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Yun P, Jinorose M, Devahastin S. Rapid smartphone-based assays for pesticides inspection in foods: current status, limitations, and future directions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6251-6271. [PMID: 36779284 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2166897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Smartphone-based assays to inspect pesticides in foods have attracted much attention as such assays can transform tedious laboratory-based assays into real-time, on-site, or even home-based assay and hence overcoming the limitations of conventional assays. Although an array of smartphone-based assays is available, information on the use of these assays for pesticides inspection is scattered. The purposes of this review are therefore to compile, summarize and discuss state-of-the-art as well as advantages and limitations of the relevant technologies. Suggestions are provided for further development of smartphone-based assays for rapid inspection of pesticides in foods. Smartphone-based assays relying on enzyme inhibitions are noted to be nonselective qualitative, capable of reporting results in a quantitative manner only when a sample contains an individual pesticide. Smartphone-based assays relying on chemical reactions also target only individual pesticides. Smartphone-based visible spectroscopy can, on the other hand, inspect individual and multiple pesticides with the aid of appropriate colorimetry-, luminescence-, or fluorescence-based assay. Smartphone-based visible-near infrared and Raman spectroscopies are suitable for simultaneous multiple pesticides inspection. Raman spectroscopy is of particular interest as it can detect pesticides even at lower concentrations. This spectroscopic technique can also serve as a real-time assay with the aid of cloud network computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheakdey Yun
- Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maturada Jinorose
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakamon Devahastin
- Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Nakazawa T, Sekine R, Kitabayashi M, Hashimoto Y, Ienaka A, Morishita K, Fujii T, Ito M, Matsushita F. Non-invasive blood glucose estimation method based on the phase delay between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:037001. [PMID: 38444669 PMCID: PMC10913690 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.3.037001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Significance Many researchers have attempted to estimate blood glucose levels (BGLs) noninvasively using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. However, the optical absorption change induced by blood glucose is weak in the NIR region and often masked by interference from other components such as water and hemoglobin. Aim Instead of using direct optical absorption by glucose, this study proposes an index calculated from oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin signals that shows a good correlation with BGLs while using conventional visible and NIR spectroscopy. Approach The metabolic index, which is based on tissue oxygen consumption, was derived through analytical methods and further verified and reproduced in a series of glucose challenge experiments. Blood glucose estimation units were prototyped by utilizing commercially available smart devices. Results Our experimental results showed that the phase delay between the oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin signals in near-infrared spectroscopy correlates with BGL measured by a conventional continuous glucose monitor. The proposed method was also confirmed to work well with visible spectroscopy systems based on smartphone cameras. The proposed method also demonstrated excellent repeatability in results from a total of 19 oral challenge tests. Conclusions This study demonstrated the feasibility of non-invasive glucose monitoring using existing photoplethysmography sensors for pulse oximeters and smartwatches. Evaluating the proposed method in diabetic or unhealthy individuals may serve to further increase its practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Sekine
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Ito
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan
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3
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Loyola-Leyva A, Hernández-Vidales K, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, González FJ. Noninvasive Glucose Measurements Through Transcutaneous Raman Spectroscopy: A Review. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024; 18:460-469. [PMID: 35815609 PMCID: PMC10973841 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with diabetes need constant glucose monitoring to avoid health complications. However, they do not monitor their glucose levels as often as recommended, probably because glucose measurement devices can be painful, costly, need testing strips or sensors, require lancing the finger or inserting a sensor with risk of infection, and can be inaccurate or have failures. Therefore, developing new alternatives for noninvasive glucose measurements that overcome these disadvantages is necessary, being Raman spectroscopy (RS) a solution. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the current glucose-monitoring technologies and the uses and advantages of RS to improve noninvasive transcutaneously glucose-monitoring devices. RESULTS The skin has been used to assess glucose levels noninvasively because it is an accessible tissue where glucose can be measured in the interstitial fluid (ISF) in the epidermis (especially in the stratum corneum). The most selected skin sites to apply RS for noninvasive glucose measurements were the nailfold, finger, and forearm because, in these sites, the penetration depth of the excitation light can reach the stratum corneum (10-20 µm) and the ISF. Studies found that RS is a good optical technique to measure glucose noninvasively by comparing glucose levels obtained by RS with those from invasive methods such as glucose meters with testing strips during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). CONCLUSIONS New alternatives for noninvasive glucose measurements that overcome the disadvantages of current devices is necessary, and RS is a possible solution. However, more research is needed to evaluate the stability, accuracy, costs, and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Loyola-Leyva
- Terahertz Science and Technology National Lab, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology, San Luis Potosi, México
| | | | | | - Francisco Javier González
- Terahertz Science and Technology National Lab, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology, San Luis Potosi, México
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4
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Wawerski A, Siemiątkowska B, Józwik M, Fajdek B, Partyka M. Machine Learning Method and Hyperspectral Imaging for Precise Determination of Glucose and Silicon Levels. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1306. [PMID: 38400464 PMCID: PMC10893512 DOI: 10.3390/s24041306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This article introduces an algorithm for detecting glucose and silicon levels in solution. The research focuses on addressing the critical need for accurate and efficient glucose monitoring, particularly in the context of diabetic management. Understanding and monitoring silicon levels in the body is crucial due to its significant role in various physiological processes. Silicon, while often overshadowed by other minerals, plays a vital role in bone health, collagen formation, and connective tissue integrity. Moreover, recent research suggests its potential involvement in neurological health and the prevention of certain degenerative diseases. Investigating silicon levels becomes essential for a comprehensive understanding of its impact on overall health and well-being and paves the way for targeted interventions and personalized healthcare strategies. The approach presented in this paper is based on the integration of hyperspectral data and artificial intelligence techniques. The algorithm investigates the effectiveness of two distinct models utilizing SVMR and a perceptron independently. SVMR is employed to establish a robust regression model that maps input features to continuous glucose and silicon values. The study outlines the methodology, including feature selection, model training, and evaluation metrics. Experimental results demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness at accurately predicting glucose and silicon concentrations and showcases its potential for real-world application in continuous glucose and silicon monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Siemiątkowska
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. A. Boboli St. 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.J.); (B.F.); (M.P.)
