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Varma R, Chakraborty S, Burton DD, Bailey KR, Bharucha AE. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in diabetic gastroenteropathy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14798. [PMID: 38651669 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diabetic gastroenteropathy (DGE) is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), most studies have evaluated SIBO with a hydrogen breath test, which may be affected by altered transit in DGE. The risk factors for the consequences of SIBO in DGE are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of, risk factors for, and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with SIBO in patients with DGE. METHODS In 75 patients with DGE and dyspepsia, we tested for SIBO (≥105 colony forming units /mL of aerobic and/or anaerobic bacteria in a duodenal aspirate) and assessed gastric emptying (GE) of solids, symptoms during a GE study and during an enteral lipid challenge (300 kcal/2 h), and daily symptoms with a Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index diary for 2 weeks. Symptoms and GE were compared in patients with versus without SIBO. KEY RESULTS Of 75 patients, 34 (45%) had SIBO, which was not associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors, daily symptoms, GE, or symptoms during a GE study. During enteral lipid challenge, severe nausea (p = 0.006), fullness (p = 0.02) and bloating (p = 0.009) were each associated with SIBO. Twenty patients (59%) with versus 13 (32%) without SIBO had at least one severe symptom during the lipid challenge (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Among patients with DGE 45% had SIBO, which was associated with symptoms during enteral lipid challenge but not with delayed GE, symptoms during a GE study, or daily symptoms. Perhaps bacterial products and even fatty acids are recognized by and activate mast cells that drive the increased lipid sensitivity in SIBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revati Varma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Duane D Burton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Xiang L, Du T, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Ma L. Vitamin D 3 supplementation shapes the composition of gut microbiota and improves some obesity parameters induced by high-fat diet in mice. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:155-172. [PMID: 37740812 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with vitamin D (VD) insufficiency have a greater tendency to develop obesity and have increased systemic inflammation. Gut microbiota are involved in the regulation of host inflammation and energy metabolism, which plays a role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of VD3 on body weight, serum lipids, inflammatory factors, and intestinal barrier function in obese mice and to explore the regulatory effect of VD3 on gut microbiota in obese mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice received a normal chow diet (NCD, 10% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) to induce obesity within 10 weeks. Then, HFD mice were supplemented with 5650, 8475, or 11,300 IU VD3/kg diet for 8 weeks. Finally, 16 s rRNA analysis was performed to analyze gut microbiota composition in cecal contents. In addition, body weight, serum lipids, inflammatory factors, and intestinal barrier function were analyzed. RESULTS VD3 supplementation reduced body weight and the levels of TG, TC, HDL-C, TNF-α, IL-1β and LPS, and increased ZO-1 in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, it increased α-diversity, reduced F/B ratio and altered microbiota composition by increasing relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Desulfovibrio, Dehalobacterium, Odoribacter, and Parabacteroides and reducing relative abundance of Firmicutes and Ruminococcus. There were significant differences between HFD and NCD groups in several metabolic pathways, including endotoxin biosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid synthesis and metabolism, and glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS Low, medium, and high doses of VD3 inhibited weight gain, reduced levels of blood lipids and inflammatory factors, and improved endotoxemia and gut barrier function in obese mice. It also increased the α-diversity of gut microbiota in obese mice and reduced the relative abundance of some intestinal pathogenic bacteria, increased the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria, and corrected the intestinal flora disorder of obese mice, with the low- and high-dose groups showing better effects than the medium-dose group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tingwan Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanfan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueying Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Mey JT, Vandagmansar B, Dantas WS, Belmont KP, Axelrod CL, Kirwan JP. Ketogenic propensity is differentially related to lipid-induced hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14054. [PMID: 37840478 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Determine the ketogenic response (β-hydroxybutyrate, a surrogate of hepatic ketogenesis) to a controlled lipid overload in humans. METHODS In total, nineteen young, healthy adults (age: 28.4 ± 1.7 years; BMI: 22.7 ± 0.3 kg/m2 ) received either a 12 h overnight lipid infusion or saline in a randomized, crossover design. Plasma ketones and inflammatory markers were quantified by colorimetric and multiplex assays. Hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity was assessed by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained to quantify gene expression related to ketone body metabolism and inflammation. RESULTS By design, the lipid overload-induced hepatic (50%, p < 0.001) and peripheral insulin resistance (73%, p < 0.01) in healthy adults. Ketones increased with hyperlipidemia and were subsequently reduced with hyperinsulinemia during the clamp procedure (Saline: Basal = 0.22 mM, Insulin = 0.07 mM; Lipid: Basal = 0.78 mM, Insulin = 0.51 mM; 2-way ANOVA: Lipid p < 0.001, Insulin p < 0.001, Interaction p = 0.07). In the saline control condition, ketones did not correlate with hepatic or peripheral insulin sensitivity. Conversely, in the lipid condition, ketones were positively correlated with hepatic insulin sensitivity (r = 0.59, p < 0.01), but inversely related to peripheral insulin sensitivity (r = -0.64, p < 0.01). Hyperlipidemia increased plasma inflammatory markers, but did not impact skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression. Gene expression related to ketone and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle increased in response to hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION This work provides important insight into the role of ketones in human health and suggests that ketone body metabolism is altered at the onset of lipid-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - B Vandagmansar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - W S Dantas
