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Zioga E, White B, Stout JC. Pesticide mixtures detected in crop and non-target wild plant pollen and nectar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162971. [PMID: 36958551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of mass flowering entomophilous crops benefits from the presence of managed and wild pollinators, who visit flowers to forage on pollen and nectar. However, management of these crops typically includes application of pesticides, the presence of which may pose a hazard for pollinators foraging in an agricultural environment. To determine the levels of potential exposure to pesticides, their presence and concentration in pollen and nectar need assessing, both within and beyond the target crop plants. We selected ten pesticide compounds and one metabolite and analysed their occurrence in a crop (Brassica napus) and a wild plant (Rubus fruticosus agg.), which was flowering in field edges. Nectar and pollen from both plants were collected from five spring and five winter sown B. napus fields in Ireland, and were tested for pesticide residues, using QuEChERS and Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pesticide residues were detected in plant pollen and nectar of both plants. Most detections were from fields with no recorded application of the respective compounds in that year, but higher concentrations were observed in recently treated fields. Overall, more residues were detected in B. napus pollen and nectar than in the wild plant, and B. napus pollen had the highest mean concentration of residues. All matrices were contaminated with at least three compounds, and the most frequently detected compounds were fungicides. The most common compound mixture was comprised of the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, and the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin, which was not recently applied on the fields. Our results indicate that persistent compounds like the neonicotinoids, should be continuously monitored for their presence and fate in the field environment. The toxicological evaluation of the compound mixtures identified in the present study should be performed, to determine their impacts on foraging insects that may be exposed to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zioga
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Blánaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jane C Stout
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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2
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Dhuldhaj UP, Singh R, Singh VK. Pesticide contamination in agro-ecosystems: toxicity, impacts, and bio-based management strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9243-9270. [PMID: 36456675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous rise in application of pesticides in the agro-ecosystems in order to ensure food supply to the ever-growing population is of greater concern to the human health and the environment. Once entered into the agro-ecosystem, the fate and transport of pesticides is determined largely by the nature of pesticides and the soil attributes, in addition to the soil-inhabiting microbes, fauna, and flora. Changes in the soil microbiological actions, soil properties, and enzymatic activities resulting from pesticide applications are the important factors substantially affecting the soil productivity. Disturbances in the microbial community composition may lead to the considerable perturbations in cycling of major nutrients, metals, and subsequent uptake by plants. Indiscriminate applications are linked with the accumulation of pesticides in plant-based foods, feeds, and animal products. Furthermore, rapid increase in the application of pesticides having long half-life has also been reported to contaminate the nearby aquatic environments and accumulation in the plants, animals, and microbes surviving there. To circumvent the negative consequences of pesticide application, multitude of techniques falling in physical, chemical, and biological categories are presented by different investigators. In the present study, important findings pertaining to the pesticide contamination in cultivated agricultural soils; toxicity on soil microbes, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates; effects on soil characteristics; and alleviation of toxicity by bio-based management approaches have been thoroughly reviewed. With the help of bibliometric analysis, thematic evolution and research trends on the bioremediation of pesticides in the agro-ecosystems have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Pravin Dhuldhaj
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, 431606, India
| | - Rishikesh Singh
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, K. S. Saket P. G. College, (Affiliated to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University), Ayodhya, 224123, India.