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5
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Leung HMC, Forlenza GP, Prioleau TO, Zhou X. Noninvasive Glucose Sensing In Vivo. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7057. [PMID: 37631595 PMCID: PMC10458980 DOI: 10.3390/s23167057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose monitoring is an essential aspect of disease management for individuals with diabetes. Unfortunately, traditional methods require collecting a blood sample and thus are invasive and inconvenient. Recent developments in minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors have provided a more convenient alternative for people with diabetes to track their glucose levels 24/7. Despite this progress, many challenges remain to establish a noninvasive monitoring technique that works accurately and reliably in the wild. This review encompasses the current advancements in noninvasive glucose sensing technology in vivo, delves into the common challenges faced by these systems, and offers an insightful outlook on existing and future solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Colman Leung
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Gregory P. Forlenza
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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6
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Pors A, Rasmussen KG, Inglev R, Jendrike N, Philipps A, Ranjan AG, Vestergaard V, Henriksen JE, Nørgaard K, Freckmann G, Hepp KD, Gerstenberg MC, Weber A. Accurate Post-Calibration Predictions for Noninvasive Glucose Measurements in People Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1272-1279. [PMID: 36877178 PMCID: PMC10043934 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In diabetes prevention and care, invasiveness of glucose measurement impedes efficient therapy and hampers the identification of people at risk. Lack of calibration stability in non-invasive technology has confined the field to short-term proof of principle. Addressing this challenge, we demonstrate the first practical use of a Raman-based and portable non-invasive glucose monitoring device used for at least 15 days following calibration. In a home-based clinical study involving 160 subjects with diabetes, the largest of its kind to our knowledge, we find that the measurement accuracy is insensitive to age, sex, and skin color. A subset of subjects with type 2 diabetes highlights promising real-life results with 99.8% of measurements within A + B zones in the consensus error grid and a mean absolute relative difference of 14.3%. By overcoming the problem of calibration stability, we remove the lingering uncertainty about the practical use of non-invasive glucose monitoring, boding a new, non-invasive era in diabetes monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Pors
- RSP Systems, Sivlandvænget 27C, 5260 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Rune Inglev
- RSP Systems, Sivlandvænget 27C, 5260 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nina Jendrike
- Institute for Diabetes Technology at University of Ulm, Lise-Meitner-Straße 8/2, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ajenthen G Ranjan
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Vibe Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Kløvervænget 10, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan E Henriksen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Kløvervænget 10, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Nørgaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institute for Diabetes Technology at University of Ulm, Lise-Meitner-Straße 8/2, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl D Hepp
- University of Munich (emeritus), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anders Weber
- RSP Systems, Sivlandvænget 27C, 5260 Odense, Denmark
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7
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González-Viveros N, Castro-Ramos J, Gómez-Gil P, Cerecedo-Núñez HH, Gutiérrez-Delgado F, Torres-Rasgado E, Pérez-Fuentes R, Flores-Guerrero JL. Quantification of glycated hemoglobin and glucose in vivo using Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:3537-3549. [PMID: 36063232 PMCID: PMC9708775 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains a major public health concern. The global estimation of undiagnosed diabetes is about 46%, being this situation more critical in developing countries. Therefore, we proposed a non-invasive method to quantify glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glucose in vivo. We developed a technique based on Raman spectroscopy, RReliefF as a feature selection method, and regression based on feed-forward artificial neural networks (FFNN). The spectra were obtained from the forearm, wrist, and index finger of 46 individuals. The use of FFNN allowed us to achieve an error in the predictive model of 0.69% for HbA1c and 30.12 mg/dL for glucose. Patients were classified according to HbA1c values into three categories: healthy, prediabetes, and T2D. The proposed method obtained a specificity and sensitivity of 87.50% and 80.77%, respectively. This work demonstrates the benefit of using artificial neural networks and feature selection techniques to enhance Raman spectra processing to determine glycated hemoglobin and glucose in patients with undiagnosed T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naara González-Viveros
- Optics Coordination, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE), 72840, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jorge Castro-Ramos
- Optics Coordination, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE), 72840, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Pilar Gómez-Gil
- Computer Science Coordination, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE), 72840, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | | | - Enrique Torres-Rasgado
- Faculty of Medicine, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), 72589, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Fuentes
- Department of Chronic Disease Physiopathology, East Center of Biomedical Research, Mexican Social Security Institute (CIBIOR), 74360, Puebla, México
| | - Jose L Flores-Guerrero
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
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8
