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Meyer MB, Lee SM, Cichanski SR, Cobice DF, Pike JW. Spatial detection and consequences of nonrenal calcitriol production as assessed by targeted mass spectrometry imaging. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e181763. [PMID: 38916957 PMCID: PMC11383599 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.181763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune benefits of vitamin D3 supplementation beyond calcium and phosphate maintenance are highly clinically debated. Kidney expression of CYP27B1 is the source of endocrine, circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 (active form of vitamin D) that maintains serum calcium and phosphate. 1,25(OH)2D3 may also be made by the CYP27B1 enzyme in nonrenal cells, like immune cells, in a process driven by cellular availability of 25(OH)D3 and inflammation. Due to the endocrine nature of 1,25(OH)2D3 in circulation, it is difficult to discern between these 2 sources. We recently created a regulatory deletion model of Cyp27b1 (M1/M21-DIKO) where mice have normal inflammatory-regulated Cyp27b1 expression in nonrenal tissues (unlike global Cyp27b1-KO) but no expression within the kidney. Here, utilizing on-tissue chemical derivatization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), we investigated the distribution of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 in the kidney, liver, spleen, and thymus. MALDI-MSI demonstrated increased 1,25(OH)2D3 in nonrenal tissues such as the spleen after vitamin D3 supplementation in M1/M21-DIKO mice. Additionally, from this, we found increased Il4 and decreased Tnfa in the spleen after vitamin D3 supplementation. Taken together, these data demonstrate nonrenal production of 1,25(OH)2D3 in vivo and provide a consequence of vitamin D3 supplementation and nonrenal 1,25(OH)2D3 production in cytokine changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seong Min Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shannon R Cichanski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego F Cobice
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Santa K, Kumazawa Y, Watanabe K, Nagaoka I. The Potential Use of Vitamin D3 and Phytochemicals for Their Anti-Ageing Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2125. [PMID: 38396804 PMCID: PMC10889119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike other vitamins, vitamin D3 is synthesised in skin cells in the body. Vitamin D3 has been known as a bone-related hormone. Recently, however, it has been considered as an immune vitamin. Vitamin D3 deficiency influences the onset of a variety of diseases. Vitamin D3 regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) through binding to vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in immune cells. Since blood levels of vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) were low in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, there has been growing interest in the importance of vitamin D3 to maintaining a healthy condition. On the other hand, phytochemicals are compounds derived from plants with over 7000 varieties and have various biological activities. They mainly have health-promoting effects and are classified as terpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, etc. Flavonoids are known as the anti-inflammatory compounds that control TNF-α production. Chronic inflammation is induced by the continuous production of TNF-α and is the fundamental cause of diseases like obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, heart and brain diseases, autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. In addition, the ageing process is induced by chronic inflammation. This review explains the cooperative effects of vitamin D3 and phytochemicals in the suppression of inflammatory responses, how it balances the natural immune response, and its link to anti-ageing effects. In addition, vitamin D3 and phytochemicals synergistically contribute to anti-ageing by working with ageing-related genes. Furthermore, prevention of ageing processes induced by the chronic inflammation requires the maintenance of healthy gut microbiota, which is related to daily dietary habits. In this regard, supplementation of vitamin D3 and phytochemicals plays an important role. Recently, the association of the prevention of the non-disease condition called "ME-BYO" with the maintenance of a healthy condition has been an attractive regimen, and the anti-ageing effect discussed here is important for a healthy and long life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Santa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo College of Biotechnology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 114-0032, Japan;
| | - Yoshio Kumazawa
- Vino Science Japan Inc., Kawasaki 210-0855, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University, Urayasu 279-0013, Chiba, Japan