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - K P Belmont
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - C L Axelrod
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - J P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Najjar RS. The Impacts of Animal-Based Diets in Cardiovascular Disease Development: A Cellular and Physiological Overview. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:282. [PMID: 37504538 PMCID: PMC10380617 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and diet plays an instrumental role in CVD development. Plant-based diets have been strongly tied to a reduction in CVD incidence. In contrast, animal food consumption may increase CVD risk. While increased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations are an established risk factor which may partially explain the positive association with animal foods and CVD, numerous other biochemical factors are also at play. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the major cellular and molecular effects of animal food consumption in relation to CVD development. Animal-food-centered diets may (1) increase cardiovascular toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, due to increased serum endotoxins and oxidized LDL cholesterol, (2) increase cardiovascular lipotoxicity, (3) increase renin-angiotensin system components and subsequent angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) signaling and (4) increase serum trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations. These nutritionally mediated factors independently increase cardiovascular oxidative stress and inflammation and are all independently tied to CVD development. Public policy efforts should continue to advocate for the consumption of a mostly plant-based diet, with the minimization of animal-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Salim Najjar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Vanacker N, Hooper HB, Blouin R, Lacasse P. Effect of intravenous lipid infusion on biomarkers of insulin resistance and immune functions of dry and nonpregnant dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2113-2123. [PMID: 36586802 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the transition period, dairy cows often experience negative energy balance, which can induce metabolic and immunological disturbances. Previous work has shown that there is a relationship between the dysfunction of immune cells and the increase in blood nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration. Nevertheless, it is difficult to determine the exact effect of NEFA on the immune system, as other metabolic and hormonal perturbations occur simultaneously during the transition period. In the present study, we have determined the effect of NEFA on immune functions using an experimental model designed to assess the effects independently of energy balance, as well as hormonal and metabolic changes due to parturition. Six dry and nonpregnant cows were infused with either sterile water (control treatment) or a lipid emulsion (Intralipid 20%, Frenesius Kabi, lipid treatment) at a rate of 1 mL/kg per hour for 6 h according to a crossover design. Blood concentrations of NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and glucose were measured every hour throughout the infusion period, and 1 and 18 h after the end of infusion. Proliferation and interferon-γ secretion of lymphocytes, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst of neutrophils and blood insulin concentration were evaluated before, during, and at the end of the infusion. For NEFA, BHB, and glucose, treatment × time interactions were present. When compared with the control condition, NEFA and BHB levels were greater in the plasma of cows infused with lipids from 1 h after the start of infusion until 1 h after the end of infusion. Glucose level also increased in response to lipid infusion from 2 h of infusion until 1 h after the end of treatment. For sterile water and lipid infusions, respectively, maximal concentrations were 0.06 ± 0.10 mM and 1.39 ± 0.10 mM for NEFA, 0.70 ± 0.05 mM and 1.06 ± 0.05 mM for BHB, and 4.56 ± 0.27 mM and 6.90 ± 0.27 mM for glucose. For all blood metabolites, there were no differences between treatments 18 h postinfusion. Lipid infusion significantly increased blood insulin concentration at 3 and 6 h of infusion. However, it returned to its basal concentration 18 h after the end of the infusion. Lymphoproliferation declined as early as 3 h after the start of the lipid infusion. At 3 and 6 h of infusion, lipid treatment significantly reduced INF-γ concentration in the culture cell supernatant. The lipid infusion did not affect neutrophil phagocytosis. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the response was affected by a reduction of neutrophils' oxidative burst. These results confirm that NEFA inhibits immune functions independently of energy balance and other changes that occur during the transition period. They also indicate that high blood lipid concentration causes insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Vanacker
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8; Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Henrique Barbosa Hooper
- Centro Universitário Max Planck, Universidade de São Paulo, Leme, São Paulo 13343-060, Brazil
| | - Richard Blouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Pierre Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8; Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1.