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Todaro B, Begarani F, Sartori F, Luin S. Is Raman the best strategy towards the development of non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring devices for diabetes management? Front Chem 2022; 10:994272. [PMID: 36226124 PMCID: PMC9548653 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.994272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has no well-established cure; thus, its management is critical for avoiding severe health complications involving multiple organs. This requires frequent glycaemia monitoring, and the gold standards for this are fingerstick tests. During the last decades, several blood-withdrawal-free platforms have been being studied to replace this test and to improve significantly the quality of life of people with diabetes (PWD). Devices estimating glycaemia level targeting blood or biofluids such as tears, saliva, breath and sweat, are gaining attention; however, most are not reliable, user-friendly and/or cheap. Given the complexity of the topic and the rise of diabetes, a careful analysis is essential to track scientific and industrial progresses in developing diabetes management systems. Here, we summarize the emerging blood glucose level (BGL) measurement methods and report some examples of devices which have been under development in the last decades, discussing the reasons for them not reaching the market or not being really non-invasive and continuous. After discussing more in depth the history of Raman spectroscopy-based researches and devices for BGL measurements, we will examine if this technique could have the potential for the development of a user-friendly, miniaturized, non-invasive and continuous blood glucose-monitoring device, which can operate reliably, without inter-patient variability, over sustained periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Todaro
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
- Correspondence: Biagio Todaro, ; Stefano Luin,
| | - Filippo Begarani
- P.B.L. SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
- Omnidermal Biomedics SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
| | - Federica Sartori
- P.B.L. SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
- Omnidermal Biomedics SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: Biagio Todaro, ; Stefano Luin,
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9
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Guevara E, Torres-Galván JC, González FJ, Luevano-Contreras C, Castillo-Martínez CC, Ramírez-Elías MG. Feasibility of Raman spectroscopy as a potential in vivo tool to screen for pre-diabetes and diabetes. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200055. [PMID: 35642099 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we investigated the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis method to noninvasively screen for prediabetes and diabetes in vivo. Raman measurements were performed on the skin from 56 patients with diabetes, 19 prediabetic patients and 32 healthy volunteers. These spectra were collected along with reference values provided by the standard glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) assay. A multiclass principal component analysis and support vector machine (PCA-SVM) model was created from the labeled Raman spectra and was validated through a two-layer cross-validation scheme. Classification accuracy of the model was 94.3% with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve AUC of 0.76 (0.65-0.84) for the prediabetic group, 0.86 (0.71-0.93) for the diabetic group and 0.97(0.93-0.99) for the control group. Our results suggest the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy for the classification of prediabetes and diabetes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Guevara
- CONACYT-Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Torres-Galván
- Terahertz Science and Technology Center (C2T2) and Science and Technology National Lab (LANCyTT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier González
- Terahertz Science and Technology Center (C2T2) and Science and Technology National Lab (LANCyTT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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10
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Indicator Minerals, Pathfinder Elements, and Portable Analytical Instruments in Mineral Exploration Studies. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the classic approach to mineral exploration studies was to bring the field samples/drill cores collected during field studies to the laboratory, followed by laborious analysis procedures to generate the analytical data. This is very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult for exploring vast areas. However, rapid technological advances in field-portable analytical instruments, such as portable visible and near-infrared spectrophotometers, gamma-ray spectrometer, pXRF, pXRD, pLIBS, and µRaman spectrometer, have changed this scenario completely and increased their on-site applications in mineral exploration studies. LED fluorimeter is a potential portable tool in the hydrogeochemical prospecting studies of uranium. These instruments are currently providing direct, rapid, on-site, real-time, non-destructive, cost-effective identification, and determination of target elements, indicator minerals and pathfinder elements in rock, ore, soil, sediment, and water samples. These portable analytical instruments are currently helping to obtain accurate chemical and mineralogical information directly in the field with minimal or no sample preparation and providing decision-making support during fieldwork, as well as during drilling operations in several successful mineral exploration programs. In this article, the developments in these portable devices, and their contributions in the platinum group elements (PGE), rare earth elements (REE), gold, base metals, and lithium exploration studies both on land and on the ocean bed, have been summarized with examples.
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11
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Pullano SA, Greco M, Bianco MG, Foti D, Brunetti A, Fiorillo AS. Glucose biosensors in clinical practice: principles, limits and perspectives of currently used devices. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:493-511. [PMID: 34976197 PMCID: PMC8692922 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand of glucose monitoring devices and even of updated guidelines for the management of diabetic patients is dramatically increasing due to the progressive rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the need to prevent its complications. Even though the introduction of the first glucose sensor occurred decades ago, important advances both from the technological and clinical point of view have contributed to a substantial improvement in quality healthcare. This review aims to bring together purely technological and clinical aspects of interest in the field of glucose devices by proposing a roadmap in glucose monitoring and management of patients with diabetes. Also, it prospects other biological fluids to be examined as further options in diabetes care, and suggests, throughout the technology innovation process, future directions to improve the follow-up, treatment, and clinical outcomes of patients.
