionalisation in the micelle's physical properties was elucidated, and the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were assessed for the prepared polymeric nanoparticles against Pseudomonas spp. cells and biofilms. It was found that the nanoparticles have good penetration into the biofilms, which resulted in enhanced antibacterial activity of the conjugated micelles when compared to free curcumin. Furthermore, the curcumin-functionalised micelles were efficient at disrupting mature biofilms and demonstrated antibacterial activity towards biofilm-embedded cells. CONCLUSION Curcumin-functionalised poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-dextran micelles are novel nanostructures with an intrinsic antibacterial activity tested against two Pseudomonas spp. strains that have the potential to be further exploited to deliver a secondary bioactive molecule within its core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio H N Barros
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dishon W Hiebner
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Fulaz
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefania Vitale
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Quinn
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Casey
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Clapis JR, Fan MJ, Kovarik ML. Supported bilayer membranes for reducing cell adhesion in microfluidic devices. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1535-1540. [PMID: 33690748 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01992e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high surface area-to-volume ratio of microfluidic channels makes them susceptible to fouling and clogging when used for biological analyses, including cell-based assays. We evaluated the role of electrostatic and van der Waals interactions in cell adhesion in PDMS microchannels coated with supported lipid bilayers and identified conditions that resulted in minimal cell adhesion. For low ionic strength buffer, optimum results were obtained for a zwitterionic coating of pure egg phosphatidylcholine; for a rich growth medium, the best results were obtained for zwitterionic bilayers or those with slight negative or moderate positive charge from the incorporation of 5-10 mol% egg phosphatidylglycerol or 30 mol% ethylphosphocholine. In both solutions, the presence of 10 g L-1 glucose in the cell suspension reduced cell adhesion. Under optimum conditions, all cells were consistently removed from the channels, demonstrating the utility of these coatings for whole-cell microfluidic assays. These results provide practical information for immediate application and suggest future research areas on cell-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Clapis
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, 300 Summit St., Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
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Curcumin induces mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing cyclic AMP levels via phosphodiesterase 4A inhibition in skeletal muscle. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:1642-1650. [PMID: 33551001 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that curcumin potentially induces mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle via increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. However, the regulatory mechanisms for this phenomenon remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the mechanism by which curcumin activates cAMP-related signalling pathways that upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration in skeletal muscle. METHODS The effect of curcumin treatment (i.p., 100 mg/kg-BW/d for 28 d) on mitochondrial biogenesis was determined in rats. The effects of curcumin and exercise (swimming for 2 h/d for 3 d) on the cAMP signalling pathway were determined in the absence and presence of phosphodiesterase (PDE) or protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Mitochondrial respiration, citrate synthase (CS) activity, cAMP content and protein expression of cAMP/PKA signalling molecules were analysed. RESULTS Curcumin administration increased cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COX-IV) protein expression, and CS and complex I activity, consistent with the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by curcumin. Mitochondrial respiration was not altered by curcumin treatment. Curcumin and PDE inhibition tended to increase cAMP levels with or without exercise. In addition, exercise increased the phosphorylation of phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A), whereas curcumin treatment strongly inhibited PDE4A phosphorylation regardless of exercise. Furthermore, curcumin promoted AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC-1α) deacetylation. Inhibition of PKA abolished the phosphorylation of AMPK. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that curcumin increases cAMP levels via inhibition of PDE4A phosphorylation, which induces mitochondrial biogenesis through a cAMP/PKA/AMPK signalling pathway. Our data also suggest the possibility that curcumin utilises a regulatory mechanism for mitochondrial biogenesis that is distinct from the exercise-induced mechanism in skeletal muscle.