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Athanassiou L, Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Koutsilieris M, Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:709. [PMID: 37189455 PMCID: PMC10135889 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with potent immune-modulating properties. It has been shown to stimulate innate immunity and induce immune tolerance. Extensive research efforts have shown that vitamin D deficiency may be related to the development of autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency has been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been shown to be inversely related to disease activity. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Vitamin D deficiency has also been observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It has been found to be inversely related to disease activity and renal involvement. In addition, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms have been studied in SLE. Vitamin D levels have been studied in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, and vitamin D deficiency may be related to neuropathy and the development of lymphoma in the context of Sjogren's syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency has been observed in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Vitamin D deficiency has also been observed in systemic sclerosis. Vitamin D deficiency may be implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, and it may be administered to prevent autoimmune disease and reduce pain in the context of autoimmune rheumatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Athanassiou
- Department of Rheumatology, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, GR11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, GR11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Li JM, Yang HY, Wu SH, Dharmage SC, Jalaludin B, Knibbs LD, Bloom MS, Guo Y, Morawska L, Heinrich J, Steve Hung Lam Y, Lin LZ, Zeng XW, Yang BY, Chen GB, Liu RQ, Dong GH, Hu LW. The associations of particulate matter short-term exposure and serum lipids are modified by vitamin D status: A panel study of young healthy adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120686. [PMID: 36400145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure is associated to the adverse change in blood lipids. Vitamin D is beneficial to lipid metabolism, but whether vitamin D levels modifies the impact of air pollutants on lipids is unclear. The purpose of the study was to investigate if vitamin D modifies the associations of PM and serum lipids in young healthy people. From December 2017 to January 2018, a panel study with five once weekly follow-ups was conducted on 88 healthy adults aged 21.09 (1.08) (mean (SD)) years on average in Guangzhou, China. We measured serum lipids, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (440 blood samples in total), mass concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤1.0 μm (PM1.0), and ≤0.5 μm (PM0.5), and number concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤0.2 μm (PN0.2) and ≤0.1 μm (PN0.1) at each follow-up. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to assess the interaction of vitamin D and size-fractionated PM short-term exposure on four lipid metrics. We found the interactions between 25(OH)D and size-fractionated PM exposure on blood lipids in different lags (lag 3 days and 4 days). An interquartile range increase in PM2.5, PM1.0, PM0.5 were significantly associated with increments of 12.30%, 12.99%, and 13.66% in triglycerides (TGs) at lag 4 days at vitamin D levels <15 ng/mL group, respectively. Similar results were found for PN0.2, PN0.1 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). All the associations between size-fractionated PM and blood lipids were found null statistically significant in vitamin D levels ≥15 ng/mL group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Han-Yu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Si-Han Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- Centre for Research, Evidence Management and Surveillance, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, 2037, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine Sydney, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, German Center for Lung Research, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Yim Steve Hung Lam
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Gong-Bo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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[Vitamin D and polymorphisms of VDR and GC genes in the severity and mortality from COVID-19. A systematic review]. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:1397-1407. [PMID: 36327123 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have pointed to a possible relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of the disease promoted by SARS-CoV-2, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular complications caused by a hyperreaction of the immune system known as "cytokine storm". This vitamin exerts multiple functions that depend on the presence and levels of different proteins, such as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and the existence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes that encode these proteins. The objective of this review is to assess whether some VDR and GC SNPs are risk factors for the most severe forms of COVID-19 disease and whether they condition the response to vitamin D supplementation. A search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scielo, finding that genotypes in patients affected by COVID-19, were rarely performed, although some studies find a relationship between different alleles and the severity of the disease. The ApaI polymorphism of the VDR gene stands out, as the minor allele "a" increases the risk of mortality from COVID-19 (OR = 11.828, CI: 2,493-56,104, p = 0.002). Results divergency in the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation suggest the need for a larger number of studies. In conclusion, the study of VDR and GC polymorphisms seems essential to effectively treat vitamin D deficiency and particularly to protect against COVID-19. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether plasma vitamin D levels play a role of casuality or causality.