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12
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El-Mashtoly SF, Gerwert K. Diagnostics and Therapy Assessment Using Label-Free Raman Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 94:120-142. [PMID: 34852454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir F El-Mashtoly
- Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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13
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Malena L, Fiser O, Stauffer PR, Drizdal T, Vrba J, Vrba D. Feasibility Evaluation of Metamaterial Microwave Sensors for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6871. [PMID: 34696084 PMCID: PMC8541128 DOI: 10.3390/s21206871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of microwave technology is currently under investigation for non-invasive estimation of glycemia in patients with diabetes. Due to their construction, metamaterial (MTM)-based sensors have the potential to provide higher sensitivity of the phase shift of the S21 parameter (∠S21) to changes in glucose concentration compared to standard microstrip transmission line (MSTL)-based sensors. In this study, a MSTL sensor and three MTM sensors with 5, 7, and 9 MTM unit cells are exposed to liquid phantoms with different dielectric properties mimicking a change in blood glucose concentration from 0 to 14 mmol/L. Numerical models were created for the individual experiments, and the calculated S-parameters show good agreement with experimental results, expressed by the maximum relative error of 8.89% and 0.96% at a frequency of 1.99 GHz for MSTL and MTM sensor with nine unit cells, respectively. MTM sensors with an increasing number of cells show higher sensitivity of 0.62° per mmol/L and unit cell to blood glucose concentration as measured by changes in ∠S21. In accordance with the numerical simulations, the MTM sensor with nine unit cells showed the highest sensitivity of the sensors proposed by us, with an average of 3.66° per mmol/L at a frequency of 1.99 GHz, compared to only 0.48° per mmol/L for the MSTL sensor. The multi-cell MTM sensor has the potential to proceed with evaluation of human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Malena
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (O.F.); (T.D.); (J.V.)
| | - Ondrej Fiser
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (O.F.); (T.D.); (J.V.)
| | - Paul R. Stauffer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Tomas Drizdal
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (O.F.); (T.D.); (J.V.)
| | - Jan Vrba
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (O.F.); (T.D.); (J.V.)
| | - David Vrba
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (O.F.); (T.D.); (J.V.)
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14
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A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206820. [PMID: 34696033 PMCID: PMC8537963 DOI: 10.3390/s21206820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. More than 690 million cases of diabetes are expected worldwide by 2045. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is essential to control the disease and avoid long-term complications. Diabetics suffer on a daily basis with the traditional glucose monitors currently in use, which are invasive, painful, and cost-intensive. Therefore, the demand for non-invasive, painless, economical, and reliable approaches to monitor glucose levels is increasing. Since the last decades, many glucose sensing technologies have been developed. Researchers and scientists have been working on the enhancement of these technologies to achieve better results. This paper provides an updated review of some of the pioneering non-invasive optical techniques for monitoring blood glucose levels that have been proposed in the last six years, including a summary of state-of-the-art error analysis and validation techniques.
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15
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Assessment of Skin Deep Layer Biochemical Profile Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is currently the most common type of cancer with millions of cases diagnosed worldwide yearly. The current gold standard for clinical diagnosis of skin cancer is an invasive and relatively time-consuming procedure, consisting of visual examination followed by biopsy collection and histopathological analysis. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to efficiently aid the non-invasive diagnosis of skin cancer when probing the surface of the skin. In this study, we employ a recent development of Raman spectroscopy (Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy, SORS) which is able to look deeper in tissue and create a deep layer biochemical profile of the skin in areas where cancer lesions subtly evolve. After optimizing the measurement parameters on skin tissue phantoms, we then adopted SORS on human skin tissue from different anatomical areas to investigate the contribution of the different skin layers to the recorded Raman signal. Our results show that using a diffuse beam with zero offset to probe a sampling volume where the lesion is typically included (surface to epidermis-dermis junction), provides the optimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and may be employed in future skin cancer screening applications.