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3
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Moreira DR, de Souza THS, Galhardo D, Puentes SMD, Figueira CL, Silva BGD, Chagas FD, Gigliolli AAS, de Toledo VDAA, Ruvolo-Takasusuki MCC. Imidacloprid Induces Histopathological Damage in the Midgut, Ovary, and Spermathecal Stored Spermatozoa of Queens After Chronic Colony Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1637-1648. [PMID: 35344213 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bee colony health is declining as a result of several factors, including exposure to pesticides. The development and strength of honey bee colonies depend on the reproductive success of queen bees. Because flowers are sources of food for bees, foragers can accidentally collect and carry contaminated pollen and nectar to their hives; and this may compromise the longevity and the life span of individuals. Thus, the present study aimed to observe the action of imidacloprid in the midgut and ovaries of Apis mellifera queens, as well as the effects on sperm stored in their spermatheca. To this end, the apiary was divided into three experimental groups: control, commercial imidacloprid, and active ingredient imidacloprid. For toxicity assays, a sucrose solution containing 1 µg/L of imidacloprid was offered to the colonies for 42 days. A control group received only food in the same period. In both treatments with imidacloprid, the midgut of queens showed modifications in the external musculature and cellular alterations. Such changes could lead to the nonrecovery of the epithelium and subsequently malabsorption of nutrients. Moreover, the digestive cells of queen bees exposed to the commercial imidacloprid presented pyknotic nuclei, suggesting a cell death process. The main alterations observed in the ovaries of these reproductive bees treated with commercial imidacloprid were degeneration and resorption of the ovariole content, which probably affected their fertilization and colony development. There were no significant changes in the spermatozoa morphology for both treatments with imidacloprid, but this insecticide may interfere with the development and reproductive success of A. mellifera colonies because it affects the morphology and function of essential organs for the survival of queens. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1637-1648. SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiani Rodrigues Moreira
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Galhardo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Cinthia Leão Figueira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Breno Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Exact Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"-Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francieli das Chagas
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Pesticide risk to managed bees during blueberry pollination is primarily driven by off-farm exposures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7189. [PMID: 35504929 PMCID: PMC9065077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When managed bee colonies are brought to farms for crop pollination, they can be exposed to pesticide residues. Quantifying the risk posed by these exposures can indicate which pesticides are of the greatest concern and helps focus efforts to reduce the most harmful exposures. To estimate the risk from pesticides to bees while they are pollinating blueberry fields, we sampled blueberry flowers, foraging bees, pollen collected by returning honey bee and bumble bee foragers at colonies, and wax from honey bee hives in blooming blueberry farms in southwest Michigan. We screened the samples for 261 active ingredients using a modified QuEChERS method. The most abundant pesticides were those applied by blueberry growers during blueberry bloom (e.g., fenbuconazole and methoxyfenozide). However, we also detected highly toxic pesticides not used in this crop during bloom (or other times of the season) including the insecticides chlorpyrifos, clothianidin, avermectin, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid. Using LD50 values for contact and oral exposure to honey bees and bumble bees, we calculated the Risk Quotient (RQ) for each individual pesticide and the average sample RQ for each farm. RQ values were considered in relation to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute contact level of concern (LOC, 0.4), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) acute contact LOC (0.2) and the EFSA chronic oral LOC (0.03). Pollen samples were most likely to exceed LOC values, with the percent of samples above EFSA’s chronic oral LOC being 0% for flowers, 3.4% for whole honey bees, 0% for whole bumble bees, 72.4% for honey bee pollen in 2018, 45.4% of honey bee pollen in 2019, 46.7% of bumble bee pollen in 2019, and 3.5% of honey bee wax samples. Average pollen sample RQ values were above the EFSA chronic LOC in 92.9% of farms in 2018 and 42.9% of farms in 2019 for honey bee collected pollen, and 46.7% of farms for bumble bee collected pollen in 2019. Landscape analyses indicated that sample RQ was positively correlated with the abundance of apple and cherry orchards located within the flight range of the bees, though this varied between bee species and landscape scale. There was no correlation with abundance of blueberry production. Our results highlight the need to mitigate pesticide risk to bees across agricultural landscapes, in addition to focusing on the impact of applications on the farms where they are applied.