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Bilal M, Ashraf S, Zhao X. Dietary Component-Induced Inflammation and Its Amelioration by Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:931458. [PMID: 35938108 PMCID: PMC9354043 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.931458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A balanced diet with many dietary components maintains immune homeostasis directly by interacting with innate and adaptive immune components or indirectly through gut microbiota and their metabolites. Dietary components may inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators and promote anti-inflammatory functions or vice versa. Western diets with imbalanced dietary components skew the immune balance toward pro-inflammation and induce intestinal inflammation, consequently leading to many intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases like ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, cardiovascular problems, obesity, and diabetes. The dietary component-induced inflammation is usually chronic in nature and frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. Therefore, microbiome-targeted therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics hold great potentials to amend immune dysregulation and gut dysbiosis, preventing and treating intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbioitcs are progressively being added to foods and beverages, with claims of health benefits. However, the underlining mechanisms of these interventions for preventing and treating dietary component-induced inflammation are still not very clear. In addition, possibly ineffective or negative consequences of some probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics call for stringent testing and regulation. Here, we will first briefly review inflammation, in terms of its types and the relationship between different dietary components and immune responses. Then, we focus on current knowledge about the direct and indirect effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on intestinal and systemic inflammation. Understanding how probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics modulate the immune system and gut microbiota will improve our strategies for preventing and treating dietary component-induced intestinal inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Zhu XX, Zhang WW, Wu CH, Wang SS, Smith FG, Jin SW, Zhang PH. The Novel Role of Metabolism-Associated Molecular Patterns in Sepsis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:915099. [PMID: 35719361 PMCID: PMC9202891 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.915099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction, is not caused by direct damage of pathogens and their toxins but by the host’s severe immune and metabolic dysfunction caused by the damage when the host confronts infection. Previous views focused on the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including metabolic proinflammatory factors in sepsis. Recently, new concepts have been proposed to group free fatty acids (FFAs), glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), cholesterol, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), ceramides, and uric acid into metabolism-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The concept of MAMPs will bring new guidance to the research and potential treatments of sepsis. Nowadays, sepsis is regarded as closely related to metabolic disorders, and MAMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of sepsis. According to this view, we have explained MAMPs and their possible roles in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Next, we have further explained the specific functions of different types of MAMPs in the metabolic process and their interactional relationship with sepsis. Finally, the therapeutic prospects of MAMPs in sepsis have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-xu Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-wu Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng-hua Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shun-shun Wang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Gao Smith
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Academic Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, Resuscitation and Pain, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng-wei Jin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng-wei Jin, ; Pu-hong Zhang,
| | - Pu-hong Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng-wei Jin, ; Pu-hong Zhang,
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8
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Gu L, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Li J, Yang M, Wang L, Rong S. TLR13 contributes to skeletal muscle atrophy by increasing insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13181. [PMID: 35088922 PMCID: PMC8891551 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stimulates muscle wasting, but the molecular processes behind the resistance are undetermined. However, inflammation in skeletal muscle is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and cachexia. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are known to regulate local innate immune responses, and microarray data have shown that Tlr13 is upregulated in the muscles of mice with CKD, but the relevance is unknown. Materials and Methods We performed in vitro experiments in C2C12 myotubes and constructed a CKD murine model using subtotal nephrectomy to conduct experiments in vivo. Results Tlr13 expression was stimulated in C2C12 myotubes treated with uremic serum. The expression of Tlr13 was also upregulated in the tibialis anterior muscles of mice with CKD. Tlr13 knockdown with siRNAs in skeletal muscle cells decreased insulin resistance despite the inclusion of uremic serum. This led to increased levels of p‐AKT and suppression of protein degradation. Using immunofluorescence staining and coimmunoprecipitation assay, we found that TLR13 recruits IRF3, which activates Irf3 expression, resulting in decreased AKT activity. Moreover, insulin resistance and proteolysis are re‐induced by Irf3 overexpression under Tlr13 deletion. Conclusions Our results indicate that TLR13 is involved in CKD‐mediated insulin resistance in muscle. In catabolic conditions where insulin signaling is impaired, targeting TLR13 may improve insulin sensitivity and prevent muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Department of Respiration, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayong Li