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Fales AM, Ilev IK, Pfefer TJ. Evaluation of standardized performance test methods for biomedical Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 27:JBO-210201SSR. [PMID: 34713648 PMCID: PMC8551908 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.7.074705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a promising technique for a variety of biomedical applications. The unique ability to provide molecular specific information offers insight to the underlying biochemical changes that result in disease states such as cancer. However, one of the hurdles to successful clinical translation is a lack of international standards for calibration and performance assessment of modern Raman systems used to interrogate biological tissue. AIM To facilitate progress in the clinical translation of Raman-based devices and assist the scientific community in reaching a consensus regarding best practices for performance testing. APPROACH We reviewed the current literature and available standards documents to identify methods commonly used for bench testing of Raman devices (e.g., relative intensity correction, wavenumber calibration, noise, resolution, and sensitivity). Additionally, a novel 3D-printed turbid phantom was used to assess depth sensitivity. These approaches were implemented on three fiberoptic-probe-based Raman systems with different technical specifications. RESULTS While traditional approaches demonstrated fundamental differences due to detectors, spectrometers, and data processing routines, results from the turbid phantom illustrated the impact of illumination-collection geometry on measurement quality. CONCLUSIONS Specifications alone are necessary but not sufficient to predict in vivo performance, highlighting the need for phantom-based test methods in the standardized evaluation of Raman devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Fales
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Andrew M. Fales,
| | - Ilko K. Ilev
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
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17
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Utilizing pulse dynamics for non-invasive Raman spectroscopy of blood analytes. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113115. [PMID: 33677359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive measurement methods offer great benefits in the field of medical diagnostics with molecular-specific techniques such as Raman spectroscopy which is increasingly being used for quantitative measurements of tissue biochemistry in vivo. However, some important challenges still remain for label-free optical spectroscopy to be incorporated into the clinical laboratory for routine testing. In particular, non-analyte-specific variations in tissue properties introduce significant variability of the spectra, thereby preventing reliable calibration. For measurements of blood analytes such as glucose, we propose to decrease the interference from individual tissue characteristics by exploiting the known dynamics of the blood-tissue matrix. We reason that by leveraging the natural blood pulse rhythm, the signals from the blood analytes can be enhanced while those from the static components can be effectively suppressed. Here, time-resolved measurements with subsequent pulse frequency estimation and phase-sensitive detection are proposed to recover the Raman spectra correlated with the dynamic changes at blood-pulse frequency. Pilot in vivo study results are presented to establish the benefits as well as outline the challenges of the proposed method in terms of instrumentation and signal processing.
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18
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Dual-Retarder Mueller Polarimetry System for Extraction of Optical Properties of Serum Albumin Protein Media. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103442. [PMID: 34063354 PMCID: PMC8156731 DOI: 10.3390/s21103442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A dual liquid-crystal variable retarder Mueller polarimetry system incorporating a gold-based surface plasmon resonance prism coupler was proposed for extracting the optical properties of serum albumin protein media in the reflectance configuration. The feasibility of the proposed system was demonstrated by measuring the circular dichroism and circular birefringence properties of glucose tissue phantom solutions with different albumin concentrations. The results showed that the circular dichroism increased with albumin concentration, while the optical rotation angle increased with glucose concentration. Both properties reduced over time as a result of the protein glycation effect, which led to a gradual reduction in the glucose content of the sample.
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Enhancing the Accuracy of Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing in Aqueous Solutions Using Combined Millimeter Wave and Near Infrared Transmission. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093275. [PMID: 34068507 PMCID: PMC8125979 DOI: 10.3390/s21093275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported measurement results relating to non-invasive glucose sensing using a novel multiwavelength approach that combines radio frequency and near infrared signals in transmission through aqueous glucose-loaded solutions. Data were collected simultaneously in the 37–39 GHz and 900–1800 nm electromagnetic bands. We successfully detected changes in the glucose solutions with varying glucose concentrations between 80 and 5000 mg/dl. The measurements showed for the first time that, compared to single modality systems, greater accuracy on glucose level prediction can be achieved when combining transmission data from these distinct electromagnetic bands, boosted by machine learning algorithms.
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Freckmann G, Nichols JH, Hinzmann R, Klonoff DC, Ju Y, Diem P, Makris K, Slingerland RJ. Standardization process of continuous glucose monitoring: Traceability and performance. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 515:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Heise HM, Delbeck S, Marbach R. Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose Using Near-Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy of Skin-Constraints and Effective Novel Strategy in Multivariate Calibration. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11030064. [PMID: 33673679 PMCID: PMC7997402 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
For many years, successful noninvasive blood glucose monitoring assays have been announced, among which near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of skin is a promising analytical method. Owing to the tiny absorption bands of the glucose buried among a dominating variable spectral background, multivariate calibration is required to achieve applicability for blood glucose self-monitoring. The most useful spectral range with important analyte fingerprint signatures is the NIR spectral interval containing combination and overtone vibration band regions. A strategy called science-based calibration (SBC) has been developed that relies on a priori information of the glucose signal ("response spectrum") and the spectral noise, i.e., estimates of the variance of a sample population with negligible glucose dynamics. For the SBC method using transcutaneous reflection skin spectra, the response spectrum requires scaling due to the wavelength-dependent photon penetration depth, as obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of photon migration based on estimates of optical tissue constants. Results for tissue glucose concentrations are presented using lip NIR-spectra of a type-1 diabetic subject recorded under modified oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) conditions. The results from the SBC method are extremely promising, as statistical calibrations show limitations under the conditions of ill-posed equation systems as experienced for tissue measurements. The temporal profile differences between the glucose concentration in blood and skin tissue were discussed in detail but needed to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Michael Heise
- Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences, South-Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Frauenstuhlweg 31, 58644 Iserlohn, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-2371-566412
| | - Sven Delbeck
- Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences, South-Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Frauenstuhlweg 31, 58644 Iserlohn, Germany;
| | - Ralf Marbach
- CLAAS Selbstfahrende Erntemaschinen, Muehlenwinkel 1, 33428 Harsewinkel, Germany;
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22
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González-Viveros N, Gómez-Gil P, Castro-Ramos J, Cerecedo-Núñez HH. On the estimation of sugars concentrations using Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks. Food Chem 2021; 352:129375. [PMID: 33706138 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an analysis of the performance of Raman spectroscopy, combined with feed-forward neural networks (FFNN), for the estimation of concentration percentages of glucose, sucrose, and fructose in water solutions. Indeed, we analysed our method for the estimation of sucrose in three solid industrialized food products: donuts, cereal, and cookies. Concentrations were estimated in two ways: using a non-linear fitting system, and using a classifier. Our experiments showed that both the classifier and the fitting systems performed better than a Support Vector Machine (SVM), a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), a Linear Regression (LR), and interval Partial Least Squares (iPLS). The best-case obtained by an FFNN for water solutions was 93.33% of classification and 3.51% of Root Mean Square Error in Prediction (RMSEP), compared with 82.22% obtained by a LDA. Our proposed method got an RMSEP of 1% for the best-case obtained with the food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N González-Viveros
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Department of Optics, Mexico.
