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Saposnik L, Coria LM, Bruno L, Guaimas FF, Pandolfi J, Pol M, Urga ME, Sabbione F, McClelland M, Trevani A, Pasquevich KA, Cassataro J. Ecotin protects Salmonella Typhimurium against the microbicidal activity of host proteases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594389. [PMID: 38798423 PMCID: PMC11118277 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes acute diarrhea upon oral infection in humans. The harsh and proteolytic environment found in the gastrointestinal tract is the first obstacle that these bacteria face after infection. However, the mechanisms that allow Salmonella to survive the hostile conditions of the gut are poorly understood. The ecotin gene is found in an extensive range of known phyla of bacteria and it encodes a protein that has been shown to inhibit serine proteases. Thus, in the present work we studied the role of ecotin of Salmonella Typhimurium in host-pathogen interactions. We found that Salmonella Typhimurium Δ ecotin strain exhibited lower inflammation in a murine model of Salmonella induced colitis. The Δ ecotin mutant was more susceptible to the action of pancreatin and purified pancreatic elastase. In addition, the lack of ecotin led to impaired adhesion to Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines, related to the proteolytic activity of brush border enzymes. Besides, Δ ecotin showed higher susceptibility to lysosomal proteolytic content and intracellular replication defects in macrophages. In addition, we found Ecotin to have a crucial role in Salmonella against the microbicide action of granules released and neutrophil extracellular traps from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Thus, the work presented here highlights the importance of ecotin in Salmonella as countermeasures against the host proteolytic defense system. IMPORTANCE The gastrointestinal tract is a very complex and harsh environment. Salmonella is a successful food borne pathogen, but little is known about its capacity to survive against the proteolysis of the gut lumen and intracellular proteases. Here, we show that Ecotin, a serine protease inhibitor, plays an important role in protecting Salmonella against proteases present at different sites encountered during oral infection. Our results indicate that Ecotin is an important virulence factor in Salmonella , adding another tool to the wide range of features this pathogen uses during oral infection.
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Ning C, Li N, Wang L, Guo Y, Ji C, Li Z, Shang Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Huang X, Leng Q, Cai X, Meng Q, Qiao J. STnc1280, a trans-coding sRNA is involved in virulence modulation via targeting gldA mRNA in Salmonella Typhimurium. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38353511 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) is a food-borne Gram-negative bacterium, which can infect humans and a wide range of livestock and poultry, causing a variety of diseases such as septicaemia, enteritis and abortion.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. We will decipher the impacts of sRNA STnc1280 on STM virulence and provide a theoretical basis to reveal the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of STnc1280.Aim. The main objective of this study was to clarify whether sRNA STnc1280 exerts regulatory roles on STM pathogenicity.Methodology. The STnc1280 gene was amplified and its molecular characteristics were analysed in this study. Then, STnc1280 gene deletion strain (STM-ΔSTnc1280) and the complementary strain (ΔSTnc1280/STnc1280) were constructed by λ-Red homologous recombination method, respectively, to analyse of adhesion and invasive ability and pathogenicity of different strains. Subsequently, the potential target gene regulated by STnc1280 was predicted using target RNA2 software, followed by the verification of the interaction between STnc1280 and target mRNA using the dual plasmid reporter system (DPRS). Furthermore, the mRNA and protein level of target gene was determined using qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively.Results. The results revealed that the cell adhesion and invasive ability and pathogenicity of STM-ΔSTnc1280 were significantly reduced compared to STM-SL1344 strain, indicating that the deficiency of STnc1280 gene significantly influenced STM pathogenicity. The DPRS results showed that STnc1280 can interact with the mRNA of target gene gldA, thus suppressing the expression of lacZ gene. Furthermore, the level of gldA mRNA was not influenced in STM-ΔSTnc1280, but the expression of GldA protein decreased significantly.Conclusion. Combining the bioinformatic analysis, these findings suggested that STnc1280 may bind to the SD sequence of gldA mRNA, hindering the binding of ribosomes to gldA mRNA, thereby inhibiting the expression of GldA protein to modulate the virulence of STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural Vocational and Technical College, Changji, Xinjiang, 831100, PR China
| | - Na Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Lixia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Yun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Chunhui Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Yunxia Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, PR China
| | - Yaoqiang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Qingwen Leng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, PR China
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Andrieu C, Loiseau L, Vergnes A, Gagnot S, Barré R, Aussel L, Collet JF, Ezraty B. Salmonella Typhimurium uses the Cpx stress response to detect N-chlorotaurine and promote the repair of oxidized proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215997120. [PMID: 36976766 PMCID: PMC10083560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215997120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria constitutes the first protective barrier between a cell and its environment. During host infection, the bacterial envelope is subjected to several stresses, including those induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) produced by immune cells. Among RCS, N-chlorotaurine (N-ChT), which results from the reaction between hypochlorous acid and taurine, is a powerful and less diffusible oxidant. Here, using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that Salmonella Typhimurium uses the CpxRA two-component system to detect N-ChT oxidative stress. Moreover, we show that periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrP) is part of the Cpx regulon. Our findings demonstrate that MsrP is required to cope with N-ChT stress by repairing N-ChT-oxidized proteins in the bacterial envelope. By characterizing the molecular signal that induces Cpx when S. Typhimurium is exposed to N-ChT, we show that N-ChT triggers Cpx in an NlpE-dependent manner. Thus, our work establishes a direct link between N-ChT oxidative stress and the envelope stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Andrieu
