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Rose SE, Barlow CM. The impact of relative age effects on psychosocial development: A systematic review. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 94:248-281. [PMID: 37592447 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the same school class, it is usual to find children who differ in age by almost a full calendar year. Although associations between being relatively young and poor academic outcomes are well documented, and relatively consistent, the associations between being relatively young and psychosocial outcomes are less clearly documented. AIMS To review research which presents data relating to associations between a child's relative age and their psychosocial development. METHODS A systematic review was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Fifty-nine papers met the inclusion criteria. The outcomes of the narrative synthesis and three meta-analyses found consistent, but very small, associations with relative age indicating that those who are relatively young are more likely to have more negative behaviour, mental well-being, and social experiences. CONCLUSIONS Although being relatively young is associated with more negative psychosocial outcomes, the magnitude of these associations is consistently small. Furthermore, many of the outcome measures used are likely to be the result of multiple influences, not limited to the effects of relative age. Therefore, the findings are reassuring as they suggest that relative age itself is unlikely to substantially increase an individual's risk of poor psychosocial development.
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Arrhenius B, Gyllenberg D, Vuori M, Tiiri E, Lempinen L, Sourander A. Relative age and specific learning disorder diagnoses: A Finnish population-based cohort study. JCPP ADVANCES 2021; 1:e12001. [PMID: 37431502 PMCID: PMC10242877 DOI: 10.1111/jcv2.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Being among the youngest in class has previously been associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and academic disadvantage, but the relative age effect on learning disorders is less well understood. This study examined whether relatively young children are more likely to be diagnosed with specific learning disorders than their older peers. Methods The setting included all 388,650 children born singleton in Finland from 1996 to 2002. Cases diagnosed with specific learning disorders in specialized health care by the age of 10 were identified from national registers. Cumulative incidences of specific learning disorders and the corresponding incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each birth month compared to January. Results During follow-up, 3162 (0.8% of 388,650) children were diagnosed with a specific learning disorder. Children born in December displayed higher cumulative incidences for specific learning disorders than children born in January (IRR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.50-2.11). The findings were similar for girls (IRR: 2.01, 1.44-2.83) and boys (IRR: 1.70, 1.39-2.08). ADHD did not explain the association, as the IRR for the youngest children with specific learning disorders and ADHD was 1.59 (1.13-2.26) compared to those without ADHD (IRR: 1.84, 1.51-2.24). Conclusions Relatively younger children in Finnish schools were more likely to be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder by the age of 10. Increased awareness of how relative age differences affect the likelihood for children to be diagnosed with specific learning disorders is needed among parents, clinicians, and teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Arrhenius
- Department of Child PsychiatryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- INVEST Research FlagshipUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Child and Youth Health ServicesCity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - David Gyllenberg
- Department of Child PsychiatryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- INVEST Research FlagshipUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Children, Adolescents and Families UnitFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Adolescent PsychiatryHelsinki University Central HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Miika Vuori
- Department of Teacher EducationTurku Institute for Advanced StudiesUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Elina Tiiri
- Department of Child PsychiatryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- INVEST Research FlagshipUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Child PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Lotta Lempinen
- Department of Child PsychiatryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- INVEST Research FlagshipUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child PsychiatryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- INVEST Research FlagshipUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Child PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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Navarro-Patón R, Arufe-Giráldez V, Sanmiguel-Rodríguez A, Mecías-Calvo M. Differences on Motor Competence in 4-Year-Old Boys and Girls Regarding the Quarter of Birth: Is There a Relative Age Effect? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:141. [PMID: 33668429 PMCID: PMC7917671 DOI: 10.3390/children8020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences on motor competence between boys and girls aged 4 years old and investigate the existence of Relative Age Effect on their motor competence. In total, 132 preschool children were evaluated, of whom 60 (45.50%) were girls and 72 (54.5%) were boys. The distribution of the participants was from quarter 1 [n = 28 (21.2%)], quarter 2 [n = 52 (39.4%)], quarter 3 [n = 24 (18.2%)], and quarter 4 [(n = 28 (21.2%)], respectively. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect the data. The data show the main effects on quarter of birth factor in manual dexterity (MD; p < 0.001), in aiming and catching (A&C; p < 0.001), in balance (Bal; p < 0.001) and in total test score (TTS; p < 0.001). There are also statistical differences on gender factor in MD (p < 0.001) and in TTS (p = 0.031). A significant effect was also found in the interaction between two factors (gender and quarter of birth) in MD (p < 0.001), A&C (p < 0.001), and Bal (p < 0.001). There are differences in all the variables studied according to the quarter of birth and only in manual dexterity and in the total score if compared according to gender (the scores are higher in girls).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Navarro-Patón
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Víctor Arufe-Giráldez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Camilo José Cela, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Industrial de Cantabria (CITICAN), 39011 Santander, Spain