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Ahmed MAI, Vogel CFA, Malafaia G. Short exposure to nitenpyram pesticide induces effects on reproduction, development and metabolic gene expression profiles in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150254. [PMID: 34798758 PMCID: PMC8767978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides has been demonstrated in several studies, the information on metabolism, behavior, and health risk remains limited and has raised concerns about its potential toxicity. Thus, in this study we assessed the effects of nitenpyram using different sublethal concentrations (one-third and one-tenth of the acute LC50 values) on various developmental and metabolic parameters from gene expression regulation in Drosophila melanogaster (model system used worldwide in ecotoxicological studies). As a result, nitenpyram sublethal concentrations prolonged the developmental time for both pupation and eclosion. Additionally, nitenpyram sublethal concentrations significantly decreased the lifespan, pupation rate, eclosion rate, and production of eggs of D. melanogaster. Moreover, the mRNA expression of genes relevant for development and metabolism was significantly elevated after exposure. Mixed function oxidase enzymes (Cyp12d1), (Cyp9f2), and (Cyp4ae1), hemocyte proliferation (RyR), and immune response (IM4) genes were upregulated, whereas lifespan (Atg7), male mating behavior (Ple), female fertility (Ddc), and lipid metabolism (Sxe2) genes were downregulated. These findings support a solid basis for further research to determine the hazardous effects of nitenpyram on health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christoph Franz Adam Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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6
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Ohlinger BD, Schürch R, Durzi S, Kietzman PM, Silliman MR, Couvillon MJ. Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Decrease Foraging But Not Recruitment After Neonicotinoid Exposure. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:6523142. [PMID: 35137133 PMCID: PMC8826047 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees (Linnaeus, Hymenoptera: Apidae) are widely used as commercial pollinators and commonly forage in agricultural and urban landscapes containing neonicotinoid-treated plants. Previous research has demonstrated that honey bees display adverse behavioral and cognitive effects after treatment with sublethal doses of neonicotinoids. In laboratory studies, honey bees simultaneously increase their proportional intake of neonicotinoid-treated solutions and decrease their total solution consumption to some concentrations of certain neonicotinoids. These findings suggest that neonicotinoids might elicit a suboptimal response in honey bees, in which they forage preferentially on foods containing pesticides, effectively increasing their exposure, while also decreasing their total food intake; however, behavioral responses in semifield and field conditions are less understood. Here we conducted a feeder experiment with freely flying bees to determine the effects of a sublethal, field-realistic concentration of imidacloprid (IMD) on the foraging and recruitment behaviors of honey bees visiting either a control feeder containing a sucrose solution or a treatment feeder containing the same sucrose solution with IMD. We report that IMD-treated honey bees foraged less frequently (-28%) and persistently (-66%) than control foragers. Recruitment behaviors (dance frequency and dance propensity) also decreased with IMD, but nonsignificantly. Our results suggest that neonicotinoids inhibit honey bee foraging, which could potentially decrease food intake and adversely affect colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Ohlinger
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 216 Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Roger Schürch
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 216 Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sharif Durzi
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 216 Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Pasadena Office Natural Resources Department, SWCA Environmental Consultants, 51 W Dayton St, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
| | - Parry M Kietzman
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 216 Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 328 Smyth Hall, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mary R Silliman
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 216 Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Margaret J Couvillon
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 216 Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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7
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Chen YR, Tzeng DTW, Ting C, Hsu PS, Wu TH, Zhong S, Yang EC. Missing Nurse Bees-Early Transcriptomic Switch From Nurse Bee to Forager Induced by Sublethal Imidacloprid. Front Genet 2021; 12:665927. [PMID: 34220942 PMCID: PMC8248817 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.665927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental residue/sublethal doses of neonicotinoid insecticides are believed to generate a negative impact on pollinators, including honey bees. Here we report our recent investigation on how imidacloprid, one of the major neonicotinoids, affects worker bees by profiling the transcriptomes of various ages of bees exposed to different doses of imidacloprid during the larval stage. The results show that imidacloprid treatments during the larval stage severely altered the gene expression profiles and may induce precocious foraging. Differential expression of foraging regulators was found in 14-day-old treated adults. A high transcriptome similarity between larvae-treated 14-day-old adults and 20-day-old controls was also observed, and the similarity was positively correlated with the dose of imidacloprid. One parts per billion (ppb) of imidacloprid was sufficient to generate a long-term impact on the bee's gene expression as severe as with 50 ppb imidacloprid. The disappearance of nurse bees may be driven not only by the hive member constitution but also by the neonicotinoid-induced precocious foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ru Chen
