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Li L, Zheng ZZ, Jiang JJ, Chen JL, Jiang B, Li YW, Dai YL, Wang B. CTSD upregulation as a key driver of spinal ligament abnormalities in spinal stenosis. Bone 2024; 186:117174. [PMID: 38917962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Spinal stenosis (SS) is frequently caused by spinal ligament abnormalities, such as ossification and hypertrophy, which narrow the spinal canal and compress the spinal cord or nerve roots, leading to myelopathy or sciatic symptoms; however, the underlying pathological mechanism is poorly understood, hampering the development of effective nonsurgical treatments. Our study aims to investigate the role of co-expression hub genes in patients with spinal ligament ossification and hypertrophy. To achieve this, we conducted an integrated analysis by combining RNA-seq data of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and microarray profiles of hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (HLF), consistently pinpointing CTSD as an upregulated hub gene in both OPLL and HLF. Subsequent RT-qPCR and IHC assessments confirmed the heightened expression of CTSD in human OPLL, ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF), and HLF samples. We observed an increase in CTSD expression in human PLL and LF primary cells during osteogenic differentiation, as indicated by western blotting (WB). To assess CTSD's impact on osteogenic differentiation, we manipulated its expression levels in human PLL and LF primary cells using siRNAs and lentivirus, as demonstrated by WB, ALP staining, and ARS. Our findings showed that suppressing CTSD hindered the osteogenic differentiation potential of PLL and LF cells, while overexpressing CTSD activated osteogenic differentiation. These findings identify CTSD as a potential therapeutic target for treating spinal stenosis associated with spinal ligament abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Jiong Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Lin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Wei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Liang Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Digital Spine Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Yabe Y, Takemura T, Hattori S, Ishikawa K, Aizawa T. Comparative Gene-Expression Analysis of the Ligamentum Flavum of Patients with Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis: Comparison between the Dural and Dorsal Sides of the Thickened Ligamentum Flavum. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2024; 263:43-50. [PMID: 38355112 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2024.j015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Thickening of the ligamentum flavum is the main factor in the development of lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS). Although previous studies have reported factors related to ligamentum flavum thickening, its etiology has not been clarified. Furthermore, it is often difficult to set proper controls to investigate the pathologies of thickening due to differences in patient characteristics, such as age, sex, obesity, and comorbidities. This study aimed to elucidate the pathologies of ligamentum flavum thickening by comparing the dural and dorsal sides of the thickened ligamentum flavum in patients with LSCS. Ligamentum flavum samples were collected from 19 patients with LSCS. The samples were divided into the dural and dorsal sides. The dural side was used as a control to assess the pathologies occurring on the dorsal side. Elastic Masson staining was used to assess the elastic fibres. Gene expression levels were comprehensively assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and DNA microarray analyses. Gene ontology analysis was used to identify biological processes associated with differentially expressed genes. The elastic fibres were significantly decreased on the dorsal side of the thickened ligamentum flavum. Genes related to fibrosis, inflammation, tissue repair, remodeling, and chondrometaplasia, such as COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, TGFB1, VEGFA, TNFA, MMP2, COL10A1, and ADAMTS4, were highly expressed on the dorsal side of the thickened ligamentum flavum. The biological processes occurring on the dorsal side of the thickened ligamentum flavum were extracellular matrix organization, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix disassembly, and proteolysis.These are considered important pathologies of ligamentum flavum thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sendai Nishitaga Hospital
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Taro Takemura
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science
| | - Shinya Hattori
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science
| | - Keisuke Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toshimi Aizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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3
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Maeda K, Sugimoto K, Tasaki M, Taniwaki T, Arima T, Shibata Y, Tateyama M, Karasugi T, Sueyoshi T, Masuda T, Uehara Y, Tokunaga T, Hisanaga S, Yugami M, Yonemitsu R, Ideo K, Matsushita K, Fukuma Y, Uragami M, Kawakami J, Yoshimura N, Takata K, Shimada M, Tanimura S, Matsunaga H, Kai Y, Takata S, Kubo R, Tajiri R, Homma F, Tian X, Ueda M, Nakamura T, Miyamoto T. Transthyretin amyloid deposition in ligamentum flavum (LF) is significantly correlated with LF and epidural fat hypertrophy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20019. [PMID: 37973808 PMCID: PMC10654520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative disease characterized by intermittent claudication and numbness in the lower extremities. These symptoms are caused by the compression of nerve tissue in the lumbar spinal canal. Ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy and spinal epidural lipomatosis in the spinal canal are known to contribute to stenosis of the spinal canal: however, detailed mechanisms underlying LSS are still not fully understood. Here, we show that surgically harvested LFs from LSS patients exhibited significantly increased thickness when transthyretin (TTR), the protein responsible for amyloidosis, was deposited in LFs, compared to those without TTR deposition. Multiple regression analysis, which considered age and BMI, revealed a significant association between LF hypertrophy and TTR deposition in LFs. Moreover, TTR deposition in LF was also significantly correlated with epidural fat (EF) thickness based on multiple regression analyses. Mesenchymal cell differentiation into adipocytes was significantly stimulated by TTR in vitro. These results suggest that TTR deposition in LFs is significantly associated with increased LF hypertrophy and EF thickness, and that TTR promotes adipogenesis of mesenchymal cells. Therapeutic agents to prevent TTR deposition in tissues are currently available or under development, and targeting TTR could be a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit LSS development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Maeda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sugimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tasaki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuya Taniwaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuto Shibata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Tateyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Karasugi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takanao Sueyoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hisanaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaki Yugami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yonemitsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Ideo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsushita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaru Uragami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Junki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoto Yoshimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosei Takata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Tanimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsunaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Kai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shu Takata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kubo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Rui Tajiri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fuka Homma
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-Machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Xiao Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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Yoshihara T, Morimoto T, Hirata H, Murayama M, Nonaka T, Tsukamoto M, Toda Y, Kobayashi T, Izuhara K, Mawatari M. Mechanisms of tissue degeneration mediated by periostin in spinal degenerative diseases and their implications for pathology and diagnosis: a review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1276900. [PMID: 38020106 PMCID: PMC10645150 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1276900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periostin (POSTN) serves a dual role as both a matricellular protein and an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and is widely expressed in various tissues and cells. As an ECM protein, POSTN binds to integrin receptors, transduces signals to cells, enabling cell activation. POSTN has been linked with various diseases, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and the progression of multiple cancers. Recently, its association with orthopedic diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis resulting from cartilage destruction, degenerative diseases of the intervertebral disks, and ligament degenerative diseases, has also become apparent. Furthermore, POSTN has been shown to be a valuable biomarker for understanding the pathophysiology of orthopedic diseases. In addition to serum POSTN, synovial fluid POSTN in joints has been reported to be useful as a biomarker. Risk factors for spinal degenerative diseases include aging, mechanical stress, trauma, genetic predisposition, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, but the cause of spinal degenerative diseases (SDDs) remains unclear. Studies on the pathophysiological effects of POSTN may significantly contribute toward the diagnosis and treatment of spinal degenerative diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aim to examine the mechanisms of tissue degeneration caused by mechanical and inflammatory stresses in the bones, cartilage, intervertebral disks, and ligaments, which are crucial components of the spine, with a focus on POSTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Yoshihara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Morimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hirohito Hirata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Murayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nonaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yu Toda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mawatari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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5
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Alghamdi MA, AL-Eitan LN, Tarkhan AH. Integrative analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation to identify biomarkers of non-genital warts induced by low-risk human papillomaviruses infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16101. [PMID: 37215908 PMCID: PMC10196596 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomaviruses have been shown to dysregulate the gene expression and DNA methylation profiles of their host cells over the course of infection. However, there is a lack of information on the impact of low-risk HPV infection and wart formation on host cell's expression and methylation patterns. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the genome and methylome of common warts using an integrative approach. Methods In the present study, gene expression (GSE136347) and methylation (GSE213888) datasets of common warts were obtained from the GEO database. Identification of the differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was carried out using the RnBeads R package and the edgeR Bioconductor package. Next, functional annotation of the identified genes was obtained using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Network construction and analyses of the gene-gene, protein-protein, and signaling interactions of the differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was performed using the GeneMANIA web interface, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database, and the Signaling Network Open Resource 2.0 (SIGNOR 2.0), respectively. Lastly, significant hub genes were identified using the Cytoscape application CytoHubba. Results A total of 276 genes were identified as differentially expressed and differentially methylated in common warts, with 52% being upregulated and hypermethylated. Functional enrichment analysis identified extracellular components as the most enriched annotations, while network analyses identified ELN, ITGB1, TIMP1, MMP2, LGALS3, COL1A1 and ANPEP as significant hub genes. Conclusions To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first integrative study to be carried out on non-genital warts induced by low-risk HPV types. Future studies are required to re-validate the findings in larger populations using alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A. Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laith N. AL-Eitan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Amneh H. Tarkhan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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6