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Zhou H, Guo F, Luo J, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Wan F, Ding W. Functional analysis of an upregulated calmodulin gene related to the acaricidal activity of curcumin against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:719-730. [PMID: 32865312 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin is a promising botanical acaricidal compound with activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Calmodulin (CaM) is a key calcium ion (Ca2+ ) sensor that plays a vital role in calcium signaling. Overexpression of the CaM gene with inducible character occurs in curcumin-treated mites, but its functional role remains to be further analyzed by RNA interference (RNAi) and protein expression. RESULTS A CaM gene was cloned from T. cinnabarinus (designated TcCaM). TcCaM was upregulated and the protein was activated in mites by curcumin. The susceptibility of mites to curcumin was decreased after inhibiting CaM function with anti-CaM drug trifluoperazine (TFP) and silencing CaM transcription with RNAi, suggesting that the CaM gene is involved in the acaricidal activity of curcumin against mites. Moreover, the TFP pre-treated Sf9 cells were resistant to curcumin-mediated increase in [Ca2+ ]i levels, indicating that CaM-mediated Ca2+ homeostasis was disturbed by curcumin. TcCaM was then re-engineered for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Strikingly, our results showed that the recombinant CaM protein was directly activated by curcumin via inducing its conformational changes, its half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) value is 0.3 μmol L-1 in vitro, which is similar to curcumin against CaM-expressing Sf9 cells (0.76 μmol L-1 ) in vivo. CONCLUSION These results confirm that the overexpressed CaM gene is involved in the acaricidal activity of curcumin, and the mode of action of curcumin may be via activating CaM function, and thereby disrupting Ca2+ homeostasis in T. cinnabarinus. This study highlights the novel target mechanism of new acaricides, promoting our understanding of the molecular mechanism of CaM-mediated acaricide targets in mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jinxiang Luo
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Wan
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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12
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Botwright NA, Rusu A, English CJ, Hutt O, Wynne JW. A High Throughput Viability Screening Method for the Marine Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans. Protist 2020; 171:125773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Sundaramoorthy NS, Sivasubramanian A, Nagarajan S. Simultaneous inhibition of MarR by salicylate and efflux pumps by curcumin sensitizes colistin resistant clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104445. [PMID: 32814143 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infection has been widely treated with last resort antibiotics like colistin. Resistance to colistin has further jeopardized the situation. We have previously reported a combination of MarR inhibitor - salicylate (Sal) and an efflux pump inhibitor (BC1) that successfully restored colistin (Col) sensitivity in multidrug and colistin resistant clinical isolate of E. coli U3790. Since synthetic compounds usually fail during drug development initiatives, we attempted to replace synthetic efflux pump inhibitor (BC1) with plant metabolite as efflux pump inhibitor to restore colistin sensitivity in CRE. Screening 13 plant metabolites, we narrowed on curcumin (CUR) to effectively inhibit efflux in both colistin resistant E. coli U3790 and K. pneumoniae BC936. Combination of Col + CUR showed a remarkable reversal in colistin MIC by 128 fold and 32 fold in E. coli U3790 and K. pneumoniae BC936 respectively. Studies with knock out mutant strains of AcrAB-TolC pump components show that curcumin's efflux inhibition is partly mediated by acrB. Thus, curcumin reduced colistin MIC well below the CLSI breakpoint (<2 μg/ml). Curcumin also exhibited synergy with colistin against most of the clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae tested. Efficiency of Col + Sal + CUR was evident in time kill curve analysis, which displayed a 6 log and a 4 log decline in CFU/ml by 24 h in U3790 and BC936 strains respectively. In vivo intramuscular fish infection studies showed that the triad combination reduced the bacterial bioburden of E. coli U3790 by 2.6 log and that of K. pneumoniae BC936 by 1.6 log. Hence, our study shows the efficacy of inhibiting MarR by salicylate and inhibiting efflux pump with curcumin restores colistin sensitivity in colistin resistant Enterobacteriaceae in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Sri Sundaramoorthy
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arvind Sivasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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14
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Hua C, Kai K, Bi W, Shi W, Liu Y, Zhang D. Curcumin Induces Oxidative Stress in Botrytis cinerea, Resulting in a Reduction in Gray Mold Decay in Kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7968-7976. [PMID: 31062982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin exhibits efficient antimicrobial activity; nevertheless, its effect on the postharvest decay of fruit has not been examined. Here, effects of curcumin on the fruit gray mold of kiwifruit infected by Botrytis cinerea were analyzed. Results demonstrated that curcumin induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and triggered apoptosis in B. cinerea hyphae. Use of N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, partially ameliorated the inhibition of curcumin on B. cinerea. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chlorine, abrogated the ROS production induced by curcumin, suggesting that curcumin induces oxidative stress in B. cinerea via a NADPH-oxidase-dependent mechanism. Disease severity of gray mold in curcumin-treated kiwifruit was significantly reduced. The malondialdehyde content decreased while the antioxidant enzyme activity increased in kiwifruit with the application of increasing concentrations of curcumin. Collectively, these results indicate that curcumin can be used to control gray mold and elevate antioxidant activity in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hua
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Kai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanling Bi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Li J, Wu N, Chen X, Chen H, Yang X, Liu C. Curcumin protects islet cells from glucolipotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase activity both in vitro and in vivo. Islets 2019; 11:152-164. [PMID: 31750757 PMCID: PMC6930025 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2019.1690944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin possesses medicinal properties that are beneficial in various diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM). It has been proposed that pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in T2 DM is promoted by oxidative stress caused by NADPH oxidase over-activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin as a protective agent against high glucose/palmitate (HP)-induced islet cell damage and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM rats. INS-1 cells were exposed to HP with or without curcumin. Cell proliferation, islet cell morphological changes, reactive oxygen species production, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, insulin levels, NADPH oxidase subunit expression, and the expression of apoptotic factors by INS-1 cells were observed. Our results show that curcumin can effectively inhibit the impairment of cell proliferation and activated oxidative stress, increase insulin levels, and reduce the high expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and apoptotic factors induced by HP in INS-1 cells. The STZ-induced DM rat model was also used to determine whether curcumin can protect islets in vivo. Our results show that curcumin significantly reduced pathological damage and increased insulin levels of islets in STZ-induced DM rats. Curcumin also successfully inhibited the high expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and apoptotic factors in STZ-induced DM rats. These results suggest that curcumin is able to attenuate HP-induced oxidative stress in islet cells and protect these cells from apoptosis by modulating the NADPH pathway. In view of its efficiency, curcumin has potential for translation applications in protecting islets from glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ninghua Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hongguang Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, P. R. China
