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Ramos-Campo DJ, Benito-Peinado PJ, Andreu-Caravaca L, Rojo-Tirado MA, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Efficacy of Split Versus Full-Body Resistance Training on Strength and Muscle Growth: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00433. [PMID: 38595233 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramos-Campo, DJ, Benito-Peinado, PJ, Caravaca, LA, Rojo-Tirado, MA, and Rubio-Arias, JÁ. Efficacy of split versus full-body resistance training on strength and muscle growth: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-No previous study has systematically compared the effect of 2 resistance training routines commonly used to increase muscle mass and strength (i.e., split [Sp] and full-body [FB] routines). Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines to compare the effects on strength gains and muscle growth in healthy adults. 14 studies (392 subjects) that compared Sp and FB routines in terms of strength adaptations and muscle growth were included. Regarding the effects of the Sp or FB routine on both bench press and lower limbs strength, the magnitude of the change produced by both routines was similar (bench press: mean difference [MD] = 1.19; [-1.28, 3.65]; p = 0.34; k = 14; lower limb: MD = 2.47; [-2.11, 7.05]; p = 0.29; k = 14). Concerning the effect of the Sp vs. FB routine on muscle growth, similar effects were observed after both routines in the cross-sectional area of the elbow extensors (MD = 0.30; [-2.65, 3.24]; p = 0.84; k = 4), elbow flexors (MD = 0.17; [-2.54, 2.88]; p = 0.91; k = 5), vastus lateralis (MD = -0.08; [-1.82, 1.66]; p = 0.93; k = 5), or lean body mass (MD = -0.07; [-1.59, 1.44]; p = 0.92; k = 6). In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analysis provides solid evidence that the use of Sp or FB routines within a resistance training program does not significantly impact either strength gains or muscle hypertrophy when volume is equated. Consequently, individuals are free to confidently select a resistance training routine based on their personal preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Benito-Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Andreu-Caravaca
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte. UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Health Research Center, Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Benito PJ, Gutiérrez Á, Rojo-Tirado MA. The real bacterial filtration efficiency to evaluate the effective protection of facemasks used for the prevention of respiratory diseases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8997. [PMID: 37277420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The real protection offered by facemasks to control the transmission of respiratory viruses is still undetermined. Most of the manufacturing regulations, as well as scientific studies, have focused on studying the filtration capacity of the fabrics from which they are made, ignoring the air that escapes through the facial misalignments, and which depends on the respiratory frequencies and volumes. The objective of this work was to define a Real Bacterial Filtration Efficiency for each type of facemask, considering the bacterial filtration efficiency of the manufacturers and the air that passes through them. Nine different facemasks were tested on a mannequin with three gas analyzers (measuring inlet, outlet, and leak volumes) inside a polymethylmethacrylate box. In addition, the differential pressure was measured to determine the resistance offered by the facemasks during the inhalation and exhalation processes. Air was introduced with a manual syringe for 180 s simulating inhalations and exhalations at rest, light, moderate and vigorous activities (10, 60, 80 and 120 L/min, respectively). Statistical analysis showed that practically half of the air entering to the system is not filtered by the facemasks in all intensities (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.971). They also showed that the hygienic facemasks filter more than 70% of the air, and their filtration does not depend on the simulated intensity, while the rest of the facemasks show an evidently different response, influenced by the amount of air mobilized. Therefore, the Real Bacterial Filtration Efficiency can be calculated as a modulation of the Bacterial Filtration Efficiencies that depends on the type of facemask. The real filtration capacity of the facemasks has been overestimated during last years since the filtration of the fabrics is not the real filtration when the facemask is worn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez
- ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Benito PJ, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Rael B, Castro EA, Romero-Parra N, Rojo-Tirado MA, Peinado AB. Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase on the Recovery Process of High-Intensity Interval Exercise-A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3266. [PMID: 36833959 PMCID: PMC9959793 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the study of the menstrual cycle influence on endurance exercise has recently increased, there is a lack of literature studying its influence on females' cardiorespiratory recovery. Thus, the aim of the present work was to assess menstrual cycle influence on post-exercise recovery following a high intensity interval exercise in trained females. Thirteen eumenorrheic endurance-trained females performed an interval running protocol in three menstrual cycle phases: early follicular phase (EFP), late follicular phase (LFP), and mid-luteal phase (MLP). The protocol consisted of 8 × 3-min bouts at 85% of their maximal aerobic speed (vVO2peak) with a 90-s rest between bouts