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Aldekwer S, Goncalves-Mendes N, Bingula R, Martinroche G, Lanchais K, Rougé S, Farges MC, Rossary A, Diab-Assaf M, Vasson MP, Talvas J. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D potentializes extracellular cathelicidin release from human PBMC stimulated ex vivo with either bacterial (LPS) or viral (P: IC) mimetics. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:335-342. [PMID: 34985728 PMCID: PMC8727486 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cathelicidin refers to the cationic antimicrobial peptide hCAP18/LL-37. LL-37 is formed by cleavage of the propeptide hCAP18 coded by the CAMP gene. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D), has been shown to induce the CAMP gene expression through promoter activation. We previously failed to demonstrate in a clinical trial that supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) improves LL-37 serum levels. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of 25(OH)D supplementation on intracellular expression of CAMP and secretion of LL-37 in an ex vivo model using the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC collected from healthy donors and incubated with different concentrations of 25(OH)D (0 ng/ml: control (D0); 25 ng/ml: deficient (D25); 75 ng/ml: physiological (D75); 125 ng/ml: supraphysiological (D125)) were stimulated or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) or synthetic double-stranded RNA Poly (I: C) (PIC, 10 µg/ml). The intracellular expressions of the CAMP gene and the hCAP18 peptide were measured respectively after 24-h and 48-h incubation periods. The concentration of LL-37 was determined in the culture medium after 48-h incubation. 25(OH)D significantly induced CAMP gene expression at 24 h with a maximum effect at a dose of D125 in either unstimulated (tenfold expression) or stimulated (LPS: 100-fold expression; PIC: 15-fold expression) conditions. Intracellular hCAP18 peptide was overexpressed at 48 h under unstimulated (1.5-fold, D125) and stimulated conditions, LPS (twofold, D125) and PIC (2.5-fold, D125). The secretion of LL-37 in the culture medium was significantly induced by 25(OH)D only in both stimulated (LPS and PIC) conditions in a dose-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that 25(OH)D incubation increases intracellular expression of CAMP and hCAP18, but extracellular secretion of LL-37 antimicrobial peptide is increased by 25(OH)D only when PBMC from healthy donors were stimulated with bacterial or viral immune mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Aldekwer
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Goncalves-Mendes
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rea Bingula
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Martinroche
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kassandra Lanchais
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Rougé
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Chantal Farges
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adrien Rossary
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémie Talvas
- UMR 1019 Human Nutrition Unit, INRAe, University of Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Quintero-Fabián S, Bandala C, Pichardo-Macías LA, Contreras-García IJ, Gómez-Manzo S, Hernández-Ochoa B, Martínez-Orozco JA, Ignacio- Mejía I, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N. Vitamin D and its possible relationship to neuroprotection in COVID-19: evidence in the literature. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1346-1368. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220401140737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Vitamin D is a hormone involved in the regulation of important biological processes such as signal transduction, immune response, metabolic regulation and also in the nervous and vascular systems. To date, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection does not have a specific treatment, however various drugs have been proposed, including those that attenuate the intense inflammatory response and recently the use of vitamin D, in clinical trials, as part of the treatment of COVID-19 has provided promising results. It has been observed in some clinical studies that the use of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and its two metabolites the circulating form, calcidiol or calcifediol (25-hydroxycalciferol, 25-(OH)-D) and the active form, calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2-D), in different doses, improve the clinical manifestations, prognosis and survival of patients infected with COVID-19 probably because of its anti-inflammatory, antiviral and lung-protective action. In relation to the central nervous system (CNS) it has been shown, in clinical studies, that vitamin D is beneficial in some neurological and psychiatric conditions because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, modulation of neurotransmitters actions, regulation of calcium homeostasis between other mechanisms. It has been showed that COVID-19 infection induces CNS complications such as headache, anosmia, ageusia, neuropathy, encephalitis, stroke, thrombosis, cerebral hemorrhages, cytotoxic lesions and psychiatric conditions and it has been proposed that the use of dietary supplements, as vitamin and minerals, can be adjuvants in this disease. In this review the evidence of possible role of vitamin D, and its metabolites, as protector against the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Quintero-Fabián
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City, 11200, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Luz Adriana Pichardo-Macías
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City, 07738, Mexico
| | | | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 04530, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 06720, Mexico
| | - José Arturo Martínez-Orozco
- Departmento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Iván Ignacio- Mejía
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City, 11200, Mexico
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 04530, Mexico
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Xu S, Ni R, Lv L, Chen R, Chen Y, Huang F, Xu Z. Simultaneous determination of vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 in human plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 24:65-79. [PMID: 35572785 PMCID: PMC9093011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LC-MS/MS method development and optimization for simultaneous determination of 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 in human plasma. Lowest concentration of 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 was 1000 and 20 pg/mL, respectively. The validated method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in humans.
Background Although measurement of 25(OH)D3 is a routine analytical method to determine plasma vitamin D status, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is the biologically active form. Hence, simultaneous measurement of 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 could provide better insight into vitamin D status and pharmacokinetics. However, 1α,25(OH)2D3 has a low plasma concentration, making its quantification challenging for most analytical techniques. Here, we demonstrate use of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) for the development of a simple and rapid method for the simultaneous quantification of 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3. Methods Samples were purified from 250 µL human plasma. Chromatography was performed on an analytical column, under gradient conditions using a mobile phase consisting of methanol-lithium acetate. The mass detector was operated in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. The established method was validated according to the guidance issued by ICH and FDA. Furthermore, a clinical study was performed using this method to detect the plasma concentrations of 1α,25(OH)2D3 after oral administration of calcitriol. Results and conclusion The method was acceptably linear over the concentration ranges of 20–1200 pg/mL for 1α,25(OH)2D3 and 1–60 ng/mL for 25(OH)D3, respectively, with correlation coefficients of r2 > 0.993. Both the inter-assay and intra-assay precision was < 15%, and the analytical recoveries were within 100% ± 10%, with no significant matrix effect or carryover. Thereby, we, provide a facile method for the simultaneous detection of vitamin D metabolites in plasma.