- Xiaosong Yang Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, P. R. China
- CONTACT Chao Liu
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16
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Kundur S, Prayag A, Selvakumar P, Nguyen H, McKee L, Cruz C, Srinivasan A, Shoyele S, Lakshmikuttyamma A. Synergistic anticancer action of quercetin and curcumin against triple‐negative breast cancer cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11103-11118. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kundur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Amrita Prayag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Priyanga Selvakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Lloyd McKee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Clairissa Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Asha Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Sunday Shoyele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ashakumary Lakshmikuttyamma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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17
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Cocorocchio M, Baldwin AJ, Stewart B, Kim L, Harwood AJ, Thompson CRL, Andrews PLR, Williams RSB. Curcumin and derivatives function through protein phosphatase 2A and presenilin orthologues in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.032375. [PMID: 29361519 PMCID: PMC5818083 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.032375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds often have complex molecular structures and unknown molecular targets. These characteristics make them difficult to analyse using a classical pharmacological approach. Curcumin, the main curcuminoid of turmeric, is a complex molecule possessing wide-ranging biological activities, cellular mechanisms and roles in potential therapeutic treatment, including Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Here, we investigate the physiological effects and molecular targets of curcumin in Dictyostelium discoideum. We show that curcumin exerts acute effects on cell behaviour, reduces cell growth and slows multicellular development. We employed a range of structurally related compounds to show the distinct role of different structural groups in curcumin's effects on cell behaviour, growth and development, highlighting active moieties in cell function, and showing that these cellular effects are unrelated to the well-known antioxidant activity of curcumin. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of curcumin and one synthetic analogue (EF24) were then investigated to identify a curcumin-resistant mutant lacking the protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit (PsrA) and an EF24-resistant mutant lacking the presenilin 1 orthologue (PsenB). Using in silico docking analysis, we then showed that curcumin might function through direct binding to a key regulatory region of PsrA. These findings reveal novel cellular and molecular mechanisms for the function of curcumin and related compounds. Summary: To unlock the therapeutic potential of curcumin and related compounds, we employ a tractable model system to characterise their cellular and molecular effects and propose novel targets implicated in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cocorocchio
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX UK
| | - Amy J Baldwin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Balint Stewart
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lou Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Adrian J Harwood
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Christopher R L Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Science, St George's University of London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Robin S B Williams
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX UK
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18
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Agarwal A, Kasinathan A, Ganesan R, Balasubramanian A, Bhaskaran J, Suresh S, Srinivasan R, Aravind KB, Sivalingam N. Curcumin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the activation of reactive oxygen species-independent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in Smad4 and p53 mutated colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells. Nutr Res 2018; 51:67-81. [PMID: 29673545 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural dietary polyphenol compound that has various pharmacological activities such as antiproliferative and cancer-preventive activities on tumor cells. Indeed, the role reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by curcumin on cell death and cell proliferation inhibition in colon cancer is poorly understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that curcumin-induced ROS may promote apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in colon cancer. To test this hypothesis, the apoptosis-inducing potential and cell cycle inhibition effect of ROS induced by curcumin was investigated in Smd4 and p53 mutated HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. We found that curcumin treatment significantly increased the level of ROS in HT-29 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, curcumin treatment markedly decreased the cell viability and proliferation potential of HT-29 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Conversely, generation of ROS and inhibitory effect of curcumin on HT-29 cells were abrogated by N-acetylcysteine treatment. In addition, curcumin treatment did not show any cytotoxic effects on HT-29 cells. Furthermore, curcumin-induced ROS generation caused the DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and cell nuclear shrinkage and significantly increased apoptotic cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HT-29 cells. However, pretreatment of N-acetylcysteine inhibited the apoptosis-triggering effect of curcumin-induced ROS in HT-29 cells. In addition, curcumin-induced ROS effectively mediated cell cycle inhibition in HT-29 cells. In conclusion, our data provide the first evidence that curcumin induces ROS independent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells that carry mutation on Smad4 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Akiladdevi Kasinathan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramamoorthi Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Akhila Balasubramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jahnavi Bhaskaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Samyuktha Suresh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Revanth Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K B Aravind
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nageswaran Sivalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India.
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