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Navarro-Patón R, Mecías-Calvo M, Rodríguez Fernández JE, Arufe-Giráldez V. Relative Age Effect on Motor Competence in Children Aged 4-5 Years. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8020115. [PMID: 33561982 PMCID: PMC7914921 DOI: 10.3390/children8020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a Relative Age Effect (RAE) exists in motor competence of preschool children. The hypothesis was that motor competence, assessed by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), would be higher in preschool children born in the first quarter of the year compared to those who were born in the last quarter of the same year. A total of 360 preschool children were evaluated of whom 208 (57.8%) were boys and 152 (42.8%) were girls, with a mean age of 4.52 years old (± 0.50). The distribution of the participants was 172 children aged 4 years old and 188 aged 5 years old. The data showed a main effect on the age factor in the total score of aiming and catching (p < 0.001) and in the total test score (p < 0.001), in the quarter of birth factor in all the dimensions studied (i.e., total score of manual dexterity (p < 0.001); total score of aiming and catching (p = 0.001); total score of balance (p < 0.001); total test score (p < 0.001)) and in the interaction between both factors (i.e., total score of manual dexterity (p = 0.005); total score of aiming and catching (p = 0.002); total score of balance (p < 0.001); total test score (p < 0.001)). Age and quarter of birth produce a RAE in 4 and 5-year-old preschool children’s motor competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Navarro-Patón
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Industrial de Cantabria (CITICAN), 39011 Santander, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-942-244-244
| | | | - Víctor Arufe-Giráldez
- Facultad de Ciencicias de la Educación, Universidad de A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain;
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Cupeiro R, Rojo-Tirado MA, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Artero EG, Peinado AB, Labayen I, Dorado C, Arias-Palencia NM, Moliner-Urdiales D, Vidal-Conti J, Conde-Caveda J, Mora-Gonzalez J, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Benito PJ. The relative age effect on physical fitness in preschool children. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1506-1515. [PMID: 32308131 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1746559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the existence of a relative age effect (RAE) on physical fitness of preschoolers. Anthropometry and physical fitness were assessed in 3147 children (3-5 years old) using the PREFIT battery. Based on the birth year, participants were divided into 3year groups (3-, 4- and 5-years). Within each year group, 4quarter groups were created: quarter 1, preschoolers born from January to March; quarter 2, from April to June; quarter 3, from July to September; quarter 4, from October to December. The MANCOVA analysis revealed a main effect of year group (Wilks' λ = 0.383; F10,5996 = 369.64; p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.381) and of quarter (Wilks' λ = 0.874; F15,8276.6 = 27.67; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.044) over the whole battery of tests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the existence of RAE at the preschool stage. In general, performance improved as the relative age increased (i.e., those born in quarter 1 performed better than those in the other quarters). Individualization strategies should be addressed within the same academic year not only in elementary or secondary years but also in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- PROFITH "Promoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (Imuds), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain.,Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique G Artero
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería , Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería , Almería, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria , Canary Islands, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) , University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Canary Island, Spain
| | - Natalia M Arias-Palencia
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad De Castilla- La Mancha , Cuenca, Spain.,School of Education, Universidad De Castilla- La Mancha , Cuenca, Spain
| | - Diego Moliner-Urdiales
- LIFE Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Jaume I , Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal-Conti
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Research Group, Universitat De Les Illes Balears , Palma, Spain
| | - Julio Conde-Caveda
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz , Puerto Real, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (Inibica), Research Unit , Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- PROFITH "Promoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (Imuds), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain.,College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón -IA2- (Cita-universidad De Zaragoza), Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD, Huesca, Spain), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro J Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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Saavedra-García M, Matabuena M, Montero-Seoane A, Fernández-Romero JJ. A new approach to study the relative age effect with the use of additive logistic regression models: A case of study of FIFA football tournaments (1908-2012). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219757. [PMID: 31310610 PMCID: PMC6634404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative age effect plays an important role in the pursuit of excellence, providing advantage to athletes born at the beginning of the year or near the cut-off date. This phenomenon has been observed in areas such as sports, education or business. Traditionally, the chi-square test has been used to analyze whether there are statistically significant differences in the distribution of births in each of the four quarters of the year. However, this approach is limited, focusing only on the analysis of the response variable, without taking into account the effect of a set of predictive variables. In this paper a new approach is proposed to study the relative age effect with the use of a logistic regression additive model. The new method has been evaluated with a sample of 21,639 players involved in football tournaments organized by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) between 1908 and 2012. New conclusions have been established that the relative age effect exists regarding player age and the year of the competition in male FIFA competitions and its effect is dynamic and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Saavedra-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias del Deporte (INCIDE). Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marcos Matabuena
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías da Información (CiTIUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Montero-Seoane
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias del Deporte (INCIDE). Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan J Fernández-Romero
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias del Deporte (INCIDE). Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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