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Feng M, Augstein F, Kareem A, Melnyk CW. Plant grafting: Molecular mechanisms and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:75-91. [PMID: 38102831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
People have grafted plants since antiquity for propagation, to increase yields, and to improve stress tolerance. This cutting and joining of tissues activates an incredible regenerative ability as different plants fuse and grow as one. For over a hundred years, people have studied the scientific basis for how plants graft. Today, new techniques and a deepening knowledge of the molecular basis for graft formation have allowed a range of previously ungraftable combinations to emerge. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of graft formation, including the attachment and vascular formation steps. We analyze why plants graft and how biotic and abiotic factors influence successful grafting. We also discuss the ability and inability of plants to graft, and how grafting has transformed both horticulture and fundamental plant science. As our knowledge about plant grafting improves, new combinations and techniques will emerge to allow an expanded use of grafting for horticultural applications and to address fundamental research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Feng
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frauke Augstein
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdul Kareem
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Loupit G, Brocard L, Ollat N, Cookson SJ. Grafting in plants: recent discoveries and new applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2433-2447. [PMID: 36846896 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a traditional horticultural technique that makes use of plant wound healing mechanisms to join two different genotypes together to form one plant. In many agricultural systems, grafting with rootstocks controls the vigour of the scion and/or provides tolerance to deleterious soil conditions such as the presence of soil pests or pathogens or limited or excessive water or mineral nutrient supply. Much of our knowledge about the limits to grafting different genotypes together comes from empirical knowledge of horticulturalists. Until recently, researchers believed that grafting monocotyledonous plants was impossible, because they lack a vascular cambium, and that graft compatibility between different scion/rootstock combinations was restricted to closely related genotypes. Recent studies have overturned these ideas and open up the possibility of new research directions and applications for grafting in agriculture. The objective of this review is to describe and assess these recent advances in the field of grafting and, in particular, the molecular mechanisms underlining graft union formation and graft compatibility between different genotypes. The challenges of characterizing the different stages of graft union formation and phenotyping graft compatibility are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Loupit
- EGFV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sarah Jane Cookson
- EGFV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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3
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Vahdati K, Sarikhani S, Arab MM, Leslie CA, Dandekar AM, Aletà N, Bielsa B, Gradziel TM, Montesinos Á, Rubio-Cabetas MJ, Sideli GM, Serdar Ü, Akyüz B, Beccaro GL, Donno D, Rovira M, Ferguson L, Akbari M, Sheikhi A, Sestras AF, Kafkas S, Paizila A, Roozban MR, Kaur A, Panta S, Zhang L, Sestras RE, Mehlenbacher SA. Advances in Rootstock Breeding of Nut Trees: Objectives and Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112234. [PMID: 34834597 PMCID: PMC8623031 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The production and consumption of nuts are increasing in the world due to strong economic returns and the nutritional value of their products. With the increasing role and importance given to nuts (i.e., walnuts, hazelnut, pistachio, pecan, almond) in a balanced and healthy diet and their benefits to human health, breeding of the nuts species has also been stepped up. Most recent fruit breeding programs have focused on scion genetic improvement. However, the use of locally adapted grafted rootstocks also enhanced the productivity and quality of tree fruit crops. Grafting is an ancient horticultural practice used in nut crops to manipulate scion phenotype and productivity and overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. There are complex rootstock breeding objectives and physiological and molecular aspects of rootstock-scion interactions in nut crops. In this review, we provide an overview of these, considering the mechanisms involved in nutrient and water uptake, regulation of phytohormones, and rootstock influences on the scion molecular processes, including long-distance gene silencing and trans-grafting. Understanding the mechanisms resulting from rootstock × scion × environmental interactions will contribute to developing new rootstocks with resilience in the face of climate change, but also of the multitude of diseases and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Vahdati
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran 3391653755, Iran; (S.S.); (M.M.A.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Saadat Sarikhani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran 3391653755, Iran; (S.S.); (M.M.A.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Arab
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran 3391653755, Iran; (S.S.); (M.M.A.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Charles A. Leslie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields, Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.L.); (A.M.D.); (T.M.G.); (G.M.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields, Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.L.); (A.M.D.); (T.M.G.); (G.M.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Neus Aletà
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA Fruit Production, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Bielsa
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.B.); (Á.M.); (M.J.R.-C.)
| | - Thomas M. Gradziel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields, Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.L.); (A.M.D.); (T.M.G.); (G.M.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Álvaro Montesinos
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.B.); (Á.M.); (M.J.R.-C.)