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Torun YM, Delen E, Doğanlar O, Doğanlar ZB, Delen Ö, Orakdöğen M. Effects of Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Discoidin Domain Receptors in Ligamentum Flavum Fibrosis in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Canal Stenosis. Asian Spine J 2023; 17:194-202. [PMID: 36163678 PMCID: PMC9977973 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2021.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study. PURPOSE This study aimed to clarify the role of crosstalk between discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the ligamentum flavum (LF) fibrosis obtained from patients with degenerative lumbar canal stenosis (DLCS). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE The DDRs, DDR1 and DDR2, are cell surface receptors and have an essential role in collagen fiber accumulation in several fibrotic diseases. MMPs are one of the critical factors in extracellular matrix remodeling and elastic fiber degradation in LF tissues. However, the crosstalk between DDRs and MMPs and the role of this molecular signal in LF fibrosis remain unclear. METHODS A total of 35 patients were divided into two groups in this study. Spinal surgery was performed in 23 of these patients with the diagnosis of DLCS. Twelve patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) were included in the control group. On axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, LF thickness was measured bilaterally at the level of the facet joint. Histology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot analyses were performed on LF tissue samples. LF tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In addition, the grade of fibrosis was histologically assessed using Masson trichrome triple staining. DDR1 and DDR2 Western blot analyses were performed. DDR1, DDR2, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 expression levels were measured using qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS The grade of fibrosis and LF thickness were significantly higher in the DLCS patients than in the LDH patients. DDR1 and DDR2 gene expression and protein levels in LF tissues are significantly greater in DLCS samples than in control samples, according to both qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. In addition, we detected a significant expression of the MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13, which are known to have important roles in extracellular matrix remodeling in DLCS. Furthermore, we discovered a link between DDR protein levels and LF thickness, fibrosis, and MMP3/MMP9. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that DDR1, DDR2, and MMP3 and MMP9 signals can be correlated with each other in LF tissues and be promoted LF fibrosis leading to spinal canal narrowing in patients with DLCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Mansur Torun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Emre Delen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Doğanlar
- Department of Medical Biology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Zeynep Banu Doğanlar
- Department of Medical Biology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Özlem Delen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
| | - Metin Orakdöğen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne,
Turkey
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Yabu A, Suzuki A, Hayashi K, Hori Y, Terai H, Orita K, Habibi H, Salimi H, Kono H, Toyoda H, Maeno T, Takahashi S, Tamai K, Ozaki T, Iwamae M, Ohyama S, Imai Y, Nakamura H. Periostin increased by mechanical stress upregulates interleukin-6 expression in the ligamentum flavum. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22726. [PMID: 36583686 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200917rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy is a major cause of lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Although mechanical stress is thought to be a major factor involved in LF hypertrophy, the exact mechanism by which it causes hypertrophy has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, changes in gene expression due to long-term mechanical stress were analyzed using RNA-seq in a rabbit LF hypertrophy model. In combination with previously reported analysis results, periostin was identified as a molecule whose expression fluctuates due to mechanical stress. The expression and function of periostin were further investigated using human LF tissues and primary LF cell cultures. Periostin was abundantly expressed in human hypertrophied LF tissues, and periostin gene expression was significantly correlated with LF thickness. In vitro, mechanical stress increased gene expressions of periostin, transforming growth factor-β1, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type 1 alpha 1, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LF cells. Periostin blockade suppressed the mechanical stress-induced gene expression of IL-6 while periostin treatment increased IL-6 gene expression. Our results suggest that periostin is upregulated by mechanical stress and promotes inflammation by upregulating IL-6 expression, which leads to LF degeneration and hypertrophy. Periostin may be a pivotal molecule for LF hypertrophy and a promising therapeutic target for lumbar spinal stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yabu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinobu Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City Juso Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetomi Terai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumi Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hasibullah Habibi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hamidullah Salimi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kono
