1
|
Starvaggi J, Previti S, Zappalà M, Ettari R. The Inhibition of NS2B/NS3 Protease: A New Therapeutic Opportunity to Treat Dengue and Zika Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4376. [PMID: 38673962 PMCID: PMC11050111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the global pandemic scenario, dengue and zika viruses (DENV and ZIKV, respectively), both mosquito-borne members of the flaviviridae family, represent a serious health problem, and considering the absence of specific antiviral drugs and available vaccines, there is a dire need to identify new targets to treat these types of viral infections. Within this drug discovery process, the protease NS2B/NS3 is considered the primary target for the development of novel anti-flavivirus drugs. The NS2B/NS3 is a serine protease that has a dual function both in the viral replication process and in the elusion of the innate immunity. To date, two main classes of NS2B/NS3 of DENV and ZIKV protease inhibitors have been discovered: those that bind to the orthosteric site and those that act at the allosteric site. Therefore, this perspective article aims to discuss the main features of the use of the most potent NS2B/NS3 inhibitors and their impact at the social level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (J.S.); (S.P.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Leo R, Cuffaro D, Rossello A, Nuti E. Bacterial Zinc Metalloenzyme Inhibitors: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114378. [PMID: 37298854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human deaths caused by Gram-negative bacteria keep rising due to the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon. Therefore, it is a priority to develop novel antibiotics with different mechanisms of action. Several bacterial zinc metalloenzymes are becoming attractive targets since they do not show any similarities with the human endogenous zinc-metalloproteinases. In the last decades, there has been an increasing interest from both industry and academia in developing new inhibitors against those enzymes involved in lipid A biosynthesis, and bacteria nutrition and sporulation, e.g., UDP-[3-O-(R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), thermolysin (TLN), and pseudolysin (PLN). Nevertheless, targeting these bacterial enzymes is harder than expected and the lack of good clinical candidates suggests that more effort is needed. This review gives an overview of bacterial zinc metalloenzyme inhibitors that have been synthesized so far, highlighting the structural features essential for inhibitory activity and the structure-activity relationships. Our discussion may stimulate and help further studies on bacterial zinc metalloenzyme inhibitors as possible novel antibacterial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Leo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Macaulay AD, Ortman CS, Moore KRJ, Baltz JM. Initial detachment of the mouse oocyte from the zona pellucida is mediated by metallopeptidase activity†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:81-97. [PMID: 36179245 PMCID: PMC9843679 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The fully grown mammalian oocyte is tightly attached to its extracellular matrix shell, the zona pellucida (ZP), but the oocyte detaches from the ZP shortly after ovulation is signaled. The mechanism by which the oocyte detaches from the ZP is unknown. Because ZP proteins are initially secreted as transmembrane proteins, we hypothesized that attachment of the oocyte to the ZP is mediated by transmembrane ZP proteins and that detachment occurs when these proteins are cleaved by peptidases. To identify potential candidates for the type of peptidase, we used mouse oocyte transcriptome data sets to identify candidate peptidases localized to the exterior of the oocyte. Screening with a set of small molecule inhibitors that broadly target the families of peptidases represented by the candidates, we found that only inhibitors of the M10 and M12 families of metallopeptidases prevented detachment. Using more selective inhibitors indicated that detachment was prevented by an inhibitor, GI254023X, developed to be selective for ADAM10 in the M12 family but not by those considered selective for the M10 family or for other M12 metallopeptidases expressed in oocytes. Using an antibody that binds to an epitope just distal to the likely cleavage site of murine ZP3 showed that this site was gradually lost from the oocyte surface during the period when detachment occurs and that inhibiting metallopeptidase activity prevented the loss of this epitope. Taken together, these results indicate that detachment of the oocyte from the ZP is mediated by a metallopeptidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chyna S Ortman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jay M Baltz
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mesa JM, Comini MA, Dibello E, Gamenara D. Organocatalytic synthesis and anti‐trypanosomal activity evaluation of L‐pentofuranose‐mimetic iminosugars. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Mesa
- Universidad de la Republica Uruguay Organic chemistry department Gral. Flores 2124 11800 Montevideo URUGUAY
| | - Marcelo Alberto Comini
- Institut Pasteur Montevideo Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes Mataojo 2020 11400 Montevideo URUGUAY
| | - Estefania Dibello
- Universidad de la República Uruguay Departamento de Química Orgánica Gral. Flores 21 24 11800 Montevideo URUGUAY
| | - Daniela Gamenara
- Universidad de la Republica Facultad de Quimica Organic Chemistry Department Gral. Flores 2124 11800 Montevideo URUGUAY
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahman F, Wushur I, Malla N, Åstrand OAH, Rongved P, Winberg JO, Sylte I. Zinc-Chelating Compounds as Inhibitors of Human and Bacterial Zinc Metalloproteases. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010056. [PMID: 35011288 PMCID: PMC8746695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of bacterial virulence is believed to be a new treatment option for bacterial infections. In the present study, we tested dipicolylamine (DPA), tripicolylamine (TPA), tris pyridine ethylene diamine (TPED), pyridine and thiophene derivatives as putative inhibitors of the bacterial virulence factors thermolysin (TLN), pseudolysin (PLN) and aureolysin (ALN) and the human zinc metalloproteases, matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and matrix metalloprotease-14 (MMP-14). These compounds have nitrogen or sulfur as putative donor atoms for zinc chelation. In general, the compounds showed stronger inhibition of MMP-14 and PLN than of the other enzymes, with Ki values in the lower μM range. Except for DPA, none of the compounds showed significantly stronger inhibition of the virulence factors than of the human zinc metalloproteases. TPA and Zn230 were the only compounds that inhibited all five zinc metalloproteinases with a Ki value in the lower μM range. The thiophene compounds gave weak or no inhibition. Docking indicated that some of the compounds coordinated zinc by one oxygen atom from a hydroxyl or carbonyl group, or by oxygen atoms both from a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group, and not by pyridine nitrogen as in DPA and TPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Rahman
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Imin Wushur
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Nabin Malla
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (O.A.H.Å.); (P.R.)