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Loiseau
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Vergnes
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Séverine Gagnot
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Romain Barré
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Plate-forme Transcriptomique, 13402Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Aussel
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
| | | | - Benjamin Ezraty
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402Marseille, France
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Escobar-Salom M, Barceló IM, Jordana-Lluch E, Torrens G, Oliver A, Juan C. Bacterial virulence regulation through soluble peptidoglycan fragments sensing and response: knowledge gaps and therapeutic potential. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad010. [PMID: 36893807 PMCID: PMC10039701 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the growing clinical-epidemiological threat posed by the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, new therapeutic options are urgently needed, especially against top nosocomial pathogens such as those within the ESKAPE group. In this scenario, research is pushed to explore therapeutic alternatives and, among these, those oriented toward reducing bacterial pathogenic power could pose encouraging options. However, the first step in developing these antivirulence weapons is to find weak points in the bacterial biology to be attacked with the goal of dampening pathogenesis. In this regard, during the last decades some studies have directly/indirectly suggested that certain soluble peptidoglycan-derived fragments display virulence-regulatory capacities, likely through similar mechanisms to those followed to regulate the production of several β-lactamases: binding to specific transcriptional regulators and/or sensing/activation of two-component systems. These data suggest the existence of intra- and also intercellular peptidoglycan-derived signaling capable of impacting bacterial behavior, and hence likely exploitable from the therapeutic perspective. Using the well-known phenomenon of peptidoglycan metabolism-linked β-lactamase regulation as a starting point, we gather and integrate the studies connecting soluble peptidoglycan sensing with fitness/virulence regulation in Gram-negatives, dissecting the gaps in current knowledge that need filling to enable potential therapeutic strategy development, a topic which is also finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Escobar-Salom
- Research Unit and Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Crtra. Valldemossa 79, 07010 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC). Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel María Barceló
- Research Unit and Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Crtra. Valldemossa 79, 07010 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC). Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Jordana-Lluch
- Research Unit and Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Crtra. Valldemossa 79, 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Research Unit and Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Crtra. Valldemossa 79, 07010 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC). Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University. Försörjningsvägen 2A, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Research Unit and Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Crtra. Valldemossa 79, 07010 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC). Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Research Unit and Microbiology Department, University Hospital Son Espases-Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Crtra. Valldemossa 79, 07010 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC). Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Omptin Proteases of Enterobacterales Show Conserved Regulation by the PhoPQ Two-Component System but Exhibit Divergent Protection from Antimicrobial Host Peptides and Complement. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0051822. [PMID: 36533918 PMCID: PMC9872669 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00518-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria that colonize eukaryotic surfaces interact with numerous antimicrobial host-produced molecules, including host defense peptides, complement, and antibodies. Bacteria have evolved numerous strategies to both detect and resist these molecules, and in the Enterobacterales order of bacteria these include alterations of the cell surface lipopolysaccharide structure and/or charge and the production of proteases that can degrade these antimicrobial molecules. Here, we show that omptin family proteases from Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium are regulated by the PhoPQ system. Omptin protease activity is induced by growth in low Mg2+, and deletion of PhoP dramatically reduces omptin protease activity, transcriptional regulation, and protein levels. We identify conserved PhoP-binding sites in the promoters of the E. coli omptin genes ompT, ompP, and arlC as well as in croP of Citrobacter rodentium and show that mutation of the putative PhoP-binding site in the ompT promoter abrogates PhoP-dependent expression. Finally, we show that although regulation by PhoPQ is conserved, each of the omptin proteins has differential activity toward host defense peptides, complement components, and resistance to human serum, suggesting that each omptin confers unique survival advantages against specific host antimicrobial factors.