| | - María José Rubio-Cabetas
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.B.); (Á.M.); (M.J.R.-C.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gina M. Sideli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields, Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.L.); (A.M.D.); (T.M.G.); (G.M.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Ümit Serdar
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey; (Ü.S.); (B.A.)
| | - Burak Akyüz
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey; (Ü.S.); (B.A.)
| | - Gabriele Loris Beccaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.L.B.); (D.D.)
| | - Dario Donno
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.L.B.); (D.D.)
| | - Mercè Rovira
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA Fruit Production, Mas Bové, Ctra. Reus-El Morell, Km. 3.8, 43120 Constantí, Spain;
| | - Louise Ferguson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields, Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.L.); (A.M.D.); (T.M.G.); (G.M.S.); (L.F.)
| | | | - Abdollatif Sheikhi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran;
| | - Adriana F. Sestras
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Salih Kafkas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana 01380, Turkey; (S.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Aibibula Paizila
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana 01380, Turkey; (S.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Mahmoud Reza Roozban
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran 3391653755, Iran; (S.S.); (M.M.A.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (A.K.); (S.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Srijana Panta
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (A.K.); (S.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (A.K.); (S.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Radu E. Sestras
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Pina A, Irisarri P, Errea P, Zhebentyayeva T. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Associated With Graft (In)Compatibility in Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:622906. [PMID: 33679836 PMCID: PMC7933020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.622906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Graft incompatibility (GI) between the most popular Prunus rootstocks and apricot cultivars is one of the major problems for rootstock usage and improvement. Failure in producing long-leaving healthy grafts greatly affects the range of available Prunus rootstocks for apricot cultivation. Despite recent advances related to the molecular mechanisms of a graft-union formation between rootstock and scion, information on genetic control of this trait in woody plants is essentially missing because of a lack of hybrid crosses, segregating for the trait. In this study, we have employed the next-generation sequencing technology to generate the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and construct parental linkage maps for an apricot F1 population "Moniqui (Mo)" × "Paviot (Pa)" segregating for ability to form successful grafts with universal Prunus rootstock "Marianna 2624". To localize genomic regions associated with this trait, we genotyped 138 individuals from the "Mo × Pa" cross and constructed medium-saturated genetic maps. The female "Mo" and male "Pa" maps were composed of 557 and 501 SNPs and organized in eight linkage groups that covered 780.2 and 690.4 cM of genetic distance, respectively. Parental maps were aligned to the Prunus persica v2.0 genome and revealed a high colinearity with the Prunus reference map. Two-year phenotypic data for characters associated with unsuccessful grafting such as necrotic line (NL), bark and wood discontinuities (BD and WD), and an overall estimate of graft (in)compatibility (GI) were collected for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on both parental maps. On the map of the graft-compatible parent "Pa", two genomic regions on LG5 (44.9-60.8 cM) and LG8 (33.2-39.2 cM) were associated with graft (in)compatibility characters at different significance level, depending on phenotypic dataset. Of these, the LG8 QTL interval was most consistent between the years and supported by two significant and two putative QTLs. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on QTLs for graft (in)compatibility in woody plants. Results of this work will provide a valuable genomic resource for apricot breeding programs and facilitate future efforts focused on candidate genes discovery for graft (in)compatibility in apricot and other Prunus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pina
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patricia Irisarri
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Errea
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tetyana Zhebentyayeva
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Amri R, Font i Forcada C, Giménez R, Pina A, Moreno MÁ. Biochemical Characterization and Differential Expression of PAL Genes Associated With "Translocated" Peach/Plum Graft-Incompatibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:622578. [PMID: 33679835 PMCID: PMC7933046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.622578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is an ancient plant propagation technique widely used in horticultural crops, particularly in fruit trees. However, the involvement of two different species in grafting may lead to lack of affinity and severe disorders between the graft components, known as graft-incompatibility. This complex agronomic trait is traditionally classified into two categories: "localized" (weak graft unions with breaks in cambial and vascular continuity at the graft interface and absence of visual symptoms in scion leaves and shoots) and "translocated" (degeneration of the sieve tubes and phloem companion cells at the graft interface causing translocation problems in neighboring tissues, and reddening/yellowing of scion leaves). Over the decades, more attention has been given to the different mechanisms underlying the "localized" type of graft-incompatibility; whereas the phenylpropanoid-derived compounds and the differential gene expression associated with the "translocated" graft-incompatibility remain unstudied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to shed light on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the typical "translocated" graft-incompatibility of peach/plum graft-combinations. In this study, the "Summergrand" (SG) nectarine cultivar was budded on two plum rootstocks: "Adara" and "Damas GF 1869". "Translocated" symptoms of incompatibility were shown and biochemically characterized in the case of "SG/Damas GF 1869" graft-combination, 3 years after grafting. Non-structural carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starch), phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, were significantly enhanced in the incompatible graft-combination scion. Similarly, the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase, the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly affected by the incompatible rootstock "Damas GF 1869", inducing higher activities in the scion than those induced by the compatible rootstock "Adara". In addition, a positive and strong correlation was obtained between total phenol content, antioxidant capacity and the expression of the key genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, PAL1 and PAL2. Regarding the "SG/Adara" graft-combination, there were neither external symptoms of "translocated" incompatibility nor significant differences in the biochemical and molecular parameters between scion and rootstock, proving it to be a compatible combination. The differential expression of PAL genes together with the biochemical factors cited above could be good markers for the "translocated" peach/plum graft-incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Amri
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carolina Font i Forcada
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- IRTA Fruitcentre, PCiTAL, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosa Giménez
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Pina
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moreno
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei - CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
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Magnus S, Gazdik F, Anjum NA, Kadlecova E, Lackova Z, Cernei N, Brtnicky M, Kynicky J, Klejdus B, Necas T, Zitka O. Assessment of Antioxidants in Selected Plant Rootstocks. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E209. [PMID: 32138258 PMCID: PMC7139285 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The service tree (Sorbus domestica) is a wild fruit tree with immense medicinal and industrial value. This study aimed at determining the four major groups of antioxidants (flavonoids, phenolic acids and aldehydes, catechin and procyanidin) in rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21), Aronia melanocarpa (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21), Chaenomeles japonica (genotype O-LE-9) and Cydonia oblonga (BA 29) (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21). Hyperoside (Quercetin 3-D-galactoside) was the most abundant flavonoid compound, since its average content in the rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (O-LE-21) was 180.68 ± 0.04 μg·g-1. Dihydrokaempherol was the least frequently found flavonoid compound, with an average concentration of 0.43 ± 0.01 μg·g-1 in all the rootstocks of plants considered in this study. Among the phenolic compounds, the most represented one was protocatechuic acid, with 955.92 ± 10.25 μg·g-1 in the rootstocks of Aronia melanocarpa (O-LE-14). On the other hand, the least represented p-Coumaric acid exhibited the average concentration of 0.34 ± 0.01 μg·g-1 in the plant rootstocks. Epicatechin was the most abundant catechin compound, with a content of 3196.37 ± 50.10 μg·g-1 in the rootstocks of Aronia melanocarpa (O-LE-14). The lowest represented catechin compound was epigallocatechin, with the average concentration of 0.95 ± 0.08 μg·g-1 in the screened plant rootstocks. From the procyanidin compounds, the most abundant one was procyanidin b2 in the rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (O-LE-14), with a concentration of 5550.40 ± 99.56 μg·g-1. On the contrary, procyanidin a2, with an average concentration of 40.35 ± 1.61 μg·g-1, represented the least frequent procyanidin compound in all the plant rootstocks screened herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Magnus
- Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 337, 691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; (S.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Filip Gazdik
- Mendeleum—Institute of Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 334, 691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; (F.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Naser A. Anjum
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, U.P., India
| | - Eliska Kadlecova
- Mendeleum—Institute of Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 334, 691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; (F.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Zuzana Lackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brtnicky
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Mendel University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkynova 118, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Kynicky
- BIC Brno, Technology Innovation Transfer Chamber, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Borivoj Klejdus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Necas
- Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valticka 337, 691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; (S.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Loupit G, Cookson SJ. Identifying Molecular Markers of Successful Graft Union Formation and Compatibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610352. [PMID: 33343610 PMCID: PMC7738326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a technique used for millennia for vegetative propagation, especially in perennial fruit crops. This method, used on woody and herbaceous plants, can improve several agronomic characteristics, such as yield or vigor, as well as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, some scion/rootstock combinations suffer from poor graft compatibility, i.e., they are unable to form and/or sustain a successful graft union. Identifying symptoms of graft incompatibility is difficult because they are not always present in the first years after grafting and in most cases the causes of incompatibility are still poorly understood. Studies of changes in transcript abundance during graft union formation indicate that grafting responses are similar to responses to wounding and include the differential expression of genes related to hormone signaling, oxidative stress, formation of new vascular vessels, cell development, and secondary metabolites, in particular polyphenols. This review summarizes current knowledge of the changes in transcript abundance, redox status and metabolites accumulation during graft union formation and in cases of graft incompatibility. The goal of this review is to discuss the possibility of identifying marker transcripts, enzyme activities and/or metabolites of grafting success and graft compatibility which could be used to score grafting success for genetic research and in breeding programs. We highlight gaps in current knowledge and potential research directions in this field.