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ishikiri Seiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Toyoda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ishikiri Seiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Tamai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ozaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ishikiri Seiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Iwamae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nishinomiya Watanabe Hospital, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Wang C, Wei Z, Yu T, Zhang L. Dysregulation of metalloproteinases in spinal ligament degeneration. Connect Tissue Res 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36600486 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2160327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Degenerative changes in the spinal ligaments, such as hypertrophy or ossification, are important pathophysiological mechanisms of secondary spinal stenosis and neurological compression. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is one of the major pathological changes in ligament degeneration, and in this remodeling, ECM proteinase-mediated degradation of elastin and collagen plays a vital role. Zinc-dependent endopeptidases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), and ADAMs with thrombospondin-1 motifs (ADAMTSs) are key factors in ECM remodeling. This review aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these metalloproteinases in the initiation and progression of spinal ligament degeneration. METHODS We clarify current literature on the dysregulation of MMPs/ADAMs/ADAMTS and their endogenous inhibitors in degenerative spinal ligament diseases. In addition, some instructive information was excavated from the raw data of the relevant high-throughput analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The dysregulation of metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors may affect ligament degeneration by involving several interrelated processes, represented by ECM degradation, fibroblast proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Antagonists of the key targets of the processes may in turn ease ligament degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziran Wei
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Lu QL, Zheng ZX, Ye YH, Lu JY, Zhong YQ, Sun C, Xiong CJ, Yang GX, Xu F. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor takes part in the lumbar ligamentum flavum hypertrophy. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:289. [PMID: 35904178 PMCID: PMC9366153 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to observe the content difference of macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF; novoprotein recombinant human MIF (n-6his) (ch33)], TGFβ1 and MMP13 in patients with and without ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy and investigate the roles of MIF in LF hypertrophy. The concentration of MIF, TGFβ1 and MMP13 in LF were detected by ELISA in a lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) group and a lumbar disc herniation (LDH) group. Culture of primary LFs and identification were performed for the subsequent study. Cell treatments and cell proliferation assay by CCK-8 was performed. Western blot and quantitative PCR analysis were used to detect the expression of TGFβ1, MMP13, type I collagen (COL-1) and type III collagen (COL-3) and Src which were promoted by MIF. The concentration of MIF, TGFβ1 and MMP13 were higher in the LSS group compared with the LDH group. Culture of primary LFs and identification were performed. Significant difference in LFs proliferation occurred with treatment by MIF at a concentration of 40 nM for 48 h (P<0.05). The gene and protein expression of TGFβ1, MMP13, COL-1, COL-3 and Src were promoted by MIF (P<0.05). Proliferation of LFs was induced by MIF and MIF-induced proliferation of LFs was inhibited by PP1 (a Src inhibitor). MIF may promote the proliferation of LFs through the Src kinase signaling pathway and can promote extracellular matrix changes by its pro-inflammatory effect. MIF and its mediated inflammatory reaction are driving factors of LF hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Zheng
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hui Ye
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Yun Lu
- Medical Laboratory, Hubei 672 Orthopedics Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhong
- Medical Laboratory, Hubei 672 Orthopedics Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Jie Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Gong-Xu Yang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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10
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Association of Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Progression-Comparative Microarray Gene Expression Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095038. [PMID: 35563428 PMCID: PMC9101523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the ligamentum flavum (LF) in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is not well understood. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated the degrees of LF hypertrophy in 18 patients without scoliosis and on the convex and concave sides of the apex of the curvature in 22 patients with AIS. Next, gene expression was compared among neutral vertebral LF and LF on the convex and concave sides of the apex of the curvature in patients with AIS. Histological and microarray analyses of the LF were compared among neutral vertebrae (control) and the LF on the apex of the curvatures. The mean area of LF in the without scoliosis, apical concave, and convex with scoliosis groups was 10.5, 13.5, and 20.3 mm2, respectively. There were significant differences among the three groups (p < 0.05). Histological analysis showed that the ratio of fibers (Collagen/Elastic) was significantly increased on the convex side compared to the concave side (p < 0.05). Microarray analysis showed that ERC2 and MAFB showed significantly increased gene expression on the convex side compared with those of the concave side and the neutral vertebral LF cells. These genes were significantly associated with increased expression of collagen by LF cells (p < 0.05). LF hypertrophy was identified in scoliosis patients, and the convex side was significantly more hypertrophic than that of the concave side. ERC2 and MAFB genes were associated with LF hypertrophy in patients with AIS. These phenomena are likely to be associated with the progression of scoliosis.