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De Meyer F, Carlier A. Ecotin: A versatile protease inhibitor of bacteria and eukaryotes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1114690. [PMID: 36760512 PMCID: PMC9904509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1114690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors are a large family of proteins involved in important pathways and processes, such as inflammatory responses and blood clotting. Most are characterized by a precise mode of action, thereby targeting a narrow range of protease substrates. However, the serine-protease inhibitor ecotin is able to inhibit a broad range of serine proteases that display a wide range of specificities. This specificity is driven by special structural features which allow unique flexibility upon binding to targets. Although frequently observed in many human/animal-associated bacteria, ecotin homologs may also be found in plant-associated taxa and environmental species. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the biological importance, role in host-microbe interactions, and evolutionary relationship between ecotin orthologs isolated from Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic species across the Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric De Meyer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Carlier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France,*Correspondence: Aurélien Carlier, ✉
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León-Montes N, Nava-Galeana J, Rodríguez-Valverde D, Soria-Bustos J, Rosales-Reyes R, Rivera-Gutiérrez S, Hirakawa H, Ares MA, Bustamante VH, De la Cruz MA. The Two-Component System CpxRA Represses Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 by Directly Acting on the ssrAB Regulatory Operon. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0271022. [PMID: 36073960 PMCID: PMC9603713 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02710-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) conferred on Salmonella the ability to survive and replicate within host cells. The ssrAB bicistronic operon, located in SPI-2, encodes the SsrAB two-component system (TCS), which is the central positive regulator that induces the expression of SPI-2 genes as well as other genes located outside this island. On the other hand, CpxRA is a two-component system that regulates expression of virulence genes in many bacteria in response to different stimuli that perturb the cell envelope. We previously reported that the CpxRA system represses the expression of SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes under SPI-1-inducing conditions by decreasing the stability of the SPI-1 regulator HilD. Here, we show that under SPI-2-inducing conditions, which mimic the intracellular environment, CpxRA represses the expression of SPI-2 genes by the direct action of phosphorylated CpxR (CpxR-P) on the ssrAB regulatory operon. CpxR-P recognized two sites located proximal and distal from the promoter located upstream of ssrA. Consistently, we found that CpxRA reduces the replication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium inside murine macrophages. Therefore, our results reveal CpxRA as an additional regulator involved in the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella, which in turn adds a new layer to the intricate regulatory network controlling the expression of Salmonella virulence genes. IMPORTANCE SPI-2 encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is a hallmark for the species Salmonella enterica, which is essential for the survival and replication within macrophages. Expression of SPI-2 genes is positively controlled by the two-component system SsrAB. Here, we determined a regulatory mechanism involved in controlling the overgrowth of Salmonella inside macrophages. In this mechanism, CpxRA, a two-component system that is activated by extracytoplasmic stress, directly represses expression of the ssrAB regulatory operon; as a consequence, expression of SsrAB target genes is decreased. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism involved in the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella, which is expected to sense perturbations in the bacterial envelope that Salmonella faces inside host cells, as the synthesis of the T3SS-2 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy León-Montes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Nava-Galeana
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Valverde
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Soria-Bustos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rosales-Reyes
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rivera-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hidetada Hirakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Miguel A. Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor H. Bustamante