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Rong
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Daily JW, Park S. Sarcopenia Is a Cause and Consequence of Metabolic Dysregulation in Aging Humans: Effects of Gut Dysbiosis, Glucose Dysregulation, Diet and Lifestyle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030338. [PMID: 35159148 PMCID: PMC8834403 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in a healthy lifespan by helping to regulate glucose homeostasis. As seen in sarcopenia, decreased skeletal muscle mass impairs glucose homeostasis, but it may also be caused by glucose dysregulation. Gut microbiota modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and various metabolites that affect the host metabolism, including skeletal muscle tissues, and may have a role in the sarcopenia etiology. Here, we aimed to review the relationship between skeletal muscle mass, glucose homeostasis, and gut microbiota, and the effect of consuming probiotics and prebiotics on the development and pathological consequences of sarcopenia in the aging human population. This review includes discussions about the effects of glucose metabolism and gut microbiota on skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenia and the interaction of dietary intake, physical activity, and gut microbiome to influence sarcopenia through modulating the gut–muscle axis. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome can regulate both skeletal muscle mass and function, in part through modulating the metabolisms of short-chain fatty acids and branch-chain amino acids that might act directly on muscle in humans or indirectly through the brain and liver. Dietary factors such as fats, proteins, and indigestible carbohydrates and lifestyle interventions such as exercise, smoking, and alcohol intake can both help and hinder the putative gut–muscle axis. The evidence presented in this review suggests that loss of muscle mass and function are not an inevitable consequence of the aging process, and that dietary and lifestyle interventions may prevent or delay sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Daily
- Department of R & D, Daily Manufacturing Inc., Rockwell, 28138 NC, USA;
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-540-5345; Fax: +82-41-548-0670
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10
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Fan Z, Pathak JL, Ge L. The Potential Role of RP105 in Regulation of Inflammation and Osteoclastogenesis During Inflammatory Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:713254. [PMID: 34414191 PMCID: PMC8369417 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.713254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have a negative impact on bone homeostasis via exacerbated local and systemic inflammation. Bone resorbing osteoclasts are mainly derived from hematopoietic precursors and bone marrow monocytes. Induced osteoclastogenesis during inflammation, autoimmunity, metabolic diseases, and cancers is associated with bone loss and osteoporosis. Proinflammatory cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or endogenous pathogenic factors induce osteoclastogenic differentiation by binding to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family expressed on surface of osteoclast precursors. As a non-canonical member of the TLRs, radioprotective 105 kDa (RP105 or CD180) and its ligand, myeloid differentiation protein 1 (MD1), are involved in several bone metabolic disorders. Reports from literature had demonstrated RP105 as an important activator of B cells, bone marrow monocytes, and macrophages, which regulates inflammatory cytokines release from immune cells. Reports from literature had shown the association between RP105 and other TLRs, and the downstream signaling mechanisms of RP105 with different “signaling-competent” partners in immune cells during different disease conditions. This review is focused to summarize: (1) the role of RP105 on immune cells’ function and inflammation regulation (2) the potential regulatory roles of RP105 in different disease-mediated osteoclast activation and the underlying mechanisms, and (3) the different “signaling-competent” partners of RP105 that regulates osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Fan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhu Ge