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11
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Boy E, Lelo A, Tarigan AP, Machrina Y, Yusni Y, Harahap J, Sembiring RJ, Syafril S, Rusip G, Freeman CA. Salat Dhuha Improves Haemodynamic: A Randomized Controlled Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hypertension increases with age, more than 1 in every two elderly have hypertension, dominated by women. The primary prevention of hypertension is a worldwide public health concern. Salat Dhuha is a moderate-intensity physical activity. Salat with a two-movement cycle (rakaat) demonstrated improved hemodynamic in adults.
AIM: Our study purpose was to asses the effects of 2 and 8 rakaats of Salat Dhuha in improving systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in healthy elderly women.
METHODS: Elderly women in the Senior Care Residence (aged 60–74 years) participated in a 6-week controlled study. We completed a formal physical, clinical, and blood assessments before admission. Participants with a history of hypertension were excluded from the study. The participants were randomized into 2 groups, i.e., “8 rakaats group” (n = 13) and “2 rakaats group” (n = 13) of Salat Dhuha. Two participants dropped out from the present study. At baseline and at the end of 6 weeks study period, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. All data obtained were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS: Both groups demonstrated the benefits of Salat Dhuha in improving hemodynamic parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate). However, the reduction of systolic blood pressure in the “2 rakaats group” (2.16 mmHg) was less than in the “8 rakaats group” (5.50 mmHg), the reduction of diastolic blood pressure in the “2 rakaats group” (0.75 mmHg) was less than the “8 rakaats group” (2.41 mmHg) and the reduction of heart rate in “2 rakaats group” (2.08 bpm) was less than the “8 rakaats group” (6.08 bpm). All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the Salat Dhuha has a significant potential in improving hemodynamic parameters for elderly women which the more frequent rakaat will give more benefit than less frequent rakaat.
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12
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Yamada T, Horikawa M, Sato T, Kahyo T, Takanashi Y, Ushirozako H, Kurosu K, Al Mamun M, Mihara Y, Oe S, Arima H, Banno T, Yosida G, Hasegawa T, Yamato Y, Matsuyama Y, Setou M. Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal canal stenosis is associated with abnormal accumulation of specific lipids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23515. [PMID: 34873238 PMCID: PMC8648848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy (HLF) is the most important component of lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS). Analysis of hypertrophied ligamentum flavum (HLF) samples from patients with LSCS can be an important que. The current study analyzed the surgical samples of HLF samples in patients with LCSC using quantitative and qualitative high performance-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. We collected ligamentum flavum (LF) tissue from twelve patients with LSCS and from four patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH). We defined LF from LSCS patients as HLF and that from LDH patients as non-hypertrophied ligamentum flavum (NHLF). Total lipids were extracted from the LF samples and evaluated for quantity and quality using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The total lipid amount of the HLF group was 3.6 times higher than that of the NHLF group. Phosphatidylcholines (PCs), ceramides (Cers), O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs), and triglycerides (TGs) in the HLF group were more than 32 times higher than those of the NHLF group. PC(26:0)+H+, PC(25:0)+H+, and PC(23:0)+H+ increased in all patients in the HLF group compared to the NHLF group. The thickness of the LF correlated significantly with PC(26:0)+H+ in HLF. We identified the enriched specific PCs, Cers, OAHFAs, and TGs in HLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Makoto Horikawa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-7763, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takanashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ushirozako
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenta Kurosu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Md Al Mamun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuki Mihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shin Oe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Banno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Go Yosida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yu Yamato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan. .,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan. .,Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
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13
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Reversal of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm following the delivery of nanoparticle-based pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is associated with reduced inflammatory and immune markers. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174487. [PMID: 34516951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a deadly disease in elderly population, is featured by expansion of aortic diameter, degradation and weakening of vasculature. Its common and significant characteristics are disarray and inflammation in vasculature. We tested the hypothesis that the reversal of abdominal aortic aneurysm by pentagalloyl glucose-loaded nanoparticles (PGG-NPs) therapy that targets degraded elastin suppresses inflammatory and immune markers to ameliorate the pathophysiology of the disease in advance stage aneurysm in a porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced mouse model of AAA. METHODS AND RESULTS After induction of aneurysm in pathogen-free C57BL/6 male mice by applying PPE peri-adventitially to the abdominal aorta, once a week for two doses of intravenous injections of pentagalloyl glucose-loaded nanoparticles (PGG-NPs) conjugated with elastin targeted antibody were used to reverse the aneurysms. We showed that PGG-NPs therapy could suppress infiltration of macrophages, CD8 and CD4 subsets of T cells, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-6 at the local and systemic level. Moreover, such PGG-NPs therapy increases the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-13, IL-27 and IL-10 at the local and systemic level. The therapy also led to remodeling of elastic lamina at the aneurysm site. CONCLUSION Nanoparticles-loaded pentagalloyl glucose therapy can be an effective treatment option against advanced stage aneurysms to reverse the disease by ameliorating inflammation and restoring arterial homeostasis.