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (O.A.H.Å.); (P.R.)
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-7764-4705
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marufu L, Coetzer THT. Homology modelling of Trypanosoma brucei major surface proteases and molecular docking of variant surface glycoproteins and inhibitor ligands for drug design. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 111:108104. [PMID: 34920394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes, which cause animal African trypanosomiasis, escape host immune responses by renewing their variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat. Chemotherapy is currently the only form of external intervention available. However, the efficacy of current trypanocides is poor due to overuse leading to an increase in drug resistance. Major surface proteases (MSPs) of trypanosomes, which are zinc-dependent metalloproteases, are possible drug targets. A Trypanosoma brucei MSP-B (TbMSP-B) mediates parasite antigenic variation via cleavage of 60% of VSG molecules. Whilst TbMSP-A has no apparent role in VSG cleavage; it is not known if TbMSP-C is involved in VSG cleavage. In this study, three-dimensional structures of TbMSP-A, TbMSP-B and TbMSP-C were modelled. By comparing the docking poses of the C-terminal domains of VSG substrates into the models, TbMSP-C showed an affinity for similar VSG substrate sites as TbMSP-B, but these sites differed from those recognised by TbMSP-A. This observation suggests that TbMSP-C may be involved in VSG cleavage during antigenic variation. Furthermore, by docking small inhibitor ligands into the TbMSP-B and TbMSP-C homology models, followed by molecular dynamics simulations, ligands with potential anti-trypanosomal activity were identified. Docking studies also revealed the depth of the S1' pockets of TbMSP-B and TbMSP-C, which is influential in ligand and substrate binding, thereby identifying the protease subsite pocket that should be targeted in drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Marufu
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Theresa H T Coetzer
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahman F, Nguyen TM, Adekoya OA, Campestre C, Tortorella P, Sylte I, Winberg JO. Inhibition of bacterial and human zinc-metalloproteases by bisphosphonate- and catechol-containing compounds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:819-830. [PMID: 33757387 PMCID: PMC7993378 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1901088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds containg catechol or bisphosphonate were tested as inhibitors of the zinc metalloproteases, thermolysin (TLN), pseudolysin (PLN) and aureolysin (ALN) which are bacterial virulence factors, and the human matrix metalloproteases MMP-9 and -14. Inhibition of virulence is a putative strategy in the development of antibacterial drugs, but the inhibitors should not interfere with human enzymes. Docking indicated that the inhibitors bound MMP-9 and MMP-14 with the phenyl, biphenyl, chlorophenyl, nitrophenyl or methoxyphenyl ringsystem in the S1'-subpocket, while these ringsystems entered the S2'- or S1 -subpockets or a region involving amino acids in the S1'- and S2'-subpockets of the bacterial enzymes. An arginine conserved among the bacterial enzymes seemed to hinder entrance deeply into the S1'-subpocket. Only the bisphosphonate containing compound RC2 bound stronger to PLN and TLN than to MMP-9 and MMP-14. Docking indicated that the reason was that the conserved arginine (R203 in TLN and R198 in PLN) interacts with phosphate groups of RC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Rahman
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tra-Mi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cristina Campestre
- Department of Pharmacy, University of "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Department of Pharmacy, Science of Pharmacy, University "A. Moro" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cuffaro D, Nuti E, D’Andrea F, Rossello A. Developments in Carbohydrate-Based Metzincin Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110376. [PMID: 33182755 PMCID: PMC7696829 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and A disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAMs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases belonging to the metzincin superfamily. Upregulation of metzincin activity is a major feature in many serious pathologies such as cancer, inflammations, and infections. In the last decades, many classes of small molecules have been developed directed to inhibit these enzymes. The principal shortcomings that have hindered clinical development of metzincin inhibitors are low selectivity for the target enzyme, poor water solubility, and long-term toxicity. Over the last 15 years, a novel approach to improve solubility and bioavailability of metzincin inhibitors has been the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compounds. This strategy consists of linking a hydrophilic sugar moiety to an aromatic lipophilic scaffold. This review aims to describe the development of sugar-based and azasugar-based derivatives as metzincin inhibitors and their activity in several pathological models.