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Singh M, Barrera Adame O, Nickas M, Robison J, Khatchadourian C, Venketaraman V. Type 2 Diabetes Contributes to Altered Adaptive Immune Responses and Vascular Inflammation in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833355. [PMID: 35401518 PMCID: PMC8986985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, which initially emerged in November of 2019, wreaked havoc across the globe by leading to clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome and continues to evade current therapies today due to mutating strains. Diabetes mellitus is considered an important risk factor for progression to severe COVID disease and death, therefore additional research is warranted in this group. Individuals with diabetes at baseline have an underlying inflammatory state with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, both of which cause these individuals to have higher susceptibility to SARS- CoV2 infection. The detrimental effects of SARS-CoV-2 has been attributed to its ability to induce a vast cell mediated immune response leading to a surge in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This paper will be exploring the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology in individuals with diabetes and insulin resistance making them more prone to have worse outcomes after SARS- CoV2 infection, and to propose an adjunctive therapy to help combat the cytokine surge seen in COVID-19. It will also look at the immunomodulatory effects of glutathione, an antioxidant shown to reduce immune dysregulation in other diseases; Vitamin D, which has been shown to prevent COVID-19 patients from requiring more intensive care time possibly due to its ability to decrease the expression of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines; and steroids, which have been used as immune modulators despite their ability to exacerbate hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Singh
- St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Obed Barrera Adame
- St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Nickas
- St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jeremiah Robison
- St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Christopher Khatchadourian
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
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Szymczak-Pajor I, Miazek K, Selmi A, Balcerczyk A, Śliwińska A. The Action of Vitamin D in Adipose Tissue: Is There the Link between Vitamin D Deficiency and Adipose Tissue-Related Metabolic Disorders? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:956. [PMID: 35055140 PMCID: PMC8779075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an important role in systemic metabolism via the secretion of adipocytokines and storing and releasing energy. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional and characterized by hypertrophied adipocytes, increased inflammation, hypoxia, and decreased angiogenesis. Although adipose tissue is one of the major stores of vitamin D, its deficiency is detective in obese subjects. In the presented review, we show how vitamin D regulates numerous processes in adipose tissue and how their dysregulation leads to metabolic disorders. The molecular response to vitamin D in adipose tissue affects not only energy metabolism and adipokine and anti-inflammatory cytokine production via the regulation of gene expression but also genes participating in antioxidant defense, adipocytes differentiation, and apoptosis. Thus, its deficiency disturbs adipocytokines secretion, metabolism, lipid storage, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, the regulation of inflammation, and oxidative stress balance. Restoring the proper functionality of adipose tissue in overweight or obese subjects is of particular importance in order to reduce the risk of developing obesity-related complications, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Taking into account the results of experimental studies, it seemed that vitamin D may be a remedy for adipose tissue dysfunction, but the results of the clinical trials are not consistent, as some of them show improvement and others no effect of this vitamin on metabolic and insulin resistance parameters. Therefore, further studies are required to evaluate the beneficial effects of vitamin D, especially in overweight and obese subjects, due to the presence of a volumetric dilution of this vitamin among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymczak-Pajor
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krystian Miazek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 15 Wroblewskiego, 93-590 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Selmi
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Aneta Balcerczyk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