| | - P Gómez-Gil
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Department of Computer Science, Mexico.
| | - J Castro-Ramos
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Department of Optics, Mexico.
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Shokrekhodaei M, Cistola DP, Roberts RC, Quinones S. Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring Using Optical Sensor and Machine Learning Techniques for Diabetes Applications. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2021; 9:73029-73045. [PMID: 34336539 PMCID: PMC8321391 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3079182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major public health challenge affecting more than 451 million people. Physiological and experimental factors influence the accuracy of non-invasive glucose monitoring, and these need to be overcome before replacing the finger prick method. Also, the suitable employment of machine learning techniques can significantly improve the accuracy of glucose predictions. One aim of this study is to use light sources with multiple wavelengths to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of glucose detection in an aqueous solution. Multiple wavelength measurements have the potential to compensate for errors associated with inter- and intra-individual differences in blood and tissue components. In this study, the transmission measurements of a custom built optical sensor are examined using 18 different wavelengths between 410 and 940 nm. Results show a high correlation value (0.98) between glucose concentration and transmission intensity for four wavelengths (485, 645, 860 and 940 nm). Five machine learning methods are investigated for glucose predictions. When regression methods are used, 9% of glucose predictions fall outside the correct range (normal, hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic). The prediction accuracy is improved by applying classification methods on sets of data arranged into 21 classes. Data within each class corresponds to a discrete 10 mg/dL glucose range. Classification based models outperform regression, and among them, the support vector machine is the most successful with F1-score of 99%. Additionally, Clarke error grid shows that 99.75% of glucose readings fall within the clinically acceptable zones. This is an important step towards critical diagnosis during an emergency patient situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryamsadat Shokrekhodaei
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - David P. Cistola
- Center of Emphasis in Diabetes & Metabolism, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Robert C. Roberts
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Stella Quinones
- Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
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Molecular Imaging Using Raman Scattering. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Pleus S, Schauer S, Jendrike N, Zschornack E, Link M, Hepp KD, Haug C, Freckmann G. Proof of Concept for a New Raman-Based Prototype for Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:11-18. [PMID: 32783466 PMCID: PMC7783007 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820947112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) in diabetes is a long-sought-for technology. Among the many attempts Raman spectroscopy was considered as the most promising because of its glucose specificity. In this study, a recently developed prototype (GlucoBeam, RSP Systems A/S, Denmark) was tested in patients with type 1 diabetes to establish calibration models and to demonstrate proof of concept for this device in real use. METHODS The NIGM table-top prototype was used by 15 adult subjects with type 1 diabetes for up to 25 days at home and in an in-clinic setting. On each day, the subjects performed at least six measurement units throughout the day. Each measurement unit comprised two capillary blood glucose measurements, two scans with an intermittent scanning continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system, and two NIGM measurements using the thenar of the subject's right hand. RESULTS Calibration models were established using data from 19 to 24 days. The remaining 3-8 days were used for independent validation. The mean absolute relative difference of the NIGM prototype was 23.6% ± 13.1% for the outpatient days, 28.2% ± 9.9% for the in-clinic day, and 26.3% ± 10.8% for the complete study. Consensus error grid analysis of the NIGM prototype for the complete study showed 93.6% of values in clinically acceptable zones A and B. CONCLUSIONS This proof of concept study demonstrated a practical realization of a Raman-based NIGM device, with performance on par with early-generation CGM systems. The findings will assist in further performance improvements of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schauer
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Jendrike
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Zschornack
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuela Link
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl Dietrich Hepp
- Independent Scientific Advisor for RSP Systems A/S, RSP Systems A/S, Denmark
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Optical Waveguides and Integrated Optical Devices for Medical Diagnosis, Health Monitoring and Light Therapies. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143981. [PMID: 32709072 PMCID: PMC7411870 DOI: 10.3390/s20143981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguides and integrated optical devices are promising solutions for many applications, such as medical diagnosis, health monitoring and light therapies. Despite the many existing reviews focusing on the materials that these devices are made from, a systematic review that relates these devices to the various materials, fabrication processes, sensing methods and medical applications is still seldom seen. This work is intended to link these multidisciplinary fields, and to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances of these devices. Firstly, the optical and mechanical properties of optical waveguides based on glass, polymers and heterogeneous materials and fabricated via various processes are thoroughly discussed, together with their applications for medical purposes. Then, the fabrication processes and medical implementations of integrated passive and active optical devices with sensing modules are introduced, which can be used in many medical fields such as drug delivery and cardiovascular healthcare. Thirdly, wearable optical sensing devices based on light sensing methods such as colorimetry, fluorescence and luminescence are discussed. Additionally, the wearable optical devices for light therapies are introduced. The review concludes with a comprehensive summary of these optical devices, in terms of their forms, materials, light sources and applications.