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14
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Zhang B, Chen G, Yang X, Fan T, Chen X, Chen Z. Dysregulation of MicroRNAs in Hypertrophy and Ossification of Ligamentum Flavum: New Advances, Challenges, and Potential Directions. Front Genet 2021; 12:641575. [PMID: 33912216 PMCID: PMC8075056 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.641575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological changes in the ligamentum flavum (LF) can be defined as a process of chronic progressive aberrations in the nature and structure of ligamentous tissues characterized by increased thickness, reduced elasticity, local calcification, or aggravated ossification, which may cause severe myelopathy, radiculopathy, or both. Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum (HLF) and ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) are clinically common entities. Though accumulated evidence has indicated both genetic and environmental factors could contribute to the initiation and progression of HLF/OLF, the definite pathogenesis remains fully unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), one of the important epigenetic modifications, are short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate protein-coding gene expression at posttranscriptional level, which can disclose the mechanism underlying diseases, identify valuable biomarkers, and explore potential therapeutic targets. Considering that miRNAs play a central role in regulating gene expression, we summarized current studies from the point of view of miRNA-related molecular regulation networks in HLF/OLF. Exploratory studies revealed a variety of miRNA expression profiles and identified a battery of upregulated and downregulated miRNAs in OLF/HLF patients through microarray datasets or transcriptome sequencing. Experimental studies validated the roles of specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-132-3p, miR-199b-5p in OLF, miR-155, and miR-21 in HLF) in regulating fibrosis or osteogenesis differentiation of LF cells and related target genes or molecular signaling pathways. Finally, we discussed the perspectives and challenges of miRNA-based molecular mechanism, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets of HLF/OLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoliang Zhang
- Orthopaedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Orthopaedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- Orthopaedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Fan
- Orthopaedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Orthopaedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Chen
- Orthopaedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Abstract
Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (LF) is a major cause of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), and the pathology involves disruption of elastic fibers, fibrosis with increased cellularity and collagens, and/or calcification. Previous studies have implicated the increased expression of the proteoglycan family in hypertrophied LF. Furthermore, the gene expression profile in a rabbit experimental model of LF hypertrophy revealed that biglycan (BGN) is upregulated in hypertrophied LF by mechanical stress. However, the expression and function of BGN in human LF has not been well elucidated. To investigate the involvement of BGN in the pathomechanism of human ligamentum hypertrophy, first we confirmed increased expression of BGN by immunohistochemistry in the extracellular matrix of hypertrophied LF of LSS patients compared to LF without hypertrophy. Experiments using primary cell cultures revealed that BGN promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, BGN induces changes in cell morphology and promotes myofibroblastic differentiation and cell migration. These effects are observed for both cells from hypertrophied and non-hypertrophied LF. The present study revealed hyper-expression of BGN in hypertrophied LF and function of increased proteoglycan in LF cells. BGN may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of LF hypertrophy through cell proliferation, myofibroblastic differentiation, and cell migration.