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Bian Y, Lei J, Zhong J, Wang B, Wan Y, Li J, Liao C, He Y, Liu Z, Ito K, Zhang B. Kaempferol reduces obesity, prevents intestinal inflammation, and modulates gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108840. [PMID: 34419569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol, a flavonoid identified in a wide variety of dietary sources, has been reported to possess anti-obesity properties; however, its underlying mechanism was poorly understood. Chronic, low-grade gut inflammation and dysbacteria are proposed as underlying factors as well as novel treatment approaches for obesity-associated pathologies. This present study aims to investigate the benefits of experimental treatment with kaempferol on intestinal inflammation and gut microbial balance in animal model of obesity. High fat diet (HFD) was applied to C57BL/6J mice for 16 weeks, during which the supplement of kaempferol served as a variable. Clearly, HFD induced obesity, fat accumulation, glucose intolerance and adipose inflammation, the metabolic syndrome of which was the main finding. All these metabolic disorders can be alleviated through kaempferol supplementation. In addition, increased intestinal permeability, infiltration of immunocytes (macrophage, dendritic cells and neutrophils) and overexpression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) were also found in the HFD-induced mice. Kaempferol supplementation improved intestinal barrier integrity and inhibited gut inflammation, by reducing the activation of TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the characterization of the cecal microbiota by sequencing showed that kaempferol supplementation was able to counteract the dysbiosis associated to obesity. Our study delineated the multiple mechanism of action underlying the anti-obesity effect of kaempferol, and provide scientific evidence to support the development of kaempferol as a dietary supplement for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China; Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changqing District, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- Division of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Division of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Division of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Food and Physiological Models, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
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12
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Turner L, Santosa S. Putting ATM to BED: How Adipose Tissue Macrophages Are Affected by Bariatric Surgery, Exercise, and Dietary Fatty Acids. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1893-1910. [PMID: 33979430 PMCID: PMC8483961 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing adiposity in obesity, adipose tissue macrophages contribute to adipose tissue malfunction and increased circulating proinflammatory cytokines. The chronic low-grade inflammation that occurs in obesity ultimately gives rise to a state of metainflammation that increases the risk of metabolic disease. To date, only lifestyle and surgical interventions have been shown to be somewhat effective at reversing the negative consequences of obesity and restoring adipose tissue homeostasis. Exercise, dietary interventions, and bariatric surgery result in immunomodulation, and for some individuals their effects are significant with or without weight loss. Robust evidence suggests that these interventions reduce chronic inflammation, in part, by affecting macrophage infiltration and promoting a phenotypic switch from the M1- to M2-like macrophages. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of dietary fatty acids, exercise, and bariatric surgery on cellular characteristics affecting adipose tissue macrophage presence and phenotypes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Turner
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Metabolism, Obesity, and Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Gil-Gómez A, Brescia P, Rescigno M, Romero-Gómez M. Gut-Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: the Impact of the Metagenome, End Products, and the Epithelial and Vascular Barriers. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:191-205. [PMID: 34107545 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a systemic, dynamic, heterogeneous, and multiaxis entity, the pathogenesis of which is still uncertain. The gut-liver axis is regulated and stabilized by a complex network encompassing a metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine cross-talk between the gut, the microbiota, and the liver. Changes in the gut-liver axis affect the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates in the hepatocytes, and they impact the balance of inflammatory mediators and cause metabolic deregulation, promoting NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, the microbiota and its metabolites can play direct and indirect roles in gut barrier function and fibrosis development. In this review, we will highlight findings from the recent literature focusing on the gut-liver axis and its relation to NAFLD. Finally, we will discuss the impact of technical issues, design bias, and other limitations on current knowledge of the gut microbiota in the context of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gil-Gómez
- SeLiver Group at Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Brescia
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group at Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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14