and a final 5-min active recovery at 30% vVO2peak. All variables were averaged every 15 s, obtaining 19 moments during recovery (time factor). To analyze the effects of the menstrual cycle on the final active cardiorespiratory recovery, an ANOVA for repeated measures was performed. ANOVA showed an effect on menstrual cycle phase on ventilation (EFP: 1.27 ± 0.35; LFP: 1.19 ± 0.36; MLP: 1.27 ± 0.37), breathing frequency (EFP: 35.14 ± 7.14; LFP: 36.32 ± 7.11; MLP: 37.62 ± 7.23), and carbon dioxide production (EFP: 1120.46 ± 137.62; LFP: 1079.50 ± 129.57; MLP: 1148.78 ± 107.91). Regarding the interaction results (phase x time), ventilation is higher at many of the recovery times during the MLP, with less frequent differences between EFP and LFP (F = 1.586; p = 0.019), while breathing reserve is lower at many of the recovery times during MLP, with less time differences between EFP and LFP (F = 1.643; p = 0.013). It seems that the menstrual cycle affects post-exercise recovery specially during the MLP, rising ventilation and lowering breathing reserve, giving rise to an impaired ventilatory efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M. Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane A. Castro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Terapia Ocupacional, Rehabilitación y Medicina Física, Facultad de CC. de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Castro EA, Rael B, Romero-Parra N, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Rojo-Tirado MA, García-de-Alcaraz A, Cupeiro R, Peinado AB. Influence of oral contraceptive phase on cardiorespiratory response to exercise in endurance-trained athletes. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2022; 27:308-316. [PMID: 35040731 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2021.2021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to analyse the cardiorespiratory response to exercise during an oral contraceptive (OC) cycle in endurance-trained women. METHODS Sixteen low-dose monophasic OC pill (OCP) users performed an interval-running protocol. The protocol consisted of eight 3 min bouts at 85% of participants' maximal aerobic speed (vV̇o2peak) with a 90s recovery at 30% vV̇o2peak in two OC phases: a withdrawal phase (WP) and an active pill phase (APP). The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was applied to analyse differences (p < 0.05) in performance variables between OC cycle phases. RESULTS Throughout the high-intensity intervals, higher ventilation (WP 80.90 ± 11.49 L/min, APP 83.10 ± 13.33 L/min; p < 0.001) and relative perceived exertion (WP 14.51 ± 2.58, APP 15.11 ± 3.11; p = 0.001) during the APP were found, whereas carbon dioxide production (WP 2040.92 ± 262.93 mL/min, APP 2010.25 ± 305.68 mL/min; p = 0.003) was higher in the WP. During the active recovery intervals, ventilation (WP 65.78 ± 9.90 L/min, APP 67.88 ± 12.66 L/min; p < 0.001) was higher in the APP, while heart rate (WP 159.93 ± 10.26 bpm, APP 159.74 ± 12.83 bpm; p = 0.029) was higher in the WP. CONCLUSION An increase in ventilation occurs during the APP, which is accompanied by higher perceived exertion. Therefore, coaches and athletes should be aware of these variations, especially perceived exertion, in regard to women's training programmes, in order to improve their performance, wellness and adherence to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane A Castro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Educational Sciences, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
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Peinado AB, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Romero-Parra N, Barba-Moreno L, Rael B, Maestre-Cascales C, Rojo-Tirado MA, Castro EA, Benito PJ, Ortega-Santos CP, Santiago E, Butragueño J, García-de-Alcaraz A, Rojo JJ, Calderón FJ, García-Bataller A, Cupeiro R. Methodological Approach of the Iron and Muscular Damage: Female Metabolism and Menstrual Cycle during Exercise Project (IronFEMME Study). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18020735. [PMID: 33561085 PMCID: PMC7831010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Background: The increase in exercise levels in the last few years among professional and recreational female athletes has led to an increased scientific interest about sports health and performance in the female athlete population. The purpose of the IronFEMME Study described in this protocol article is to determine the influence of different hormonal profiles on iron metabolism in response to endurance exercise, and the main markers of muscle damage in response to resistance exercise; both in eumenorrheic, oral contraceptive (OC) users and postmenopausal well-trained women. Methods: This project is an observational controlled randomized counterbalanced study. One hundered and four (104) active and healthy women were selected to participate in the IronFEMME Study, 57 of which were eumenorrheic, 31 OC users and 16 postmenopausal. The project consisted of two sections carried out at the same time: iron metabolism (study I) and muscle damage (study II). For the study I, the exercise protocol consisted of an interval running test (eight bouts of 3 min at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed), whereas the study II protocol was an eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol (10 sets of 10 repetitions of plate-loaded barbell parallel back squats at 60% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min of recovery between sets). In both studies, eumenorrheic participants were evaluated at three specific moments of the menstrual cycle: early-follicular phase, late-follicular phase and mid-luteal phase; OC users performed the trial at two moments: withdrawal phase and active pill phase. Lastly, postmenopausal women were only tested once, since their hormonal status does not fluctuate. The three-step method was used to verify the menstrual cycle phase: calendar counting, blood test confirmation, and urine-based ovulation kits. Blood samples were obtained to measure sex hormones, iron metabolism parameters, and muscle damage related markers. Discussion: IronFEMME Study has been designed to increase the knowledge regarding the influence of sex hormones on some aspects of the exercise-related female physiology. Iron metabolism and exercise-induced muscle damage will be studied considering the different reproductive status present throughout well-trained females’ lifespan. Trial registration The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04458662 on 2 July 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Victor M. Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Barba-Moreno
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Maestre-Cascales
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane A. Castro
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, 2850 Concepción, Chile
| | - Pedro J. Benito
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Butragueño
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jesús J. Rojo
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Calderón
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Bataller
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (L.B.-M.); (B.R.); (C.M.-C.); (M.A.R.-T.); (E.A.C.); (P.J.B.); (J.B.); (A.G.-d.-A.); (J.J.R.); (F.J.C.); (R.C.)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Cupeiro R, Rojo-Tirado MA, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Artero EG, Peinado AB, Labayen I, Dorado C, Arias-Palencia NM, Moliner-Urdiales D, Vidal-Conti J, Conde-Caveda J, Mora-Gonzalez J, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Benito PJ. The relative age effect on physical fitness in preschool children. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1506-1515. [PMID: 32308131 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1746559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the existence of a relative age effect (RAE) on physical fitness of preschoolers. Anthropometry and physical fitness were assessed in 3147 children (3-5 years old) using the PREFIT battery. Based on the birth year, participants were divided into 3year groups (3-, 4- and 5-years). Within each year group, 4quarter groups were created: quarter 1, preschoolers born from January to March; quarter 2, from April to June; quarter 3, from July to September; quarter 4, from October to December. The MANCOVA analysis revealed a main effect of year group (Wilks' λ = 0.383; F10,5996 = 369.64; p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.381) and of quarter (Wilks' λ = 0.874; F15,8276.6 = 27.67; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.044) over the whole battery of tests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the existence of RAE at the preschool stage. In general, performance improved as the relative age increased (i.e., those born in quarter 1 performed better than those in the other quarters). Individualization strategies should be addressed within the same academic year not only in elementary or secondary years but also in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- PROFITH "Promoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (Imuds), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain.,Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique G Artero
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería , Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería , Almería, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria , Canary Islands, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) , University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Canary Island, Spain
| | - Natalia M Arias-Palencia
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad De Castilla- La Mancha , Cuenca, Spain.,School of Education, Universidad De Castilla- La Mancha , Cuenca, Spain
| | - Diego Moliner-Urdiales
- LIFE Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Jaume I , Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal-Conti
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Research Group, Universitat De Les Illes Balears , Palma, Spain
| | - Julio Conde-Caveda
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz , Puerto Real, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (Inibica), Research Unit , Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- PROFITH "Promoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (Imuds), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain.,College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón -IA2- (Cita-universidad De Zaragoza), Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD, Huesca, Spain), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro J Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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Benito PJ, López-Plaza B, Bermejo LM, Peinado AB, Cupeiro R, Butragueño J, Rojo-Tirado MA, González-Lamuño D, Gómez-Candela C. Strength plus Endurance Training and Individualized Diet Reduce Fat Mass in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17072596. [PMID: 32290136 PMCID: PMC7177353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies with overweight people are a priority in order to observe the effect of the timing of intervention on pre-obesity people. The aim was to compare different physical activity programs plus an individualized hypocaloric diet on body composition in overweight subjects. A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in overweight adults with no history of relevant illness. Primary outcome was