Collapse
|
9
|
Molecular Interactions Stabilizing the Promatrix Metalloprotease-9·Serglycin Heteromer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124205. [PMID: 32545641 PMCID: PMC7352350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that THP-1 cells produced an SDS-stable and reduction-sensitive complex between proMMP-9 and a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) core protein. The complex could be reconstituted in vitro using purified serglycin (SG) and proMMP-9 and contained no inter-disulfide bridges. It was suggested that the complex involved both the FnII module and HPX domain of proMMP-9. The aims of the present study were to resolve the interacting regions of the molecules that form the complex and the types of interactions involved. In order to study this, we expressed and purified full-length and deletion variants of proMMP-9, purified CSPG and SG, and performed in vitro reconstitution assays, peptide arrays, protein modelling, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. ProMMP-9 variants lacking both the FnII module and the HPX domain did not form the proMMP-9∙CSPG/SG complex. Deletion variants containing at least the FnII module or the HPX domain formed the proMMP-9∙CSPG/SG complex, as did the SG core protein without CS chains. The interacting parts covered large surface areas of both molecules and implicated dynamic and complementary ionic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bond interactions. Hence, no short single interacting linear motifs in the two macromolecules could explain the strong SDS-stable and reduction-sensitive binding.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ezawa T, Saito R, Suzuki S, Sugiyama S, Sylte I, Kurita N. Protonation states of central amino acids in a zinc metalloprotease complexed with inhibitor: Molecular mechanics optimizations and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Biophys Chem 2020; 261:106368. [PMID: 32272264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-metalloprotease pseudolysin (PLN) secreted from bacteria degrades extracellular proteins to produce bacterial nutrition. Since PLN has a Zn ion at the inhibitor-binding site, the interactions between Zn and PLN residues as well as inhibitor can be significantly changed depending on the protonation states of PLN residues at the inhibitor-binding site. To determine stable protonation states of these residues, we here considered different protonation states for Glu and His residues located around Zn and investigated the electronic states of the PLN + inhibitor complex, using ab initio molecular simulations. The protonation state of His223 was found to significantly affect the specific interactions between PLN and the inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ezawa
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Saito
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Shusuke Suzuki
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Noriyuki Kurita
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ezawa T, Sugiyama S, Ara A, Sylte I, Kurita N. Design of galardine analogs as putative psudolysin inhibitors based on ab initio fragment molecular orbital calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3307-3317. [PMID: 31422741 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1656672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudolysin (PLN) is a metalloproteinase secreted from bacteria that degrades extracellular proteins to produce bacterial nutrition. It is thus expected that inhibitors against PLN can suppress the growth of bacteria and their pandemic spread. In addition, since these inhibitors do not attack to bacteria directly, there is a reduced risk for producing drug-resistant bacteria. On the other hand, as PLN has large structural similarity in the active sites with human matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs), there is a possibility that the inhibitors for PLN also inhibit MMP activity, resulting in a loss of necessary nutrients to be produced by MMPs. Therefore, it is required the agents inhibiting the activity of only PLN not MMPs. In the present study, we employed a hydroxamate compound galardin, which has a significant inhibition effect against PLN and MMP, and investigated its specific interactions with PLN/MMP at atomic and electronic levels, by use of ab initio molecular simulations. Based on the results, we proposed several derivatives of galardin and elucidated which derivatives that can bind more strongly to PLN and be putative antimicrobial agents capable of inhibiting the PLN activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ezawa
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Ayami Ara
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Noriyuki Kurita
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Majerová T, Novotný P, Krýsová E, Konvalinka J. Exploiting the unique features of Zika and Dengue proteases for inhibitor design. Biochimie 2019; 166:132-141. [PMID: 31077760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika and Dengue viruses have attracted substantial attention from researchers in light of recent outbreaks of Dengue fever and increases in cases of congenital microcephaly in areas with Zika incidence. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about Zika and Dengue proteases. These enzymes have several interesting features: 1) NS3 serine protease requires the activating co-factor NS2B, which is anchored in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum; 2) NS2B displays extensive conformational dynamics; 3) NS3 is a multidomain protein with proteolytic, NTPase, RNA 5' triphosphatase and helicase activity and has many protein-protein interaction partners; 4) NS3 is autoproteolytically released from its precursor. Attempts to design tight-binding and specific active-site inhibitors are complicated by the facts that the substrate pocket of the NS2B-NS3 protease is flat and the active-site ligands are charged. The ionic character of potential active-site inhibitors negatively influences their cell permeability. Possibilities to block cis-autoprocessing of the protease precursor have recently been considered. Additionally, potential allosteric sites on NS2B-NS3 proteases have been identified and allosteric compounds have been designed to impair substrate binding and/or block the NS2B-NS3 interaction. Such compounds could be specific to viral proteases, without off-target effects on host serine proteases, and could have favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. This review discusses various groups of inhibitors of these proteases according to their mechanisms of action and chemical structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taťána Majerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novotný
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Krýsová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|