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David T W Tzeng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chieh Ting
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shou Hsu
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Gongguan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsien Wu
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Gongguan, Taiwan
| | - Silin Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - En-Cheng Yang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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McCune F, Samson-Robert O, Rondeau S, Chagnon M, Fournier V. Supplying honey bees with waterers: a precautionary measure to reduce exposure to pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:17573-17586. [PMID: 33403629 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water is essential for honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), but contaminated sources of water in agricultural environments represent a risk of exposure to potentially harmful contaminants. Providing clean water to honey bees could be an efficient and cost-effective measure for beekeepers to reduce bee mortality associated with pesticides and improve the health of their colonies. The main goal of this study was to design a waterer prototype to fulfill the water requirements of honey bees and to evaluate the potential of this waterer in improving colonies' health in agricultural settings, through mitigating the possible impact of an exposure to pesticides from puddle water. We tested the preference of honey bees regarding water composition and waterer prototypes, among which honey bees showed a strong preference for salted water and a poultry-type waterer. Our waterer models were quickly adopted and intensively used through the season in both the context of honey production in field crops and pollination services in cranberry crops. However, in neither context did the use of waterers reduce worker mortality nor increase overall colony weight. Our waterers provided bees with water containing fewer pesticides and were associated with reduced risks of drowning compared to natural sources of water. Our study suggests that the use of waterers fulfills an important requirement for honey bees and represents an interesting and convenient precautionary measure for beekeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric McCune
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Université Laval, QC, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Olivier Samson-Robert
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Université Laval, QC, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sabrina Rondeau
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Université Laval, QC, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2 W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Chagnon
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Valérie Fournier
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Université Laval, QC, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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9
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Ligor M, Bukowska M, Ratiu IA, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Buszewski B. Determination of Neonicotinoids in Honey Samples Originated from Poland and Other World Countries. Molecules 2020; 25:E5817. [PMID: 33317195 PMCID: PMC7764438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A method development for determination of neonicotinoid residues in honey samples was developed. The proposed methodology consisted in QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe). That was used for sample preparation and UHPLC/UV (ultra-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection) utilized for chromatographic analysis. The developed method proved to be sensitive, with LOD (Limit of detection) value in the range of 60.80 to 80.98 ng/g hence LOQ (Limit of quantification) value was in the range of 184.26 to 245.40 ng/g. The method has tested on Polish honey and applied to honey from various countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, Russia, USA and Turkey). Several honey types were tested, while physicochemical properties of all honeys and were investigated. The methodology for general characterization of pollen grains originated from selected plants, to confirm the type of honey was also presented. There was a total lack of the mentioned neonicotinoids in sunflower honey. Except of this, only two samples of rapeseed and two samples of acacia honey (from Poland and Romania) were neonicotinoids free. In 19 samples the targeted pesticides were detected above LOQ. In all other investigated samples, the neonicotinoids were found at least at the LOD or LOQ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.B.); (R.G.-K.)
| | - Małgorzata Bukowska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.B.); (R.G.-K.)
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- “RalucaRipan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele, RO-400239 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.B.); (R.G.-K.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.B.); (R.G.-K.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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10