total fat mass (TFM). Participants were allocated into four activity programs with equal intensity and volume of exercise for 22 weeks: strength training (S), endurance training (E), strength + endurance training (SE), and ‘adhering to physical activity recommendations’ (C). Participants followed a diet with 25% less energy (50%–55% carbohydrates, 30%–35% fat) measured by accelerometer. Variables were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. One hundred nineteen from 205 subjects were randomized in the four exercise groups (S = 30/E = 30/SE = 30/C = 29) and 84 participants (36 men/48 women) ended the intervention (S = 19/E = 25/SE = 22/C = 18). At the end of the experiment, all groups except C increased their total physical activity (S = 1159 ± 1740; E = 1625 ± 1790; SE = 1699 ± 2516; C = 724 ± 1979 MET-min/week). Using an ANOVA-test, improvements were observed in body weight (S = −4.6 ± 4.5; E = −6.6 ± 4.6; SE = −8.5 ± 2.8; C = −6.1 ± 5.6 kg, p = 0.059) and TFM (S = −4.24 ± 2.02; E = −4.74 ± 2.96; SE = −6.74 ± 3.27; C = −3.94 ± 4.18%; p < 0.05). The main conclusion was that there were no adverse events. Strength and endurance training with a balanced, individualized hypocaloric diet was the most effective at reducing weight loss and fat mass in overweight subjects. Trial registration: NCT01116856.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.P.); (R.C.); (J.B.); (M.A.R.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-067-7989
| | - Bricia López-Plaza
- Department of Nutrition, Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (B.L.-P.); (L.M.B.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Laura M. Bermejo
- Department of Nutrition, Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (B.L.-P.); (L.M.B.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Ana B. Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.P.); (R.C.); (J.B.); (M.A.R.-T.)
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.P.); (R.C.); (J.B.); (M.A.R.-T.)
| | - Javier Butragueño
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.P.); (R.C.); (J.B.); (M.A.R.-T.)
| | - Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.P.); (R.C.); (J.B.); (M.A.R.-T.)
| | - Domingo González-Lamuño
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Marqués de Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Carmen Gómez-Candela
- Department of Nutrition, Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (B.L.-P.); (L.M.B.); (C.G.-C.)
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8
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Palou P, Muntaner-Mas A, Cantallops J, Borràs PA, Labayen I, Jiménez-Pavón D, Dorado García C, Moliner-Urdiales D, Rodríguez Pérez MA, Rojo-Tirado MA, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Ortega FB, Vidal-Conti J. A Single Question of Parent-Reported Physical Activity Levels Estimates Objectively Measured Physical Fitness and Body Composition in Preschool Children: The PREFIT Project. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1585. [PMID: 31354587 PMCID: PMC6635596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity is recognized as a determinant of low physical fitness and body composition in preschool children, which in turn, are important markers of health through the lifespan. Objective methods to assess physical activity, physical fitness and body composition in preschool children are preferable; however, they have some practical limitations in the school context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test whether a single question regarding physical activity level of preschool children, reported by their parents, could be used as an alternative screening tool of physical fitness and body composition. The information was obtained from 10 different cities throughout Spain, gathering a total of 3179 healthy preschool children (52.8% boys and 47.2% girls) aged 3-5 years. Physical activity levels of preschool children were reported by parents using a single question with five response options (very low, low, average, high, or very high). Physical fitness and body composition were assessed with the PREFIT fitness battery. The results showed that parents' perception of their children's physical activity was positively associated with all objectively measured physical fitness components (βrange = -0.094 to 0.113; all p < 0.020); and negatively with body composition indicators as measured (βrange = -0.113 to -0.058; all p < 0.001). The results showed significant differences in all physical fitness and body composition z-scores across the parent-reported physical activity levels (all p < 0.017 and all p < 0.001, respectively), as well as, for the fitness index (p < 0.001). Our study suggests that in school settings with insufficient resources to objectively assess fitness and body composition, parents-reported physical activity level by means of a single question might provide useful information about these important health markers in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Palou
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Adrià Muntaner-Mas
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jaume Cantallops
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Pere Antoni Borràs
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group and Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado García
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Manuel A. Rodríguez Pérez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group (LFE Research Group), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- MOVE-IT Research Group and Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal-Conti