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Chang R, Deng W, Song X, Hu B, Li X, Chen A, Zeng B. Value of combination of 25-(OH)-D3, IL-6, and cyclic peptide containing citrulline antibodies in different stages of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:13599-13607. [PMID: 35035700 PMCID: PMC8748092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the value of a combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-(OH)-D3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclic peptide containing citrulline (CCP) antibodies in the acute stage and remission stage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A retrospective analysis was made on 80 RA patients who received treatment in Wenjiang District People's Hospital of Chengdu from February 2017 to February 2020. According to their condition, they were identified as acute-stage patients (n=48) or remission-stage patients (n=32). In addition, 40 healthy individuals who received physical examination in our hospital during the same period were enrolled in a control group. Serum 25-(OH)-D3, IL-6, and CCP antibodies in all enrolled participants were quantified, and their levels were compared between RA patients at the acute stage and those at the remission stage before therapy, and also between patients with different efficacy after 3 months of therapy. The correlations of serum 25-(OH)-D3, IL-6, and CCP antibodies with disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS-28) were analyzed. A corresponding joint receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the diagnostic value of the combination of 25-(OH)-D3, IL-6, and CCP antibodies in the staging of RA patients, and logistic regression was used to establish an efficacy risk model. RESULTS The highest serum 25-(OH)-D3 level was found in the control group, followed by the remission-stage patients and then acute-stage patients from high to low (all P<0.05), and the lowest levels of serum IL-6 and CCP antibodies were also found in the control group, followed by the remission-stage patients and then the acute-stage patients from low to high (all P<0.05). The Pearson's test revealed a negative correlation of 25-(OH)-D3 with DAS-28 and a positive correlation of IL-6 and CCP antibodies with DAS-28. According to ROC curve-based analysis, the area under the joint curve of 25-(OH)-D3, IL-6, and CCP antibodies was >0.9. After therapy, patients showed an increase in 25-(OH)-D3 and decreases in IL-6 and CCP antibodies (all P<0.05). The logistic model confirmed that the area under the ROC curve of RA affecting the efficacy on patients was >0.8. CONCLUSION A combination of 25-(OH)-D3, IL-6, and CCP antibodies can be adopted as a diagnostic indicator in acute and remission stages of RA. A risk factor model of clinical efficacy in RA patients can help us effectively identify high-risk patients before therapy and take intervention measures early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People’s Hospital of Wenjiang ChengduChengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanying Deng
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Affiliated Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital of Chengdu University of TCMChengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People’s Hospital of Wenjiang ChengduChengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People’s Hospital of Wenjiang ChengduChengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People’s Hospital of Wenjiang ChengduChengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Angang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People’s Hospital of Wenjiang ChengduChengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Benqiang Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People’s Hospital of Wenjiang ChengduChengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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Calcifediol Treatment and Hospital Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Cohort Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061760. [PMID: 34064175 PMCID: PMC8224356 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Context. Calcifediol has been proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients. Objective: To compare the administration or not of oral calcifediol on mortality risk of patients hospitalized because of COVID-19. Design: Retrospective, multicenter, open, non-randomized cohort study. Settings: Hospitalized care. Patients: Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between 5 February and 5 May 2020 in five hospitals in the South of Spain. Intervention: Patients received calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) treatment (0.266 mg/capsule, 2 capsules on entry and then one capsule on day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28) or not. Main Outcome Measure: In-hospital mortality during the first 30 days after admission. Results: A total of 537 patients were hospitalized with COVID-19 (317 males (59%), median age, 70 years), and 79 (14.7%) received calcifediol treatment. Overall, in-hospital mortality during the first 30 days was 17.5%. The OR of death for patients receiving calcifediol (mortality rate of 5%) was 0.22 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.61) compared to patients not receiving such treatment (mortality rate of 20%; p < 0.01). Patients who received calcifediol after admission were more likely than those not receiving treatment to have comorbidity and a lower rate of CURB-65 score for pneumonia severity ≥ 3 (one point for each of confusion, urea > 7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥ 30/min, systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≤ 60 mm Hg, and age ≥ 65 years), acute respiratory distress syndrome (moderate or severe), c-reactive protein, chronic kidney disease, and blood urea nitrogen. In a multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for confounders, there were significant differences in mortality for patients receiving calcifediol compared with patients not receiving it (OR = 0.16 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.80). Conclusion: Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, treatment with calcifediol, compared with those not receiving calcifediol, was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality during the first 30 days. The observational design and sample size may limit the interpretation of these findings.