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16
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Hwang SJ, Ha GH, Seo WY, Kim CK, Kim K, Lee SB. Human collagen alpha-2 type I stimulates collagen synthesis, wound healing, and elastin production in normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32843132 PMCID: PMC7607150 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging appears to be the result of overlapping intrinsic (including genetic and hormonal factors) and extrinsic (external environment including chronic light exposure, chemicals, and toxins) processes. These factors cause decreases in the synthesis of collagen type I and elastin in fibroblasts and increases in the melanin in melanocytes. Collagen Type I is the most abundant type of collagen and is a major structural protein in human body tissues. In previous studies, many products containing collagen derived from land and marine animals as well as other sources have been used for a wide range of purposes in cosmetics and food. However, to our knowledge, the effects of human collagen-derived peptides on improvements in skin condition have not been investigated. Here we isolate and identify the domain of a human COL1A2-derived protein which promotes fibroblast cell proliferation and collagen type I synthesis. This human COL 1A2-derived peptide enhances wound healing and elastin production. Finally, the human collagen alpha-2 type I-derived peptide (SMM) ameliorates collagen type I synthesis, cell proliferation, cell migration, and elastin synthesis, supporting a significant anti-wrinkle effect. Collectively, these results demonstrate that human collagen alpha-2 type I-derived peptides is practically accessible in both cosmetics and food, with the goal of improving skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chung Kwon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sang Bae Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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17
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Lin CL, Kuo YT, Tsao CH, Shyong YJ, Shih SH, Tu TY. Development of an In Vitro 3D Model for Investigating Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:20. [PMID: 32884451 PMCID: PMC7460798 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy (LFH) is among the most crucial factors in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis, which can cause back pain, lower extremity pain, cauda equina syndrome and neurogenic claudication. The exact pathogenesis of LFH remains elusive despite extensive research. Most in vitro studies investigating LFH have been carried out using conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, which do not resemble in vivo conditions, as they lack crucial pathophysiological factors found in three-dimensional (3D) LFH tissue, such as enhanced cell proliferation and cell cluster formation. In this study, we generated ligamentum flavum (LF) clusters using spheroid cultures derived from primary LFH tissue. Results The cultured LF spheroids exhibited good viability and growth on an ultra-low attachment 96-well plate (ULA 96-plate) platform according to live/dead staining. Our results showed that the 100-cell culture continued to grow in size, while the 1000-cell culture maintained its size, and the 5000-cell culture exhibited a decreasing trend in size as the culture time increased; long-term culture was validated for at least 28 days. The LF spheroids also maintained the extracellular matrix (ECM) phenotype, i.e., fibronectin, elastin, and collagen I and III. The 2D culture and 3D culture were further compared by cell cycle and Western blot analyses. Finally, we utilized hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to demonstrate that the 3D spheroids resembled part of the cell arrangement in LF hypertrophic tissue. Conclusions The developed LF spheroid model has great potential, as it provides a stable culture platform in a 3D model that can further improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of LFH and has applications in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Li Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Skeleton Materials and Bio-compatibility Core Lab, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Medical Device Innovation Center (MDIC), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Che-Hao Tsao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jye Shyong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsien Shih
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Tu
- Medical Device Innovation Center (MDIC), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
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18
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Sun C, Zhang H, Wang X, Liu X. Ligamentum flavum fibrosis and hypertrophy: Molecular pathways, cellular mechanisms, and future directions. FASEB J 2020; 34:9854-9868. [PMID: 32608536 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000635r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum (LF), along with disk protrusion and facet joints degeneration, is associated with the development of lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS). Of note, LF hypertrophy is deemed as an important cause of LSCS. Histologically, fibrosis is proved to be the main pathology of LF hypertrophy. Despite the numerous studies explored the mechanisms of LF fibrosis at the molecular and cellular levels, the exact mechanism remains unknown. It is suggested that pathophysiologic stimuli such as mechanical stress, aging, obesity, and some diseases are the causative factors. Then, many cytokines and growth factors secreted by LF cells and its surrounding tissues play different roles in activating the fibrotic response. Here, we summarize the current status of detailed knowledge available regarding the causative factors, pathology, molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in LF fibrosis and hypertrophy, also focusing on the possible avenues for anti-fibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Hardy E, Fernandez-Patron C. Destroy to Rebuild: The Connection Between Bone Tissue Remodeling and Matrix Metalloproteinases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32116759 PMCID: PMC7013034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that undergoes constant remodeling, an energetically costly process by which old bone is replaced and localized bone defects are repaired to renew the skeleton over time, thereby maintaining skeletal health. This review provides a general overview of bone’s main players (bone lining cells, osteocytes, osteoclasts, reversal cells, and osteoblasts) that participate in bone remodeling. Placing emphasis on the family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we