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Moisoiu V, Badarinza M, Stefancu A, Iancu SD, Serban O, Leopold N, Fodor D. Combining surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of saliva and two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) of the parotid glands in the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 235:118267. [PMID: 32276224 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we combine the molecular structural information gained by SERS of saliva samples with the morphological data given by two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) (SuperSonic Imagine, Aixplorer) of parotid glands in the case of n = 31 patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) and n = 22 controls, with the aim to discriminate between the two groups. The overall classification accuracy yielded by a hybrid principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) model based on both SERS and elastography (81%) was superior to that yielded by SERS spectra alone (75%) and elastography data alone (71%). This preliminary study is the first report on the use of 2D-SWE of parotid glands for the diagnosis of SjS as well as the first to describe the diagnosis of SjS based on the SERS spectra of dried saliva samples, the results suggesting that the strategy of combining the two methods could improve the diagnosis of SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Moisoiu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Badarinza
- 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Stefancu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Romania; MEDFUTURE Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefania D Iancu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Serban
- 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Leopold
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Romania; MEDFUTURE Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Daniela Fodor
- 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Shokrekhodaei M, Quinones S. Review of Non-invasive Glucose Sensing Techniques: Optical, Electrical and Breath Acetone. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1251. [PMID: 32106464 PMCID: PMC7085605 DOI: 10.3390/s20051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Annual deaths in the U.S. attributed to diabetes are expected to increase from 280,210 in 2015 to 385,840 in 2030. The increase in the number of people affected by diabetes has made it one of the major public health challenges around the world. Better management of diabetes has the potential to decrease yearly medical costs and deaths associated with the disease. Non-invasive methods are in high demand to take the place of the traditional finger prick method as they can facilitate continuous glucose monitoring. Research groups have been trying for decades to develop functional commercial non-invasive glucose measurement devices. The challenges associated with non-invasive glucose monitoring are the many factors that contribute to inaccurate readings. We identify and address the experimental and physiological challenges and provide recommendations to pave the way for a systematic pathway to a solution. We have reviewed and categorized non-invasive glucose measurement methods based on: (1) the intrinsic properties of glucose, (2) blood/tissue properties and (3) breath acetone analysis. This approach highlights potential critical commonalities among the challenges that act as barriers to future progress. The focus here is on the pertinent physiological aspects, remaining challenges, recent advancements and the sensors that have reached acceptable clinical accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryamsadat Shokrekhodaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Stella Quinones
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
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Kang JW, Park YS, Chang H, Lee W, Singh SP, Choi W, Galindo LH, Dasari RR, Nam SH, Park J, So PTC. Direct observation of glucose fingerprint using in vivo Raman spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5206. [PMID: 32042901 PMCID: PMC6981082 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring has been a long-standing dream in diabetes management. The use of Raman spectroscopy, with its molecular specificity, has been investigated in this regard over the past decade. Previous studies reported on glucose sensing based on indirect evidence such as statistical correlation to the reference glucose concentration. However, these claims fail to demonstrate glucose Raman peaks, which has raised questions regarding the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy for glucose sensing. Here, we demonstrate the first direct observation of glucose Raman peaks from in vivo skin. The signal intensities varied proportional to the reference glucose concentrations in three live swine glucose clamping experiments. Tracking spectral intensity based on linearity enabled accurate prospective prediction in within-subject and intersubject models. Our direct demonstration of glucose signal may quiet the long debate about whether glucose Raman spectra can be measured in vivo in transcutaneous glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeon Woong Kang
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yun Sang Park
- Mobile Healthcare Laboratory, Device and System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Chang
- Mobile Healthcare Laboratory, Device and System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Lee
- Mobile Healthcare Laboratory, Device and System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wonjun Choi
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luis H. Galindo
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ramachandra R. Dasari
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sung Hyun Nam
- Mobile Healthcare Laboratory, Device and System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (S.H.N.); (P.T.C.S.)
| | - Jongae Park
- Mobile Healthcare Laboratory, Device and System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.H.N.); (P.T.C.S.)