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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Peinado AB, Holgado D, Luque-Casado A, Rojo-Tirado MA, Sanabria D, González C, Mateo-March M, Sánchez-Muñoz C, Calderón FJ, Zabala M. Effect of induced alkalosis on performance during a field-simulated BMX cycling competition. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:335-341. [PMID: 30170952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to test the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-) ingestion on performance during a simulated competition on a Bicycle Motocross (BMX) track. DESIGN Double-blind cross-over study. METHODS Twelve elite male BMX cyclists (age: 19.2±3.4 years; height: 174.2±5.3cm; body mass: 72.4±8.4kg) ingested either NaHCO3- (0.3g.kg-1 body weight) or placebo 90min prior to exercise. The cyclists completed three races in a BMX Olympic track interspersed with 15min of recovery. Blood samples were collected to assess the blood acid-base status. Performance, cardiorespiratory, heart rate variability (HRV) as well as subjective variables were assessed. RESULTS The main effect of condition (NaHCO3- vs. placebo) was observed in pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess (p<0.05), with a significant blood alkalosis. No changes were found in time, peak velocity and time to peak velocity for condition (p>0.05). The HRV analysis showed a significant effect of NaHCO3- ingestion, expressed by the rMSSD30 (root mean square of the successive differences) (p<0.001). There was no effect of condition on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, or pulmonary ventilation (p>0.05). Finally, there was no effect of condition for any subjective scale (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS We present here the first field condition study to investigate the effect of bicarbonate ingestion over performance in BMX discipline. The results showed that NaHCO3--induced alkalosis did not improve performance in a simulated BMX competition in elite BMX cyclists, although future studies should consider the effects of NaHCO3- on autonomic function as a component of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Coral González
- Department of Methods of Research and Diagnosis in Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco J Calderón
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Rojo-Tirado MA, Benito PJ, Peinado AB, Zapico AG, Calderón FJ. Discriminant models to estimate the body weight loss after a six-month long diet and exercise-based intervention. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016; 56:79-84. [PMID: 25650733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main concern of the people who follow a weight loss program is the body weight loss, independently of the body composition. The aim of this study was to create a mathematical model able to discriminate the body weight change based on initial body composition variables. METHODS The study included 239 overweight and obese participants (18-50 years; Body Mass Index (BMI)>25 and <34.9 kg/m2). Participants performed an endrance, strength or a combined endurance and strength training three times per week, or followed the American College of Sports Medicine physical activity guidelines for body weight loss, during twenty-four weeks while having 25-30% caloric restriction. Two multivariate discriminant models were performed taking into account the groups below and above the mean body weight change. RESULTS The discriminant models obtained could discriminate the body weight change with a 65-70% of correct classification. BW, fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were shown to be the most discriminant variables for the discriminant models. CONCLUSIONS People having higher FM and FFM at the beginning of an intervention will lose a greater amount of weight until the end of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain -
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Gonzalo I, Benito-Peinado PJ, Delfa JM, Miangolarra JC, Rojo-Tirado MA. The effect of holographic wristbands on body balance. [El efecto de las pulseras holográficas en el equilibrio corporal]. rev int cienc deporte 2014. [DOI: 10.5232/ricyde2014.03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fuentes D, Zapico AG, Calderon FJ, Rosenzweig EB, Rojo-Tirado MA, Garofano RP. Predicting VO2 peak from Six Minute Walk Test in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495088.32585.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peinado AB, Rojo-Tirado MA, Benito PJ. [Sugar and exercise: its importance in athletes]. NUTR HOSP 2013; 28 Suppl 4:48-56. [PMID: 23834092 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup4.6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle glycogen, the predominant form of stored glucose in the body, and blood glucose are the main energy substrates for muscle contraction during exercise. Sucrose is an ideal substance for athletes to incorporate because it provides both glucose and fructose. Therefore, it is essential that athletes monitor their diet to maintain and increase muscle glycogen deposits, since they are a major limiting factor of prolonged exercise performance. Carbohydrate-rich diets are also recommended for endurance and ultra-endurance exercise, because they are associated with increased muscle glycogen stores, as well as delayed onset of fatigue. In addition, high carbohydrate diets and carbohydrate intake before and during exercise have shown to be beneficial due to increased concentrations of hepatic glycogen and maintenance of blood glucose. The effect of carbohydrate intake on athletic performance mainly depends on the characteristics of the exercise, the type and amount of carbohydrate ingested and the time of intake. A combination of these factors must be taken into account when analysing individual athletic performance.