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Dong ZH, Lin HY, Chen FL, Che XQ, Bi WK, Shi SL, Wang J, Gao L, He Z, Zhao JJ. Berberine improves intralipid-induced insulin resistance in murine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:735-743. [PMID: 32770172 PMCID: PMC8115075 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a major metabolic risk factor even before the onset of hyperglycemia. Recently, berberine (BBR) is found to improve hyperglycemia and IR. In this study, we investigated whether BBR could improve IR independent of hyperglycemia. Acute insulin-resistant state was induced in rats by systemic infusion of intralipid (6.6%). BBR was administered via different delivery routes before or after the beginning of a 2-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. At the end of experiment, rats were sacrificed, gastrocnemius muscle was collected for detecting mitochondrial swelling, phosphorylation of Akt and AMPK, as well as the mitochondrial permeability regulator cyclophilin D (CypD) protein expression. We showed that BBR administration markedly ameliorated intralipid-induced IR without affecting blood glucose, which was accompanied by alleviated mitochondrial swelling in skeletal muscle. We used human skeletal muscle cells (HSMCs), AML12 hepatocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and CypD knockout mice to investigate metabolic and molecular alternations. In either HSMCs or AML12 hepatocytes, BBR (5 μM) abolished palmitate acid (PA)-induced increase of CypD protein levels. In CypD-deficient mice, intralipid-induced IR was greatly attenuated and the beneficial effect of BBR was diminished. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of BBR on intralipid-induced IR was mainly mediated by skeletal muscle, but not by intestine, liver, or microvasculature; BBR administration suppressed intralipid-induced upregulation of CypD expression in skeletal muscle. These results suggest that BBR alleviates intralipid-induced IR, which is related to the inhibition of CypD protein expression in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250000, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Ji-nan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250000, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- Department of Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250000, China
| | - Fu-Lian Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Che
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250000, China
| | - Wen-Kai Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250000, China
| | - Shu-Long Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250000, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji-nan, 250000, China.
| | - Zhao He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China.
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China.
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250000, China.
| | - Jia-Jun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250021, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China.
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Ji-nan, 250021, China.
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15
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Fujikawa T. Central regulation of glucose metabolism in an insulin-dependent and -independent manner. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12941. [PMID: 33599044 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) contributes significantly to glucose homeostasis. The available evidence indicates that insulin directly acts on the CNS, in particular the hypothalamus, to regulate hepatic glucose production, thereby controlling whole-body glucose metabolism. Additionally, insulin also acts on the brain to regulate food intake and fat metabolism, which may indirectly regulate glucose metabolism. Studies conducted over the last decade have found that the CNS can regulate glucose metabolism in an insulin-independent manner. Enhancement of central leptin signalling reverses hyperglycaemia in insulin-deficient rodents. Here, I review the mechanisms by which central insulin and leptin actions regulate glucose metabolism. Although clinical studies have shown that insulin treatment is currently indispensable for managing diabetes, unravelling the neuronal mechanisms underlying the central regulation of glucose metabolism will pave the way for the design of novel therapeutic drugs for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujikawa
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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16
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Tannous A, Bradford AP, Kuhn K, Fought A, Schauer I, Santoro N. A randomised trial examining inflammatory signaling in acutely induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia in normal weight women-the reprometabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247638. [PMID: 33764994 PMCID: PMC7993783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Obesity, is a state of chronic inflammation, characterized by elevated lipids, insulin resistance and relative hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. We have defined the accompanying decreased Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), ovarian steroids and reduced pituitary response to Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) as Reprometabolic syndrome, a phenotype that can be induced in healthy normal weight women (NWW) by acute infusion of free fatty acids and insulin. Objective To identify potential mediators of insulin and lipid-related reproductive endocrine dysfunction. Design, setting, participants Secondary analysis of crossover study of eumenorrheic reproductive aged women of normal Body Mass Index (BMI) (<25 kg/m2) at an academic medical center. Intervention Participants underwent 6-hour infusions of either saline/heparin or insulin plus fatty acids (Intralipid plus heparin), in the early follicular phase of sequential menstrual cycles, in random order. Euglycemia was maintained by glucose infusion. Frequent blood samples were obtained. Main outcome measures Pooled serum from each woman was analyzed for cytokines, interleukins, chemokines, adipokines, Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF-21) and markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (CHOP and GRP78). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare results across experimental conditions. Results Except for Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1β (MIP-1β), no significant differences were observed in serum levels of any of the inflammatory signaling or ER stress markers tested. Conclusion Acute infusion of lipid and insulin, to mimic the metabolic syndrome of obesity, was not associated with an increase in inflammatory markers. These results imply that the endocrine disruption and adverse reproductive outcomes of obesity are not a consequence of the ambient inflammatory environment but may be mediated by direct lipotoxic effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tannous