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Smith JL, Baute TS, Schaafsma AW. Quantifying Early-Season Pest Injury and Yield Protection of Insecticide Seed Treatments in Corn and Soybean Production in Ontario, Canada. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2197-2212. [PMID: 32651951 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A 4-yr study was conducted comparing the efficacy and value of fungicide-only (FST), neonicotinoid insecticide + fungicide (NST), and diamide insecticide + fungicide (DST) seed treatments for commercial corn Zea mays L. and soybean Glycines max (L.) Merr. production in Ontario, Canada. Plant stand, plant vigor, above- and below-ground insect injury, and yield were assessed on 160 field-scale experiments. Experiments also assessed early-season insect incidence and abundance using newly legislated thresholds for NST use in Ontario and in-season destructive sampling. Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) were frequently observed at experimental sites; however, thresholds were rarely met and injury levels rarely led to yield loss. Of 129 and 31 corn and soybean sites, 8 and 6%, respectively, had a positive yield response to NST use. Across all sites, yield response of 0.1 and -0.05 Mg ha-1 was observed with NST use in corn and soybean, respectively; however, the costs associated with NST use were recovered at only 48 and 23% of corn and soybean sites, respectively, based on average grain prices and yields during the study. Infrequent incidence of economic injury and the absence of a consistent yield response to NST and DSTs throughout the 4 yr of the study indicate that widespread use of seed-applied insecticides in corn and soybean is unlikely to provide benefit to producers. These data highlight an opportunity for reducing input costs, environmental loading, and nontarget effects without adverse outcomes for Ontario producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn L Smith
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, E. Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Tracey S Baute
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, E. Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur W Schaafsma
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, E. Ridgetown, ON, Canada
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11
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Wood SC, Chalifour JC, Kozii IV, Medici de Mattos I, Klein CD, Zabrodski MW, Moshynskyy I, Guarna MM, Wolf Veiga P, Epp T, Simko E. In Vitro Effects of Pesticides on European Foulbrood in Honeybee Larvae. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040252. [PMID: 32316434 PMCID: PMC7240397 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid and fungicide exposure has been linked to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera). European foulbrood, caused by the bacterium Melissococcus plutonius, is a disease of honeybee larvae which causes economic hardship for commercial beekeepers, in particular those whose colonies pollinate blueberries. We report for the first time in Canada, an atypical variant of M. plutonius isolated from a blueberry-pollinating colony. With this isolate, we used an in vitro larval infection system to study the effects of pesticide exposure on the development of European foulbrood disease. Pesticide doses tested were excessive (thiamethoxam and pyrimethanil) or maximal field-relevant (propiconazole and boscalid). We found that chronic exposure to the combination of thiamethoxam and propiconazole significantly decreased the survival of larvae infected with M. plutonius, while larvae chronically exposed to thiamethoxam and/or boscalid or pyrimethanil did not experience significant increases in mortality from M. plutonius infection in vitro. Based on these results, individual, calculated field-realistic residues of thiamethoxam and/or boscalid or pyrimethanil are unlikely to increase mortality from European foulbrood disease in honeybee worker brood, while the effects of field-relevant exposure to thiamethoxam and propiconazole on larval mortality from European foulbrood warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jocelyne C. Chalifour
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Ivanna V. Kozii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Igor Medici de Mattos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Colby D. Klein
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Michael W. Zabrodski
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Igor Moshynskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
| | - M. Marta Guarna
- Beaverlodge Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Research Road, Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canada;
| | - Patricia Wolf Veiga
- National Bee Diagnostic Centre, Grand Prairie Regional College, 1 Research Road, Beaverlodge, AB T0H 0C0, Canada;
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Elemir Simko
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (J.C.C.); (I.V.K.); (I.M.d.M.); (C.D.K.); (M.W.Z.); (I.M.); (E.S.)
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12
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Wood SC, de Mattos IM, Kozii IV, Klein CD, Dvylyuk I, Folkes CDA, de Carvalho Macedo Silva R, Moshynskyy I, Epp T, Simko E. Effects of chronic dietary thiamethoxam and prothioconazole exposure on Apis mellifera worker adults and brood. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:85-94. [PMID: 31149754 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the fungicide prothioconazole is common during foraging in agricultural landscapes. We evaluated the survival and hypopharyngeal gland development of adult worker honey bees, and the survival of the worker brood when chronically exposed to thiamethoxam or thiamethoxam and prothioconazole in combination. RESULTS We found that 30 days of exposure to 40 μg kg-1 of thiamethoxam significantly (P < 0.001) increased the frequency of death in worker adults by four times relative to solvent control. The worker brood required 23 times higher doses of thiamethoxam (1 mg L-1 or 909 μg kg-1 ) before a significant (P = 0.04), 3.9 times increase in frequency of death was observed relative to solvent control. No additive effects of simultaneous exposure of worker adults or brood to thiamethoxam and prothioconazole were observed. At day 8 and day 12, the hypopharyngeal gland acinar diameter was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between controls and adult workers exposed to thiamethoxam and/or prothioconazole. CONCLUSION These results indicate that chronic exposure to field-realistic doses of thiamethoxam and/or prothioconazole are unlikely to affect the survival of adult workers and brood. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Wood
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Igor Medici de Mattos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ivanna V Kozii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Colby D Klein