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Rojo-Tirado MA, Benito PJ, Atienza D, Rincón E, Calderón FJ. Effects of age, sex, and treatment on weight-loss dynamics in overweight people. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:967-76. [PMID: 23905663 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate how sex, age, and the kind of treatment followed affect weight loss in overweight men and women, as well as to develop an explanation for the evolution of weight-loss dynamics. The study consisted of 119 overweight participants (18-50 years old, body mass index >25 and <29.9 kg·m(-2)), who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment programs, namely, strength training (n = 30), endurance training (n = 30), a combination of strength training and endurance training (n = 30), and a careful treatment including diet and physical recommendations (n = 29). Each of the training groups exercised 3 times per week for 24 weeks, and their daily diet was restricted to a specific protocol during the testing period and controlled carefully. Body weight changes in the participants were evaluated every 15 days. Based on this study, we developed and validated different sets of equations to accurately capture the weight-loss dynamics. There were no significant differences in terms of global body weight changes from the statistical viewpoint, either regarding the carried out treatment or the individuals' ages. However, significant differences in weight-loss tendency were found depending on participant sex. We concluded that the effectiveness of different possible treatments for weight loss varies by sex and, based on our experimental observations, a quadratic function provides the most accurate model for capturing specific weight-loss dynamics. This trial is registered at Clinical Trials Gov.: number NCT01116856.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- a Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zapico AG, Benito PJ, González-Gross M, Peinado AB, Morencos E, Romero B, Rojo-Tirado MA, Cupeiro R, Szendrei B, Butragueño J, Bermejo M, Alvarez-Sánchez M, García-Fuentes M, Gómez-Candela C, Bermejo LM, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Calderón FJ. Nutrition and physical activity programs for obesity treatment (PRONAF study): methodological approach of the project. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1100. [PMID: 23259716 PMCID: PMC3577471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, scientific consensus exists on the multifactorial etiopatogenia of obesity. Both professionals and researchers agree that treatment must also have a multifactorial approach, including diet, physical activity, pharmacology and/or surgical treatment. These two last ones should be reserved for those cases of morbid obesities or in case of failure of the previous ones. The aim of the PRONAF study is to determine what type of exercise combined with caloric restriction is the most appropriate to be included in overweigth and obesity intervention programs, and the aim of this paper is to describe the design and the evaluation methods used to carry out the PRONAF study. METHODS/DESIGN One-hundred nineteen overweight (46 males) and 120 obese (61 males) subjects aged 18-50 years were randomly assigned to a strength training group, an endurance training group, a combined strength + endurance training group or a diet and physical activity recommendations group. The intervention period was 22 weeks (in all cases 3 times/wk of training for 22 weeks and 2 weeks for pre and post evaluation). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less energy intake than the daily energy expenditure estimated by accelerometry). 29-34% of the total energy intake came from fat, 14-20% from protein, and 50-55% from carbohydrates. The mayor outcome variables assesed were, biochemical and inflamatory markers, body composition, energy balance, physical fitness, nutritional habits, genetic profile and quality of life. 180 (75.3%) subjects finished the study, with a dropout rate of 24.7%. Dropout reasons included: personal reasons 17 (28.8%), low adherence to exercise 3 (5.1%), low adherence to diet 6 (10.2%), job change 6 (10.2%), and lost interest 27 (45.8%). DISCUSSION Feasibility of the study has been proven, with a low dropout rate which corresponds to the estimated sample size. Transfer of knowledge is foreseen as a spin-off, in order that overweight and obese subjects can benefit from the results. The aim is to transfer it to sports centres. Effectiveness on individual health-related parameter in order to determine the most effective training programme will be analysed in forthcoming publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01116856.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto G Zapico
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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