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Katherine Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Angela Fought
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Irene Schauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Endocrinology Section, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Wu L, Sun J, Liu L, Du X, Liu Y, Yan X, Kombo Osoro E, Zhang F, Feng L, Liang D, Li Y, Chen Q, Sun S, Zhang L, Lan X, Li D, Lu S. Anti-toll-like receptor 2 antibody ameliorates hepatic injury, inflammation, fibrosis and steatosis in obesity-related metabolic disorder rats via regulating MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106368. [PMID: 32151955 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide, which includes a spectrum of histological liver changes. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered to be the progressive subtype of NAFLD, which is characterized by lobular inflammation and cellular ballooning on the basis of steatosis. There is a critical need to develop novel and effective therapeutic approaches for NAFLD/NASH. The activation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway plays a key role in high-fat-related inflammation, triggering the occurrence and development of NASH. Herein, the anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody (TLR2 mAb) was prepared and investigated for its ability to ameliorate the inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. The anti-inflammatory role of TLR2 mAb in vitro was examined in NR8383 macrophage cells and THP-1 derived macrophage cells. For confirmation in vivo, three groups of SD rats were treated for 20 weeks: rats in the control were fed with a standard diet; rates in the IgG and TLR2 mAb groups were fed with a high-fat diet and with IgG or TLR2 mAb, respectively. Liver tissue and serum were collected for further analysis. Results showed that after 4-week treatment with TLR2 mAb, metabolic parameters in rats were improved markedly (body weight, fasting blood glucose level, liver steatosis, inflammatory response and fibrosis). Moreover, western blotting demonstrated that the TLR2 mAb blocked MAPKs and NF-κB activation, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in rat liver tissue. These effects suggested that TLR2 mAb could improve HFD-induced hepatic injury, inflammation, fibrosis and steatosis by suppressing inflammatory response and regulating the hepatic MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. This suggests that TLR2 may be a novel therapeutic target for metabolic diseases especially NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Juan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province 261061, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Ezra Kombo Osoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lina Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yazhao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Sha Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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18
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Huang X, Yan D, Xu M, Li F, Ren M, Zhang J, Wu M. Interactive association of lipopolysaccharide and free fatty acid with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: A community-based cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1438-1446. [PMID: 30950561 PMCID: PMC6825935 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Increased blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or free fatty acid (FFA) levels correlate with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interactive effect of serum LPS and FFA levels on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 2,553 community-dwelling Chinese adults. Fasting serum LPS levels were determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Chromogenic Endpoint assay, and FFA levels were determined using an enzymatic method. The participants were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of LPS or FFA levels or nine groups according to the tertiles of LPS and FFA levels. The odd ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS We found that higher serum LPS or FFA levels were associated with higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, there were significant interactions between LPS and FFA in terms of the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance level (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, the OR for participants with type 2 diabetes in the higher LPS and FFA level group were 6.58 (95% confidence interval 3.05-14.18, P < 0.001) compared with that in participants in the lower LPS and FFA level group. CONCLUSIONS The interaction between LPS and FFA was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuji Huang
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mingtong Xu
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Feng Li
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Meng Ren
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Muchao Wu
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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19