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Entrenas Castillo M, Entrenas Costa LM, Vaquero Barrios JM, Alcalá Díaz JF, López Miranda J, Bouillon R, Quesada Gomez JM. "Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study". J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 203:105751. [PMID: 32871238 PMCID: PMC7456194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vitamin D endocrine system may have a variety of actions on cells and tissues involved in COVID-19 progression especially by decreasing the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Calcifediol can rapidly increase serum 25OHD concentration. We therefore evaluated the effect of calcifediol treatment, on Intensive Care Unit Admission and Mortality rate among Spanish patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN Parallel pilot randomized open label, double-masked clinical trial. SETTING University hospital setting (Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba Spain.) PARTICIPANTS: 76 consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection, clinical picture of acute respiratory infection, confirmed by a radiographic pattern of viral pneumonia and by a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR with CURB65 severity scale (recommending hospital admission in case of total score > 1). PROCEDURES All hospitalized patients received as best available therapy the same standard care, (per hospital protocol), of a combination of hydroxychloroquine (400 mg every 12 h on the first day, and 200 mg every 12 h for the following 5 days), azithromycin (500 mg orally for 5 days. Eligible patients were allocated at a 2 calcifediol:1 no calcifediol ratio through electronic randomization on the day of admission to take oral calcifediol (0.532 mg), or not. Patients in the calcifediol treatment group continued with oral calcifediol (0.266 mg) on day 3 and 7, and then weekly until discharge or ICU admission. Outcomes of effectiveness included rate of ICU admission and deaths. RESULTS Of 50 patients treated with calcifediol, one required admission to the ICU (2%), while of 26 untreated patients, 13 required admission (50 %) p value X2 Fischer test p < 0.001. Univariate Risk Estimate Odds Ratio for ICU in patients with Calcifediol treatment versus without Calcifediol treatment: 0.02 (95 %CI 0.002-0.17). Multivariate Risk Estimate Odds Ratio for ICU in patients with Calcifediol treatment vs Without Calcifediol treatment ICU (adjusting by Hypertension and T2DM): 0.03 (95 %CI: 0.003-0.25). Of the patients treated with calcifediol, none died, and all were discharged, without complications. The 13 patients not treated with calcifediol, who were not admitted to the ICU, were discharged. Of the 13 patients admitted to the ICU, two died and the remaining 11 were discharged. CONCLUSION Our pilot study demonstrated that administration of a high dose of Calcifediol or 25-hydroxyvitamin D, a main metabolite of vitamin D endocrine system, significantly reduced the need for ICU treatment of patients requiring hospitalization due to proven COVID-19. Calcifediol seems to be able to reduce severity of the disease, but larger trials with groups properly matched will be required to show a definitive answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Entrenas Castillo
- UGC de Neumología, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba 9 (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez 10 Pidal s/n, 14004 11, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Entrenas Costa
- UGC de Neumología, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba 9 (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez 10 Pidal s/n, 14004 11, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Vaquero Barrios
- UGC de Neumología, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba 9 (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez 10 Pidal s/n, 14004 11, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Alcalá Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina Interna. IMIBIC, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Fundación Progreso y Salud. Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 14, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José López Miranda
- Departamento de Medicina Interna. IMIBIC, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Fundación Progreso y Salud. Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 14, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Roger Bouillon
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat, ON1/902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - José Manuel Quesada Gomez
- IMIBIC. CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Fundación Progreso y Salud. Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 18 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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Quesada-Gomez JM, Entrenas-Castillo M, Bouillon R. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: Revised Ms SBMB 2020_166. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 202:105719. [PMID: 32535032 PMCID: PMC7289092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection is a serious health problem awaiting an effective vaccine and/or antiviral treatment. The major complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS), is due to a variety of mechanisms including cytokine storm, dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system, neutrophil activation and increased (micro)coagulation. Based on many preclinical studies and observational data in humans, ARDS may be aggravated by vitamin D deficiency and tapered down by activation of the vitamin D receptor. Several randomized clinical trials using either oral vitamin D or oral Calcifediol (25OHD) are ongoing. Based on a pilot study, oral calcifediol may be the most promising approach. These studies are expected to provide guidelines within a few months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Quesada-Gomez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain
| | - Marta Entrenas-Castillo
- UGC de Neumología. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Roger Bouillon
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat, ON 1/902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review addresses recent developments in studies of lipid regulation of calcific disease of arteries and cardiac valves, including the role of nuclear receptors. The role of lipid-soluble signals and their receptors is timely given the recent evidence and concerns that lipid-lowering treatment may increase the rate of progression of coronary artery calcification, which has been long associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Understanding the mechanisms will be important for interpreting such clinical information. RECENT FINDINGS New findings support regulation of calcific vascular and valvular disease by nuclear receptors, including the vitamin D receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors (liver X receptor, farnesoid X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), and sex hormone (estrogen and androgen) receptors. There were two major unexpected findings: first, vitamin D supplementation, which was previously believed to prevent or reduce vascular calcification, showed no cardiovascular benefit in large randomized, controlled trials. Second, both epidemiological studies and coronary intravascular ultrasound studies suggest that treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors increases progression of coronary artery calcification, raising a question of whether there are mechanically stable and unstable forms of coronary calcification. SUMMARY For clinical practice and research, these new findings offer new fundamental mechanisms for vascular calcification and provide new cautionary insights for therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Sallam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Linda L. Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
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