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ihor Dvylyuk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Crystani D A Folkes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Roney de Carvalho Macedo Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Igor Moshynskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elemir Simko
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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13
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Chronic High-Dose Neonicotinoid Exposure Decreases Overwinter Survival of Apis mellifera L. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010030. [PMID: 31906066 PMCID: PMC7022569 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Overwinter colony mortality is an ongoing challenge for North American beekeepers. During winter, honey bee colonies rely on stored honey and beebread, which is frequently contaminated with the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam. To determine whether neonicotinoid exposure affects overwinter survival of Apis mellifera L., we chronically exposed overwintering field colonies and winter workers in the laboratory to thiamethoxam or clothianidin at different concentrations and monitored survival and feed consumption. We also investigated the sublethal effects of chronic thiamethoxam exposure on colony pathogen load, queen quality, and colony temperature regulation. Under field conditions, high doses of thiamethoxam significantly increased overwinter mortality compared to controls, with field-realistic doses of thiamethoxam showing no significant effect on colony overwinter survival. Under laboratory conditions, chronic neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreased survival of winter workers relative to negative control at all doses tested. Chronic high-dose thiamethoxam exposure was not shown to impact pathogen load or queen quality, and field-realistic concentrations of thiamethoxam did not affect colony temperature homeostasis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chronic environmental neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreases survival of winter workers in the laboratory, but only chronic high-dose thiamethoxam significantly decreases overwinter survival of colonies in the field.
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Buszewski B, Bukowska M, Ligor M, Staneczko-Baranowska I. A holistic study of neonicotinoids neuroactive insecticides-properties, applications, occurrence, and analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34723-34740. [PMID: 31520389 PMCID: PMC6900273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Among pesticides and foliar sprays involved in the treatment of seed, soil, and grass, also to crops, an important group is neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid pesticides present similar properties with nicotine, but the mentioned compounds are less harmful for humans. Nevertheless, neonicotinoids are poisonous to insects and some invertebrates, which can act against insects' central nervous system, leading to their death. Moreover, neonicotinoids can affect the reproduction, foraging, and flying ability of honeybee and other insects including pollinators. In the present study, some neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam together with their toxic effects, have been presented. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies these neonicotinoids as II and III class toxicity agents. Due to accumulation of these pesticides into the pollen of treated plants, especially due to their toxic effects against pollinators, the consequences of the occurrence of these insecticides have been discussed. Analytical aspects and methods involved in the isolation and determination of this class of pesticides have been presented in this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Bukowska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ligor
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Irena Staneczko-Baranowska
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 7 M. Strzody Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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15
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Meikle WG, Corby-Harris V, Carroll MJ, Weiss M, Snyder LA, Meador CAD, Beren E, Brown N. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of methoxyfenozide disrupts honey bee colony activity and thermoregulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204635. [PMID: 30921332 PMCID: PMC6438536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxyfenozide is an insect growth regulator (IGR) commonly used in agriculture to simultaneously control pests and preserve beneficial insect populations; however, its impact on honey bees in not fully understood. We conducted field and laboratory experiments to investigate bee health in response to field-relevant concentrations of this pesticide. Significant effects were observed in honey bee colony flight activity and thermoregulation after being exposed over 9 weeks to supplemental protein patty containing methoxyfenozide. Compared to bee colonies in the control group, colonies fed pollen patty with 200 ppb methoxyfenozide (as measured by residue analysis) had: 1) a significantly reduced rate of weight loss due to forager departure in the morning; and 2) higher temperature variability during the winter. Colonies in the 100 ppb (as measured by residue analysis) treatment group had values between the 200 ppb group and control for both response variables. The dusk break point, which is the time associated with the end of forager return, differed among all treatment groups but may have been confounded with direction the hives were facing. Bee colony metrics of adult bee mass and brood surface area, and measurements of bee head weight, newly-emerged bee weight, and hypopharyngeal gland size were not significantly affected by methoxyfenozide exposure, suggesting that there may be significant effects on honey bee colony behavior and health in the field that are difficult to detect using standard methods for assessing bee colonies and individuals. The second experiment was continued into the following spring, using the same treatment groups as in the fall. Fewer differences were observed among groups in the spring than the fall, possibly because of abundant spring forage and consequent reduced treatment patty consumption. Residue analyses showed that: 1) observed methoxyfenozide concentrations in treatment patty were about 18–60% lower than the calculated concentrations; 2) no residues were observed in wax in any treatment; and 3) methoxyfenozide was detected in bee bread only in the 200 ppb treatment group, at about 1–2.5% of the observed patty concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Meikle