describe how: (i) Convergence of multiple protease families (including MMPs and cysteine proteinases) ensures complexity and robustness of the bone remodeling process, (ii) Enzymatic activity of MMPs affects bone physiology at the molecular and cellular levels and (iii) Either overexpression or deficiency/insufficiency of individual MMPs impairs healthy bone remodeling and systemic metabolism. Today, it is generally accepted that proteolytic activity is required for the degradation of bone tissue in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. However, it is increasingly evident that inactivating mutations in MMP genes can also lead to bone pathology including osteolysis and metabolic abnormalities such as delayed growth. We argue that there remains a need to rethink the role played by proteases in bone physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Park KM, Lee HJ, Koo KT, Ben Amara H, Leesungbok R, Noh K, Lee SC, Lee SW. Oral Soft Tissue Regeneration Using Nano Controlled System Inducing Sequential Release of Trichloroacetic Acid and Epidermal Growth Factor. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:91-103. [PMID: 31970697 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of nano controlled sequential release of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the oral soft tissue regeneration was determined. METHODS Hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan (HGC) nano controlled system was developed for the sequential release of TCA and EGF, and the release pattern was identified. The HGC-based nano controlled release system was injected into the critical-sized defects created in beagles' palatal soft tissues. The palatal impression and its scanned body was obtained on various time points post-injection, and the volumetric amount of soft tissue regeneration was compared among the three groups: CON (natural regeneration control group), EXP1 (TCA-loaded nano controlled release system group), EXP2 (TCA and EGF individually loaded nano controlled release system). DNA microarray analysis was performed and various soft tissue regeneration parameters in histopathological specimens were measured. RESULTS TCA release was highest at Day 1 whereas EGF release was highest at Day 2 and remained high until Day 3. In the volumetric measurements of impression body scans, no significant difference in soft tissue regeneration between the three groups was shown in two-way ANOVA. However, in the one-way ANOVA at Day 14, EXP2 showed a significant increase in soft tissue regeneration compared to CON. High correlation was determined between the histopathological results of each group. DNA microarray showed up-regulation of various genes and related cell signaling pathways in EXP2 compared to CON. CONCLUSION HGC-based nano controlled release system for sequential release of TCA and EGF can promote regeneration of oral soft tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Man Park
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jae Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Koo
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute Translational Research Laboratory for Tissue Engineering (TTE), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Heithem Ben Amara
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute Translational Research Laboratory for Tissue Engineering (TTE), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard Leesungbok
- Department of Biomaterials and Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwantae Noh
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheon Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suk Won Lee
- Department of Biomaterials and Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea.
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Indirect Decompression on MRI Chronologically Progresses After Immediate Postlateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: The Results From a Minimum of 2 Years Follow-Up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:E1411-E1418. [PMID: 31365515 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MINI: On magnetic resonance imaging, indirect decompression using lateral lumbar interbody fusion and posterior fixation was confirmed immediately after surgery and also continuously progressed after surgery, particularly during the first 6 months. Thecal sac enlargement was also confirmed, and is suspected to be caused by the atrophy of the ligamentum flavum and the disc. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate radiographical changes related to indirect decompression using lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) with posterior fixation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Indirect lumbar decompression via LLIF is used to treat degenerative lumbar diseases requiring neural decompression. Although evidence suggests that thecal sac enlargement follows shortly after surgery, few studies have described the postoperative changes on MRIs. METHODS This study involved 102 patients who underwent indirect decompression at 136 levels, with LLIF and posterior fixation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) were collected preoperatively and several times postoperatively (over a 2-year period starting immediately after surgery). We then quantified the cross-sectional areas of the thecal sac and ligamentum flavum, as well as the anteroposterior diameter of disc bulging, and qualitatively assessed lumbar spinal stenosis according to a modified version of Schizas' classification [Grades A (mild) to C (severe)]. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) was used for the assessment of the clinical symptoms. RESULTS All changes were observable immediately after surgery, progressed over time, and were significantly different statistically at 2 years after surgery. The thecal sac was significantly larger (189% of preoperative; P < 0.0001), while the ligamentum flavum and disc bulge were significantly smaller [58.9% and 67.3% of preoperative (P < 0.001), respectively]. The number of patients with grade C (severe) lumbar stenosis also dropped significantly (preoperative, 17.6%; 2 years postoperative, 0%). There were no significant differences in JOABPEQ results at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postsurgery. CONCLUSION Indirect decompression produces immediate positive results that continue to improve over time. The cross-sectional area of the thecal sac doubled by 2 years after surgery, and the ligamentum flavum cross-sectional area and disc bulging both shrank significantly. At the same time, however, postoperative radiographical improvements do not appear to correlate with clinical symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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