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Li N, Zang H, Sun H, Jiao X, Wang K, Liu TCY, Meng Y. A Noninvasive Accurate Measurement of Blood Glucose Levels with Raman Spectroscopy of Blood in Microvessels. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081500. [PMID: 30999565 PMCID: PMC6514896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectra of human skin obtained by laser excitation have been used to non-invasively detect blood glucose. In previous reports, however, Raman spectra thus obtained were mainly derived from the epidermis and interstitial fluid as a result of the shallow penetration depth of lasers in skin. The physiological process by which glucose in microvessels penetrates into the interstitial fluid introduces a time delay, which inevitably introduces errors in transcutaneous measurements of blood glucose. We focused the laser directly on the microvessels in the superficial layer of the human nailfold, and acquired Raman spectra with multiple characteristic peaks of blood, which indicated that the spectra obtained predominantly originated from blood. Incorporating a multivariate approach combining principal component analysis (PCA) and back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN), we performed noninvasive blood glucose measurements on 12 randomly selected volunteers, respectively. The mean prediction performance of the 12 volunteers was obtained as an RMSEP of 0.45 mmol/L and R2 of 0.95. It was no time lag between the predicted blood glucose and the actual blood glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We also applied the procedure to data from all 12 volunteers regarded as one set, and the total predicted performance was obtained with an RMSEP of 0.27 mmol/L and an R2 of 0.98, which is better than that of the individual model for each volunteer. This suggested that anatomical differences between volunteer fingernails do not reduce the prediction accuracy and 100% of the predicted glucose concentrations fall within Region A and B of the Clarke error grid, allowing acceptable predictions in a clinically relevant range. The Raman spectroscopy detection of blood glucose from microvessels is of great significance of non-invasive blood glucose detection of Raman spectroscopy. This innovative method may also facilitate non-invasive detection of other blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Hang Zang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Huimin Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Xianzhi Jiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Kangkang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Yaoyong Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
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Kitazaki T, Kawashima N, Yamamoto N, Nomura H, Kang H, Nishiyama A, Wada K, Ishimaru I. Parametric standing wave generation of a shallow reflection plane in a nonrigid sample for use in a noninvasive blood glucose monitor. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-7. [PMID: 30851012 PMCID: PMC6975181 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When monitoring a moist sample using mid-infrared spectroscopy, its thickness must be <100 μm to avoid light absorption from the water. Therefore, we propose an ultrasonic-assisted mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging method that can generate a reflection plane at a depth of 100 μm from the surface of the sample by creating an ultrasonic standing wave. A frequency of 10 MHz is required to obtain an optical path length of 100 μm in biological samples. However, because biological samples generally have high compressibility, attenuation of ultrasonic waves at this frequency is significant. We use agar as a biological phantom and observe that a reflection plane is generated inside by ultrasonic standing waves using optical coherence tomography. It is found that when the sample is vibrated with an 800-kHz ultrasonic wave, a reflection plane is generated at a depth shallower than the theoretically predicted value. We believe that the reflection plane is generated by parametric standing waves, which are based on parametric effect. We detect the waveform distortion using an acoustic emission sensor and confirm the higher harmonics that generate the observed reflection plane using a fast Fourier transform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kitazaki
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kawashima
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nomura
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hanyue Kang
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Wada
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ishimaru
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
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Villena Gonzales W, Mobashsher AT, Abbosh A. The Progress of Glucose Monitoring-A Review of Invasive to Minimally and Non-Invasive Techniques, Devices and Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E800. [PMID: 30781431 PMCID: PMC6412701 DOI: 10.3390/s19040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current glucose monitoring methods for the ever-increasing number of diabetic people around the world are invasive, painful, time-consuming, and a constant burden for the household budget. The non-invasive glucose monitoring technology overcomes these limitations, for which this topic is significantly being researched and represents an exciting and highly sought after market for many companies. This review aims to offer an up-to-date report on the leading technologies for non-invasive (NI) and minimally-invasive (MI) glucose monitoring sensors, devices currently available in the market, regulatory framework for accuracy assessment, new approaches currently under study by representative groups and developers, and algorithm types for signal enhancement and value prediction. The review also discusses the future trend of glucose detection by analyzing the usage of the different bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. The review concludes that the adoption and use of new technologies for glucose detection is unavoidable and closer to become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Villena Gonzales
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Amin Abbosh
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Singh SP, Mukherjee S, Galindo LH, So PTC, Dasari RR, Khan UZ, Kannan R, Upendran A, Kang JW. Evaluation of accuracy dependence of Raman spectroscopic models on the ratio of calibration and validation points for non-invasive glucose sensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6469-6475. [PMID: 30046865 PMCID: PMC6128756 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical monitoring of blood glucose levels for non-invasive diagnosis is a growing area of research. Recent efforts in this direction have been inclined towards reducing the requirement of calibration framework. Here, we are presenting a systematic investigation on the influence of variation in the ratio of calibration and validation points on the prospective predictive accuracy of spectral models. A fiber-optic probe coupled Raman system has been employed for transcutaneous measurements. Limit of agreement analysis between serum and partial least square regression predicted spectroscopic glucose values has been performed for accurate comparison. Findings are suggestive of strong predictive accuracy of spectroscopic models without requiring substantive calibration measurements. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Singh
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Soumavo Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Luis H Galindo
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter T C So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ramachandra Rao Dasari
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Uzma Zubair Khan
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Raghuraman Kannan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Anandhi Upendran
- MU-institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences (MU-iCATS), School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Jeon Woong Kang
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Dubosson F, Ranvier JE, Bromuri S, Calbimonte JP, Ruiz J, Schumacher M. The open D1NAMO dataset: A multi-modal dataset for research on non-invasive type 1 diabetes management. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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