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Rogers AR, Turner EE, Johnson DT, Ellermeier JR. Envelope Stress Activates Expression of the Twin Arginine Translocation (Tat) System in Salmonella. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0162122. [PMID: 36036643 PMCID: PMC9604234 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01621-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The twin arginine translocation system (Tat) is a protein export system that is conserved in bacteria, archaea, and plants. In Gram-negative bacteria, it is required for the export of folded proteins from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. In Salmonella, there are 30 proteins that are predicted substrates of Tat, and among these are enzymes required for anaerobic respiration and peptidoglycan remodeling. We have demonstrated that some conditions that induce bacterial envelope stress activate expression of a ΔtatABC-lacZ fusion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Particularly, the addition of bile salts to the growth medium causes a 3-fold induction of a ΔtatABC-lacZ reporter fusion. Our data demonstrate that this induction is mediated via the phage shock protein (Psp) stress response system protein PspA. Further, we show that deletion of tatABC increases the induction of tatABC expression in bile salts. Indeed, the data suggest significant interaction between PspA and the Tat system in the regulatory response to bile salts. Although we have not identified the precise mechanism of Psp regulation of tatABC, our work shows that PspA is involved in the activation of tatABC expression by bile salts and adds another layer of complexity to the Salmonella response to envelope stress. IMPORTANCE Salmonella species cause an array of diseases in a variety of hosts. This research is significant in showing induction of the Tat system as a defense against periplasmic stress. Understanding the underlying mechanism of this regulation broadens our understanding of the Salmonella stress response, which is critical to the ability of the organism to cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Ezekeial E. Turner
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Deauna T. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeremy R. Ellermeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
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Méndez AAE, Mendoza JI, Echarren ML, Terán I, Checa SK, Soncini FC. Evolution of Copper Homeostasis and Virulence in Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:823176. [PMID: 35369444 PMCID: PMC8966772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.823176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium modulates the expression of factors essential for virulence, contributing to its survival against the surge of copper (Cu) in the Salmonella-containing vacuole. This bactericidal host innate immune component primarily targets the bacterial envelope, where most cuproproteins are localized. While in most enteric species periplasmic Cu homeostasis is maintained by the CusR/CusS-controlled CusCFBA efflux system encoded in the cus locus, we noticed that these genes were lost from the Salmonella-core genome. At the same time, Salmonella acquired cueP, coding for a periplasmic Cu chaperone. As cus, cueP was shown to be essential for bacterial survival in a copper-rich environment under anaerobiosis, suggesting that it can functionally substitute the CusCFBA system. In the present study, the whole Escherichia coli cus locus was reintroduced to the chromosome of the Salmonella wild-type or the ΔcueP strain. While the integrated cus locus did not affect Cu resistance under aerobic conditions, it increases Cu tolerance under anaerobiosis, irrespective of the presence or absence of cueP. In contrast to the Cus system, CueP expression is higher at high copper concentrations and persisted over time, suggesting separate functions. Finally, we observed that, regardless of the presence or absence of cus, a mutant deleted of cueP shows a deficiency in replication inside macrophages compared to the wild-type strain. Our results demonstrate that CueP and CusCFBA exert redundant functions for metal resistance, but not for intracellular survival, and therefore for the virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A E Méndez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Julián I Mendoza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Laura Echarren
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Terán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Susana K Checa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando C Soncini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