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mark J. Carroll
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Milagra Weiss
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Lucy A. Snyder
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Eli Beren
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Brown
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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Thompson H, Overmyer J, Feken M, Ruddle N, Vaughan S, Scorgie E, Bocksch S, Hill M. Thiamethoxam: Long-term effects following honey bee colony-level exposure and implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:60-71. [PMID: 30439695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides have been used in a wide range of crops through seed treatment, soil and foliar applications and a large database exists on both their lethal and sub-lethal effects on honey bees under controlled laboratory conditions. However, colony-level studies on the effects of neonicotinoids in field studies are limited, primarily due to their complexity and the resources required. This paper reports the combined results of two large-scale colony-feeding studies, each with 6 weeks of continuous dosing of 12 colonies per treatment (24 control) to 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 or 100 ng thiamethoxam/g sucrose solution. Exposure continued beyond dosing with residues present in stored nectar and bee-bread. The studies were conducted in an area with limited alternative forage and colonies were required to forage for pollen and additional nectar The studies provide colony-level endpoints: significant effects (reductions in bees, brood) were observed after exposure to the two highest dose rates, colony loss occurred at the highest dose rate, but colonies were able to recover (2-3 brood cycles after the end of dosing) after dosing with 50 ng thiamethoxam/g sucrose. No significant colony-level effects were observed at lower dose rates. The data reported here support the conclusions of previous colony-level crop-based field studies with thiamethoxam, in which residues in pollen and nectar were an order of magnitude below the colony-level NOEC of 37.5 ng thiamethoxam/g sucrose. The feeding study data are also compared to the outcomes of regulatory Tier 1 risk assessments conducted using guidance provided by the USA, Canada, Brazil and the EU regulatory authorities. We propose an adaptation of the European chronic adult bee risk assessment that takes into account the full dataset generated in laboratory studies while still providing an order of magnitude of safety compared with the colony feeding study NOEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Thompson
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berks RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Jay Overmyer
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
| | - Max Feken
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
| | - Natalie Ruddle
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berks RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Sarah Vaughan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berks RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Emily Scorgie
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berks RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Sigrun Bocksch
- Eurofins Agroscience Services GmbH, Eutinger Str. 24, 75223 Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany
| | - Marcus Hill
- Eurofins Agroscience Services, Inc., Cedar Grove Research Facility, 8909 Atkins Road, Mebane, NC 27302, USA
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Taillebois E, Cartereau A, Jones AK, Thany SH. Neonicotinoid insecticides mode of action on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors using binding studies. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 151:59-66. [PMID: 30704714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the main target of neonicotinoid insecticides, which are widely used in crop protection against insect pests. Electrophysiological and molecular approaches have demonstrated the presence of several nAChR subtypes with different affinities for neonicotinoid insecticides. However, the precise mode of action of neonicotinoids on insect nAChRs remains to be elucidated. Radioligand binding studies with [3H]-α-bungarotoxin and [3H]-imidacloprid have proved instructive in understanding ligand binding interactions between insect nAChRs and neonicotinoid insecticides. The precise binding site interactions have been established using membranes from whole body and specific tissues. In this review, we discuss findings concerning the number of nAChR binding sites against neonicotinoid insecticides from radioligand binding studies on native tissues. We summarize the data available in the literature and compare the binding properties of the most commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides in several insect species. Finally, we demonstrate that neonicotinoid-nAChR binding sites are also linked to biological samples used and insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliane Taillebois
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Laboratoire Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, INSERM 1069, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Alison Cartereau
- Université d'Orléans, LBLGC USC INRA 1328, 1 rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Andrew K Jones
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Steeve H Thany
- Université d'Orléans, LBLGC USC INRA 1328, 1 rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France.
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