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8
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Muñoz-Sanz JV, Zuriaga E, Cruz-García F, McClure B, Romero C. Self-(In)compatibility Systems: Target Traits for Crop-Production, Plant Breeding, and Biotechnology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:195. [PMID: 32265945 PMCID: PMC7098457 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) mechanisms prevent self-fertilization in flowering plants based on specific discrimination between self- and non-self pollen. Since this trait promotes outcrossing and avoids inbreeding it is a widespread mechanism of controlling sexual plant reproduction. Growers and breeders have effectively exploited SI as a tool for manipulating domesticated crops for thousands of years. However, only within the past thirty years have studies begun to elucidate the underlying molecular features of SI. The specific S-determinants and some modifier factors controlling SI have been identified in the sporophytic system exhibited by Brassica species and in the two very distinct gametophytic systems present in Papaveraceae on one side and in Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Plantaginaceae on the other. Molecular level studies have enabled SI to SC transitions (and vice versa) to be intentionally manipulated using marker assisted breeding and targeted approaches based on transgene integration, silencing, and more recently CRISPR knock-out of SI-related factors. These scientific advances have, in turn, provided a solid basis to implement new crop production and plant breeding practices. Applications of self-(in)compatibility include widely differing objectives such as crop yield and quality improvement, marker-assisted breeding through SI genotyping, and development of hybrids for overcoming intra- and interspecific reproductive barriers. Here, we review scientific progress as well as patented applications of SI, and also highlight future prospects including further elucidation of SI systems, deepening our understanding of SI-environment relationships, and new perspectives on plant self/non-self recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Zuriaga
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Cruz-García
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bruce McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Carlos Romero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat Politécnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Romero,
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Mariotti R, Fornasiero A, Mousavi S, Cultrera NG, Brizioli F, Pandolfi S, Passeri V, Rossi M, Magris G, Scalabrin S, Scaglione D, Di Gaspero G, Saumitou-Laprade P, Vernet P, Alagna F, Morgante M, Baldoni L. Genetic Mapping of the Incompatibility Locus in Olive and Development of a Linked Sequence-Tagged Site Marker. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1760. [PMID: 32117338 PMCID: PMC7025539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genetic control of self-incompatibility (SI) has been recently disclosed in olive. Inter-varietal crossing confirmed the presence of only two incompatibility groups (G1 and G2), suggesting a simple Mendelian inheritance of the trait. A double digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing of a biparental population segregating for incompatibility groups has been performed and high-density linkage maps were constructed in order to map the SI locus and identify gene candidates and linked markers. The progeny consisted of a full-sib family of 229 individuals derived from the cross 'Leccino' (G1) × 'Dolce Agogia' (G2) varieties, segregating 1:1 (G1:G2), in accordance with a diallelic self-incompatibility (DSI) model. A total of 16,743 single nucleotide polymorphisms was identified, 7,006 in the female parent 'Leccino' and 9,737 in the male parent 'Dolce Agogia.' Each parental map consisted of 23 linkage groups and showed an unusual large size (5,680 cM in 'Leccino' and 3,538 cM in 'Dolce Agogia'). Recombination was decreased across all linkage groups in pollen mother cells of 'Dolce Agogia,' the parent with higher heterozygosity, compared to megaspore mother cells of 'Leccino,' in a context of a species that showed exceptionally high recombination rates. A subset of 109 adult plants was assigned to either incompatibility group by a stigma test and the diallelic self-incompatibility (DSI) locus was mapped to an interval of 5.4 cM on linkage group 18. This region spanned a size of approximately 300 Kb in the olive genome assembly. We developed a sequence-tagged site marker in the DSI locus and identified five haplotypes in 57 cultivars with known incompatibility group assignment. A combination of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was sufficient to predict G1 or G2 phenotypes in olive cultivars, enabling early marker-assisted selection of compatible genotypes and allowing for a rapid screening of inter-compatibility among cultivars in order to guarantee effective fertilization and increase olive production. The construction of high-density linkage maps has led to the development of the first functional marker in olive and provided positional candidate genes in the SI locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Fornasiero
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Udine, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Federico Brizioli
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Saverio Pandolfi
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Passeri
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magris
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Udine, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Vernet
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Michele Morgante
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Udine, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luciana Baldoni,
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