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Fei K, Chao HJ, Hu Y, Francis MS, Chen S. CpxR regulates the Rcs phosphorelay system in controlling the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33295859 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The CpxRA two-component regulatory system and the Rcs phosphorelay system are both employed by the Enterobacteriaceae family to preserve bacterial envelope integrity and function when growing under stress. Although both systems regulate several overlapping physiological processes, evidence demonstrating a molecular connection between Cpx and Rcs signalling outputs is scarce. Here, we show that CpxR negatively regulates the transcription of the rcsB gene in the Rcs phosphorelay system in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Interestingly, transcription of rcsB is under the control of three promoters, which were all repressed by CpxR. Critically, synthetic activation of Cpx signalling through mislocalization of the NlpE lipoprotein to the inner membrane resulted in an active form of CpxR that repressed activity of rcsB promoters. On the other hand, a site-directed mutation of the phosphorylation site at residue 51 in CpxR generated an inactive non-phosphorylated variant that was unable to regulate output from these rcsB promoters. Importantly, CpxR-mediated inhibition of rcsB transcription in turn restricted activation of the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS). Moreover, active CpxR blocks zinc-mediated activation of Rcs signalling and the subsequent activation of lcrF transcription. Our results demonstrate a novel regulatory cascade linking CpxR-RcsB-LcrF to control production of the Ysc-Yop T3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Fei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Chao
- Present address: School of Biological & pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yangbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Matthew S Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shiyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
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11
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Zhai YJ, Sun HR, Luo XW, Liu JH, Pan YS, Wu H, Yuan L, Liang J, He DD, Hu GZ. CpxR regulates the colistin susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium by a multitarget mechanism. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2780-2786. [PMID: 32620947 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two-component signalling systems PmrAB and PhoPQ of Salmonella have been extensively studied with regard to colistin resistance. We previously showed that overexpressed CpxR could significantly increase the colistin susceptibility (16-fold compared with the WT strain) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) through PmrAB and PhoPQ. OBJECTIVES To identify the potential target genes of CpxR in PmrAB- and PhoPQ-related signalling pathways. METHODS His6-CpxR was prokaryotically expressed and purified by Ni-NTA resin affinity chromatography. β-Galactosidase activity assays were conducted to investigate whether CpxR could regulate the promoters of colistin resistance-related genes (CRRGs). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) were used to further detect His6-CpxR complexes with promoters of CRRGs. RESULTS We demonstrated for the first time (to the best of our knowledge) that CpxR and the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump have reciprocal effects on CRRG transcription. Additionally, CpxR could regulate the colistin susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium by binding directly to the promoters of phoPQ, pmrC, pmrH and pmrD at the CpxR box-like sequences or indirectly through other regulators including pmrAB and mgrB. CONCLUSIONS CpxR could regulate the colistin susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium by a multitarget mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua-Run Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing-Wei Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Zhengzhou Animal Husbandry Bureau, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gong-Zheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Impact of the Resistance Responses to Stress Conditions Encountered in Food and Food Processing Environments on the Virulence and Growth Fitness of Non-Typhoidal Salmonellae. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030617. [PMID: 33799446 PMCID: PMC8001757 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Salmonella as a foodborne pathogen can probably be attributed to two major features: its remarkable genetic diversity and its extraordinary ability to adapt. Salmonella cells can survive in harsh environments, successfully compete for nutrients, and cause disease once inside the host. Furthermore, they are capable of rapidly reprogramming their metabolism, evolving in a short time from a stress-resistance mode to a growth or virulent mode, or even to express stress resistance and virulence factors at the same time if needed, thanks to a complex and fine-tuned regulatory network. It is nevertheless generally acknowledged that the development of stress resistance usually has a fitness cost for bacterial cells and that induction of stress resistance responses to certain agents can trigger changes in Salmonella virulence. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge concerning the effects that the development of resistance responses to stress conditions encountered in food and food processing environments (including acid, osmotic and oxidative stress, starvation, modified atmospheres, detergents and disinfectants, chilling, heat, and non-thermal technologies) exerts on different aspects of the physiology of non-typhoidal Salmonellae, with special emphasis on virulence and growth fitness.