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Tilg H, Zmora N, Adolph TE, Elinav E. The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:40-54. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nejatian N, Häfner AK, Shoghi F, Badenhoop K, Penna-Martinez M. 5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5): Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and vitamin D effects on monocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 187:52-57. [PMID: 30521849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) pathway has been implicated in chronic inflammatory disease which may be influenced by vitamin D due to vitamin D response elements (VDRE). We investigated an ALOX5 polymorphism (rs4987105) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the in vitro effects of calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) on ALOX5 metabolism in monocytes of T2D patients and healthy controls (HC). 533 T2D and 473 HC were genotyped for the rs4987105 polymorphism. In addition, the 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma levels were measured in both cohorts. Further C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined in T2D patients. Our results demonstrate, that genotype CC and the allele C of ALOX5 rs4987105 polymorphism were more frequent in T2D compared to HC (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.12-1.84; p < 0.05). Lower levels of both vitamin D metabolites (p < 0.0001 respectively) were found in the CC genotyped T2D patients compared to CC genotyped HC. In addition, CC genotyped T2D patients had higher levels of CRP compared to CT and TT genotyped T2D patients, (p < 0.01). In order to evaluate the impact of calcitriol in primary isolated monocytes, we isolated monocytes of 20 T2D patients and 20 HC. The cells were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) for 24 h. The following genes were analysed for expression changes: ALOX5, leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), leukotriene B4 receptor type 1 (LTB4R1) and CD14. Treatment with IL-1β+1,25(OH)2D3 increased ALOX5, LTA4H and LTB4R1 and CD14 mRNA in both T2D patients and HC (p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, IL-1β+1,25(OH)2D3 treatment led to higher ALOX5, LTA4H and CD14 mRNA levels in T2D patients compared to HC (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p ≤ 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, ALOX5 rs4987105 allele C confers susceptibility to T2D, lower vitamin D metabolites and higher CRP levels complement this association. Additionally, IL-1β+1,25(OH)2D3 treatment on, ALOX5, LTA4H and CD14 mRNA indicate a diabetes specific modulation. These findings identify a novel pathway in T2D potentially amenable for individualized therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nojan Nejatian
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Firouzeh Shoghi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Badenhoop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marissa Penna-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Xin Y, Wang Y, Chi J, Zhu X, Zhao H, Zhao S, Wang Y. Elevated free fatty acid level is associated with insulin-resistant state in nondiabetic Chinese people. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:139-147. [PMID: 30705599 PMCID: PMC6342222 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s186505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with insulin secretion and insulin resistance. However, the associations among FFAs, obesity, and progression from a normal to a prediabetic state are unclear. METHODS Nondiabetic subjects (5,952) were divided in two groups according to their body mass index (BMI): obese subjects (BMI ≥24 kg/m2) and nonobese subjects (BMI <24 kg/m2). Clinical and multiple glucolipid metabolism data were collected. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) was used. HbA1c level between 5.7% and 6.4% was considered prediabetic. Nonparametric tests, one-way ANOVA, and linear correlation analysis were performed. R and SPSS 23.0 software programs were used to analyze the results. RESULTS A U-shaped relationship between FFAs and HOMA-IR was observed. After adjusting for potential confounders, the turning points of FFA levels in the curves were 0.54 mmol/L in the nonobese group and 0.61 mmol/L in the obese group. HOMA-IR levels decreased with increasing FFA concentrations before the turning points (regression coefficient [β]= - 0.9, P=0.0111, for the nonobese group; β=0.2, P=0.5094, for the obese group) and then increased (β=0.9, P=0.0069, for the nonobese group; β=1.5, P=0.0263 for the obese group) after the points. Additionally, our study also identified that FFAs were associated with the prediabetes status in obese individuals. CONCLUSION FFA levels were associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects, and HOMA-IR in nonobese individuals was more sensitive to FFA changes. Monitoring and controlling plasma FFA levels in obese subjects is significant in decreasing insulin resistance and preventing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Xin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, ;
| | - Yunyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, ;
| | - Jingwei Chi
- Laboratory of Thyroid Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,
| | - Xvhua Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second People's Hospital of Qingdao West Coast, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hiser Medical Center of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Shihua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, ;
- Laboratory of Thyroid Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, ;
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de Carvalho Marchesin J, Celiberto LS, Orlando AB, de Medeiros AI, Pinto RA, Zuanon JAS, Spolidorio LC, dos Santos A, Taranto MP, Cavallini DCU. A soy-based probiotic drink modulates the microbiota and reduces body weight gain in diet-induced obese mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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