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13
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Murret-Labarthe C, Kerhoas M, Dufresne K, Daigle F. New Roles for Two-Component System Response Regulators of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi during Host Cell Interactions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050722. [PMID: 32413972 PMCID: PMC7285189 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to survive external stresses, bacteria need to adapt quickly to changes in their environment. One adaptive mechanism is to coordinate and alter their gene expression by using two-component systems (TCS). TCS are composed of a sensor kinase that activates a transcriptional response regulator by phosphorylation. TCS are involved in motility, virulence, nutrient acquisition, and envelope stress in many bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) possess 30 TCSs, is specific to humans, and causes typhoid fever. Here, we have individually deleted each of the 30 response regulators. We have determined their role during interaction with host cells (epithelial cells and macrophages). Deletion of most of the systems (24 out of 30) resulted in a significant change during infection. We have identified 32 new phenotypes associated with TCS of S. Typhi. Some previously known phenotypes associated with TCSs in Salmonella were also confirmed. We have also uncovered phenotypic divergence between Salmonella serovars, as distinct phenotypes between S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium were identified for cpxR. This finding highlights the importance of specifically studying S. Typhi to understand its pathogenesis mechanisms and to develop strategies to potentially reduce typhoid infections.
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14
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Rozwandowicz M, Brouwer MSM, Mughini-Gras L, Wagenaar JA, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Mevius DJ, Hordijk J. Successful Host Adaptation of IncK2 Plasmids. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2384. [PMID: 31681238 PMCID: PMC6803427 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The IncK plasmid group can be divided into two separate lineages named IncK1 and IncK2. IncK2 is found predominantly in poultry while IncK1 was reported in various mammals, including animals and humans. The physiological basis of this distinction is not known. In this manuscript we examined fitness cost of IncK1 and IncK2 plasmids at 37 and 42°C, which resembles mammalian and chicken body temperatures, respectively. We analyzed conjugation frequency, plasmid copy number and plasmid fitness cost in direct competition. Additionally, we measured levels of σ-32 in Escherichia coli carrying either wild type or conjugation-deficient IncK plasmids. The results show that IncK2 plasmids have a higher conjugation frequency and lower copy number at 42°C compared to IncK1. While the overall fitness cost to the host bacterium of IncK2 plasmids was higher than that of IncK1, it was not affected by the temperature while the fitness cost of IncK1 was shown to increase at 42°C compared to 37°C. These differences correlate with an increased expression of σ-32, a regulator of heat-shock protein expression, in E. coli with IncK2 compared to cells containing IncK1. This effect was not seen in cells containing conjugation deficient plasmids. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the assembly of the functional T4S may lead to these increased levels of σ–32. Increased activation of CpxR at 42°C may explain why IncK2 plasmids, and not IncK1, are predominantly found in chicken isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rozwandowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Animal Health and VISAVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dik J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Joost Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Hews CL, Cho T, Rowley G, Raivio TL. Maintaining Integrity Under Stress: Envelope Stress Response Regulation of Pathogenesis in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:313. [PMID: 31552196 PMCID: PMC6737893 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial envelope is an essential interface between the intracellular and harsh extracellular environment. Envelope stress responses (ESRs) are crucial to the maintenance of this barrier and function to detect and respond to perturbations in the envelope, caused by environmental stresses. Pathogenic bacteria are exposed to an array of challenging and stressful conditions during their lifecycle and, in particular, during infection of a host. As such, maintenance of envelope homeostasis is essential to their ability to successfully cause infection. This review will discuss our current understanding of the σE- and Cpx-regulated ESRs, with a specific focus on their role in the virulence of a number of model pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gary Rowley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy L Raivio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Subramaniam S, Müller VS, Hering NA, Mollenkopf H, Becker D, Heroven AK, Dersch P, Pohlmann A, Tedin K, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Meyer TF, Hunke S. Correction: Contribution of the Cpx envelope stress system to metabolism and virulence regulation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213297. [PMID: 30811500 PMCID: PMC6392289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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